ANALYSES OF CABLE STAYED BRIDGES

FOR EXTREME EVENTS

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 02- ANALYSES FOR EXTREME EVENTS
• SELECTED ASPECTS
OF ANALYSIS OF
CABLE STAYED
BRIDGES
• DESIGN OFFICE
PERSPECTIVE, KEY
ISSUES & POTENTIAL
PITFALLS
• EXAMPLES FROM
PRACTICE
• REFERENCE TO BEST
PRACTICE
• SOFTWARE NON- 3D FE MODEL
SPECIFIC

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 03- NCHRP DEFINITION OF EXTREME
EVENTS
• NCHRP [NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH
PROGRAM [USA]:

• REPORT-489 DEFINES EXTREME EVENTS AS FOLL:

• ‘’ MAN MADE OR ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS HAVING A

HIGH POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCING STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
BUT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A RELATIVELY LOW RATE OF
OCCURRENCE’’

• ‘’… INCLUDE LIVE LOADS, EARTHQUAKES, WIND LOADS,

SHIP COLLISION FORCES AND SCOUR.’’

EXTREME EVENTS:

- CABLE STAY FRACTURE [SUDDEN FRACTURE vs GRADUAL

FRACTURE.
- EARTHQUAKES [TIME-HISTORY, RSA]
- SHIP IMPACT [QUASI STATIC vs DYNAMIC].

- IN-SERVICE CONDITIONS
 04- BEST PRACTICE
• PRINCIPAL DESIGN STANDARDS
• AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN
SPECIFICATIONS.
• RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STAY
CABLE DESIGN, TESTING AND
INSTALLATION. POST-
TENSIONING INSTITUTE.

• COMPLEMENTARY STANDARDS
• GUIDE SPECIFICATION AND
COMMENTARY FOR VESSEL
COLLISION DESIGN OF HIGHWAY
BRIDGES, AASHTO, 1991
• CEB-FIP MODEL CODE 1990

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 05- KEY STATISTICAL DATA, SCUTTERS
D2
• ALL-CONCRETE SYMMETRIC CABLE STAYED D7
BRIDGE 162.5m + 380.0m + 162.5m,
CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION.
• OPEN PI-SECTION RC DECK OF VARIABLE
DEPTH [2.001M TO 2.350m] COMPRISING TWO
INSITU MAIN EDGE GIRDERS 20m c/c
SUPPORTED BY CABLE STAYS EVERY 10.0m.
• MAIN EDGE GIRDERS POST-TENSIONED IN
THE MID SPAN REGION OF THE DECK
• PRECAST RC/PT TRANSVERSE T-BEAMS
SPAN BETWEEN MAIN EDGE GIRDERS AND 144 X CABLE STAYS @ 10m
SUPPORT A 250mm RC DECK SLAB AT 5.0m
CENTRES.
• H-SHAPED RC PYLONS WITH DRAPED LEGS
SUPPORTING TWO VERTICAL PLANES OF PRECAST ANCHOR POD
CABLE STAYS. UPPER AND LOWER CROSS
BEAMS OF THE PYLONS POST-TENSIONED. INSITU MAIN RC EDGE GIRDER
PYLON SHAFTS AND CROSS BEAMS OF
HOLLOW BOX SHAPE.
• 4 X 36 CABLE STAYS ARRANGED IN SEMI
HARP CONFIGURATION ANCHORED INTO
PRECAST ANCHOR PODS.

TONY GEE
SAM KHAN
 06- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [1/8]
• IDEALISATION OF A RANDOM FUTURE EVENT
FOR A STRUCTURE YET TO BE BUILT.
• STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS.
• SITE SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS.
• SOFTWARE SELECTION

• BASIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES:

• TIME-HISTORY ANALYSIS
• MULTI-MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

• NL TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS:

– TIME-INTENSIVE
– SEQUENTIAL ARRAY OF EVENTS
• MMRSA
– LINEAR ELASTIC
– LIMITATIONS.

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 07- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [2/8]
• EIGENMODE ANALYSIS
• 3D IDEALISATION
• REALISTIC IDEALISATION OF
MASS DISTRIBUTION
• ENERGY DISSIPATION PATHS
[INDIRECT SIMULATION].
• CONNECTIONS AND SPECIAL
DEVICES.

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 08- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [3/8]

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 09- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [4/8]

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 10- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [5/8]
• SPECIAL DEVICES AND
CONNECTIONS:

• - DECK-PYLON [LONG]
• - DECK-PYLON [TRAN]
• - DECK PYLON [VERT]

• INFLUENCE ON GLOBAL
RESPONSE.

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 11- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [6/8]
• RESPONSE MODIFICATION. MODAL GIRDER RESPONSE IN GLOBAL-Z
SYSTEM WITH RIGID BEARINGS

150

• RESPONSE ATTENUATION 100

DEFLECTION mm
50

• SHIFTING OF MODES 0

-50

-100

-150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
MODE NUMBER

MODAL GIRDER RESPONSE IN GLOBAL-Z

SYSTEM WITH FLEXIBLE BEARINGS

150

100

DEFLECTION mm
50
MODAL MASS PARTICIPATION
0
20

15 -50
PARTICIPATION FACTOR

10
-100
5

0 -150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
-5
MODE NUMBER
-10

-15

-20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
EIGEN MODE NUMBER

X-DIR Y-DIR Z-DIR

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 12- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [7/8]
RESPONSE SPECTRA

• MULTI-MODAL 1.8
1.6
1.4

RESPONSE SPECTRUM

ACCELLERATION
1.2
1
0.8

ANALYSIS. 0.6
0.4
0.2

• TIME-vs-ACCELERATION 0
0.03 0.05 0.1 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.17 0.2 0.25 0.33 0.5 1 1.11 1.25 1.43 1.67
TIME (SEC)
2 2.5 3.33 5 5.25 5.5 5.87 6.27

• NOT A FUNCTION OF 3
Response Spectrum
VERT HORIZ

STRUCTURAL 2.5

Normaised design coefficien

2
Soil Type 1

PROPERTIES 1.5

1
Soil Type 2
Soil Type 3
Soil Type 4

• FORCE COMBINATIONS 0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Period - Seconds

• ABSOLUTE MAXIMA OF
FORCES

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 13- DYNAMIC SEISMIC ANALYSIS [8/8]

• TWO SETS OF INTERLINKED

ANALYSES
• SENSE REVERSAL
• MUTUALLY
ORTHOGONALSIMULTANEOUS
COMPONENTS
• FORCE COMBINATIONS

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 14- SHIP IMPACT [1/3]
• SHIP IMPACT ON BRIDGE
SUBSTRUCTURE.
• DYNAMIC NONLINEAR
EVENT.
• ANY REAL LIFE DATA LOG?
• PROJECT SPECIFIC
STUDIES.

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 15- SHIP IMPACT [2/3]
• KEY FACTORS IN ANALYSIS:
• TYPE OF VESSEL.
• HULL CONSTRUCTION.
• SPEED/ANGLE AT IMPACT

• KEY QUESTIONS:
– DYNAMIC vs PSEUDO-STATIC
– FULL vs STANDALONE MODELS

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 16- SHIP IMPACT [3/3]
• PSEUDO-STATIC ANALYSIS LUSAS Modeller 13.7-5 - C:\Lusas137\Projects\user\STATICAN\PMCBV-ST-S12EG10-N10-DET1-M1A3-PILECAP-ONLY-PATCH.mdl
SCALE 1/0.4213E-01
EYE X=-0.5774 Y=-0.5774 Z=0.5774
March 22, 2006

Z
Y X

• FORCES IN MUTUALLY
ORTHOGONAL DIRECTIONS
AS INDEPENDENT
EXTREME EVENTS.
• GLOBAL 3D MODEL TITLE: B105109 - PHMYCSBVN-STATICAN

LUSAS Modeller 13.7-5 - C:\Lusas137\Projects\user\STATICAN\PMCBV-ST-S12EG10-N10-DET1-M1A3-PILECAP-ONLY-PATCH.mdl

SCALE 1/0.4373E-01
EYE X=-0.5774 Y=-0.5774 Z=0.5774
March 22, 2006
Units: tf,m,tg,C,s

STATIC ANALYSIS
Comb-DL ESA ZEQLONGX PATCH

• LOCAL STAND-ALONE MAX DISPY 0.1516 AT

X NODE 110859

MODEL
• SECONDARY EFFECTS
QUITE SIGNIFICANT. TITLE: B105109 - PHMYCSBVN-STATICAN Units: tf,m,tg,C,s

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 17- CABLE FRACTURE [1/3]
• AASHTO LRFD SPECS AND Pti
GUIDE SPECS RECOGNISE LOSS
OF A CABLE STAY AS AN
EXTREME EVENT.
• Pti GUIDE SPECS REQUIRE ALL
CABLE STAYED BRIDGES TO BE
DESIGNED FOR A REDUNDANCY
OF ANY ONE CABLE.
• SCENARIO REPRESENTED BY A
DYNAMIC FORCE RESULTING
FROM ‘SUDDEN FRACTURE’.
• VERY LITTLE GUIDANCE ON
ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOR
ANALYSIS.

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 18- CABLE FRACTURE [2/3]
• SUDDEN LOSS OF CABLE A
DYNAMIC EVENT.
• VERY LITTLE CODE
GUIDANCE.
• TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS.

SAM KHAN TONY GEE

 19- CABLE FRACTURE [3/3]
• CAUSES LEADING TO CABLE
FRACTURE:
• - SUDDEN DYNAMIC
FRACTURE [ACCIDENT,
MALICIOUS ACTION]
• - GRADUAL LOSS [STRAND-BY-
STRAND FAILURE OF
INDIVIDUALLY PROTECTED
STRANDS]
• NONLINEAR PLASTIC
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS.
• INCREMENTAL APPLICATION
OF FORCE ACCOUNTING FOR
DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION.
• PRE-DEFINED LIMITING
CRITERIA.
SAM KHAN TONY GEE
 20- THANK YOU
• ANALYSIS FOR THREE TYPES OF
EXTREME EVENTS.
– CABLE FRACTURE
– EARHQUAKE
– SHIP IMPACT
• KEY CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL
PITFALLS.

• OWNER: GOVT OF THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM [PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE OF

HCMC]
• TYPE OF CONTRACT: EPC
• INVESTMENT OWNER: PHU MY BRIDGE CORPORATION
• VALUE: USD 110M

• MAIN CONTRACTOR: BBBH [CONSORTIUM OF BILFINGER BERGER AND

BAULDERSTONE HORNIBROOK]
• DESIGN CSB: ARCADIS, PARIS, FRANCE
• DESIGN VIADUCTS: CARDNO, AUSTRALIA
• CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER: CARDNO/LEONHARDT ANDRA UND PARTNER
• INDEPENDENT CHECKER: TONY GEE AND PARTNERS, UK

• TITLE FEATURE ON CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS IN A RECENT Bd&e MAGAZINE

• ALSO FEATURED IN OTHER PUBLICATIONS

• THANKS ALSO TO VARIOUS SOURCES/WEBSITES FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN

INFORMATION.

SAM KHAN TONY GEE