Global Navigation

Satellite System as a
Mean of Navigation
Tessa PEYTIER - Mirko ERMACORA - Kristi SHTEMBARI
BFAE - 28.10.2019
 Table of contents

● Navigation and means of

navigation
● GNSS
● SBAS
● Differential GNSS: Local and Wide
Area
● What, why, how and who

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Introduction

The navigation function performs the task of manoeuvring the aircraft

from a known starting point to the intended destination using a variety
of sensors and navigation aids and via a number of specified
waypoints.
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 Means of Navigation

1. Air Data and Inertial Reference System

Magnetic and inertial directional gyros,

with air data sensors

2. Navigation Aids

Radio beacons

3. Global Navigation Satellite System

Satellite constellations and satellite

receivers

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1. GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite System: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou
Satellite Navigation System (SatNav)

● Provides autonomous geo-spatial positioning, navigation or tracking

● Uses signals transmitted along a line-of-sight by radio from satellites
● Allows satellite receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude and altitude)
to high precision (within a few centimeters to meters)
● Provides time synchronization
● Operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception
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 How does it work?

● Satellites broadcast 2 carrier waves in the

L-Band (L1, L2) to the receivers
● The signal contains orbital data for the
receivers to calculate the satellites’
position and the precise time it was
transmitted
● An atomic clock is used to provide the
satellites’ synchronization
● Satellite receivers have 2 parts:
○ An antenna which receives the
signals
○ A processing unit which makes
sense of them
● The receivers compare their relative
position to at least 3 or 4 different
satellites integrating with the ground
corrections
● Afterwards they translate their own
position into an Earth-based coordinates
system 8
 Transit - The First SatNav

● Deployed by the US military in the 1960s

● Operation based on the Doppler effect
● Affected by satellite orbital position errors due to
variations in the gravity field and radar refraction
● To overcome this problem real-time data
assimilation and recursive estimation were used

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 Which are the Satellite Navigation Systems used nowadays?

Global Navigation Satellite System Regional Navigation Satellite System

● Provides worldwide position and time ● Provides regional coverage for

determination for receivers on Earth position and time determination
● Includes one or more satellite ● Trying to integrate with GPS functions
constellations, aircraft receivers, in order to enhance its accuracy
ground receivers, system integrity ● Aim to update to global coverage
monitoring ● NAVIC, QZSS
● Its performance is assessed using four
criteria: accuracy, integrity, continuity
and availability
● GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou

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GPS - Global Positioning System

● Owned by the United States government

● Operational since 1978 and globally
available since 1994
● Has fully global coverage
● 24 satellites in 6 orbital planes
● 8 satellites per orbit
● 20200 km circular orbits at a 55 degrees
inclination angle
● Period of approximately 12 hours
● Provides civilian radionavigation and is used
by the United States Air Force
● Accuracy: 4.9 m position, 0.006 m/s
velocity, 40 ns time
● Is the world’s most utilized satellite
navigation system 11
 GLONASS - Global Navigation Satellite System

● Owned by the Russian government High-Orbit GLONASS (trajectory in red)

● Operational since 1976 and globally available will be used to increase accuracy and
since 1996 provide coverage for urban areas that
● Has fully global coverage cannot receive signals from satellites
● 24 operative satellites and several spares in 3 orbiting at an inclination angle above 25
orbital planes degrees
● 8 operative satellites per orbit among eventual
spares
● 19100 km orbits at a 64.8 degrees inclination angle
and spaced 120 degrees apart from one another
● Period of 11 hours and 15 minutes
● Provides civilian radionavigation-satellite service
and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defense
Forces
● Accuracy: 5-10 m position, 0.01 m/s velocity, 200
ns time
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 Galileo

● Owned by the European Union and European Space Agency

● Operational since 2016 and scheduled to have full global
coverage in 2020
● 24 operative satellites and 6 spares in 3 orbital planes
● 8 operative satellites and 2 spares per orbit
● 23222 km orbits at a 56 degrees inclination angle and spaced
120 degrees apart from one another
● Period of 14 hours and 7 minutes
● Aims to provide independent high-precision positioning for
European nations
● Is also to provide a new global Search and Rescue (SAR)
function as part of the MEOSAR system
● Is expected to be compatible with GPS system, so that
receivers can combine both signals, highly increasing the
accuracy
● Accuracy: 4-8 m position, 30 ns time
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 BeiDou

● Owned by the Chinese government

● Consists of 3 generations of constellations: BeiDou-1,
BeiDou-2, BeiDou-3
● The third generation started in 2017 and is scheduled to
have full global coverage in 2020
● 35 satellites with 2 spares (5 GEO + 27 MEO + 3 IGSO)
● Will be able to provide real-time navigation, rapid
positioning, precise timing, location reporting and short
message communication service
● Accuracy: 2.5-5 m position, 0.2 m/s velocity, 20 ns time
and higher accuracy for paying customers
● The improved accuracy is due to the integration of different
orbit satellites and by using combined multi-frequency
signals
● It integrates active and passive modes to provide the users
with information A Beidou satellite inside the payload fairing and
ready for stacking at Xichang in 2016. CASC
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2. Satellite Based-Augmentation Systems (SBAS)
EGNOS, GAGAN, MSAS, WAAS
 Satellite Based-Augmentation System

What is SBAS?

Civil aviation system that supports wide-area or regional augmentation through the use of
geostationary (GEO) satellites which broadcast the augmentation information

Method of improving the navigation system’s

attributes (accuracy, integrity of data, …) through
the integration of external information into the
calculation process

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 SBAS Performance

SBAS performances are defined with respect to the level of service that the system is designed to
provide and are expressed in terms of four quantitative concepts:

● Accuracy Difference between the real position of the aircraft and the position provided by
the airborne equipment. A SBAS assures the compliance with respect the
accuracy requirements by providing to the user corrections to the satellite orbit
and clock errors as well as to the ionospheric residual propagation error

● Integrity Trust that can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by the
system

● Continuity Probability that the specified system performance will be maintained for the
duration of a phase of operation

● Availability Probability that the navigation service is available at the beginning of the
planned operation. A SBAS is considered available when the accuracy,
integrity and continuity requirements are met

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 SBAS Architecture

Space segment

Ground segment/
Support segment
User
segment

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 Space segment

The SBAS space segment is composed by several

geostationary satellites in charge of broadcasting,
over the service area, the SBAS navigation message.
Typically, the SBAS satellites are multi-purpose
(commercial communication) satellites that carry out
an additional navigation payload capable to generate
a GPS-like signal that retransmits to the users the
navigation message generated on-ground. The SBAS
GEO navigation payload is a transponder that relays
the on-ground generated signal to a transmitted
signal.

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 Ground Mission segment

The main purpose of the Ground Mission Segment is to generate and uplink the augmentation signal
that will be broadcast by the GEO satellite. To achieve this objective, is typically broken down into the
following subsystems:
Its purpose is to collect data from the satellites that are to
● Monitoring Station Network be augmented. This is performed by a network of GNSS
receivers
● Processing Facility Center
It is in charge of processing the data provided by the
● GEO Satellite Control Center Monitoring Station Network to generate the messages to
be broadcasted to the satellites
● Communication Layer
It is in charge of generating the signal with the message
provided by the Processing Facility Center and up-linking it to
the GEO satellites

It interconnects the different elements of the Ground Segment.

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 User segment

The SBAS user segment comprises all the user equipment that makes use of the SBAS Signal in
Space (SIS). In fact, the SBAS User segment is not under the control of the SBAS service provider as
it is driven by the SBAS application market.In general, the SBAS service operator provides different
services aiming at different market sectors:

● Safety-of-Life (SoL) service : SBAS user equipment shall be certified against several standards. SoL civil
aviation certified equipment is in the highest rank with respect to its cost.

● The Open Service (OS) : targets low cost, general purpose GNSS equipment that uses the SBAS SIS to
provide the user with an enhanced accuracy performance in comparison with the one provided by a
standalone GPS device.

● Commercial Service : some SBAS service providers include the provision of the information computed by
the SBAS ground element by dissemination means different to the SBAS GEO link generally, using terrestrial
telecommunication networks.

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SBAS Examples

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 EGNOS

Ground segment 40 Ranging Integrity Monitoring Stations (RIMS)

2 Mission Control Centres (MCC)
6 Navigation Land Earth Stations (NLES)
EGNOS Wide Area Network (EWAN)

Space Segment 3 geostationary satellites

User Segment The end user must use an

EGNOS-compatible receiver. Currently,
EGNOS compatible receivers are
available for such market segments as
agriculture, aviation, maritime, rail,
mapping/surveying, road a location
based services (LBS).

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WAAS

24
MSAS

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GAGAN

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3. Differential GNSS
Local and Wide Area Differential GPS, Ground based augmentation system
 Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

The Differential GPS

● Technique for reducing the

errors in GPS-derived
positioning and timing by using
additional data from one or
more reference GNSS receivers
at a known position.
● Improves location accuracy
from 15m to 3m

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 Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

The Differential GPS Intentionally add of 50 meters of error horizontally

and 100 meters vertically to GPS signals
Type of errors solved :

● selective availability
● satellite ephemeris and clock
errors
● ionospheric/tropospheric delay
error

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 Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

- The difference between the expected and actual

The Differential GPS orbital position of a GNSS satellite
- Bad correlations between the receiver’s clock and
the satellite’s clock.
Type of errors :

● selective availability
● satellite ephemeris and clock
errors
● ionospheric/tropospheric delay
error

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 Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

Delay due to the passage through the

The Differential GPS iono/troposphere

Type of errors :

● selective availability
● satellite ephemeris and clock
errors
● ionospheric/tropospheric delay
error

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 Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

Local Area Differential GPS

The user receive pseudorange correction

from only one ground station

Accuracy can reach several centimeters

Spatial decorrelation as the user moves

away

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 Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

Ground Based Augmentation System

All-weather aircraft landing system based on

real-time differential correction of the GPS
signal.

Enables a pilot to land an airplane by

instrument approach when the pilot cannot
see the runway.

The GBAS provides signal integrity, it also

increases signal accuracy with demonstrated
position errors of less than one meter in both
the horizontal and vertical plane.

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Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

Wide Area Differential GPS

Uses multiple ground reference stations to

monitor GPS satellites and generate vector
corrections.

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Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

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Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

Satellite Ephemeris and Clock Corrections

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 Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

Satellite Ephemeris and Clock Corrections

CVTT flow chart

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Local and Wide Area Differential GNSS

Satellite Ephemeris and Clock Corrections

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CONCLUSION

● GNSS will be used for : Location-Based Services (LBS), Road, Aviation, Rail, Maritime,

CONCLUSION
Agriculture, Surveying and so on.

● In the future : Multi constellation and multi frequency GNSS.

 “
REFERENCES

● Chao, Y. (1998). Real time implementation of the Wide Area Augmentation System for the
Global Positioning System with an emphasis on ionospheric modeling.

● Kee, Changdon, Wide Area Differential GPS (WADGPS), Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford
University, December 1993

● https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/SBAS_Fundamentals

● https://gssc.esa.int

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 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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