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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
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Contributors
Mr Ranko Bozovic, EnPlus consultancy Dr Maarten van Reeuwijk, Imperial College London
Contributed to all chapters using his expertise in Maarten specialises in the modelling of wind, air
the field of Blue Green planning methodology and quality and heat transfer in the built environment.
BG solutions optimisation processes. He contributed to all chapters and was the editor
for the guide.
Prof. Cedo Maksimovic, Imperial College London
The founder and leader of the Climate-KIC Blue Graphics: Mikser
Green Dream project, Cedo provided strategic Creative direction: Maja Lalic
oversight and contributed to the BG Systems im- Graphic design: Jovan Pavlovic
plementation framework both for this guide and Illustrations: Natalia Zwick
in practice. www.mikser.rs
Urbanisation is a hallmark of the modern world. As a leader in climate innovation, the Climate-KIC
As we so often hear, more than 75 per cent of the community is working to explore and develop nov-
global population will live in cities by 2030. This el solutions for cities. We believe that integrating
pace and scale of urbanisation is transforming nature into urban development offers vital restor-
landscapes: metros run where rivers once mean- ative potential and can deliver attractive world
dered, motorways have replaced tracts of forest, class urban environments.
and tall buildings increasingly cast their shadow.
Our new Blue Green Solutions guide, which con-
Glittering skyscrapers and the glow of city lights solidates nearly three years of research led by
may have come to symbolise progress, but in the our partner Imperial College London, is aimed at
face of climate change, masses of glass, concrete planners, developers and consultants working in
and tarmac can render the city a hostile place. cities. It paves the way for nature-based solutions
Sweltering temperatures, urban heat islands, im- – Blue Green Solutions – providing crucial insights
permeable surfaces, swollen drains, flooding and into how cities can harness the power of nature to
air pollution all pose severe threats to the health meet the challenges of today.
and stability of our cities.
What’s remarkable about this particular approach
The simple truth is we can’t keep building bigger is its holistic planning framework that considers
tunnels or covering over surfaces in ways that en- city functions at the systems level, quantifying
courage downstream flooding, suffocate biodiver- both the tangible and non-tangible performance
sity and cause our cities to overheat. The solution of nature-based solutions.
is to re-introduce nature back into our cities.
This guide challenges the status quo. As biomim-
An increasingly mobile global workforce is looking icry expert and architect Michael Pawlyn says, “if
for high quality, healthy urban environments – re- we can learn to do things the way nature does, we
source-efficient, climate-friendly infrastructure, could achieve factor ten, factor 100, or maybe even
green space and clean air. Pocket parks, trees as factor 1,000 savings in resource and energy use”.
shading and cooling, and natural drainage systems Urbanisation might be the hallmark of today, but
all have highly desirable environmental benefits, by scaling and integrating nature-based solutions,
but making the case economically is not always the blue green city can be the hallmark of tomor-
easy. row.
Credits ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
6 Outlook ...............................................................................................................................................................................43
References ...........................................................................................................................................................................46
Short on time? We give a brief overview of the main principles of the BG Systems
Approach in the accompanying video. To access it, either scan the QR code or use
the following URL: http://bit.ly/2mM18H0
1 Introduction
Between 1950 and 2014, the global urban The challenge posed by urbanisation is, however,
population underwent a five-fold increase, magnified when coupled with climate change.
rising from 0.75 billion to 3.9 billion. Increased Climate change is expected to lead to more
urbanisation brings with it a host of problems: extreme weather events in the form of severe
increased pressure on essential resources such floods, droughts and heat waves1-6. Such events
as food and water; increased air pollution due to can spell disaster for a city, especially when
transportation; loss of biodiversity; and increased it is already dealing with the challenges that
risk of ill health (Figure 1). increasing urbanisation presents.
1 Urban pressures
Water Pollution Noise
Resource Drought
Inefficiency
8
2 Blue Green Solutions for Urban
Transition
2 Historical development of Blue Green Solutions (BG-S) via SUDS and WSUD
Water Sewered Drained Waterway Water Cycle Water Sensitive Blue Green
Supply City City City City City City Dream
Resources
efficiency
NBS-related
Ecosystem Services
Biodiversity Well-being
10
Augustenborg, Malmö, Sweden.
The Augustenborg development in Malmö
is designed to be a socially, economically
and environmentally sustainable
neighbourhood. It is one of Sweden´s
largest urban sustainability projects, was
supported by the government´s Local
Investment Programme and also financed
by key local partners within Malmö City and
the MKB housing company.
The project’s results indicate that
Augustenborg has become an attractive,
multicultural neighbourhood in which
the turnover of tenancies has decreased
by almost 20 per cent and adverse
environmental impacts have decreased by a
similar degree.
12
Interactions-Based Planning so, the performance of the NBS in terms of all
the ecosystem services they provide can be
quantified, both in terms of tangible (e.g. flood risk
The large-scale implementation of NBS has reduction) and non-tangible (e.g. health and well-
faced various barriers. Traditionally, cities have being) benefits and costs.
tried to achieve various sustainability targets
using planners’/architects’/designers’ perception
of sustainability and their knowledge and BG Systems Approach
experience. These individual targets include
improvement of vegetation/green space
coverage and energy efficiency, creation of “green The Blue Green (BG) Systems approach for
corridors” for enhanced biodiversity, etc. Whilst innovative urban planning produces optimised
implemented solutions have been successful urban solutions, hereafter referred to as Blue
from the perspective of achieving individual Green (BG) solutions. These harness the synergy
sustainability targets, they have left much of the benefits between urban components and
multi-functional potential of NBS untapped. ecosystem services, resulting in significantly
more efficient and cost-effective, multifunctional
In order to achieve a successful transition to a urban solutions (Figure 5).
sustainable, resilient and cost-effective city, it is
necessary to integrate NBS systematically and The BG Systems approach is applicable to all
more efficiently with other urban components climates (with the possible exception of the
(e.g. streets, roofs, façades, infrastructure - see polar regions) and socio-economic conditions.
Figure 4). This requires consideration of the city Moreover, it is applicable at different scales: from
and its functions at the systems level. In doing an individual building to an entire city. It can also be
4
8
7
1
5
11
3
12 9
10
BG
SOLUTIONS In many cases, the tree’s functions can be
enhanced/maintained without excessive use
Ecosystem Urban
Services Components of potable water: for example, by irrigation with
harvested roof and street rainfall runoff and
recycled grey water. If integrated adequately,
many synergy benefits will result29. Under the
used to help corporations and public institutions BG Systems approach these interactions are
achieve stringent sustainability targets. modelled and quantified to inform the choice and
positioning of trees for the area. This includes
Figure 6 gives an illustration of the multiple careful selection of the tree species based on their
interactions and the resulting benefits for a characteristics and the specific requirements
“multifunctional” tree. In addition to the tree’s they will need to fulfil.
aesthetic value, its benefits include urban
TREE FUNCTIONS
INTERACTING WITH
Urban heat island effect reduced Building envelope cheaper Reduced noise and air pollution
Outdoor air evaporative cooling Surface flood risk reduction Better conditions for pedestrians
Buildings more comfortable Higher property value Enhanced scope for socialising
Buildings using less energy Healthier environment Water management more effective
14
7 Benefits of the BG Systems approach for stakeholders involved in urban planning
System Level
fits
Quality
Increased Profitability
ne User Level
En
Asset Owners
Be
More Efficient
ab
Improved
ling
keh
The holistic nature of the BG Systems approach The BG Systems approach differs substantially
ensures benefits for all stakeholders. Key from current planning practice. Its full
stakeholders, listed in order of their potential effectiveness will therefore be achieved only if
influence for enabling change, are presented in a transition in operations occurs to safeguard
Figure 7. For example, Figure 7 shows that if policy compliance with the systematic methodology
makers introduce BG Systems compliant planning presented in this guide. The success of the
standards, then benefits would be created at the approach is founded upon centralised coordination
Systems, Project and User levels. of and communication between multidisciplinary
teams.
It is envisaged that existing development
certification schemes, such as BREEAM and The BG Systems approach adds a new
LEED, will need to be augmented with BG participatory group to the urban planning process:
Systems concepts and criteria. Engagement of The BG team. The BG team’s prime responsibility
policy makers will be key to achieving this shift. is to work with and coordinate the different
disciplines (Figure 8). The experts in the BG team
will be fully familiar with BG Systems approach.
The shading of four trees can save 25 per cent of the energy needed for cooling a building. In doing so,
they offset about 3-5 times more carbon than a tree in a forest30.
Architect Landscape
Climate Architect
Specialist
Urban
Environmental Planner
Engineer Energy
Planner
Water
Engineer
BS SYSTEMS APPROACH
16
3 Integrated Design and
Pre-planning
The development of a design brief is one of the Project Strategy Planners (PSPs). In the
most important phases in the design process, case of city planning, they are normally
as it will determine to a large extent the overall part of the city management group and
quality and sustainability of the project. define the requirements that lead directly
to a Design Brief.
A standard design brief outlines the client
requirements. However, it does not necessarily Project developers. They have the same
represent the needs of all stakeholders. It role as PSPs but act within private or
therefore does not guarantee a solution that private-public partnership (PPP) projects.
meets everyone’s needs. We advocate a Blue
Green (BG) Design Brief, which presents detailed Project planners. These are involved in all
requirements from all stakeholders, together planning stages.
with a selection of optimised concept solutions.
This guarantees higher quality design for the city Evaluator community. They are responsible
and helps the developer to come to informed, for financial quantification of different parts
compliant and robust project decisions. The of the project. This usually happens during
project will not only be more sustainable but will the viability study (without parametric
also deliver significant savings, especially with analysis of the effects of interactions) and
respect to operational costs. the design development phase.
In this section we outline the differences between Potential project users. These are the
a standard design brief and the BG Design Brief. people that will occupy and use the
We discuss the systematic approach in which the developments.
BG Design Brief is developed through a new, BG-
specific planning tool: the Goal Driven Planning Asset managers. They run the assets once
Matrix (GDPM). the development has been completed.
The production of a Design Brief will involve the The degree of involvement of the stakeholders in
following stakeholders: the production of the BG Design brief, as compared
to a standard design brief, is shown in Table 1.
Silo solutions. NBSs are often used to The BG Systems approach deviates from the
provide solutions to specific aspects of a standard approach in that it places a strong
problem (e.g. utilising a tree for aesthetic emphasis on having a highly analytical pre-
reasons or SUDS for flood prevention planning phase. During this pre-planning phase,
only), but the full scope of the interactive optimised concept solutions are produced that
functions of an NBS (shading, evaporative become part of the BG Design Brief.
cooling, flood risk reduction, air quality
18
9 Development stages of the BG Design
Brief and stakeholder involvement
STAGE 1
PROJECT REQUIREMENTS
AND DATA COLLECTION
The BG Systems planning methodology ensures:
PROJECT GOALS AND TARGETS
Full scoping of problems and solutions via Project Developers
systematic stakeholder involvement. By Planning Team
engaging multiple stakeholders across the BG Team
planning process, the quality of the design
will be better, to the advantage of all involved. STAGE 2
ANALYSIS AND OPTIMISATION
Enhanced resource identification and
PROJECT FUNCTIONS, CONCEPTS
integration. This process makes full use of
available technological and nature-based Project Developers
resources and plans them in an integrated Planning Team
BG Team
manner, thus reducing life-cycle costs and Approval Bodies
increasing operating and resource efficiency Public
and sustainability.
PROJECT FACILITIES
20
10 Excerpts from a sample Goal-Driven Planning Matrix
Water Greenery
Urban Climate
Solutions Variability
Living
Environment
Quality
Building
Energy
Solutions
Pollution
24
(e.g. 50 years). The type of greenery façade of a building, key interactions to
and the scale of the BG solution would map are those between Greenery (i.e. the
influence its interactions and effects. The tree and other vegetation on the site),
stored water will be used for irrigation of Energy (building energy consumption)
greenery, which will enhance biodiversity, and Building Solutions (façade etc.). It is
urban agriculture and create natural noise therefore vital to analyse the interactions
barriers etc. and benefits of each species to determine
how to achieve best performance against
Maximise the value of a tree. When the set of prescribed functions (Figure 12)
planting trees in front of the south-facing
26
13 A sample cost dependence matrix
Capital Cost
Standard Cost
BG Cost
The BG Systems approach will investigate The BG Systems approach ensures that the BG
proposals for remedial measures designed solutions will provide:
to enhance the resilience of the BG Solutions
themselves to weather extremes. This means Decrease of risk, exposure and hazard.
that interventions such as tree pits and green Increase of coping capacity.
roofs are better equipped to manage, for example,
extreme rainfall events. Compatibility with proposed project
sustainability strategies.
The case studies demonstrate how the BG Systems approach can substantially enhance the
sustainability, resilience and cost-effectiveness of BG Solutions in both new and existing urban
developments.
28
4. Marlowe Road London
Page 36
Main Outcomes
BG Systems Approach
The optimisation of the master plan via the BG
A full-scale analysis was conducted using the Systems approach yielded a near-zero-energy
BG Interaction Matrix (see page 23). The analysis campus, with overall energy savings of 68 per
identified a number of potential interaction cent for heating, 92 per cent for cooling and 60
synergies that could provide significant Life-cycle per cent for electricity.
cost savings for the campus. The integration of
groundwater resources, underground storage of Due to the strategic positioning of the trees, indoor
energy and specially planned vegetation proved summer temperatures were 4oC lower and indoor
to have significant potential. In particular, by winter temperatures were 6oC higher, relative to
integrating the campus with the forest, with a zero-tree (i.e., absence of trees) scenario. The
the addition of selected tree species planted energy consumption of the buildings was 26 per
in optimally configured positions, the natural cent lower.
functions of the forest could be harnessed to the
benefit of the campus. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis found that the payback
time for the additional investment required,
Trees with large leaf surface areas were compared to standard construction costs, was
positioned to align with summer winds, hence approximately 4.8 years.
maximising evaporative cooling of the buildings.
The southern façades of the buildings were Figure 14 demonstrates the campus’s integrated
protected from summer solar radiation using approach to local reuse of water, localised energy
trees that lose their leaves early in October, thus production and recovery for the campus, and use
also enabling solar passive heating in the winter. of greenery for passive building design.
Evergreen trees were positioned perpendicular to
predominant winter winds to reduce heat losses
in the winter.
30
14 Multi-purpose water use and reuse and its interaction with localised energy production and
recovery, and vegetation.
15 Energy flow diagram and related annual energy savings for Zagreb University Campus.
Passive
Heating
2000MWh/y
l Energy Savin
nnua gs
A
Photovoltaic Sun Collectors
5000MWh/y 68%
Heating
3400MWh/y
92%
Cooling
60%
Electricity
rs
Pa
ea
ac y
yb
kP y 5
erio
d : a p p r ox i m a tel
Seasonal
Ground Ground Water
Energy Storage 3500MWh/y
2000MWh/y
BG solutions, in the form of integrated, vegetated, To develop and deliver a framework for quantifying
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), the wider benefits of BG solutions, the Decoy Brook
improve flood alleviation capacity. However, they catchment in London (UK) was used as a case study.
also provide wider, ecosystem service derived The brief for Decoy Brook was to protect the critical
benefits. The wider benefits are usually not infrastructure assets Golders Green and Finchley
included in cost-benefit analyses, thereby greatly Road junctions, Golders Green tube station, Finchley
undervaluing BG solutions’ use as strategic Road police station and electrical substations. A set
assets. of BG solutions (Figure 16) were co-designed with
the stakeholders via a workshop, with the aid of
Imperial College London worked with the the Adaptation Support Tool software42 developed
London Environment Agency (EA), London during the Blue Green Dream project.
Borough of Barnet and AECOM to provide
compelling and robust evidence for BG Solutions’ The financial appraisal of the wider benefits of
cost effectiveness within the UK Flood Risk the BG solutions, such as amenity, air quality,
Management Planning Framework33. biodiversity and surface water charges reduction,
was done using CIRIA’s Benefits for SUDS Tool34.
This encompasses the standard approach to
appraising flood risk in the UK (as defined in the
Multi-Coloured Manual Handbook35).
Catchment-Scale Solution
· Infiltration Strips
· Urban Wetland
BG-S 1
· Rainwater tank at
Golders Green Station
BG-S 4
· East pond
· West pond
BG-S 2
BG-S 5
Police · Infiltration Strips
station
detailed · Bio-swale BG-S 3
solution · Roof disconnection
32
t2 Cost effectiveness of BG solutions – flood only vs. wider benefits comparison
Finally, the project explored potential funding investment costs among multiple stakeholders
mechanisms to promote the wider uptake of BG (including critical infrastructure owners) by
solutions in London. highlighting the additional services provided to
each stakeholder (Figure 17).
The economic viability of BG solutions increases 184% increase in economic value of SUDS
considerably when wider benefits are considered benefits can be achieved if wider benefits are
included in analysis.
(Table 2): for the case study area, compared to
flood-risk benefit estimations only, they increased
the value of the benefits provided by the selected 35%
options by between 60 and 184 per cent.
The Budapest City Park area covers For this project, the local BG Team (Biopolus)
approximately 100 hectares. Within its perimeter developed and applied a Metabolic Mapping
it hosts restaurants and a number of institutions: Methodology. This involves the systematic
a thermal bath, city-zoo, hospital, and several analysis of water, energy and waste flows (inputs
museums. The area is being redeveloped, with and outputs) for the park, taking into account
key aims being to significantly reduce water & daily and seasonal variations. The “metabolic”
energy consumption and waste generation, and (i.e. material/energy transformation) processes
to increase annual visitor numbers (approximately covered bioenergy, waste heat, materials, and
2 million at the time of the study) to 4 million by water recovery.
2019.
34
Main Outcomes
Bioenergy recovery
Heat recovery
Energy
Primary energy
Energy products
Losses
Fresh materials Other products
Organic
materials Waste
Drinking water Wastewater
Fresh water Water products
Water recycling
The architectural practice Pollard Thomas Enhanced storm water management was
Edwards (PTE) was commissioned to complete achieved by tailoring the street design to facilitate
the concept design for the master plan of a better drainage, and harvested water was used
new, 41,000 m2 residential area in London. The for watering of the plants. Some of the buildings
plan’s aim was to demonstrate how integrated were designed with roof gardens that feature
BG solutions can be employed to deliver a community gathering points
traditionally planned neighbourhood with a
premier, 21st century sustainability level. Key
Performance Indicators for the design included
urban heat island mitigation, low building energy
Main Outcomes
consumption, enhanced outdoor microclimate,
Applying the BG systems approach yielded
indoor comfort and the efficient use of water.
a solar load reduction of 38 per cent, a heat
island effect reduction of 33 per cent and an
BG Systems Approach outdoor microclimate reduction of 3.5⁰C for
summer temperatures, relative to a standard
The BG Team scoped and assessed design options development. As a result, the buildings’ summer
via the use of the GDPM (see page 20). The energy consumption was reduced by 24 per cent.
preliminary analysis identified potentially useful Moreover, these above benefits were realised
interactions that could be exploited to inform the without incurring substantial additional costs.
positioning of buildings and trees and the design
of building envelope shading, materialisation and
storm water management facilities.
36
20 Reduction of solar radiation on building envelope
Šabac (population 80,000) is a city in central The BG team ran workshops to familiarise the city
Serbia. Situated close to three national borders planning teams with the BG Systems approach,
and with two main highways in its vicinity, it has a especially the Goal Driven Planning Matrix (GDPM).
long tradition of being a centre of trade. The city’s targets were entered into the GDPM in
The city’s government is pursuing an urban order to facilitate a bespoke, BG Solutions based
regeneration agenda, as part of which they have Master plan. Public workshops were held to gather
enlisted the BG Systems approach to produce further inputs and work-up candidate design
a visionary Master plan for the area. The aim is concepts, via the use of the GDPM. The conclusions
not only to transition to state-of-the-art urban of these workshops are being incorporated into
design, but to deliver a redevelopment model the final version of the Master plan, which is in
(exemplar) for other towns across the region. progress at the time of writing.
38
Main Outcomes Under dry conditions, water to the irrigation
canals/streams is supplied from a shallow
The public workshops were highly valuable. They groundwater aquifer, driven by pumps powered
identified, for example, several new city resources by solar energy. This ensures a minimal water
that would not have been tapped into using a flow for supporting aquatic life throughout
standard design process. the year at no energy cost (Figure 23). The
surrounding vegetated floodplain area is used
A number of BG Solutions were embedded into for recreation and to support biodiversity. Under
the plans. One solution of particular interest is conditions of heavy rain or high ground water
the multi-functional use of irrigation canals in the level the floodplain retains its groundwater flood
city and parks (Figure 23 ). In the past, they would retention capacity. Under normal conditions, part
be empty for most of the time, and so would have of the floodplain remains immersed, implying
no aesthetic and recreational value. Under the BG that it can be used for water sport recreation
Systems plan, they deliver areas for recreation, activities. Thus, instead of being reserved for
biodiversity and flood protection36. flood management only, floodplains also serve as
attractive open spaces for year round use.
Monitoring and modelling the performance Water retention capacity was assessed for the
of BG solutions is crucial to: 1) quantify the three experimental green roof plots roof gardens,
difference between their actual and potential of which two are extensive (A – 70/25mm and
(design) performance; and 2) optimise their B – 70/32mm substrate/drainage layer depths,
design to maximise their benefits. At Imperial respectively) and one is intensive (C – 150/45 mm
College London, a living lab (Figure 24) has substrate/drainage layer depth). Observed data
been established, focussed around three showed that for the London climate, rainwater
multifunctional roof gardens, for measuring and retention is high (>45 per cent of incoming rainfall
modelling the water-energy interactions outlined captured), with intensive green roofs retaining
in Chapter 4. as much as 82 per cent of rainwater. In addition,
the high temporal resolution of the logged data
(i.e. measurements are recorded at frequent
intervals over each hour of operation) enables the
BG Systems Approach modelling of multifunctional roof dynamics, which
is important for analysis of flood management
processes.
The data collected was used to create new, or
improve existing water and energy balance models,
The simulations of the evaporative cooling effect
that describe the interaction of the multifunctional
of the green roofs using the Urban Energy Balance
roof with its environment. Precipitation, runoff
model41, showed that the cooling effect of the roof
and temperature data were used to assess/model
surfaces in summer is considerable. Vegetated
benefits of roof gardens. These benefits comprise
surfaces are 10°C colder than a conventional roof
reduction of flood risk due to delayed, reduced peak
on a daily mean, and up to 30°C colder during the
storm water runoff and cooling due to transpiration
hottest hours. The heat transfer through green
by plants and related evaporative processes.
roof is thus reduced considerably compared
to a conventional roof, leading to substantial
In addition to analysing observed data, the
energy savings due to reduced demand for air
evaporative cooling of roof plots was investigated
conditioning and ventilation.
using simulation tools of varying complexity: 1) the
Improved water balance (hydrologic) model 37; 2) an
Urban Energy Balance model38; and 3) Large Eddy volume
Simulation (LES)39. Furthermore, the monitoring
results are currently used for development and
testing of a Blue Green module for Building
Information Management (BIM) software
systems40.
40
24 Multifunctional roof plots on the Eastside building at Imperial College London
2
3
5
25 Cumulative rainfall (in black) and runoff for the roof plots during the year 2015
800 ..............................................................................................................................
*
..............................................................................................................................
A 46%
400 ..............................................................................................................................
B 59%
..............................................................................................................................
C 82%
0
Jan Jun / Jul Dec
* - Conventional roof A - Green roof A - 70/25mm
B - Green roof B - 70/32mm C - Green roof C - 150/45mm
Our case studies illustrate the added value that The BG Systems approach primarily
the BG Systems approach brings to different realises the potential of BG Solutions via its
urban contexts. Key conclusions are: reconceptualisation of the planning and design
process. BG Solutions are inherently cross-
The systematic incorporation of BG sectorial. To optimise their benefits, it is therefore
solutions into urban plans yields necessary to conduct an extensive, systems-level
substantial reductions in Life-Cycle costs analysis at the pre-design stage. This analysis
(case studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). presents two challenges: firstly, there needs to be
a driver/incentive for carrying it out and secondly,
Through mapping and unlocking potential assigning responsibility for this task.
synergies with the local built environment,
the BG Systems approach ensures that The driver for this pre-design analysis is saving
BG Solutions provide cost-effective, costs, improving sustainability and boosting
sustainable enhancements to quality of resilience. The analysis itself involves full life-
life and resilience to extreme weather cycle analyses of the design/planning options. As
events (case studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). described on page 20, the Goal Driven Planning
Matrix (GDPM) has been developed to aid this
The added value of the BG Systems process. However, to deliver maximum benefits,
approach is fully realised through looking client and stakeholder requirements both need
beyond the principal purpose of BG to be mapped and aligned. This is a crucial
Solutions installations to embrace their component of the BG Systems approach, termed
wider (co-) benefits – e.g. wellbeing the BG Design Brief.
improvement (case study 2).
The key innovation here – apart from the
Stakeholder consultation and engagement tools described in Chapters 3 and 4 – is the
is crucial to maximising effectiveness of introduction of a new participatory group in the
BG Solutions (case studies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
44
Final Remarks
46
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