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Ge U Rds Jansen Montenegro 2
Ge U Rds Jansen Montenegro 2
2-Este
(TemploX)
Patio 3
(Patio X)
o o
Plaza 2
0
2-0este
0 0
(Templo Y)
10
16
20 m
y=:::3
2-Sur
~ !
Figure11.Non-residential structuresassociatedwithPlaza2 andtheso-called"Iemplc X".
asociadasconlaPlaza2 y elllamado"TemploX".
Figure 11.Estructuras no residenciales
THE CEREMONIAL CENTER OF MONTE NEGRO: A COGNlTlVE APPROACH TO URBANIZATION IN NUU DZAUl 403
3-Norte
3-0este o 0
Plaza 3 o 0
3-Este
~
(Templo T-S)
3-Sur o 10 20m 1
~N
Figure12.Non-residential
structuresassociatedwithPlaza3 andtheso-called"Templo1-8".
Figura12.Estructurasnoresidencialesascciadas conlaPlaza3 y elllamado''TemploT·8".
404 EL CENTRO CEREMONIAL DE MONTE NEGRO. UN ACERCAMIENTO COGNITIVO SOBRE LA URBANIZACI6N ENTRE LOS NUU DZAUl
\
\ \
~o
\
L j
o
\
---
Templo T
o 2.5 5 ill
~
Figure13.TempleT.
Figura13.TemploT.
20 Demanera
interesante,cuandopreguntamos
porUII juegode petota,algunoshabitantes
19Acostay Rornerode hechosugierenalgunoeusosposibles:paracezaranimales,para actuales
deMonteNegro sefialanaYucuDuha,estesitio,conocupaci6n
LasHeres,selocaliza
emplearlos
ensltuactones
deconflicto
0 para
removery manipularelpelajede10sanimales delotro ladodelvaJledeTilantongo, contodaseguridadtieneunaestructuradejuegode
(1992:123-124). pelota(veaseVanBroekhoven et al.;2001;Bylandy Pohl,1994:56-60).
406 EL CENTRO CEREMONIAL DE MONTE NEGRO. UN ACERCAMIENTO COGNlTlVO SOBRE LA URBANIZACI6N ENTRE LOS NUU DZAUl
4-Norte
4-0este
o
4-Este
o
Plaza 4
~N
Figure14.Nen-resdeutialstructuresassociatedwithPlaza4.
Figura14.Bstructurasno residencialesasociadasconla Plaza4.
THE CEREMONIAL CENTER OF MONTE NEGRO; A COGNlTlVE APPROACH TO URBANIZATION IN NUU DZAUl 407
Figure15.Plaza4 withTempleT andT·Nin thefarrightbackground.
Figura15.LaPlaza4conlosTemplesT y T·Nhacia la derecha,enla partebaja.
ceremoniales,noobstante,sepuedeesperarqueelnumerodeestructu- sobresucaraoriental,enelextremoposteriordelaEstructuraI-Oeste;
rasseasignificativamente masalto,siendoqueIosprocesosdeerosion un caminopavimentado con piedrascorredesdela residenciahacia
intensivapresentes
endiversaspartesdelsitiodebieronafectarydestruir eI extremooestede la estructurayal finallIegaa la Plaza1,donde
muchasestructurasarquitcctonicas, En general,consistende cuatro pudieronrealizarseactividades
ceremoniales.Tarnbien sedesconocela
cuartosrectangularesalineadosalrededordeunpatiocuadradocentral, razonespecifica
porlacualCasoyAcostadenominaron asfalSistema
encasitodosIosejemplosde MonteNegroel areade IospisosdeIos R,aunquelaunidaddeedificiosidentificables
enestaareadelsitiodebio
cuartosesmuchomaspequefiaquelasuperficiedelpatio.Unejemplo motivarlosadesignarlo coma'sistema'.
extraordinarioeselPatio5queformaunpatiohundidoconunaprofun-
didadaproximada de1metro(Figura18);entreotroscasos,dichopatio Sobreelladonorestedelnucleoceremonial yacelaestructuraqueCaso
incluyesistemadedrenaje,asimismo,encuantoasutamafioy comple- llamaTemp!oT-N,consistede unaestructnraresidencial quemuestra
jidadarquitectonica,
solamenteelllamado TemploT-Nsobrepasa adicha talcomplejidad arquitectonica
queCasoy Acostala identificancomo
estructuraresidenciaI,
y seIocalizaatrasdelaEstructura 3-0estedela 'templo',ademas,tal vez porsu posiciony trazado.presenta claras
Plaza3,ademascuentaconunpasadizoconstruido quelIevamasallade indicacionesdequecomparteunanaturaleza desacralidady gobierno.
lamencionada Estructura3-0esteen 10altodelaplaza.Estepasadizoes Tieneundisefioarquitectonico qnecorresponde conotrasestructuras
parteintegral
deldisefio
arquitectonicodeMonteNegroy 10masprobable residenciales,perotambiense mantieneal margende otrosejemplos
es quesirvieraparadara la noblezaunaentradaquizateatraIa dicha deMonteNegro,por10siguiente:I) sugrantamafio(segundodespues
plazapublica.Otroejemplodeelementosteatralesenlaarquitectura se del Patio5), incluyendoun patiohundido(de7.2 por 8.0 metros)y
puedeobservarenel SistemaR,enespecffico, eI Temp!o Z. unadepresioncentral(de3 por5.6 metros);2) pordiversosdetalles
arquitectonicos,
algunosde Ioscualestienenunafuncionincierta;y 3)
Dehecho,el Temp!o Z esunaestructuraresidencialquesecaracteriza porsucercanfaconciertasestructurasceremoniales(Temp!o Ty Plaza
portenereImismopatioy Ioscuatrocuartosqueseobservanentodo 3).La residenciase encuentraadornadaconmuchascolumnas,parte
eIsitio(Figura10),ademassurelacionarquitectonica conlaEstructura en eI patioabiertoy parteparasostenerIascoberturasde lascuatro
I-Estees unicaentodoel sitio,noobstante,en la Iiteraturaexistente estancias(Figura19).22Delos veinteentierrosregistradosen Monte
noselehadadoningunaatencion,Acostay Romeronotocarondichas
estructurasy es graciasa la compilaciondel volumende 1992sobre Z2 Estascolumnas
SOli unodelaselementos
arquitect6nicos mascitadosdeMonteNegro,se
MonteNegroquedisponemosdel dibujo(Acostay Romero,1992: presentantantoen las residencias,comaenlasestructuras
ceremoniales;ellasalimentan la
71-71).21Loqueresultaclaroaqui,es lacoalescencia deIasestructuras especulaclonsabrelas similitudescon[aestructura
delSistemaIVdelPeriodoIdeMonte
ceremoniales y residenciales:la residenciadel TemploZ se construyo Alb~n (Planneryy Marcus,1983:90).Lascolumnas tambienestructuranotrosedlftcioaresl-
denclales,principalmentelosquetienengrandesareasen susuperficie:
IosPatios1,3,5y7.
Tarnbiendebenorarsequetodastascolumnas representanuntipodeconstrucci6nvulnerable
y quees posiblequeal pasodeltiemposufrierandaiios,estose evidenciasolamente porta
21Se tratadel mapaoriginalelaborado
durantela ternporada
de 1939en MonteNegro, desaparicionde5 columnaeenet TemploT-N,tamblennotadas perAcostay quenofueron
redibujadoenocasicndelapublicaci6n
de 1992. representadasen nuestromapadelefio 2000.
408 EL CENTRa CEREMONIAL DE MONTE NEGRO. UN ACERCAMIENTO COGNITIVO SOBRE LA URBANlZACl6N ENTRE LOS NUU DZAUJ
5-Norte
~ E
d
] \ /\
\\/
/\
5-Este
Plaza 5
5-0este
L-
-,
fj
~ 5-Sur
P
~
to 20m
r
Ftgura 16.Estructuras
structuresassociatedwithPlaza5.
Figure16,Non-residential
noresidenciales
asociadasconla PlazaS.
6-Norte
c:J
6-0este
J 00 l----'
0 10 20 40m IN ~ Patio 14
~ I
Figure17.NorthernextensionofMonteNegro,featuringPlaza6 andmultipleresidential
structures.
Figura17.Extensionseptentrional
deMonteNegro,conformando porlaPlaza6 y muchasdelasestructuras residenciales.
410 EL CENTRO CEREMONIAL DE MONTE NEGRO. UN ACERCAMIENTO COGNITIVO SOBRE LA URBANIZACION ENTRE LOS NUU DZAUI
Patio 5
(Edificio U)
Patio 4 o
(Edicifio W)
o
o o
o
10 20m T
~N
Figure18.Residentialstructuresasociated withPatio5.
Figura 18.Estructurasresidencialesasociadasconcl Patio5.
Patio 7 o o
o
o
o 0 TemploT-N
TemploT
o 10 20 m T
~N
Figure19.Residential
structuresasociatedwiththeso-calledTempleT·NandPatio7.
Figura19.Estructuras
residencialesasociadascon105lIamadosTemploT-Ny clPatio7.
4i2 EL CENTRO CEREMONiAL DE MONTE NEGRO. UN ACERCAMIENTO COGNITIVO SOBRE LA URBANlZACl6N ENTRE LOS NUU DZAUl
5,whichfeaturesa sunkenpatiowithadepthofapproximately 1.0meter quarterandopenedbyAcostaduringtheexcavations in 1938(Acosta
(Figure18).Thispatioisoneofseveralthatincludea ceramicdrainage 1992:43). Accessto thequartersis mostlythroughsmallstaircaseson
system.Insizeandarchitecturalcomplexity, onlytheso-calledTemplo theextremesofoneofthelongsides,andsometimes accessis merely
T-Nsurpassesthisresidentialstructure.It is locatedbehindStructure possiblebypassingthroughanentranceonthepatioside.A seemingly
3-0esteofPlaza3 andhasa builtpassageway leadingpastStructure3- exaggerated amountofenergywasinvolvedintheconstruction ofthis
OesteuptothePlaza.Thesepassageways areanintegralpartofMonte residentialstructure,sinceit is locatedon down-sloping terrain,yet
Negroarchitecturaldesignandmostlikelyservedto allowthenobility waselevatedtosucha heighttoconformwiththeadjoiningceremonial
an exclusiveandperhapstheatricalentranceto thementionedpublic structureof TemploT.Wallsreachingnearly2 metersinheightonthe
plaza.Anotherexampleofthesetheatricalelementsinarchitecture can northwestern sideofthestructureserveasevidenceofthis.Preciselyin
hefoundat SystemR,specifically TemploZ. thiswesternwall,andalsointheNorthernendingof TemploT-N,again
twopassageways arelocated.Asmentionedbefore,thefunctionality of
Templo Z isinfactaresidential
structurecharacterized
bythesamepatio thesepassagesisspeculative: theymightserveasalternative entrances
andfourquartersthatisobservablethroughoutthesite(seeFigure10). to the mentionedstaircases,butare effectivelytoo smallfor sucha
ltsarchitectural
relationship
totheStructurel-Esteisuniqueatthesite, purpose.Moreover,thepassageway locatedin thewesternwallhasan
buthasnotreceivedanydiscussionin the existingliterature.Acosta exitlocatedwellabovethegroundsurface,reminiscent ofa heightofa
andRomerodonottouchuponthesestructures,andit isthankstothe window.Perhapsa woodenconstruction pertainedtothispassage,allow-
compilerofthe'92 volumeonMonteNegrothata drawingwasmade ingproperexiting,butassaid,thatremainsspeculation.Afurther lackof
available(AcostaandRomero1992:71-72)21. Clearlyvisiblehere,isthe understanding isfoundregarding the'room'thatformsthesouthwestern
coalescence ofresidentialandceremonialstructures.Theresidenceof cornerof thestructure.Thisfeaturehasa differenceof morethan1.8
TemploZ is builtontheeastfacing,backendofStructure1-0este.A meterswiththesurfaceof thewesternandsouthernquartersandhas
pathpavedwithstonesrunsfromtheresidencetowardto westernend sucha reducedsize(2.9hy3.1meters)thatonlystoragepurposesseem
of thestructure,ultimatelyleadingto Plaza1, wheretheceremonial fitforthisfeature.Directlyeastof thisfeature,thesouthernquarteris
activitieswouldhavetakenplace.ThespecificreasonwhySystemR located.Thisfeatureappearsto be connectedto the easternquarter,
wasnamedbyCasoandAcostaassuchisunknown,buttheunityofthe providedthatthewallfoundationsin betweenthesetwoquartershave
identifiable
buildingsinthatareaofthesitemusthaveledtodesignating notbeendestroyed.Interestingly, thearchitectureofthisquarterlinksit
themasa 'system'. tothenorthernextremityoftheceremonial TemploNhy fittingitwitha
perfectlysimilarwidthincomparison tothatoftheceremonial structure
Overonthenortheastern sideoftheceremonialcorestandsthestructure directlyto itssouth.A narrowpassageofmerely0.9meterswideand
calledTemploT-NbyCaso.Thisis a residentialstructurethatdemon- 1.90inheight,separatesthetwostructures.
stratessucharchitecturalcomplexitythatCasoandAcostaidentifiedit
as a 'temple',andperhapsits positionandlayoutis thepresentclear Moreexamples couldbementioned, butspaceislimited.Theseexamples
indicationsofthesharednatureofsacralityandrulership.ltfeaturesan includethe residentialstructures(namedPatio2 and3) locatednear
architectural
layoutconforming tootherresidential
structures,
butstands Plaza2 (seeFigure11).Theclosebondsto thesurrounding ceremo-
outfromexamplesat MonteNegrodueto (1) it's overallsize(second nialstructuresareagainconfirmedhere,wherePatio2 isbuiltagainst
afterPatio5),includingthesunkenpatio(7.2by8.0meters)andcentral TemploX andPatio3 closelyalongsideit.Also,thesetworesidential
depression(3.0by5.6meters);(2) severalarchitectural details,some structuresfacethecausewayrunningwest-eastandlinkingatleastthree
ofwhichthefunctionis unsure;and(3)it's positioninginproximityto ofthefourscentrallylocatedceremonialareasat thesite(i.e.Plazas1,
severalceremonialstructures(TemploT and Plaza3).Theresidence 2 and3). Multiplearchitectural examplesillustratethe characterof
is adornedwithnumerouscolumns,partlyin theopenpatio,partlyto sociopolitical
structuresduringearlyurbantimesat MonteNegro.Ina
sustaintheroofconstructions ofthe4 livingquarters(Figure19)."Of detailedcomparative study,LindsayJonesobservedthesuperahundance
thetwentyburialsregisteredat MonteNegro,somewereadobewalled ofmonumental architecture
(Jones2000:20-37).
Amongotherthings,he
tombs.Oneofthese,Tomb4,wasencountered inthecenteroftheeastern referstotheconstantreleaseoffreshmeaningthroughtheperception of
architecture.
This,in turn,allowsfora multitudeofactivities,making
monumental architecturesuchanaptsettingforritualactivitiesofmany
naturesandat manydifferentmomentsintime.Indeed,thearchitecture
21 Thisistheoriginalmapmadeduringthe1939campaignatMonteNegro,redrawn forthe
occasionof the1992publication, at MonteNegroalsoreflectsthisadaptability, in theendthatis why
22 Thesecolumns areoneof themostoft-citedarchitectural
featuresatMonteNegro,being architectural
interpretation
remainsverymuchaninterpretation.Toargue
present aswellasceremonial
inresidential structures; aboutslmilarities
theyfueledspeculation a singularmeaningin MonteNegro'sarchitecture wouldhesenseless,
withMonteAlban'sPeriodI structure SystemIV(Flannery & Marcus1983:90). Columns givenits natureandform,butNuuDzauisemanticcategoriescanbe
alsofeaturesinotherresidentialstructures,
namelytheoneswiththelargestsurfaceareas:
recognized inthestructuralchoicesthattheseLateFormative mason's
Patio's1,3,5and7. It mustalsobenotedthroughthatthecolumnsrepresent a vulnerable
typeof construction,andarelikelyto sufferdamagesthroughtime, Thisis evidencedby
madeinhowtobuild,what,andwhere.
thedisappearance of 5 columnsin TemploT-Nalone,stillnotedbyAcosraandnolonger
present duringourmapping in2000.
414 EL CENTRa CEREMONIALDE MONTE NEGRO. UNACERCAMIENTOCOGNITIVO SaBRE LA URBANlZACl6N ENTRE LOS NUU DZf>Ul
CONCLUSION:
ARCHITECTURE,
RELIGIONANDSOCIETY traditional asfromtherethecurandero
curingceremonies, orcurandera
caninvokealltheNuhu,"SpiritualOwners",of thelandsaround.
TheNuuDzauisemanticcategories,recoveredfromhistoricaltextsand
oraltraditions,maybeappliedasa heuristicdevicetointerpretarchaeo- Reconstructing the religiouslogicof the ancientNuuDzauipower
logicalremains.Usingsuchanemicmodelwithcautionandcarewecome structure,wehypothesize thatthe"right"toworkthelandwasaprivilege
closertoaddressingtheancientsitesintermsof theculturethatcreated conditioned bythecultforthe"real",i.e.thespiritual,Owners.
Therulers
them,eventhoughaconsiderable time-gapseparatesearlyurbancenters weretheintermediaries of thiscovenantof reciprocity, andassuchthe
suchas MonteNegrofromthePostelassicworldofthecodices. "brokers" and"managers", i.e.thoseinchargeof andresponsible for
thedynamiccomplexof tributes,offerings,rituals,redistribution and
Projectingourreadingofthefoundationceremoniesinthecodiceson assigninglandsforlabor,in shortthewholeof publicandeconomical
earliersitessuchas MonteNegrowouldsuggestthattheceremonial lifeindicatedbythewordtniiio,"task"(seealsoMonaghan1995:ch.7).
centerwas- at leastconceptually - plannedconforma quadripartite Themountain-top wasthenaturalideologicalfocusplaceforallthis.
design,imitatingthe structureof the universe.Laterthe foundation
periodwasremembered as"primordial", i.e,associatedwiththetimeof TheDivinePowerswouldhavehadtheirspecific"sacreddays,great
darkness,followedbythefirstsunrise,thebeginningofhumanhistory. days"(quevuiii,quevuicanu)forfestivitiesandceremonies (huico).The
ThepersoncreditedwiththisplanningwasthefoundingIya,whoafter codicesdocumentthemainfeaturesofsuchrituals,involving vigilsand
his deathwasto be remembered andveneratedas a Nuhu.Histomb fasting,thethrowingoutof powderedtobacco(inu)aspurification and
mayhavebeenlocatedin,or infrontof themaintempleor palacehe theburningofcopal(dzusacutu)incensors(cohocuu).
orderedto build.
Themarkedpresenceofa pavedroadwithintheceremonial centerpoints
The Ancestorsprobablyreceivedtheircultin theirtombs,calledthe tospecificpublicactivitiesinvolvingtheIyaandIyadzehegoingfrom
"houses"or"sanctuaries"oftheirbones(huahiyeque,dzocoyeque),as oneimportantplaceto anotherwithintheprecinctin a prominentand
wellasonspecificlineageshrinesor housealtars(tayu,"throne,altar" visibleway.Themostobviousofsuchactivitiesarethereligiousproces-
or chiyo,"altar,fundament").Theshrines(chiyo)andtemples(huahi sions,suchas arewelldocumentedin thefrescoesofTeotihuacan and
nuhu)mayhavebeendedicatedtoa pluralityof DivinePowers(Nuhu), stillplaya centralroleinreligiousfeaststoday.CodexAfiute(Selden)
suchastheOwnersofspecificplacesonthemountainandintheadyacent showshowthe inheritingprincesof Afiute(Jaltepec),bothmaleand
valleys(rocks,springs,caves,cultivatedlands),andotherSpirits,such female,in takingpossessionof the matandthrone(yuvuitayu)had
astheNuhuoftheWeapons ortheSacredArrow,allveneratedasSacred "togotothetemple"to fastandbringofferingsto theSacredBundle.
Bundles,as wellasmorepersonalized deitiessuchastheGrandmother CodexYoalliEhecat!(Borgia),pp.35-36,givesuniqueinsightsinthe
of theRiver(SitnaYuta),stillveneratedtodayas the Patronessof the visionary(shamanic) aspectsoftheBundlecult,showinghowtheHigh
Temazcal, ortheLadyoftheMilkyWay(Iyadzehe IchiNuu),whoisthe Priestpreparedhimselfceremoniallybya nocturnalpenis-perforation,
Lady9GrassofthecodicesandwhoisstillknownamongtheNuuDzaui wenttoatempletoreceivetheSacredBundleandcarrieditonhisback,
peopleintheStateofGuerreroasthePatronessofTobaccoandPulque", followeda roadthroughtheceremonialcenter,beforefinallyputtingit
togetherwiththeobviousLordSun(IyaNdicandii), LordVenus(Iya downandopeningit to releaseitsmind-altering powers(cf.Anders&
QUimi), LordRain(IyaDzaui),andthePlumedSerpent(CooDzaui). Jansen& ReyesGarcfa1993).
Boththepictorialrecordandtheoraltraditionbearwitnessto Monte
Negro'sspecificimportance asa placeforthecultof WaterandRain. Otherritualsofsimilarimportance mayhavebeenconducted formarriag-
esoftherulers(implyingmaritalallianceswithothercity-states), forthe
Besidesconsiderations ofitsstrategicanddefendableposition,religious preparation forwarortheceremonialexecutionofcaptivated enemies.
reasonsplayedanimportantpartin motivatingtheconstruction of the CodexTonindeye (Nuttall),p.70,showsLord8Deer'JaguarClaw'and
ceremonialcenteron a mountain-top," This is the localewherethe theToltecleaderLord4Jaguar'NacxitlTopiltzinQuetzalcoat!' carrying
transformation ofdarknessintolighttakesplace,asthefirstlightofthe outa wardanceat NuuTnoo,Tilantongo". CodexAfiute(Selden),p.8
morningsuntouchesthehighestpointsandfromtheredescendsintothe -1/11, showshumansacrificesfortheNuhuBundle.Elaborate execution
surroundingvalleys.Preciselythisphenomenon - thearrows,i.e.rays, ritualscouldinvolve"gladiatorbattles"and"arrowshooting"- seethe
of LordVenusandLordSunhittingthetopofthepreciousmountainat depiction inCodexTonindeye (Nuttall),
pp.83-84.TheDzahaDzauiterm
PlaceofSand- marksthebeginning ofdynastichistoryinCodexAfiute for"sacrificed capive"is dzini,"head",suggestinga customofkeeping
(Selden),p. I-I.Todaythetopsof mountainsarepredilectedspotsfor theheadsoftheenemiesexecutedinthismanner,liketheMexicadidon
a tzampamli. Indeedsucha smalltrophy-exhibition or"altarofskulls"
hasbeenfoundat Huamelulpan (Gaxiola1984).
23 Chantal
vanLiereandMartijn
Schuth,assistedbyvicenteCasianoFranco,
registered
and
translated
prayer (vanLiereandSchuth200I). Inaddition,
textsfromGuerrero theuseofthe TothepluralityoftheSacred(ii)corresponded asocio-political
plurality,
tematcaiatNuu1000(filantongo)wasstudiedbyJokede Vriese(2003). whichisreflectedinresidentialstructures,insertedinthesamereligious
24 Seealsotheinterpretation byArthurJoyce(2000).
ofMonteAlbanproposed atmosphereandorganizedspatiallyin accordancewiththesamecos-
25 Spores
(1976)givesasynthesis
of theancientNUllDzauitribute
structure.
2S Spores(1976)proporciona
unasfntesisdelaantiguaestructura NuuDzaui,
tributaria
418 EL CENTRO CEREMONIAL DE MONTE NEGRO. UN ACERCAMIENTO COGNITIVO SOBRE LA URBANlZACION ENTRE LOS NUU DZAUI
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