SATELLITE

NAVIGATION
SYSTEM
SUBMITTED BY:
M A HEENA HAFEESA
EVELYN GOLDA
A JEENEL
 INTRODUCTION
● A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that
uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning.

● It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location i.e.

longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation to high precision (within a
few centimeters to meters) using time signals transmitted along
a line of sight by radio from satellites.
• The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate
the current local time to high precision, which allows time
synchronization.

• These uses are collectively known as Positioning,

Navigation and Timing (PNT).

• Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or

internet reception, though these technologies can enhance
the usefulness of the positioning information generated.
 WORKING
• A satnav receiver determines its location by detecting signals from a
number of satellites, analyzing each signal to determine the signal
travel time between the satellite and the receiver, and then using this
set of travel times to deduce its own position relative the known
positions of the satellites.

• The satellite signals include a pulse code that enables the receiver to
determine travel time, as well as information on satellite positions
and current time.

• A minimum of four satellite signals are needed to determine position

and time, but accurate solutions typically use eight or more satellites.
 GNSS

• A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be termed a global

navigation satellite system (GNSS).

• As of September 2020, the United State's Global Positioning System

(GPS), Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System
(GLONASS), China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS) [1] and
the European Union’s Galileo are fully operational GNSSs.

• Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a satellite

constellation of 18–30 medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites spread between
several orbital planes.
 CLASSIFICATION
GNSS systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable
for civil navigation are classified as follows:
• GNSS-1 is the first generation system and is the combination of existing
satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with Satellite Based
Augmentation Systems (SBAS) or Ground Based Augmentation
Systems (GBAS).
• GNSS-2 is the second generation of systems that independently provides a
full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the European Galileo
positioning system. These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity
monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft.
 GLOBAL SATELLITE NAVIGATION
SYSTEMS
GPS

• First launch year: 1978

• The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to

32 medium Earth orbit satellites in six different orbital planes, with the
exact number of satellites varying as older satellites are retired and
replaced.

• Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is the
world's most utilized satellite navigation system.
GLONASS

• First launch year: 1982

• The formerly Soviet, and

now Russian, Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema,
(GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based
satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite
service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.

• GLONASS has full global coverage since 1995 and with 24 satellites.
BeiDou
• First launch year: 2000
• BeiDou started as the now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific
local network on the geostationary orbits.
• The second generation of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in
China in December 2011. 
• The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30 MEO satellites and five
geostationary satellites (IGSO). A 16-satellite regional version (covering
Asia and Pacific area) was completed by December 2012.
• Global service was completed by December 2018. On 23 June 2020, the
BDS-3 constellation deployment is fully completed after the last satellite
was successfully launched at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
GALILEO

• First launch year: 2011

• The European Union and European Space Agency agreed in March 2002
to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the Galileo positioning
system.
• Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016.
• Galileo is expected to be compatible with the modernized GPS system.
• The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both Galileo and
GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy.
• The full Galileo constellation will consist of 24 active satellites, which is
expected by 2021 and at a substantially higher cost.
 APPLICATIONS

• The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military

applications.

• Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate

themselves more easily, reducing the fog of war.

• Now a global navigation satellite system, such as Galileo, is used to

determine users location and the location of other people or objects at
any given moment.
• The range of application of the satellite in the future is enormous,
including both the public and private sectors across numerous market
segments such as science, transport, agriculture etc.

• The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny
their availability.

• The operator of a satellite navigation system potentially has the ability to

degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it
desires.