Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival

OTEN Maritime Studies
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................7
1. EMERGENCY AND DRILLS .............................................................9
EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 9

FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT ..................................................................................................................... 10
SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................................... 11
SURVEY CLASSIFICATIONS OF VESSELS ................................................................................................... 12
TRAINING AND DRILLS ........................................................................................................................... 16
MUSTER LIST ...................................................................................................................................... 22
CREWMEMBERS ................................................................................................................................... 22
PASSENGERS ...................................................................................................................................... 27
EMERGENCY SIGNALS ........................................................................................................................... 27
EMERGENCY INSTRUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 27
GUIDELINES FOR ONBOARD TRAINING AND DRILLS ....................................................................................... 28
ON HEARINGTHE EMERGENCY SIGNAL .................................................................................................... 35
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1. .......................................................................................... 37
© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 1

INTRODUCTION
Safety is extremely important to the seafarer. An emergency can occur when you least expect it. A
person can fall overboard, a collision, a fire, stranding or capsize can occur suddenly and without
warning. Whether Master or crew, how you prepare for such an incident will directly affect your
chances of survival.
On joining a vessel you should become familiar with its
safety equipment. Make sure that you know where to find
and how to operate the various types. If you are not sure or
canʼt remember how to use or operate any of the equipment,
revise the instructions or ask a fellow crew member as soon
as possible. When your vessel sinks beneath you it will be
too late to learn.
Make sure you know your duties in advance. If the master,
you are also responsible for making sure your crew know
their duties. There is enough chaos when an emergency arises
without the crew panicking and not knowing what to do. Be
sure to clearly display a muster list of crew and passengers
with specific duties assigned to each crew member. If crew,
make sure you know and understand your duties in the event
of an emergency.
Conduct regular emergency drills. Not only is it a requirement
of the USL code, and Marine Orders but in doing so your
crew will become an efficient emergency task force.
Respect the chain of command. Remember! Know that the
order to abandon ship is only given by the master. If the
master has died then the order is given by the mate or second
in command.
Know what actions to take when in the water and when aboard
survival craft.
Know your enemy. Be aware of the dangers that can affect you
as a survivor such as dehydration, hypothermia and sunstroke.
Know how to treat them as best as possible.

PREVENTION IS THE BEST METHOD OF DEALING WITH AN EMERGENCY
By maintaining your vessel well and navigating cautiously, it is possible to prevent emergencies from
occurring.
However, even the best maintained vessel skippered by the most cautious master can have an accident.
It is not possible to forecast if and when an emergency will occur. However, it is possible to be prepared
for one.
PREPARATION IS THE KEY TO SURVIVAL!

• Ensure that you and crew know how to use all safety equipment on board your vessel. All crew
should be inducted to the ship, with particular emphasis on safety procedures and equipment, as
part of the vessels Safety Management System (SMS) This will be discussed later in the module.
• Know how to operate all safety equipment and survival craft.
• Be aware of survival methods.
• Maintain vessel and equipment in seaworthy condition, with particular attention given to safety and
survival gear. A planned maintenance routine should be part of the SMS.
• Conduct regular drills.
• Carry out the above instructions and you will be best prepared to deal with any emergency that
arises.
8 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

EMERGENCY AND DRILLS OTEN Maritime Studies
1. EMERGENCY AND DRILLS

EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Many different types of emergencies can lead to “…serious damage, capsize or foundering (sinking)
of your vessel” The main causes are:
• collision
• stranding ( going aground)
• fire or explosion
• adverse reaction of dangerous goods
• shifting of cargo or cargo incorrectly loaded.
It is possible to avoid such a tragedy by exercising care!

A collision with another vessel can be avoided by keeping a proper
lookout (look in all directions - not just ahead!). Failure to keep a
proper lookout is the number one cause of collision. Also, make
sure you thoroughly know and apply the collision regulations and
take early avoidance action if necessary.
Remember that other vessels may have quite different features to
your own. If on a small vessel, do not assume that a large vessel
will have seen you and also do not assume that, even if she is
obliged to give way, she will be able to stop in time or manoeuvre
to avoid a collision.
A stranding can be avoided by navigating with caution and by
keeping a regular check on your position.
Remember that safety is the most important thing when planning
and undertaking a voyage.
A fire can be avoided by exercising good housekeeping and regulary
checking the vessel, especially the engine room space. Never leave
oily rags in a heap as there is a risk of spontaneous combustion.
Make sure you clean up any oil or fuel spills immediately and keep
a watchful eye on all gauges. Lastly, regularly check the engine
room and machinery space for any damage to fuel lines, wires,
exhaust lagging and anything else that might lead to a fire.
If carrying dangerous goods, make sure that you are fully aware of
the dangers that relate to your cargo. Information on the carriage of
dangerous goods can be found in the IMO (International Maritime
Organisation) IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods)
code.
Injury or illness to the Master or other vital personnel may lead to an emergency situation if other crew
have not had adequate training to handle the vessel.

FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT
Every vessel is required to carry a certain amount of fire fighting equipment on board. The type and
quantity of equipment carried will vary according to the vessel’s size and survey classification. This
information can be found in the USL (Uniform Shipping Laws) code. SOLAS ships must comply
with Marine Orders Part 15, which brings into effect Chapter II-2 of SOLAS covering fire protection,
detection and extinction. For example, a vessel in 1E survey (passenger vessel operating in sheltered
waters), less than 500 tons
and greater than 25m, will
typically have to carry:
• one main fire pump
• one emergency pump
• fire fighting hose
• fixed fire fighting

installation in the
machinery space
• portable fire extinguishers in each space
• fire smothering blanket in the galley
• fire buckets
• firemanʼs axe.
(A more detailed list is given in the fire section of this

resource).
As master of the vessel it is your duty to make sure that all
equipment is kept ready for use and refilled or replaced as
necessary.
As crew, it is your duty to notify the master if you notice any
equipment that is not as it should be.
It is essential that all crew are familiar with the use and
whereabouts of all equipment. Such equipment is only
effective if the crew are expert at using it.

EMERGENCY AND DRILLS
SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT
Depending on a vessel’s survey it will be required to carry a combination of survival equipment. This
information can be found for state surveyed vessels in the USL code which is gradually being replaced
by the National Standards for Commercial Vessels – NSCV. This will be a gradual transition as parts of
the NSCV are published and enacted. It is expected that the chapters covering survival and fire-fighting
equipment will be implemented in NSW by mid 2006. You will need to check with local authorities
in each state as to the implementation dates. For Commonwealth surveyed vessels, the requirements
for lifesaving equipment is set out in SOLAS Chapter III and in the Life Saving Appliances (LSA)
code. These are brought into effect by Marine Orders Part 25, which also sets out some additional or
variations to those requirements for application to Australian ships. The current (mid 2005) issue of
MO Pt25 is issue 4 (Amendment), published in 2004. This virtually reproduces the requirements set
out in SOLAS and the LSA code. A new issue (Issue 5) of MO Pt25 is currently being drafted and is
expected to be published Dec 2005/Jan 2006. This new issue will refer more directly to, and needs to
be read in conjunction with, the LSA Code and SOLAS Chapter III.
The USL code and NSCV can be viewed online at the website of the National Marine Safety Committee
(NMSC) www.nmsc.gov.au Marine Orders can be found at the AMSA website, www.amsa.gov.au
• liferafts
• lifeboats
• Lifepods (Survival Capsules)
• Marine Evacuation Systems
• flotation aids
• lifebuoys
• flares
• EPIRBs
• lifejackets.
The effectiveness of such equipment totally depends on the expertise of the master and crew. As master,
again, it is your responsibility to make sure that all equipment is kept in good order and that your crew
have the necessary training and expertise to operate all the survival equipment.

SURVEY CLASSIFICATIONS OF VESSELS

The firefighting and safety equipment carried on board a vessel depends on the vessel’s size and survey
classification.
SURVEY CLASSIFICATIONS ARE:

Class 1: A passenger vessel that carries more than 12 passengers
Class 1F: Hire and drive vessel
Class 2: Non-passenger vessel
Class 3: Commercial fishing vessel
AREA OF OPERATION:
A: Unlimited operation
B: Up to 200 miles to seaward of the coast
C: Up to 30 miles to seaward of the coast
D: Partially smooth waters
E: Smooth waters
For your reference, extracts
from the USL code stating
safety and firefighting
equipment requirements
follow.
You are not expected to know
these ʻinside outʼ but you
should have an idea of the sort
of equipment that is required
to be carried on the different
classifications of vessels.
More importantly, you do
need to know where to find
this information. That is,
SOLAS and the LSA Code
(as enacted by Marine Orders
Part 25) for Commonwealth
surveyed ships and the USL
Code or NSCV for State
Surveyed vessels.

CLASS 1D

As the USL Code is gradually replaced by the NSCV, an extract from the new code is included here
as a comparison. Look at the requirements under each code for a 20m Class 1E vessel – a passenger
vessel in smooth waters.
USL Code requirements as follows

Sufficient buoyant appliances, lifebuoys and/or coastal lifejackets for 115% of the total complement
including at least 2 lifebuoys. Dinghy may be included.
In addition, 2 lifebuoys, one with light and one with whistle
Distress signals and hand torches as determined by Authority
NSCV requirements
Buoyant appliances, lifebuoys, dinghies or combination for 40% total complement In addition, 2
lifebuoys, one with light and one with whistle
Coastal lifejackets for 100% complement
2 red hand flares and 1 hand orange smoke flare
Battery operated torch for each crew member
Note the differences – under the new code, there must be lifejackets for all aboard, not just as a part
of the buoyancy appliances. If you add the lifejackets to the buoyancy appliances in the new code, you
see there is flotation for 140%, rather than 115% under the USL code. Additional lifebuoys remain
unchanged, but now there
are specific requirements
for the number of distress
flares and torches to be
carried.


TRAINING AND DRILLS

For the crew to be an efficient task force in an emergency they need practice as well as expertise. It is
therefore essential that regular drills are carried out. It is also a USL requirement. Through conducting
regular drills the crew can practise their actions in an emergency and have an opportunity to teach
new crew. The more familiar the crew are with their duties, the less likely that there will be panic and
confusion in a real emergency.In the NSCV the requirements for Emergency Planning and preparedness
are covered by Part E. (What used to be referred to as emergency drills and exercises are now referred
to as “Emergency Preparedness Training for Crew”)
Survival craft drills, crew fire drills and crew collision drills should be carried out and logged at
intervals not exceeding two months for passenger vessels and three months for non passenger vessels.
However, vessels with a 1A or 2A survey are required to conduct drills every month.
Abandon ship and fire drill requirements for Commonwealth surveyed vessels are currently found in
Marine Orders Part 25, Issue 4 section 25. This covers the requirement to provide a training manual
for crew members, musters and abandon ship drills, lifeboat and liferaft launching requirements,
fire drills and on board training and instruction. This section is likely to be removed in the new
Issue 5 and the requirements for drills covered in Marine Orders Parts 21 – Safety of Navigation and
Emergency procedures, Part 28 –Operations standards and procedures, and Part 58 – International
Safety Management Code.

USL CODE


NSCV



MUSTER LIST
CREWMEMBERS
So that crew are aware of their duties in an emergency, a muster list allocating them to an emergency
station/ survival craft and stating their duties needs to be displayed in a prominent place on board.
The muster list could be divided into two sections:

• emergency station list
• survival craft list.
The emergency station list assigns each crewmember to an emergency station and allocates them a
duty.
The survival craft list allocates crewmembers a liferaft and/or lifeboat and duty in the event of ‘abandon
ship’.


Example of a muster list for an oil tanker

EMERGENCY AND DRILLS
Example of a muster list for a charter vessel
Crew duties in the event of an emergency

In The Event of Fire In The Event of Man Over Board
Collision
Master In wheelhouse In wheelhouse contacting authorities
contacting contacting authorities & taking appropriate
authorities, leading & instructing crew. manoeuvring for safe
fire fighting operation Ensuring Safety of approach. Leading
and instructing crew passengers & crew of rescue operation.
both vessels
Engineer At site of fire At site of impact As instructed by
supervising checking water tight master supervising
operations and use of integrity of vessel. rescue operation.
equipment Operating bilge pumps
as instructed by master
Cruise director Reassure passengers Reassuring passengers Ensuring people
organising lifejackets directing them to remain calm on
& direct passengers safety as instructed by board.
to safety as instructed master
by master.
Deckhand Assisting engineer Assisting engineer Assisting engineer
Galley supervisor Evacuating galley, Evacuating galley, Assisting cruise
switching power off switching power off director
& assisting cruise & assisting cruise
director. director.
If no barpersons, galley supervisor to act as messenger for master
Bar person No. 1 Messenger for master Messenger for master Messenger for master
Galley No.2 Assisting galley Messenger for master Messenger for master
supervisor & cruise
director


PASSENGERS
Offshore voyages
A number should be given to each passenger on boarding and the numbers assigned to emergency
stations and liferafts.
Enclosed waters cruises

Where there are many passengers and they are on board for a fairly short time, a quick, efficient way
to allocate them to particular rafts is needed. This could be as simple as ‘in order’ with passengers
nearest liferafts being evacuated first. It is important that a crew member be assigned to organise and
control the passengers and that passengers are counted as they board the liferaft or carly float.
EMERGENCY SIGNALS
There are three distinctive emergency alarm signals.
• The emergency station muster signal

7 short and 1 long blast on the ships whistle or siren.
• The abandon ship signal

1 short blast, 1 long blast, - at least three times in succession.
• Fire emergency signal

Continuous sounding of bell or siren.
EMERGENCY INSTRUCTION
As soon as possible after joining a vessel it is important that
all crew do the following:
• Learn the meaning of emergency signals.
• Locate the muster list and know the duties assigned to them.
• Locate all the vesselʼs lifesaving and firefighting
equipment and learn how to use it.
• Know escape routes.

GUIDELINES FOR ONBOARD TRAINING AND DRILLS

Follow the guidelines in the USL NSCV code NSCV and Marine Order part 21-section 29, when
organising emergency drills.
A requirement of Marine Order part 21 is that crew and passengers must have warning of an impending
muster or drill. However, the details of the drill need not be announced, to preserve some sort of
realism to the drill.
Another requirement of Marine Order part 21 is that training sessions in survival and use of equipment
must be conducted. These are not the same as emergency practice drills but the two may be combined
at the same time.
Common sense and Marine Order part 21 both dictate that muster lists and muster position signs must
be posted, assignment given to passenger and crew, and training, musters and drills logged.
As well as the guidelines given by the USL code NSCV, Appendix 5 from Marine Order part 21 is
included here, to give further instruction as to the procedures to follow for drills. Obviously, not all
vessels will follow all the guidelines and will tailor the procedures to their own vessel.
Motivation for efficient practices and drills must come from the Master. Crew must be shown that the
drills are a necessary fact of the vessels safe operation and should not be just viewed as “Department
of Transport Sports.” Vary the times of drills, try to minimise the effect they have a crew leisure time
to avoid resentment of doing them. It is important that whenever a drill is held, crew members take part
wearing full protective clothing and equipment – this would normally include warm clothing, including
hat and footwear, lifejacket, and if required by the ships procedures, safety helmet and gloves. It is
important to discourage the practice of wandering out on deck for a drill in shorts and thongs – the
drill should be realistic practice for an emergency.
Drills should be structured to ensure that all crew members assigned to emergency teams become
familiar and proficient with the equipment.
Fire is the main hazard aboard a ship but drills should also include other emergency scenarios- damage
control, man overboard, helicopter operation, medical evacuation, pollution control and collisions.
De-briefing is important. Involve all crew after the drill to examine how improvements can be made
to the vessels emergency response. Training should aim to bring together shore based learning with
practical shipboard learning with practical shipboard operations.
When planning the vessels emergency organisation, take the following into account:
• the normal chain of command
• individual skills/training/fitness
• type and size of vessel
• equipment on board.
The emergency organisation should include a command team, an emergency team and a back up team.
Small vessels with limited crew may have an overlap of some of these roles while a larger vessel may
have additional teams such as a reserve team, passenger control team etc.
Leadership is important, the emergency team leader needs to be seen to be in charge, keeping an
overview of the situation and giving clear and concise orders.






ON HEARINGTHE EMERGENCY SIGNAL

DON’T PANIC
On hearing an alarm all passengers and crew should muster at their
emergency stations. Crew should not panic but remain calm and
carry out actions as required. It is important to reassure passengers
and keep them as calm as possible if order is to be maintained.
Crew and passengers should take with them to the muster stations
a lifejacket, extra clothing (such as a warm hat and jumper) and a
grab bag.
Crew should also bring with them an EPIRB (if carried on board),
extra flares and water, and anything else assigned to them in the
muster list.
If you have a mobile phone you should also bring it as there is often
good reception close to shore.
If the vessel is operating in sheltered waters, passengers will not
have a lifejacket allocated specifically to them, nor may they know
where the emergency station is. Crew will have to allocate lifejackets
and organise passengers as well as possible. Crew may have large
numbers to control so it is vital to stay calm and act in an orderly
manner.
On arrival at muster stations you should first do a head count to make
sure that all on board are present. If there are so many passengers
that this is impossible, a head count should be done when passengers
are boarding survival craft.
Crew and passengers should now put on their lifejackets. Crew
should check that all passengers are wearing their lifejackets
correctly.
It is very important that all on board are accounted for. If a person
is missing then a search should be carried out.
In a real emergency, the situation is likely to be confusing and
stressful, with the weather likely to be unfavourable. The Master and
officers need to be able to pass orders quickly and clearly to deal with
the situation. When crew and passengers have been mustered, it is
important that everyone remains quiet and controlled, remaining at
the muster station until further orders are given. Talking should be
kept to a minimum and there should be no skylarking or unnecessary
noise. Try to calm and reassure anyone that is panicking, a difficult
situation can arise if this panic spreads.
Do not launch any survival craft until told by the master.


CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1. (ANSWERS AT THE END OF SURVIVAL SECTION)
1 List 5 different types of emergency situation and explain how you could try to prevent each.
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2 Whoʼs responsibility is it to check that all safety equipment is in good order and replaced or
serviced as necessary?
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3 What safety equipment, under the NSCV, is required to be carried on an 11m vessel in 1E
survey with a crew of 3?
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4 Why is it necessary to carry out regular emergency drills?

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5 On joining a vessel for the first time what would you find out with regards to emergency and
safety?
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6 You are a crew member on a 30 metre vessel and hear the emergency alarm signal: 1 short 1
long, 1 short 1 long, 1 short 1 long. What do you do?
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OTEN Maritime Studies

1. EMERGENCY AND DRILLS .............................................................9

EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 9

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1. .......................................................................................... 37

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 1

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 7

PREVENTION IS THE BEST METHOD OF DEALING WITH AN EMERGENCY

PREPARATION IS THE KEY TO SURVIVAL!

8 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

1. EMERGENCY AND DRILLS

It is possible to avoid such a tragedy by exercising care!

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 9

• one main fire pump

• one emergency pump

• fire fighting hose

• fixed fire fighting

• portable fire extinguishers in each space

• fire smothering blanket in the galley

(A more detailed list is given in the fire section of this

10 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

• Lifepods (Survival Capsules)

• Marine Evacuation Systems

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 11

SURVEY CLASSIFICATIONS OF VESSELS

SURVEY CLASSIFICATIONS ARE:

12 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 13

USL Code requirements as follows

14 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 15

TRAINING AND DRILLS

16 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 17

18 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 19

20 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 21

The muster list could be divided into two sections:

22 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 23

Example of a muster list for an oil tanker

24 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

EMERGENCY AND DRILLS

Example of a muster list for a charter vessel

Crew duties in the event of an emergency

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 25

26 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

Enclosed waters cruises

• The emergency station muster signal

• The abandon ship signal

• Fire emergency signal

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 27

GUIDELINES FOR ONBOARD TRAINING AND DRILLS

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 29

30 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 31

32 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 33

34 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

ON HEARINGTHE EMERGENCY SIGNAL

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 35

36 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival © OTEN 2002/182

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 1. (ANSWERS AT THE END OF SURVIVAL SECTION)

© OTEN 2002/182 MLR2 Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival 37

Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival

Survival Firefighting and OH&S - Survival