GLOBAL POSITIONING

SYSTEM
Presented by-
Devesh Dahiya
2909
 WHAT IS GPS ?

 Fully functional Global Navigation Satellite

System
 Set up by U.S Department of Defence.
 Set of 24 Navstar satellites orbiting earth at
11,000 miles.
 Used for locating a device anywhere on
earth.
 BRIEF HISTORY

 First GPS satellite launched in 1978.

 Block 1 - First 10 Development satellites.
 Block 2 - 23 production satellites (1989-
1993).
 Launch of 24th satellite in 1994.
 4 satellites in reserve.
 GPS SYSTEM SEGMENTS

 Satellite constellation (space segment)

 Ground control /monitoring network
(operational control segment)
 User receiving equipment (user segment)
 1. SPACE SEGMENT
 24- satellite constellation.
 6 earth centered orbital planes- circular, 60
degree separation.
 4 satellites per orbit.
 2 types of naming notations- space vehicle
number & letter notation ( A to F, 1to 4).
 2. OPERATIONAL CONTROL
SEGMENT
 Functions-
-Station Keeping
-Monitoring satellite subsystem health
 Ground uplink antennae facility
 3. USER SEGMENT

 Consists of- antennae, receiver, processor,

display and dc regulated power supply.
 Mid 70’s- bulky & heavy analog devices
 Now- receivers of the size of wrist watch,
largest weighing 32 kgs
 GPS SYSTEM OPERATION
DETERMINING THE POSITION OF THE OBJECT
Requires signals from 4 satellites (3 minimum)
 GPS SYSTEM OPERATION
DETERMINING THE DISTANCE FROM THE
SATELLITE
 Satellite & receiver generate the pseudo-random
code at the same time
 Measure the time between the code being
generated & that received from the space
 Product with the velocity of light gives the distance
 Extra satellite measurement for accurate results-
generating single correction factor
 GPS SYSTEM OPERATION
ERROR CORRECTION
 Varying speed of light through different layers
of atmosphere- dual frequency measurement
 Multipath error- sophisticated signal rejection
 GDOP (Geometric Dilution of Precision) –
using receivers that pick up satellites whose
circles intersect at right angle.
 DIFFERENTIAL GPS

 Requires 2 receivers – one stationary, one

moving, fairly close to one another
 Timing error calculated for reference station
 Error correction factor applied to roving
station
 More reference stations are being established
by United States Coast Guard
 USES OF GPS
 Location & navigation – Helps in determining the
exact position whether in air, water or land.

 Tracking – used for monitoring the position of

the people, vehicles (Automatic Vehicle
Location) etc.

 Military - weapon aiming & guidance

search & rescue
mine laying & guidance
 USES OF GPS

 Timing - it acts as a universal marker, a way to

synchronize & it provides an accurate
unambiguous sense of duration.

 Surveying - To determine the location of

points on earth. Used in legal land survey ,
engineering survey etc.
 COMPETITORS OF GPS
1) GLONASS

 Russian Federation’s satellite navigation

system
 24 satellites in constellation
 Became operational on 18 Jan 1996
 Funding problems- only 15 satellites
functional by 1997
 COMPETITORS OF GPS
1) GLONASS

 Russian Federation Satellite Navigation

System- 24 satellite constellation.
 Became operational in 1996.
 Recent announcement of solid government
financial commitment.
 Earlier the in-orbit lives of satellite - 3 years
 New satellites are designed to have 7 years life
 COMPETITORS OF GPS
2) GALILEO

 Initiative Launched by European Union &

European Space Agency
 Will become operational in 2008
 30 satellites in constellation
 Target applications – safety critical system like air
traffic control, providing access to inaccessible
areas
 REFERENCES

 www.navsys.com
 www.gpsworld.com
 www.gpsinformation.net
 www.developerfusion.com
 www.wikipedia.com
ANY QUESTIONS?