Surveying & Geomatics

INTRODUCTION TO
GPS SURVEYING

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HAND HELD GPS RECIEVER
GPS SEGMENTS
parts of system include:
space (GPS satellite
vehciles, or SVs)
control (tracking
stations)
users
first one launched in 1978
….June 26, 1993
Air Force launched 24th SV

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Design Objectives of GPS
 Suitable for different platforms: aircraft, ship, land-based and space
(missiles and satellites),
 Ability to handle a wide variety of dynamics,
 Real-time positioning, velocity and time determination capability to an
appropriate accuracy,
 Single global geodetic datum (reference system) for defining position,
 Differential accuracy standards: highest accuracy to be restricted to a
certain class of authorized users,
 Resistant to jamming (intentional and unintentional),
 Redundancy provisions to ensure the survivability of the system,
 Passive positioning system that does not require the transmission of
signals from the user to the satellite(s),
 Ability to provide the service to an unlimited number of users and world-
wide coverage
 Low cost, low power, therefore highly complex satellite segment,
 Total replacement of the Transit 1 satellite and other 4terrestrial
navigation aid systems.
Introduction
 Signal Measurement Techniques
 Geocentric & geodetic Reference Systems
 Time Systems
 Satellite Configuration

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 Principles Of Global Positioning System (GPS)

◦ What is GPS?
◦ The GPS reference system
◦ The GPS system components
 The space segment
 The control segment
 The user segment
◦ GPS positioning principles
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 Space Segment

Constitutes satellite constellation which downlinks data including coded

ranging signals, position information, atmospheric data, and almanac
(data about approximate orbit information of all satellites).

 Basic functions of satellites include:

o Receive and store information transmitted by the control station
o Perform limited data processing by its own computer
o Maintain very accurate time by means of onboard 2 cesium and 2
rubidium oscillators
o Transmit information to the user by the signal message
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Maneuver to position in space controlled by the control segment
Figure 5.1 GPS constellation consisting of six orbital
planes with four satellites in each plane. Each satellite is
identified with a two-character code: a letter identifies
the orbital plane (A through F) and a number identifies
the satellite number in the plane (Enge and Misra, 1999)

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Control Segment I

 It consists of 5 tracking station to

collect data based on observing
satellite in their orbits. Tracking is
executed with two frequency
receivers equipped with highly
precise cesium oscillators.
 Meteorological data is also collected
for accurate evaluation of
tropospheric delay. 11
Control Segment II
•One MCS, takes data from other 5 tracking
stations and consequently predicts satellites
orbits by extrapolation.
•Computes clock correction for satellite time
referred to GPS time frame.
•Satellite time synchronization is carried out by
connecting MCS to US Naval Observatory
(USNO) in Washington DC.
The clock correction data is then sent to
transmitting station for uploading.
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Control Segment III
Three transmitting stations are involved
for transmitting recent data (including
broadcast message) to satellites.
These stations also send telemetry
commands for repositioning, switching
spare components etc.

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 User Segment
•Consists of GPS receiver units with capability to obtain real
time positioning.
•GPS receivers are hand-held radio-receivers/computers
which measure the
• time that the radio signal takes to travel from a GPS satellite
until it arrives at the GPS antenna.

Using the travel time multiplied by the speed of light provides

a calculation of range
to each satellite in view. From this and additional information
on the satellites orbit and velocity,
the internal GPS receiver software calculates its position
through a process of resection.
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 Advantages of GPS
•Unlike conventional surveying procedures, there is no need for intervisibility between stations.
•Independent of weather conditions as a result of using radio frequencies to transmit the signals.
•Use of same field and data reduction procedures results in position accuracy which
•independent of network

•shape or geometry and are primarily a function of inter-station distance.

•GPS surveying provides generally homogeneous accuracy. Hence,
•geodetic network planning in the classical sense is
•longer relevant. The points can be established wherever they are required
•need not be located at evenly distributed sites
•atop mountains to satisfy intervisibility, or network geometry criteria.
•GPS surveying is more efficient, more flexible and less time consuming positioning
•technique than using conventional terrestrial survey technologies.
•GPS can be used to obtain high accuracy three dimensional (3D) information, anywhere and
•time with relatively little effort on a global datum .
The GPS instrumentation and the data processing software do not radically
even if very high or moderately high accuracies are required (from 1 part in 104 to 1 part in 106 ).

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 Applications

•Natural resources
•Precision farming
•Civil Engineering applications
•Structural deformations
•Open pit mining
•Land and marine seismic surveying
•Airborne mapping
•Seafloor mapping
•Vehicle navigation
•Transit system
•Retail industry
•Cadastral surveying
•Stakeout (waypoint navigation)
Location based services (LBS) 21
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GPS Observativations

 Carrier phases
 Differential GPS
 Relative positioning

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Sources of Error in GPS Surveying

 Clock error
 Atmospheric inferences
 Multipath
 Satellites configuration
 Instrument setup

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GPS Surveying Techniques
 Static
 FastStatic
 Post-processed Kinematic
 RTK

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Post Processing
 Data transfer between controller
and office computer
 Using office software to process
and adjust data
 Import and export data and
graphs to CAD and GIS programs
 Generate drawings and reports

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The Continuously Operating
Reference Stations (CORS)
 The Network
 CORS Data File
 Use of CORS in GPS Surveying

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 Setting auto time features
 Viewing satellite graphs
 Editing a session
 Defining and viewing curtains
 Designing a network
 Static surveying
 FastStatic surveying
 Post-processed Kinematic surveying
 Setting up and configuring the radio for RTK

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 Real-Time Kinemeatic (RTK) surveying
 Performing site calibration
 Staking out a point
 Performing GPS survey with CORS
 Data transfer
 Creating and configuring a processing style
 Processing baseline
 Performing network adjustment
 Importing and exporting to CAD and GIS software

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THANK YOU

2/13/202
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