Global

Navigation
Satellite Systems
Group 3
 History
The basis of GNSS and its technologies is in using
radio waves for communication and tracking a
position. These efforts were applied to space when
the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 into a low orbit
in 1957.

Transit became the first satellite-based geo-

positioning system in 1960 and was used primarily
by the Naval service starting in 1964.
 History
In September 1983, Korean Air Lines flight 007
experienced a navigation error. As a result, GPS was
designated to be available to anyone, anywhere.

Earth’s first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, sparked a

line of science and engineering leading to nearly 150
satellites in orbit across the GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou
and Galileo constellations.

 Preceding Technologies

Sputnik

Transit

Timation Satellite

Parus
Current Applications
Logistics and Transportation

Asset Tracking and Security

Wearables

Industry and Agriculture

Smartphones and Semi-Automated
Cars
Importance
1. Navigation
2. Low Cost
3. Crime and Security
4. Neighborhood Search
5. Traffic and Weather Alerts
6. Flexible Route Options
7. Military Usage
8. Buildings and Earthquakes

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

Available anywhere on the globe Battery draining

Easy to navigate Sometimes inaccurate

Low cost Signal dependent

Provides location based information May sometimes fail

Segments/Components
SPACE SEGMENT
Consists of a constellation of satellites transmitting
radio signals to users.
The orbital planes are centered on the Earth.
The orbits are arranged so that at least six
satellites are always within line of sight from
almost everywhere on Earth's surface.
As of June 26, 2022, there were a total of 31
operational satellites in the GPS constellation.
Each satellite circles the Earth twice a day.
Satellites are orbiting at an altitude of
approximately 20,200 kilometers.
CONTROL SEGMENT
Consists of a global network of ground facilities
that track the GPS satellites, monitor their
transmissions, perform analyses, and send
commands and data to the constellation.

Three Elements:
Monitor Stations
Master Control Station
Ground Antennas
USER SEGMENT
GPS Receivers which determines pseudo-ranges
and solves navigation equations to obtain
coordinates at an accurate time
GPS has led to the development of hundreds of
applications affecting every aspect of modern life
Examples:
Surveying
Mining
Logistics
Aviation
Mobile Services
Classifications
POSITIONING
Absolute
Single Point
Positioning (SPP)
Precise Point
Positioning (PPP)
POSITIONING
Relative
NAVIGATION
Determined by their role in
the Navigation Systems
used in the society
NAVIGATION
Core Satellite
Navigation Systems
GPS (USA)
GLONASS (Russia
Beidou (China)
Galileo (EU)
NAVIGATION
Global Satellite-Based
Augmentation System
(SBAS)
OmniStar
StarFire
NAVIGATION
Regional SBAS
WAAS (US)
EGNOS (EU)
MSAS (Japan)
GAGAN (India)
SDCM (Russia)
NAVIGATION
Regional Satellite
Navigation System
QZSS (Japan)
NAVIC (India)
NAVIGATION
Continental Scale
Ground-Based
Augmentation System
(GBAS)
GRAS (Australia)
National Differential
GPS (US, Canada)
NAVIGATION
Regional Scale GBAS
CORS Network
NAVIGATION
Local Scale GBAS
any single reference
station operating
Real-Time Kinematic
(RTK) Corrections
 TIMING
synchronization of time in
Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IEDs) to ensure
synchronized operations
across myriads of devices
 TIMING
Satellites use Cesium or
Rubidium Oscillators on-
board to ensure accurate
time so the devices who
uses GNSS will have
accurate and synchronized
time without needing
expensive timing device
Existing Systems
Global Positioning Global Navigation
System Satellite System

BeiDou Galileo
Global Positioning System
The GPS Project, 1973
Developed for military use
Selective Availability
Civilian Full Access, 2000

US Space Force
Accurate within five meters
Global Positioning System
Space Segment
27-slot constellation

6 MEO paths (20,200 km)

at least six line-of-sight satellites

at any point on Earth

GPS III/IIIF satellites

Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
GPS Augmentation Service
Focused on Japan and Asia-
Ocenia

Four satellites
Michibiki satellites

L1, L2, and L5 Bands

GLONASS
1976

Higher precision in high latitudes

Global coverage, 2011

Roscosmos
Accurate of 2.8-7.4 meters
Global Navigation
Satellite System
GLONASS
Space Segment Control Segment
22-slot constellation System Control Centre
3 MEO paths (19,130 km) Telemetry, Tracking, and Command
L1 and L3 Centre
L5 for interoperability Laser Ranging Stations
GLONASS-M and -K1 Monitoring and Measuring Stations
BeiDou
BeiDou Satellite Navigation Experimental System, also known as
BeiDou-1, was the first Chinese satellite navigation system
made up of three satellites that began providing limited coverage and
navigation services in 2000, mostly to consumers in China and surrounding
regions.
In December 2011, China launched the second edition of the system,
known as COMPASS or BeiDou-2, with a partial constellation of 10
satellites in orbit.
BeiDou-1 was deactivated at the end of 2012, and BeiDou-2 has been
providing services to clients in the Asia-Pacific area since December
2012.
On 30 March 2015, the first BDS-3 satellite was launched.
On 23 June 2020, BDS-3's 35th and last satellite was put into orbit
BeiDou
There are a total of 35 satellites in BeiDou Navigation Satellite System China orbit from its first
launch on 31 October 2000 to its last launch on 23 June 2020.
It has a signal accuracy of 0.41 meters.
GALILEO
European global navigation satellite system
European’s GPS
Provides 24+ satellites
Helps European cities and roads to become safer and
more efficient
Intended to provide high quality and precise
information for civilian use
GALILEO
IRNSS
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
It is an autonomous regional satellite navigation
system developed by ISRO.
It has been designed to provide accurate position
information service to users in India as well as the
region extending up to 1500 km from its boundary.
The IRNSS System is expected to provide a position
accuracy of better than 20 m in the primary service
area.
Presently, it consists of 7 active satellites located
at a distance of approximately 36,000 Km.
3 satellites are in Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
4 satellites are in inclined Geosynchronous Orbit
(GSO)
 References
https://turbofuture.com/industrial/Advantages-of-GPS
https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/
https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/about_glonass/
https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.njspls.org/resource/resmgr/C
ST/TheGlobalPositioningSystem.pdf