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Cape Chemistry Unit 2 Practicals
Cape Chemistry Unit 2 Practicals
Mass of flask
Observations
:
and Results Mass of water
Mass of flask
Mass of water
Mass of flask
Mass of water
Data Analysis
1. Safety goggles,
2. Hard glass watch glasses
3. Bunsen burner,
4. Wooden splints
5. Blue litmus
6. Test tubes with corks
Apparatus and Material : 7. Test tube rack
8. Cyclohexane
9. Cyclohexene
10. Conc. Sulphuric acid
11. Acidified potassium permanganate solution
12. Bromine water
13. Bromine in 1,1,1-trichloroethane
CYCLOHEXANE CYCLOHEXENE
Observations
:
and Results
QUESTIONS:
1. What are the products of complete combustion of the alkane and alkene? Write balanced
equations for these reactions, using both the structural and molecular formulae.
2. What is meant by the term ‘substitution reaction’? Using structural formulae, write an equation
for such a reaction occurring in this experiment. What conditions favour this reaction and why?
3. Comment on your observation of test 1
4. Alkenes are described as being unsaturated. Explain what this term means using observations of
this experiment. Using structural formulae write at least two equations to support your
explanation.
5. Comment on the observation of test 5.
Procedure 7. Fill the burette to the zero mark with distilled water.
8. Transfer 25 drops of water (dropwise) into the measuring cylinder. Record
the new burette reading to the nearest 0.05 mL. Record the reading of the
measuring cylinder to the nearest 0.2 mL. (Leave the water in the
measuring cylinder).
9. Repeat this process in periods of 25 drops until 200 drops are delivered to
: the measuring cylinder.(You are repeating the process 7 times)
10. Tabulate your results.
11. Draw a graph of the volume of burette against volume in the measuring
cylinder
12. Draw a best fit line
13. Calculate the standard deviation between volumes in the burette and the
measuring cylinder.
2. Find the gradient of each graph and determine which of the measuring
instruments is more sensitive.
Data 1. From the graph determine the volume in the measuring cylinder when 4
: cm3 of water is delivered from the burette.
Analysis
2. Determine from the graph when 8.2 cm3 of water is delivered from the
burette the reading in the measuring cylinder?
3. Which instrument is considered to be accurate?
LAB # 4
Mr. Johnson, a farmer, wants to increase his yield of vegetables, but of lately, he finds that his
plants are not thriving well. His neighbour suggests that his soil may be too acidic for the plants
to grow well. Devise a suitable hypothesis and plan and design an experiment to determine the
level of acidity present in his soil.
Theory Hydrated salts contain water of crystallization which can be removed by heating. The
hydrated salt is heated and weighed repeatedly until a constant mass is obtained. This loss
:
in mass of the salt can then be used to calculate the number of moles of water of
crystallization.
Procedure 1. Weigh an empty hard glass test tube and record the value.
2. Place 6 g of hydrated magnesium sulphate into the test tube and reweigh. Record
this value.
: 3. Heat the test tube gently initially and then more strongly to remove any water that
is present until the salt decomposes or you see an emittance of white fumes.
4. Cool the test tube and then reweigh the test tube. Record this value.
5. Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing process until a constant mass is obtained.
Aim To determine
Procedure Experiment 1
Titre 1 2 3 4
(b) Calculate how many moles of potassium manganate(VII) were run from
the burette into the conical flask during the titration of B with A.
(c) Use the half equations for the reactions, balance and write the overall
equation
+ 8 + 5 ⎯⎯⎯ + 4
⎯⎯⎯ +
(d) Use the equations from (c) and your answer to (b) to calculate the
concentration of Fe2+, in mol dm-3, in B.
Experiment 2
1. Test tubes
2. Beakers
3. Protective gloves
4. Bunsen burner
5. potassium manganite(VII) solution
Apparatus 6. dil sulphuric acid
and : 7. potassium dichromate solution
Material 8. dil sodium hydroxide
9. Iodine solution
10. distilled water
11. 1-butanol
12. 2-butanol
13. 2-methylpropan-2-ol
14. unknown alcohol
Analysis:
Name:
Aim To test the samples provided for the presence of the following ions; SCN-, PO43-, NO3-
:
, and Pb2+.
Theory Cyanide, nitrate, phosphate and lead (II) ions are some pollutants found in water. In
this experiment, tests are carried out for; SCN-, PO43-, NO3- , and Pb 2+ ions. The
thiocyanate ion gives a blood red colour on adding aqueous iron (III) nitrate. The
phosphate ion gives a bright yellow precipitate when warmed with ammonia molybdate.
: The brown ring test is used for detecting nitrates. Lead (II) ions give a white precipitate
on the addition of hydrochloric acid. The precipitate dissolves on heating and re-
appears on cooling.
Procedure 1. Add Iron (III) Nitrate drop by drop to 2cm3 of sample A. Record your
observations.
2. Acidify 2 cm3 of sample A with dilute Sulphuric Acid. Add about a half of a
spatula of solid Iron (II) Sulphate to the acidified sample and cool. Then
carefully add about 0.5 cm3 of concentrated Sulphuric Acid by allowing it to
: flow down the side of the test tube. Allow the mixture to sit undisturbed to form
two layers. Record your observations.
3. Acidify 2 cm3 of sample A with concentrated Nitric Acid. Add a little
ammonium molybdate and warm carefully. Record your observations.
4. Add a little dilute Hydrochloric Acid to 2 cm3 of sample A. Heat the mixture
then allow to cool. Record your observations.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with the samples B and C.
Observations and
: A
Results
Justify your answer stating the tests which led to your conclusions.
:
2. Account for the colour changes observed in the reactions that were used to
identify the ions present in each sample and write equations for the reactions.
3. How can you be sure that Pb2+ is present if a white precipitate was detected in
any of the water samples due to the fact that ions of different metals do form white
precipitates when Hydrochloric acid is added to them?
Alister is curious to find out which of the breads available on the local market has the highest
protein content. He wishes to have in his diet the bread with the highest protein content. Suggest
a suitable hypothesis and plan and design an experiment to help him make a choice.
Aim : To determine which organic compound is contained in the bottles labelled A, B, C and D.
I. an alcohol
II. an aldehyde
III. a carboxylic acid
IV. a ketone
Procedure 1. You are to perform the tests in the table below and from the results establish which
type of organic compound is contained in each of A, B, C and D.
:
2. After each test discard the contents of the tubes into the 250 cm3 beaker, labelled
organic waste. Rinse and re-use the tubes for the remaining tests.
3. Tests for gases are at the end of this lab sheet.
:
Place 1 cm depth of each of the solutions A, B, C and D into separate test-tubes.
Place 2 cm depth of aqueous silver nitrate in a boiling-tube and add to it 1 cm
depth of aqueous sodium hydroxide. This will produce a precipitate of silver oxide.
Test (d) Use a dropping pipette to add dilute aqueous ammonia to this mixture until the
precipitate of silver oxide just dissolves.
Do not add an excess of aqueous ammonia.
To each of the tubes containing A, B, C and D add 1 cm depth of the silver-containing
solution you have just prepared.
Step 1: Potassium iodate reacts with iodide to form the complex trihalide
Anion ∶ + 8 + 6 ⎯⎯⎯ 3 + 3
:
"# $ # + ⎯⎯⎯ "# # # + 2 + 3
Data
Use your average titre volume to calculate
Analysis
1. The number of moles of 10; initially added to the solution
OR
Theory Aspirin is an analgesic compound which has to ability to reduce inflammation and hence
acts as both a pain killer and a fever reducer. The active ingredient in aspirin tablet is 2-
ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid (acetylsalicylic acid), the ester linkage in aspirin is
hydrolyzed/broken by alkalis to form ethanoate ions and 2-hydroxybenzoate (salicylate)
ions.
-
: CH3COOC6H4COOH + 2OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH3COO- + HOC6H4COO- + H2O
An aspirin tablet can be hydrolyzed with excess sodium hydroxide and then back titrated
with hydrochloric acid. The amount of alkali used for the hydrolysis can then be
calculated and from this information, the mass of 2-ethanoylhydroxy-benzoic acid in an
aspirin tablet can be determined.
Procedure 1. 25 cm3 of NaOH was pipetted into a conical flask and one aspirin tablet was
:
added to this flask. The solution was then warmed gently to allow the tablet to
dissolve.
2. The solution was then cooled, and three drops of Phenolphthalein indicator was
then added to it.
3. This solution was then titrated with hydrochloric acid.
Rough Accurate
25 cm3 of aspirin and NaOH required 8.6 cm3 of HCl in the titration.
Discussion : 1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide
2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in the 25 cm3 of alkali used.
You are given two solutions, K and L and were told that they contained a mixture of amino
acids. Further, you are told that one solution contained aspartic acid, valine and alanine while the
other contained alanine, lysine and some other unknown amino acid. In addition to this you are
provided with a data book that contains Rf values for different mobile-stationary phase matches.
Devise a hypothesis and plan and design an experiment to determine which solution contained
which mixture of amino acids.
Aim : To investigate the relative acidities of alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids
Procedure 1. Add a piece of Magnesium Ribbon to the 4cm3 of ethanol in a test tube
: and make your observations.
2. Add solid Na2CO3 to 4cm3 of ethanol in a test tube and record your
observations
3. Using the pH metre, find the pH of the ethanol and record the value
Observations Magnesium
:
and Results Ribbon
Solid Na2CO3
pH
Procedure 1. Using a burette serial dilutions were made of the KNO3 Standard by
: transferring 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm3 of KNO3 into their respective
volumetric flask.
2. Each flask was then made up to the mark using distilled water and
labelled 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ppm respectively.
3. 5 cm3 of each standard was placed into a test tube and labelled, together
with the blank which was distilled water and labelled (0 ppm) and the
unknown sample.
4. A spatula of cadmium reduction mixture was added to each test tube and
timed for 12 minutes for each reduction.
5. After the reduction the samples were then measured for Absorbance on
the UV/Vis spectrophotometer at λ= 530 nm.
6. The results were tabulated and a standard curve was drawn.
Aim To determine the structural formula of an unknown substance Z using chemical and
:
spectroscopic analysis.
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
i:
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
m/z
Use this information and the observations from the experiments above to draw the
structural formula of Z and write the chemical name of this substance.