Simulation of A Bridge Pier Cap

Simulation of a Bridge Pier Cap
Outline
1 Description 3
2 Finite Element Model 5
2.1 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.1 Bridge Pier Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.2 Steel Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.3 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.4 Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.4 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5 Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3 Structural Nonlinear Analysis 48
3.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Appendix A Additional Information 60
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1 Description
This tutorial presents the simulation of a reinforced concrete bridge pier cap or a double corbel beam. This structure is an example of a deep beam with a span to depth ratio smaller than
1.0. For this type of structure the load is transferred almost directly to the supports by means of an arch mechanism. Due to this phenomenon, the strain distribution over the cross-section
is highly nonlinear (also referred to as the D-region). Normally these type of structures are designed by means of a strut-and-tie model. In the Diana tutorial Reinforcement Design of a Pile
Cap it is shown how to determine the reinforcement using a strut-and-tie model combined with Finite Element Analysis (FEA). In this tutorial we simulate a bridge pier cap from the master’s
thesis of MacLeod (1997)1 to verify if the same behavior can be found by means of FEA.
Figure 1 presents the geometry and the reinforcement design. Note that the reinforcement details are different on the left and right side of the bridge pier cap, therefore no symmetry can be
used in the finite element model. Figure 2 presents the test setup. Figure 3 presents the stress versus strain curves for the three bar diameters.
Figure 1: Geometry and reinforcement details of Figure 3: Stress vs. strain curves for
the experimental specimen [1] Figure 2: Experimental test setup [1] the reinforcement [1]
1
MacLeod, Influence of Concrete Strength on the Behaviour of Bridge Pier Caps, 1997

We model the experiment in a 2D environment using plane stress elements for concrete and embedded truss elements for the reinforcement. The bridge pier cap is modeled completely, since
symmetry cannot be applied. The concrete response is simulated with a total strain crack model. The reinforcement steel is modeled with von Mises hardening plasticity and the bond-slip
behavior is modeled using CEB-FIB 2010 bond-slip function2 . The steel plates for load application and support are modeled with linear elastic material properties. The material properties
used in the analysis are listed in Table 1. A static nonlinear analysis is performed with increasing imposed displacement until failure. Both physical and geometrical nonlinear effects are
considered. The experimental and numerical results are compared in terms of load versus displacement curve and cracking pattern.
Table 1: Material properties

Concrete (TSCR)
Young’s modulus 26000 N/mm2
Poisson’s ratio 0.20
Mass density 2.40e-9 T/mm3
Tensile strength 2.25 N/mm2
Fracture energy in tension GF 0.144 N/mm
Compressive strength 43.0 N/mm2
Fracture energy in compression Gc 40.0 N/mm
Mean aggregate size 3.0 mm
Reinforcement (Von Mises plasticity)
Yield stress see Figure 3
Bond-slip reinforcement interface (CEB-FIB 2010)
Normal stiffness modulus 400 N/mm2
Shear stiffness modulus 200 N/mm2
Maximum shear τmax 9.16 N/mm2
Slip at maximum shear S1 0.233 mm
Steel plates (Linear)
2
FIB, fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, 2013

2 Finite Element Model
We start a new project for two-dimensional structural analysis choosing hexagonal mesh type and quadratic mesh order.
DianaIE
Main menu File New [Fig. 4]
Figure 4: New project dialog

We use newton (N), milimeter (mm) and ton (T) as units [Fig. 5].
Figure 5: Property panel - units

2.1 Geometry
We start the model by adding a polygon sheet to create the geometry of the bridge pier cap.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 7]
Figure 6: Coordinates of polygon Figure 7: Geometry - add

sheet polygon sheet Figure 8: Geometry - sheet

To improve the mesh later on, we are going to imprint a line on the bridge pier cap by using shape projection.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 9]

Main menu Geometry Modify Shape projection [Fig. 10]
Figure 9: Geometry - add line Figure 10: Geometry - add line Figure 11: Geometry - imprinted line

We are now going to add the geometries of the supports. We do this by adding a polygon sheet to create the left support. Subsequently we array copy this one in order to create the right
support.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 12]

Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 13]
Figure 12: Geometry - add polygon

sheet Figure 13: Geometry - array copy Figure 14: Geometry - support sheet

Here we create the line, which represents the loading plate.
DianaIE
Figure 15: Geometry - add line Figure 16: Geometry - loading plate

We now create the geometry of all the reinforcement bars.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 17]
Figure 17: Geometry - add polygon line Figure 18: Geometry - top longitudinal reinforcement bar

We create the main bottom longitudinal reinforcement bars.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 19] [Fig. 20]
Figure 19: Geometry - add polygon line Figure 20: Geometry - add polygon line Figure 21: Geometry - bottom longitudinal reinforcement bar

Next, we add a fillet to corners of the bottom longitudinal reinforcement.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Modify Fillet edges and vertices [Fig. 22]
Figure 22: Geometry - add fillets Figure 23: Geometry - add fillets for bottom longitudinal bars

In the next two slides we make the web reinforcement by adding lines and array copying those lines.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 24] [Fig. 25]
Figure 24: Geometry - add line Figure 25: Geometry - add line Figure 26: Geometry - add left web reinforcement

DianaIE

Figure 27: Geometry - add line Figure 28: Geometry - array copy Figure 29: Geometry - add right web reinforcement

In the next two slides we make the stirrup reinforcement on the left side by adding lines and using the array copy function.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 30] [Fig. 32]
Figure 30: Geometry - add line Figure 31: Geometry - array copy Figure 32: Geometry - add line

DianaIE
Figure 33: Geometry - add line Figure 34: Geometry - add left stirrups

In the next two slides we make the stirrup reinforcement on the right side, which is done in a similar way as the left side.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 35] [Fig. 37] [Fig. 38]
Figure 36: Geometry - array

Figure 35: Geometry - add line copy Figure 37: Geometry - add line Figure 38: Geometry - add line

DianaIE
Figure 39: Geometry - add line Figure 40: Geometry - add right stirrups

In the next two slides we make the horizontal stirrups of the column by adding one line and copying this line multiple times.
DianaIE

Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 42] [Fig. 43]
Figure 41: Geometry - add line Figure 42: Geometry - array copy Figure 43: Geometry - array copy

DianaIE
Figure 44: Geometry - array copy Figure 45: Geometry - add horizontal stirrups in the column

We add the last part of the reinforcement, which is the longitudinal reinforcement of the column.
DianaIE

Figure 48: Geometry - add longitudinal reinforcement of the

Figure 46: Geometry - add line Figure 47: Geometry - array copy column

2.2 Properties
2.2.1 Bridge Pier Cap
We assign the properties to the bridge pier cap. We use regular plane stress elements and for the material model we use a total strain crack model with the parameters presented in Table 1.
We define the thickness in the geometry properties.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Shape Properties [Fig. 49]

Shape Properties Material Add material [Fig. 51] Edit material [Fig. 52] − [Fig. 56]
Figure 50: Selected shapes
Figure 49: Property assignment Figure 51: Add concrete material Figure 52: Concrete - linear material properties

Figure 53: Concrete - total strain crack model Figure 54: Concrete - tensile behavior Figure 55: Concrete - compressive behavior Figure 56: Concrete - shear behavior

DianaIE
Shape Properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 57]
Figure 57: Add geometry Figure 58: Edit geometry - thickness

2.2.2 Steel Plates
We now assign the properties to the support plates and the loading plate. For the support plates we use regular plane stress elements and as material model we choose linear elastic isotropic
steel. For the loading plate we use beam elements and we choose the same material as for the support plates. We start with the support plates.
DianaIE

Shape Properties Material Add material [Fig. 61] Edit material [Fig. 62]
Figure 60: Selected shapes
Figure 59: Property assignment Figure 61: Add steel material Figure 62: Steel - linear material properties

We assign the properties to the loading plate.
DianaIE

Shape Properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 65]
Figure 64: Selected shape
Figure 63: Property assignment Figure 65: Define plate geometry Figure 66: Edit properties - rectangular plate

2.2.3 Reinforcement
Before assigning the properties to the reinforcement shapes, we start by defining three material models for the reinforcement bars. In this case the plastic behavior is dependent on the bar
size. We choose for bond-slip reinforcement with Von Mises plasticity and the bond-slip behavior according to the fib Model Code 20103 .
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Materials Add material [Fig. 67]

Main menu Geometry Materials Edit material [Fig. 68] − [Fig. 70]
Figure 67: Add reinforcement

material Figure 68: Edit material - reinforcement bar Figure 69: Plastic strain - yield stress Figure 70: Edit material - bond-slip interface
3
FIB, fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010, 2013

Instead of adding and recreating the material models for the other reinforcement bars, we can duplicate ”rein25” and change the name to ”rein16” and ”rein10” and change the Plastic strain
- Yield stress diagram accordingly. We start with material ”rein16”.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Materials Duplicate material rein25

Geometry browser Materials rein 1 Rename rein16
Geometry browser Materials rein16 Edit material [Fig. 71] − [Fig. 72]
Figure 71: Edit material - reinforcement bar Figure 72: Plastic strain - yield stress

We continue with the material ”rein10”.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Materials Duplicate material rein25

Geometry browser Materials rein 1 Rename rein10
Geometry browser Materials rein10 Edit material [Fig. 73] − [Fig. 74]
Figure 73: Edit material - reinforcement bar Figure 74: Plastic strain - yield stress

We start with the assignment of the reinforcement properties to the main longitudinal bars, which consist of 5 × 25 mm bars. We name the set ”reinfo cap main” and for type we select Truss
bond-slip bar. The material is already defined in the previous slides. For the element geometry, we choose to model the reinforcement as truss elements with an interface to take into account
the bond-slip behavior. For the cross-section input, we calculate the equivalent cross-section and the contact perimeter of these 5 bars.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Reinforcement properties [Fig. 75]

Reinforcement properties Geometry Edit geometry [Fig. 76]
Figure 75: Assign

reinforcement
properties Figure 76: Add new reinforcement geometry

We now move the selected shapes [Fig. 77] in the tree to the reinforcement set: ”reinfo cap main”.
Figure 77: Selected shapes Figure 78: Reinforcement set - ”reinfo cap main”

We now assign the properties to the web reinforcement.
DianaIE

Figure 79: Assign

reinforcement

We now move the selected shapes [Fig. 81] in the tree to the reinforcement set: ”reinfo cap web”.
Figure 81: Selected shapes Figure 82: Reinforcement set: ”reinfo cap web”

We now assign the reinforcement properties to the stirrups.
DianaIE

Figure 83: Assign

reinforcement

We now move the selected shapes [Fig. 85] in the tree to the reinforcement set: ”reinfo cap stirrups”.
Figure 86: Reinforcement set: ”reinfo cap

Figure 85: Selected shapes stirrups”

On this and the next slides we assign the reinforcement properties to the longitudinal bars in the column.
DianaIE

Figure 87: Assign

reinforcement

We now move the selected shapes [Fig. 89] in the tree to the reinforcement set: ”reinfo col main1”.
Figure 89: Selected shapes Figure 90: Reinforcement set: ”reinfo col main1”

DianaIE

Figure 91: Assign

reinforcement

We now move the selected shapes [Fig. 93] in the tree to the reinforcement set: ”reinfo col main2”.
Figure 93: Selected shapes Figure 94: Reinforcement set: ”reinfo col main2”

We now assign the reinforcement properties to the stirrups of the column.
DianaIE

Figure 95: Assign

reinforcement

We now move the selected shapes [Fig. 97] in the tree to the reinforcement set: ”reinfo col stirrups”.
Figure 97: Selected shapes Figure 98: Reinforcement set: ”reinfo col stirrups”

2.2.4 Interface
We add an open interface between the top of the bridge pier cap (source) and the loading plate (target).
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Add connection [Fig. 99]

Edit connections Material Add material [Fig. 100] Edit material [Fig. 101]
Add connection Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 102] [Fig. 103]
Figure 100: Add interface material Figure 102: Add interface geometry
Figure 99: Connection

property
assignment Figure 101: Edit interface material Figure 103: Edit interface geometry

2.3 Boundary Conditions
We add the supports to the model. The left support is a roller (fixed translation is only T2). The right support is a hinge (fixed translations are T1 and T2). In order to prescribe the
deformation at the loading plate a support is added (see Figure 108). The deformation load is presented in Section 2.4.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Add supports [Fig. 104] - [Fig. 109]
< Repeat 3 × >
Figure 108: Add support for deformation load

Figure 104: Add left support Figure 106: Add right support
Figure 105: Vertex selection Figure 107: Vertex selection Figure 109: Vertex selection

We now add a tying to the loading plate. This ensures that all the nodes of the loading plate have an equal displacement in the global Y direction (T2). The supported vertex (support
deformation) is the master and edge of the plate is the slave.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Add tyings [Fig. 110]
Figure 110: Add tying Figure 111: Master vertex Figure 112: Slave edge

2.4 Loads
We define the point load as a prescribed deformation of translation in the Y direction with the value of -1 mm. We impose a prescribed deformation instead of force to replicate the experimental
test that is controlled by displacements. We define a small value of displacement because we will impose small increments in the nonlinear analysis. We apply the load to the left vertex of
the loading plate and due to the use of the tying, the displacement is prescribed for the entire loading plate. By applying a point load combined with a tying, the total reaction force, which is
needed to impose the deformation of the loading plate, can be easily output in one point.
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Add global loads [Fig. 113]

Main menu Geometry Assign Add loads [Fig. 114]
Figure 113: Add global load Figure 114: Add deformation load Figure 115: Selected vertex

2.5 Mesh
We set the element size as 40 mm and generate the mesh
DianaIE
Main menu Geometry Assign Mesh properties [Fig. 116]

Main menu Geometry Generate mesh [Fig. 117]
Figure 116: Set element properties Figure 117: Finite element mesh

3 Structural Nonlinear Analysis
3.1 Commands
To set up the analysis we start by adding a new analysis and rename it to 2D nonlinear analysis. Next, we add a command for structural nonlinear analysis [Fig. 119]. We edit the nonlinear
effects to account for physical and geometrical nonlinearities [Fig. 120].
DianaIE
Main menu Analysis Add analysis

Analysis browser Analysis1 Rename 2D nonlinear analysis [Fig. 118]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Add command Structural nonlinear [Fig. 119]
Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear Nonlinear effects Edit properties [Fig. 120]
Figure 118: Analysis browser Figure 119: Analysis browser Figure 120: Nonlinear effects

We start by renaming the execute block to DW. We select the load dead weight and set the load steps to 0.5(2) [Fig. 122]. For the equilibrium iteration settings we select the option Satisfy
all specified norms [Fig. 123].
DianaIE
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename DW [Fig. 121]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear DW Load steps Edit properties [Fig. 122]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear DW Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 123]
Figure 121: Analysis browser Figure 122: Load steps Figure 123: Equilibrium iterations properties

We add another execute block for the deformation load and rename it as DEF. We select the load deformation load and set the load steps to 0.05(32) 0.08(40) 0.12(20) 0.15(90) [Fig. 125].
For the equilibrium iteration settings we change the maximum number of iterations to 100 and activate the line search algorithm [Fig. 126]. For both the convergence norms we change the
settings to Continue when no convergence has been found [Fig. 127 to 128].
DianaIE
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Load steps [Fig. 124]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear new execute block Rename DEF [Fig. 124]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear DEF Load steps Edit properties [Fig. 125]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear DEF Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 126]
Properties - ITERAT Convergence norm Displacement Settings Convergence norm [Fig. 127]
Properties - ITERAT Convergence norm Force Settings Convergence norm [Fig. 128]
Figure 127: Convergence norm

settings
Figure 128: Convergence norm

Figure 124: Analysis browser Figure 125: Load steps Figure 126: Equilibrium iterations properties settings

We now select the output items for the analysis. In this output block we only select results for ’Nodes’ and ’Elements’. For ’Reinforcements’ we type NONE. We use the ’User selection’ option
in the properties of the ’Output’ section [Fig. 130]. By clicking on ’Modify’, we can select the desired output results [Fig. 131]. We choose results for displacements, reaction forces, global and
principal values for strains and stresses. For all stress and strain items we select output at ’Integration points’ by clicking on ’Properties’ [Fig. 132].
DianaIE
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties [Fig. 130] Result User selection Modify
Figure 131: Output items
Figure 129: Analysis browser Figure 130: Output properties Figure 132: Results at integration points

We add a new output block named Output Reinfo. In this output block we only select results for ’Reinforcements’. For ’Elements’ we type NONE. We use the ’User selection’ option in the
properties of the ’Output’ section [Fig. 134]. By clicking on ’Modify’, we can select the desired output results [Fig. 135]. We choose results for stresses and strains. For all items we select
output at ’Integration points’ by clicking on ’Properties’ [Fig. 136].
Finally we run the analysis.
DianaIE
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear Structural nonlinear Add... Output - User [Fig. 133]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear Ouput 2 Rename Ouput Reinfo [Fig. 133]
Analysis browser 2D nonlinear analysis Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties [Fig. 134] Result User selection Modify
Main menu Analysis Run all analyses
Figure 135: Output items
Figure 134: Output

Figure 133: Analysis browser properties Figure 136: Results at integration points

3.2 Results
First we create a contour plot of the vertical displacement TDtY and view the deformed shape of the last step.
DianaIE
Main menu Results Deformed mesh feature edges

Results browser 2D nonlinear analysis Output Nodal results Displacements TDtY [Fig. 137] [Fig. 138]
Figure 137: Results browser Figure 138: Displacements

We make the force versus displacement graph for the analysis and compare it with the experimental results. We select the node of interest [Fig. 140] and show table for the result item FBY
in the result browser [Fig. 141]. We select the required load cases in the chart view (load step 3 onwards) and copy paste the corresponding results to excel in order to make the force versus
displacement curve. A comparison with the experiment is seen on the next slide and a good agreement is found.
Please note that the failure mechanism of this structure is rather unstable. Due to different settings on your machine (f.e. the accuracy/precision) results can be slightly different towards the
end of the analysis in comparison to the results presented in the tutorial [Fig. 141]. However the global behavior should remain similar.
DianaIE
Results browser 2D nonlinear analysis Output Nodal results Reaction Forces FBY Show vectors [Fig. 139] [Fig. 140]
Results browser 2D nonlinear analysis Output Nodal results Reaction Forces FBY Show table [Fig. 141]
Figure 139: Results browser Figure 140: Reaction forces Figure 141: chart view of FBY

Figure 142: Load vs. displacements: Diana computation and experimental data [1]

We present the second principal strain distribution E2 of the structure in the final step [Fig. 144]. We set the minimum value of the color scale limit to 1.0%. At both sides of the column the
concrete is crushed, which causes failure of the complete structure. This failure mechanism matches the experimental observation.
DianaIE
Results browser 2D nonlinear analysis Output Element results Total strains E2 Show contours [Fig. 144]
Main menu Show view settings
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values Minimum value -0.01 [Fig. 143]
Figure 143: Properties - set color scale

limits Figure 144: Total principal strain E2

We compare the crack patterns obtained in the analysis with the experimental observations. This slide depicts the crack patterns of the experimental test at four different load levels [Fig. 145].
Figure 145: Crack patterns [1]

This slide presents the crack patterns obtained from the finite element analysis. We are using the output item weighted crack width to analyze the crack patterns. Weighted crack width
is calculated in the individual integration points with the use of a proposed crack bandwidth estimator as described by Slobbe (2015)4 . These patterns are in good agreement with the
experimental results. Note that for Figure 149 the maximum value of the color scale limit is set to 3.0 mm.
DianaIE
Results browser 2D nonlinear analysis Output Element results Weighted crack-opening Ekwnn Show contours [Fig. 146] − [Fig. 149]
Main menu Show view settings
Property Panel Result Contour plot settings Color scale limits Specified values Maximum value 3.0 [Fig. 149]
Figure 146: (a) Crack pattern Figure 148: (b) Crack pattern
Figure 147: (c) Crack pattern Figure 149: (d) Crack pattern
4
Slobbe, Propagation and band width of smearec cracks, 2015

Finally, we present the results for the reinforcement: stresses and plastic strains [Fig. 150 to 151].
DianaIE
Results browser 2D nonlinear analysis Output Reinfo Reinforcements results Reinforcement Cauchy Total Stresses Sxx Show line diagram [Fig. 150]
Results browser 2D nonlinear analysis Output Reinfo Reinforcements results Reinforcement Plastic Strain Epxx Show line diagram [Fig. 151]
Figure 150: Reinforcement stress Sxx Figure 151: Reinforcement plastic strain Epxx

Appendix A Additional Information
Folder: Tutorials/BridgePierCap
Number of elements ≈ 2600
Keywords:
analys: geomet nonlin physic.
class: large.
constr: suppor tying.
elemen: bar beam bondsl cable cl12i cl6tr cl9be class3 cq16m cq22if ct12m ct18if interf pstres rectan reinfo struct truss.
load: deform weight.
materi: cebfip crack elasti fixed harden hordyk isotro multil parabo plasti slip soften strain totstr vonmis.
option: direct lagran linese newton regula total units.
post: binary ndiana.
pre: dianai.
result: cauchy crack crkwdt displa extern force green plasti princi reacti strain stress total tracti.
References:
[1] G MacLeod. Influence of Concrete Strength on the Behaviour of Bridge Pier Caps. Master’s thesis, Department of Civil Engineering and AppIied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, 1997.
[2] FIB. fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010. fédération internationale du béton/International Federation for Structural Concrete, 2013.
[3] A.T. Slobbe. Propagation and band width of smearec cracks. PhD thesis, Delft University of Technologie, The Netherlands, 2015.

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The Netherlands The Netherlands
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Disclaimer: The aim of this technical tutorial is to illustrate various tools, modelling techniques and analysis workflows in DIANA.
DIANA FEA BV does not accept any responsibility regarding the presented cases, used parameters, and presented results.

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Table 1: Material properties

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Main menu File New [Fig. 4]

Figure 4: New project dialog

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Figure 5: Property panel - units

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Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 7]

Figure 6: Coordinates of polygon Figure 7: Geometry - add

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Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 9]

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Main menu Geometry Create Add polygon sheet [Fig. 12]

Figure 12: Geometry - add polygon

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Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 15]

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Main menu Geometry Create Add polyline [Fig. 17]

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Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 27]

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Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 33]

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Figure 36: Geometry - array

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Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 39]

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Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 41]

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Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 44]

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Main menu Geometry Create Add line [Fig. 46]

Figure 48: Geometry - add longitudinal reinforcement of the

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Main menu Geometry Assign Shape Properties [Fig. 49]

Figure 50: Selected shapes

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Shape Properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 57]

Figure 57: Add geometry Figure 58: Edit geometry - thickness

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Main menu Geometry Assign Shape Properties [Fig. 59]

Figure 60: Selected shapes

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Main menu Geometry Assign Shape Properties [Fig. 63]

Figure 64: Selected shape

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Main menu Geometry Materials Add material [Fig. 67]

Figure 67: Add reinforcement

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Main menu Geometry Materials Duplicate material rein25

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Main menu Geometry Materials Duplicate material rein25

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Main menu Geometry Assign Reinforcement properties [Fig. 75]

Figure 75: Assign