MICROWAVE L- BAND LIFE
frequencies because antenna size is
proportional to transmitted frequency. L
DETECTION
ARVIND.A
SYSTEM
Electronics and communication engg.
Meenakshi sundararajan engg. college
007arvind15@gmail.com
ABSTRACT - This technical paper deals about the
people who are suffering from natural disaster and
manmade disasters, natural disaster includes
earthquake and manmade disaster includes building
collapse and avalanche due to these problems
building may collapse and it may lead to the people
who live into death due to these major problem we
came across the device called microwave l- band life
detection system which is used to identify the
survivors who are buried under the rubble. This
technical paper deals about existing technology ,
proposed technology , about L- band , block diagram
of the proposed concept, advantages and
disadvantages and finally result in that we are coming
across simulation.
Keywords- Phase locked oscillator, directional
coupler, digitally controlled phase shifter, circulator,
AT89C51 microcontroller, laptop, mixer, RF pre
amplifier, fixed attenuator , LF amplifiers and filter,
RF switch, position sensors and mobile flying unit.
I. INTRODUCTION:
The natural and manmade disaster such as
earthquakes, landslide, avalanches, have become
common in the last decades due to these buildings
tends to collapse on people. After most of these
incidents, the common
problem is that more number of lives could have
been saved had the survivors been found and
rescued earlier. This incident causes people to
death to safeguard it our technology is helpful l.
Hence there is a need to develop a comprehensive
disaster management solution to tackle this
problem . This proposed system is mounted on
mobile flying unit such as a Quadrotor. It can be
used survey an area to identify people who are
buried under the rubble.
A. Microwave L-Band Electomagnetic
Spectrum :
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths ranging from as long as
one meter to as short as one millimeter, or
equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz
(0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. Microwaves are
especially suitable for this use since they are more
easily focused into narrower beams than radio
waves, allowing frequency reuse Their
comparatively higher frequencies allow
broad bandwidth and high data transmission rates,
and antenna sizes are smaller than at lower
inversely
ARAVIND.A
Electronics and communication engg.
Meenakshi sundararajan engg. college
arav2511@yahoo.in
band refers to four long different bands of
the electromagnetic spectrum 40 to 60 GHZ
(NATO), , 1565 nm to 1625 nm(optical), and
around 3.5 micrometres (infrared astronomy).
Where NATO L band is the range of radio
frequencies.
II. EXISTING TECHNOLOGY
In manual surveying rescue personnel manually
scout the area on foot to identify the location of
survivors .This surveying concept is not as efficient
and also time consuming is high there are several
methods .There are several ways to prevent
avalanches and lessen their power and destruction.
They are employed in areas where avalanches pose
a significant threat to people the threats not only for
avalanche but also many disaster like earthquake ,
landslide this manual survey concept is not
efficient. Next concept is sniffer dogs which are
used by rescue personnel to aid them in their search
and rescue operations but the cost is high for
training the dog but this concept is not effective.
These concept is time consuming. Next concept is
optical devices such as a camera are also used to
identify survivors. These optical devices are
lowered down into the rubble to look for survivors.
This method is also time consuming and cannot be
used for all location and these are time consuming
. Penetration power is not high so this concept can
only have a penetration of less than 1.2 feet. The
next concept is acoustical detectors such as
geophones are simple to use but they require quiet
working environments, which is impossible to
achieve in monsoon season so this concept also not
good . Next concept is breath sensor it is used to
detect the metabolites but there is hazardous gas
release during breathing and sweating so this
concept is not as effective but this technique is not
tested.
III. PROPOSED TECHNOLOGY USING
L-BAND LIFE DETECTION
SYSTEM:
The entire Microwave Life Detection system is
mounted on an MFU (Mobile Flying Unit) such as
a Quadrotor. The MFU is either controlled by
rescue personnel from a remote location or it can
be made completely autonomous to survey a
demarcated area.
The survivors are detected by using a Microwave
L-Band life detection system.
Once the unit detects a survivor, it immediately
sends the co-ordinates of the location to the base
station. Hence, the rescue personnel can easily
approach and clear the areas with survivors.
This device also has position sensors to find the
people who where buried under the rubble.
The microwave life detection system can work on
different range of frequencies from L-band (2GHz)
to X- band (10GHz). But X- band microwave is
unable to penetrate deep into the rubble. It can
penetrate rubble up to 1.5 ft in the thickness (5
layers of bricks) while L- band can penetrate the
rubble of about 3 ft in thickness (10 layers of
bricks). For this reason, the a microwave life
detection system operates on the L-band frequency.
This system is efficient in trapping the breathing
and heartbeat signals of victims who are
completely trapped and too weak to respond.
IV. PROPOSED DESIGN USING L-BAND
This l-band life detection system is the technique
to save the people who got caught in a rubble as an
example .
The l band life detection system has greater
penetration power than other bands . This L-band
comes under visible spectrum. Here this paper
deals phase locked oscillator which is used as a
frequency controller the phase locked oscillator
which is used at frequency of 1150mhz, directional
coupler used for distribution of power which
having a range of 10db and 3db,circulator used for
transforming microwave to next port it is a 3 or 4
port device, RF switch used to route high
frequency, digitally controlled phase shifter used
to control microwave signal, fixed attenuator used
for impedence matching, RF amplifier used for
amplifying the signals, digitally controlled
attenuator used to control microwave signal,
mixer, RF pre amplifier used for the connection
done directly to the mixer, detector for detecting
the signals, LF amplifiers and filter for reduction of
noise in the signal, microprocessor based control
system for which the paper deals about AT89C51
microcontroller is used, for display laptop is used.
V. IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPOSED
DESIGN:
Here if decibel increases noise decreases and
loudness increases the clarity also increases the
signal is send to phase locked oscillator is sent to
directional coupler and is sent to circulator the
circulator in turn sent to directional coupler of 3
decibel and also another directional coupler of the 6
decibel due to this power distribution increases and
in turn it is send to detector where signal is detected
here the paper deals with microcontroller AT89C51
and at last it is send to laptop the signal is received
even in in remote area . If RF switch is on this
system works. From directional coupler it is send to
digitally controlled phase shifter and in turn send to
fixed attenuator of 4db and sent to operational
amplifier 20db. And also send to digitally
controlled attenuator 0-30 db and send to
directional coupler.
VI. SOFTWARE REQUIRED
The software required to implement microwave life
detection system is matrix laboratory(matlab) .
Using it we can find the people who are buried
under the rubble. By using it we are finding the
frequency spectrum at different conditions.
VII. INSTANCES OF APPLICATION OF
MICROWAVE L-BAND TECHNOLOGY:
The L-band (1452-1492 MHz) is currently
allocated for use by terrestrial and satellite digital
audio broadcasting (DAB) services in most
European countries The use of the terrestrial
segment of the L-band is governed by the
Maastricht Special Arrangement, 2002, as revised
in Constanţa in 2007. The Constanţa revision of the
Maastricht agreement opens the band (originally
identified for T-DAB) for mobile multimedia
systems and provides a significant flexibility to
administrations in terms of technology use in this
band at a national basis. The satellite segment of
the L-Band has been designated for use by Satellite
Digital Audio Broadcasting Systems by ECC
Decision (03)02
In Africa, CRASA, which groups together the 14
Southern African Development Community
(SADC) countries, highlighted in its latest
Frequency Allocation Plan (FAP) ,its framework
for the harmonisation across SADC on the use of
the radio frequency spectrum, that: “T-DAB in the
1452-1492 MHz to be reconsidered: whereas this
band was used for testing of T-DAB it was felt by
the majority that this allocation is no longer
required. The use of this band in the future should
be further investigated and clarified.”
In Canada, Industry Canada‟s „Consultation on the
Spectrum Allocations and Spectrum Utilization
Policies for the Frequency Range 1435-1525 MHz
(L-Band)‟ considered that “with the convergence of
fixed, broadcasting and mobile services over digital
wireless platforms, a regulatory approach
promoting flexible use of spectrum is increasingly
important […]. Several countries that initially
considered the band 1452-1492 MHz for DAB
services have recently begun to re-farm the
spectrum for a range of broadcasting and
multimedia applications within the international
regulations and allocations […]. The prospect of a
wide range of services in the band 1452-1492 MHz
being allowed by industrialized countries in Europe
and elsewhere further underlines the risk for
Canada of pursuing only the conventional DAB
service in this band. Consequently, the current
allotment plan developed for the DAB
implementation may not be appropriate given the
new technologies that could be deployed in this
band. Broadband wireless technologies, which
support multimedia applications, are developed
based on a 5 MHz channel width”.
VIII. BENEFITS
Remote life sensing could be a powerful tool in
applications where it is not desirable to disturb a
subject‟s physiological and/or emotional state
during detection or in other situations where access
to the subject is limited.
 The L-band frequency is free for use by
commercial applications.
 The process is very easy.
 Less noise distortion since we are using
kalman filter.
 It can give a clear image even when there
is badlights.
IX. LIMITATION
 The project is expensive.
 But the costs can be brought down
once it is implemented on a large
scale.
 The L- band frequency is unable to
penetrate more metal like structure
but it can penetrate over 10 layers of
bricks.
X. FUTURE SCOPE
The above idea can be extended to develop
microwave L-band life detection system, that can
have more penetration power than L-band . The
idea is also extended to penetrate more metals to
detect the people who were buried under the
rubble.
XI. RESULT
Using matlab by simulation we can detect the
people who where buried under the rubble. Due to
it there are three conditions of frequency spectrum.
 Frequency spectrum of background noise
 Frequency spectra at constant D and
varying W
 Frequency spectra at constant W and
varying D
1. Frequency spectrum of background
noise
In this spectrum we come across the noise
distortion occurred by simulation output. If we take
a building which falls due to earthquake as an
example we can notice the background noise by a
frequency spectrum.
2. Frequency spectra at constant D and
varying W
W- Thickness of rubble or barrier
D- Distance between the victim and the
barrier of rubble
Here in this condition we are taking distance
between the victim and the barrier of rubble as
constant and thickness of rubble should be
Changed.
 D=1m, W=24cm

D=12m, W=24cm
Here in this condition we are taking distance
D=1m, W=48cm between the victim and the barrier of rubble is
changed and thickness of rubble should be
constant . w=24cm is constant and D=4m, 8m and
12m.

XII. CONCLUSION:
It can be used by the rescue personnel to remotely
survey an area to identify people buried under the
rubble. Thus there is a need to develop a
comprehensive disaster management solution to
D=1m, W=60cm tackle this problem. This quadrotor must be
Here D= 1m as constant and varying W= 24m, implemented to identify the people and save them
48m, 60m respectively and the output is who are buried under the rubble. It is a
simulated. environmental friendly device .
3. Frequency spectra at constant W and
varying D ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We wish to express my profound gratitude for
W- Thickness of rubble or barrier providing an opportunity to put forward my ideas.
D- Distance between the victim and the We extend my regards to the staff of Meenakshi
barrier of rubble Sundararajan Engineering College for having
Here in this condition we are taking distance provided their constant support and time. Lastly,
between the victim and the barrier of rubble is We thank almighty, my parents and friends for
changed and thickness of rubble should be their constant encouragement without which this
constant . assignment would not be possible.

REFERENCE
1) 1 ) Microwave life-detection systems for searching
human subjects under earthquake rubble or
behind barrier Kun-Mu Chen ; Dept. of Electr.
& Comput. Eng., Michigan State Univ., East
Lansing, MI, USA
2) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave
3) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band
4) Leonid A. Belov; Sergey M. Smolskiy; Victor
D=4m, W=24cm N. Kochemasov (2012).Handbook of RF,
Microwave, and Millimetre-Wave
Components. Bartech House. pp. 27–
28. ISBN 978-1-60807-209-5.
5) www.marinesatellitesystems.com/index.php?

D=8m, W=24cm