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Introduction to Seismic Design
Low Seismic
by
Thomas F. Heausler, PE, SE
July 19. 2018 Structural Engineer
Introduction
Thomas F. Heausler, PE, SE
Structural Engineer
• 35 years experience
• ASCE 7 Seismic Voting Member
• Provide Senior Review and Code Consulting to
Engineering Firms
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Agenda
• Complete seismic load analysis of a simple
building – Small Building
• Low Seismic Risk - Not optimized for Seismic
• Calculations as Flowchart
• Present the Underlying Theory
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Calculations:
Figure 1 Simple Building Perspective
Given: ASCE 7-10, AISC 340, ACI 318 [Note: ASCE 7-10 maps and Provisions are used,
Accidental Torsion of ASCE 7-16 is described.]
Location: Hardeeville, South Carolina
Use: Storage and office without partitions. See Section 4.3.2 and 12.7.2(2) for partition load
requirements), Risk Category II
Roof dead load = 70 psf
Roof Live Load = 20 psf, Ground and minimum Roof Snow Load = 20 psf
Seismic Force Resisting System: Steel Braced Frame
Soil Allowable Net Bearing Pressure = 2,000 psf
Materials: Concrete f’c = 4,000psi; Steel Shapes and Plates Grade 50; Welding E70 electrode,
Bolts A325N, Snug tight.
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• W10 cols with double clip angles
– prying action
Calculations:
Seismic Design :
Determine SS and S1:
Site Class D default as per 11.4.2
From ASCE Hazards Tool or USGS Website
SS = 0.31, S1 = 0.130, SDS = 0.356, SD1 = 0.198
Verify that exemptions do not apply (11.1.2) and (11.4.1).
Exceptions:
Low seismic , one and two family dwellings
Seismic Design Category A
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Seismic Design Category A
• [11.4.1] [11.7] [1.4]
• Don’t Use Chapter 12
• [1.4] General Structural Integrity
• 1% W, 5% beam connections, 20% wall
connections
• Non-Structural Components Exempt
F = ma
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Base Shear - V
F = ma
SDS, SD1 ?
Ground Motion
SMS = FaSS (11.4-1)
SM1 = FvS1 (11.4-2)
SDS = 2/3 SMS (11.4-3)
SD1= 2/3 SM1 (11.4-4)
SDS = 2/3 FaSS
SD1 = 2/3 FvS1
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F = ma
• Rock accelerates during an earthquake
• Soft soil above rock amplifies the acceleration
• Building amplifies that acceleration from its
base to roof
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Ground Acceleration
Ground Acceleration
measured during an earthquake
1997 UBC Map
Older Codes had
maps that
displayed Peak
Ground
Acceleration of
Rock.
Maps in current
Codes display
response of
structure and also
consider soil type.
Ground Acceleration
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Site Class, Fa, Fv
• Rock displaces during earthquake
• A peak acceleration may be measured
• Soft soil above rock amplifies acceleration – Fa, Fv
• Resulting in the ground motion at your site
- at base of building
Amplification Due to Soil
SMS = FaSS (11.4-1)
SM1 = FvS1 (11.4-2)
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Amplified Forces - Clay and soft soil
Amplified Forces - Clay and soft soil
Like runny whip cream
on jello
on ceramic plate
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Liquefaction
Building’s Response
to
Acceleration at base.
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Period of Vibration T
Ruler with
Erasers
Period of Vibration T
Swing set
Partitions dampen
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Period T
Building Response to Ground Motion
• Ground motion is amplified through the structure
• This is called “Response”
• Up to 2.5 times acceleration at ground
• Response is a function of mass and stiffness => Period, T
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Period T
How to calculate
T
Rayleigh Equation
Or Software Analysis – T…with limits
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e.g. Braced Frame, Wood Shearwall, etc.
Period T
Moment Frames
1 story T = 0.1 second
5 story T = 0.5 seconds
20 story T = 2 seconds
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22 Story Building – T=2 seconds
Response of Building – ASCE 7 Maps
• 0.2 second Map
• 1.0 second Map
• Calibrate a Response Spectrum for your site
• Apply Period T to determine Response acceleration
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Map: ASCE 7-
7-10 Chapter 22
Black line in
margin indicates
change from
previous edition.
San Francisco, CA
Ss = 1.50
S1 = 0.67
PGA = 0.6
Response Accelerations
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SDS = 0.355
SD1 = 0.198
PGA = 0.19
San Francisco, CA
SDS = 1.00
SD1 = 0.67
PGA = 0.4
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Site
Coefficients
Fa
Fv
Seismic
Design
Category “C”
New ASCE 7
Hazard Tool
ASCE 7-10,
ASCE 7-16
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Spectral Response Acceleration
SDS = 2/3 SMS (11.4-3)
SD1 = 2/3 SM1 (11.4-4)
2/3?
2/3
• “2/3”
converts from
• Maximum Considered Earthquake (Collapse Prevention)
To
• Design Earthquake (Life Safety)
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Minor EQ
Ground Motion
The Big One
Expected Performance
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Ground Motion
SMS = FaSS (11.4-1)
SM1 = FvS1 (11.4-2)
SDS = 2/3 SMS (11.4-3)
SD1= 2/3 SM1 (11.4-4)
SDS = 2/3 FaSS
SD1 = 2/3 FvS1
SDS and SM1 are now calibrated for site
Now use Period T, to determine Base Shear for
our Building
Base Shear - V
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San
Francisco
SDS = 1.0
PGA = 0.4
Figure 11.4-1 Design Response Spectrum
What is a Response Spectrum?
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San
Francisco
SDS = 1.0
PGA = 0.4
• Spectrum
• Response
• Design Level
Solid 1-Story 10-Story 20-Story
5-Story 80-Story
Block of
Concrete
Figure 11.4-1 Design Response Spectrum
San
Francisco
SDS = 1.0
PGA = 0.4
Figure 11.4-1 Design Response Spectrum
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Create a Response Spectrum
Sometime during the duration,
a building will have a maximum response
could be here
Ground Acceleration
measured during an earthquake
Creating a Response Spectrum
• One SDOF system is subjected to time history of earthquake ground
acceleration record.
• The SDOF model responds to ground acceleration.
• Sometime during the earthquake a peak acceleration response is
measured for that SDOF
• Not necessarily at same time as peak ground acceleration
• Analysis is repeated for various different SDOF models completing a
spectrum of results
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Response Spectrum
Resonance to Rhythmic
Forcing Function
Earthquake 1
Earthquake 2
Acceleration
Earthquake 3
Response
SDS
SD1/T
Ruler with
Erasers:
• Short Period
• Resonance
• Long Period
(seconds)
1 Story CMU
Period
1 Story Moment Frame
20 story Building
2 Story Building
10 Story Building
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Response Spectrum
Calibrate this graph to
your specific site
F = ma
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Base Shear - V
We now know
SDS and SD1
and T.
Exception!
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Base Shear - V
What is
R and Ie ?
R – Response Modification Factor
Now we know the building’s response due to:
• Acceleration of Rock at our site
• Soil amplification
• Building Period, T (i.e. m,k) – Amplification/Response
• Now we modify it further – Ductility - R
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Northridge, CA
Ductile
Deformation Compatibility
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Table 12.2-1
SCBF R = 6, Omega Ωo = 2, Cd = 5
SMF R = 8, Omega Ωo = 3, Cd = 5.5
Steel Systems Not Specifically Detailed for Seismic, R = 3, Omega Ωo = 3, Cd = 3
Each R value has
strings attached.
R, Omega Ωo, Cd
• Not like Wind
• “R” is measure of effective ductility of system
• Ductility is range between yield and fracture
• R is composed of two components:
• Omega Ωo : Overstrength
• Rd: inelastic behavior/energy dissipation
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Wind
Seismic
R, Omega Ωo, Cd
• Overstrength Omega Ωo :
• Material overstrength
• Phi
• Conservative overdesign, min ratios, drift driven
•Rd, Inelastic Behavior:
• Level of inelastic response capability
• Bend not break
• Period lengthens, energy dissipation/damping
• Observed System Performance
• Possibility of vertical load system failure
• Redundancy (rho) and Backup frames
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R, Omega Ωo, Cd
• See NEHRP FEMA 450-2/2003 pages 36 – 41
• Special detailing required to insure inelastic performance
• Omega is overstrength factor (e.g. collectors, connections, columns)
• Cd converts elastic analysis deflection to inelastic/actual
Ductility
Overstrength
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Further Modifiers
Ie
office
SDC
C
Further Modifiers
Ie
SDC
C
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Importance Factor
• [11.5.1] [Table 1.5-2] [Table 1.5-1]
and
• [IBC Table 1604.5]
• Risk Category
• Hazard, Essential,
• e.g. 300 people, storage
Ie= 1.0, 1.25, 1.5
Ip = 1.0, 1.5 [13.1.3] Life Safety,
Essential, Hazardous
Importance factor,
Seismic Design Category
• “Ie” Importance Factor
• A method to increase safety by reducing ductility
demand
• (R/Ie)
• “SDC” Seismic Design Category triggers provisions,
restrictions and detailing
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Base Shear - V
Now we have our
base shear quantified
Calculations:
Determine Analysis Procedure Allowed:
See (12.6) and (Table 12.6-1).
Check 12.14 Simplified method (OK, but not used in this example).
Period (12.8.2.1): Ta = CT hnx ; CT = 0.02, x = 0.75; hn = 14’; Ta = 0.14
seconds
T = Ta (12.8.2 last sentence); T = 0.14 seconds; TS = SDS/SD 1 =
0.198/0.356 = 0.55 seconds
TL = 8 seconds (Figure 22-14)
Check for Irregularities (12.3):
Horizontal (Tables 12.3-1) = None (See accidental Torsion check below).
Vertical (Table 12.3-2) = None
Check T < 3.5TS; 0.14 seconds < (3.5) 0.55 seconds; OK (Table 12.6-1).
Therefore the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure may be used and it is
not necessary to use Modal Response Spectrum method nor Seismic
Response History procedure.
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NP = includes Horz Irregularity 1a, 1b, Vert Irregularity 1a, 1b, 2, 3
Calculations:
Determine Response Modification Factor, R:
As per Tables 11.6-1 and 11.6-2 Seismic Design Category (SDC) = C
Seismic Force Resisting System: Braced Frame as per Table 12.2-1 H.
Steel Systems Not Specifically Detailed for Seismic Resistance: R = 3,
ΩO = 3, Cd = 3,
Detailing required as per (14.1), and (14.1.2.2.1 Exception): Use AISC
360 (need not detail as per AISC 341 Seismic).
Determine Seismic Importance factor, Ie:
See (11.5.1) and Table 1.5-2. Risk Category II, Ie = 1.0
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Effective Seismic Weight -W
• [12.7.2] Dead Load
• No Live Load except:
o 25% of Storage
o Partitions 10 psf [4.3.2]
o Industrial Operating Weight – Unbalanced
o 20% of snow > 30psf
o Roof Gardens
Calculations:
Determine Base Shear:
Effective Seismic Weight (12.7.2)
Roof = 70psf dead load (20’x20’) = 28.0k
Walls = Height tributary to roof = 14’/2 = 7’; Perimeter of building = 80’;
Wall weight = 10psf (7’x80’) = 5.6k
W= Effective Seismic Weight = 28.0k + 5.6k = 33.6k
Seismic Base Shear: V = CsW (Eq. 12.8.1)
CS = SDS/(R/Ie) = 0.356/(3/1.0) = 0.1187 (Eq. 12.8-2)
CS = SD1/(T(R/Ie)) = 0.198/(0.14 (3/1.0)) = 0.471 need not exceed (Eq. 12.8.3)
CS = 0.044 SDS Ie = 0.044(0.356)(1.0) = 0.0157 minimum (Eq. 12.8-5)
CS = 0.01 (Eq. 12.8-5) minimum
CS = 0.1187 governs
V = CSW = 0.1187(33.6k) = 4.0k
V = 4.0 kips
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Calculations:
Vertical Distribution of force (12.8.3) and Diaphragm forces
(12.10.1.1) yield same results for a one story structure: 100% of
base shear V is distributed to roof; and this applies to
diaphragm calculations as well as vertical bracing calculations.
Accidental Torsion:
• Required for non-flexible diaphragms only
• ASCE 7-16 has a significant change from ASCE 7-10 for
accidental torsion requirements.
• For many buildings, accidental torsion forces are now only
applied to verify if a horizontal torsional irregularity exists.
If it does not exist, then the earthquake forces may be
calculated without accidental torsion.
• See Section 12.8.4.2 for specifics.
For this building, earthquake and accidental torsion forces are
applied and the displacements at each corner are calculated.
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Calculations:
Calculations:
As per Table 12.3-1, torsional irregularity check, the following formula may
be created.
Torsional irregularity exists if drift at ends of building are as follows:
Δ1 max > 1.2 (Δ1 max + Δ1 min)/2
0.015” < 1.2 (0.015+0.013)/2 = 0.0168” OK – No torsional irregularity
exists.
Note that since this is a relative displacement check, it does not matter if
drift is calculated at the elastic or inelastic level.
Since no torsional irregularity exists, then as per Section 12.8.4.2, third
paragraph, accidental torsion moments need not be included when
determining the seismic forces E in the design of the structure and in
determination of the design story drifts. The applied loads, drift and
reactions may be calculated as shown in Figure 4b.
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Calculations:
Calculations:
Load Combinations:
See (12.4), (2.3.6); and (12.4.3) when ΩO overstrength factor is
specifically required.
Redundancy (12.3.4.1) ρ = 1.0 in SDC C.
Horizontal Seismic Load Effect (12.4.2.1) Eh = ρQE = 1.0QE = QE
Vertical Seismic Load Effect (12.4.2.2) Ev = 0.2SDS = 0.2(0.356) =
0.0712
Orthogonal Effects (12.5.3) 100% - 30% corner columns: SDC C
not required.
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Calculations:
Check Drift:
From elastic computer analysis, maximum roof displacement measured at the
center of rigidity (excluding accidental torsion) is 0.014 inches. As per (12.8.6):
δxe = 0.014”
δx = Cd(δxe)/Ie = 3.0(0.014”)/1.0 = 0.042”
Drift = Δ1 = δx = 0.042”
P-delta Effects as per (12.8.7) are inconsequential by inspection.
Allowable Drift (12.12) Table 12.12-1 Δa = 0.020hsx = 0.020(14’)(12”/’) = 3.36”
0.042” < 3.36” therefore OK.
Member and Connection
Checks:
• Figure 5a and 5b display
roof framing plan forces with
and without accidental
torsion respectively.
• Figure 6 displays elevation
view forces without
accidental torsion.
The following checks will use
the forces without accidental
torsion for the reasons
mentioned above.
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Calculations:
Diaphragm Forces
Not simultaneous with Base Shear Forces, not additive
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Calculations:
Diaphragm:
Diaphragm forces are outlined in Section 12.10.1.1.
wpx = 33.6 k
Fpx = [4.0k/(33.6k)] 33.6k = 4.0 k
(Eq. 12.10-1)
Fpx min = 0.2SDSIewpx = 0.2(0.356)(1.0)4.0k = 0.29 k min
(Eq. 12.10-2)
Fpx max = 0.4SDSIewpx = 0.4(0.356)(1.0)4.0k = 0.57 k max
(Eq. 12.10-3)
The diagram forces from equation Eq. 12.10-1 need not exceed Eq. 12.10-3, however,
Section 12.10.1.1 states that “Floor and roof diaphragms shall be designed to resist
design forces from structural analysis, but shall not be less than Eq. 12.10-1.” This
infers that the diaphragm forces shall not be less than those caused by the Base Shear,
V, Fx forces of Section 12.8, including accidental torsion Mta when applicable.
Thus: v = diaphragm shear = 2.0k/(20’) = 0.10 k/’ See Figure 5b.
Check concrete slab thickness and connection of diaphragm to collector beams for
this ultimate strength level force.
Omega Ωo Triggers
• [12.4 Load Combinations with Omega zero]
• [12.2.5.2 Cantilever Columns] SDC B,C,D,E,F
• [12.10.2.1 Collectors – Light Frame, Wood
excepted] SDC C,D,E,F
• [12.3.3.3 Columns, Beams Supporting
Discontinuous Walls] SDC B,C,D,E,F
• [12.13.6.5 Pile Anchorage] SDC D,E,F
• [AISC where R>3, ACI 318-11Chapter 21,
Appendix D, Etc.] SDC B,C,D,E,F
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Calculations:
Collector:
Collector force requirements are outlined in Section 12.10.2.1. In
essence this section requires that collectors be designed for the
maximum of the following (paraphrasing):
1. Forces Fx in diaphragm due to Base Shear V, including accidental
torsion Mta, and including ΩO, but excluding redundancy ρ (12.3.4.1(5))
i.e. ρ = 1.0.
2. Forces Fpx in diaphragm due to Eq. 12.10-1 excluding accidental
torsion Mta, including ΩO, and excluding redundancy ρ.
3. Forces Fpx max from Eq. 12.10-2 excluding accidental torsion Mta,
excluding ΩO, but including redundancy ρ.
For this example however, accidental torsion Mta need not be included
in the above determination for collectors (Section 12.8.4.2 third
paragraph).
Calculations:
W12x26: Item 1 above governs thus:
v = diaphragm shear (including accidental torsion) = 0.10 k/’
T = tension (or compression force) = 0.10k/’(10’) = 1.0 kips axial load in beam.
Dead load = 1.75 k down
Live load = 0.50 k down
Check beam end connection for the following ultimate strength level loads as per
Section 2.3.6 (6)):
1.2D + Ev+ Eh + 1.0L + 0.2S (eqn. 2.3.6 (6))
Which as per eqn. 12.4-4a and eqn. 12.4-3 evolves to:
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ρQE + 1.0L + 0.2S
and as per 12.10.2.1 SDC C use load combinations with overstrength as per 2.3.6(6):
1.2D + Ev+ Emh + 1.0L + 0.2S (eqn. 2.3.6 (6) with
overstrength)
Which as per eqn. 12.4-4a and eqn. 12.4-7 evolves to:
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ΩOQE + 1.0L + 0.2S (note that ρ is not included)
(1.2+0.2(0.356))1.75k + 1.0(0.5k) = 2.72k vertical shear on connection
ΩOQE = 3.0(1.0k) = 3.0 kips axial/horizontal load on connection
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Calculations:
Collector, Continued:
Compare 2.72k vertical and 3.0 k axial to capacity of (3) 3/4”
diameter A325 N Bolts as per AISC ϕrn = 17.9 kips per bolt and
verify that all other limit states within connection do not govern.
Note that although this is a Seismic Design Category (SDC) = C,
and R = 3 was used, ASCE 7 Section 12.10.2.1 requires use of ΩO
for collectors, independent of AISC requirements.
Calculations:
Brace:
E = 3.4 kips
Capacity of brace L = 17’ (approx./conservative)
From AISC Tables L= 17’, ϕcPn = 56.1 kips
3.4 kips < 56.1 kips therefore OK
See Figure 7.
Brace Connection:
E = 3.4 kips
Capacity of 1/4” fillet weld as per AISC ϕRn = 0.8(0.6)70ksi (0.707)(0.25”) = 5.56
kips/”.
Compare E = 3.4k to weld capacity and check other limit states within the connection
(e.g. gusset plate).
Note that this is a Braced Frame as per Table 12.2-1 H. Steel Systems Not Specifically
Detailed for Seismic Resistance, SDC C, and R = 3. AISC 360 is used and we need not
detail as per AISC 341 Seismic. Therefore, brace connections need not be designed for
ΩO, nor full strength of the brace, as would be required in AISC 341 and SDC D, E, and
F for higher R factor systems.
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Calculations:
Column:
Axial Loads Dead Load = 7.0k; Live Load = 2.0 kips; E = 2.8 k
Orthogonal Effects (12.5.3) does not apply (SDC C – parallel system)
Section 2.3.6 (6)):
1.2D + Ev+ Eh + 1.0L + 0.2S
Which as per eqn. 12.4-4a and eqn. 12.4-3 evolves to:
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + ρQE + 1.0L + 0.2S
Pu = (1.2 + 0.2(0.356))D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S
Pu = 1.27(7.0k) + 1.0(2.8) + 1.0(2.0) + 0.2(0.0)
Pu = 13.7 k
As per AISC Tables L = 14’; W10x33 col; ϕcPn = 248 kips
13.7k < 248k therefore OK.
Calculations:
Column Base Connection:
Uplift case governs by inspection
Horizontal Shear = 2.0 k
Dead Load = 2.4 kips
Seismic = 2.8 kips
Section 2.3.6 (7)):
0.9D – Ev + Eh (eqn. 2.3.6 (7))
Which as per eqn. 12.4-4a and eqn. 12.4-3 evolves to:
(0.9 – 0.2SDS)D + ρQE
Tu = (0.9-0.2(0.356))D - 1.0E
Tu = (0.829)2.4k - 1.0(2.8k)
Tu = 0.82 kip net uplift
Vu = 2.0 kip horizontal shear
Compare to anchor bolt ultimate capacities for combined tension and shear
(See AISC Design Guide Number 1). See Figure 8.
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Calculations:
Calculations:
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Calculations:
Footing Loads:
Uplift: Verify weight of footing multiplied by 0.9 exceeds Tu = 0.89 kips.
Tprovided = Footing weight x (0.9) = 0.9(0.150kcf)(3’x3’x2’) = 2.4kips
0.89k < 2.4k therefore no net uplift, OK
Bearing Pressure:
New to ASCE 7-16, there is no need to include Ev in bearing pressure calculations. See
Section 12.4.2.2 for specifics.
Allowable Net Bearing Pressure = 2000 psf.
Dead Load = 7.0 kips
Live Load = 2.0 kips
Seismic = 2.8 kips
Convert Seismic load to Allowable strength level by multiplying by 0.7 as permitted by
Allowable Stress Design Load Combinations Section 2.4.5(8) and (9).
1.0D + 0.7Ev+0.7Eh (eqn. 2.4.5(8))
Which as per 12.4.2.2 Exception 2, eqn. 12.4-4a and eqn. 12.4-3 evolves to:
Calculations:
1.0D + 0.7ρQE
P = (1.0D + 0.7(1.0)E
P = (1.0(7.0k)) + 0.7(1.0)2.8k
P = 9.0 kips
And
1.0D + 0.525Ev + 0.525Eh + 0.75L + 0.75S (eqn. 2.4.5(9))
Which as per 12.4.2.2 Exception 2, eqn. 12.4-4a and eqn. 12.4-3 evolves to:
1.0D + 0.525ρQe + 0.75L + 0.75S
P = 1.0D + 0.525(1.0)E + 0.75L + 0.75S
P = (1.0(7.0k)) + 0.525(1.0)2.8k + 0.75(2.0) + 0.75(0.0)
P = 9.97 kips
P = 9.97 kips governs maximum downward ASD Force on footing.
fbrg = applied bearing pressure = 9.97k/(3’x3’) = 1.108 psf
1,108 psf < 2,000psf therefore 3’ x 3’ Footing is OK
Note that a reduction of applied bearing pressure could be implemented as per (12.13.4),
but was not used in this example.
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