believes that life is not a bed of roses.
Instead,
PRINCIPLES OF
PSYCHOLOGY
William James
Spiritual self is one of the four constituents of
the "self"
James 1890
The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner
subjective part of the self
Religion
is a set of cultural beliefs and practices that
usually includes some or all the basic characteristics.
(Stein 2011)
These characteristics are:
 A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being,
such as spirit and gods.
 A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred
refers to a feeling of reverence and awe.
 The presence of supernatural power or energy that
is found on supernatural beings as well as physical
beings and objects
 The performance of ritual activities that involves
the manipulation of sacred object to communicate
to supernatural beings and/or to influence or
control events.
 The articulation of worldview and moral codes
through narratives and other means
 Provide the creation and maintenance of social
bonds and mechanism of social control within a
community; provide explanation for unknown and
sense of control for individuals
Ritual
is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed
by a tradition or sacred law. (Britannica 2017)
is a way of defining or describing humans.
Three Fundamental Characteristics of Rituals
according to Penner:
 A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination,
or dread in relation to the sacred
 Dependence upon a belief system that is usually
expressed in the language of myth.
 is symbolic in relation to its reference
Buddhism
there are suffering, pain and frustrations.
Customs and Practices:
 Samatha - mindfulness of breathing and
development of loving kindness (Metta
Bhavana)
 Vipassana - developing insight into reality.
Acquiring wisdom by studying Buddha's
Teaching, the Dharma
Celebrations:
 Parinirva Day in February
 Buddha Day in May
 Dharma Day in July
 Padmasambhava Day in October
 Sangha Day in November
Christianity
Believe in Trinitarian God. One God in three
personas:
 God the Father (Creator)
 God the Son (Savior)
 God the Holy Spirit (Sustainer)
Eternal life
after death will be achieved through faith in
Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ is, God the Son, who came
into flesh, to spread the Good News of Salvation. He
died on the Cross for the sin of the humanity but
resurrected from the death, so that anyone who believes
in Him will be saved and have eternal life. The Holy
Bible is a selection of books, which is divided into two,
the Old Testament and New Testament.
Customs and Practices
 The Sacrament of Baptism - symbolizes the birth
in Christian World
 The Sacrament of Communion - is an act of
remembrance of Jesus Christ's sacrificial love.
Jesus Christ teaching in unconditional love that is
expressed in loving the poor, oppressed, and
outcast of the society.
Celebrations:
Christmas and Resurrection (Easter)
are the two major celebrations in Christianity.
Christmas, usually on December 25, commemorates the
birth of Jesus Christ while Resurrection Sunday
(depends on lunar calendar, (sometime in March or Mohammed Beliefs
April) celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ from
Muslims believe in Allah, who is their "One
death.
God." They believe in the unity and universality of God.
Hinduism Muslims also have a strong sense of community or
"ummah" and an awareness of their solidarity with all
is a kind of religion wherein they worship many
Muslims worldwide. Islam means "willing submission to
gods and goddesses.
God."!
 Reincarnation Muslims believe that Mohammed is the last and
 Karma (Good and Bad) final prophet sent by God. Mohammed was born in
Primary symbols: Mecca in 570 CE and received revelations from God
through the Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years. The
 Swastika - good fortune or being happy. Holy Book of Islam is called the Quran, which was
 Om - sacred sound GOD and GODDESES. taught to be recited in Arabic because any translation is
 Brahma - the god responsible for the creation of seen as inadequate.
the world and all living things.
Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam, which are
 Vishnu - the god that preserves and protects the
the foundation of Muslim life:
universe.
 Shiva - the god that destroys the universe in order  Shahadah - statement of faith: "There is no God
to recreate it but the one true God
 Devi - the goddess that fights to restore dharma.  and Mohammed is his messenger."
 Krishna - the god of compassion, tenderness and  Salat - the prayer that is practiced five times a day.
love.  Zakat - the monetary offering for the benefit of the
 Lakshmi - the goddess of wealth and purity. poor. It comprises the 2.5% of a Muslim's assets.
 Saraswati - the goddess of learning.  Hajj - the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims
who can afford are asked to do the pilgrimage at
Sacred writings:
least once in their lifetime.
 Rig Veda  Sawm - the fasting. Muslims do fasting, from
 Sama Veda food, drink, and sexual act, during the celebration
 Yajur Veda of Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth month of the
Islamic lunar calendar. The fast is from dawn to
sunset.
Atharva Veda Holy books: Two of the major festivals in Islam:
 Ramayana, Mahabharta & Puranas -Bhagvad Gita  Eldul-Fitr - is the celebration at the end of
 Krishna's discourses and philosophies Law of Ramadan, while
Manu or Dharma Shastra - deals with religious  Eidul-Adha - is celebrated within the completion
duties Rituals and Traditions Caste system in of the Pilgrimage, the Hajj.
Hindu
 Brahman (priests) Judaism
 Kshatria (warrior) Beliefs of the Jews
 Vaishya (businessmen)
 Sudra (common peasants/workers) They believed in God of Abraham, the same
God that liberated the Hebrew slaves from Egypt to
Rituals Canaan.

 Burning of the widow They believed in the coming of the Messiah,

 Cremation of the dead king with his “The savior”.
wives/mistresses/lovers
The sacred scripture of the Jews is called Torah
 Outlawed in 1892
or the law.
Islam
  Torah - Guide of the Jewish living. The study and
the interpretation of Torah is a part of Jewish
culture.
Customs and Practices:
 Rosh Hashanah- New year
 Yorn Kippur - Day of Atonement
 Pesach – Pass over
 Shavuot – Pentecost
 Sukkot - Tabernacles the Jewish Sabbath would
begin on Friday Evening at sunset and it is an
important time when families gather for the
Shabbat meal.
3 basic concepts of Franklian Phsychology:
 Life has meaning under all circumstances.
 Main Motivation for living is our will to find
meaning in life.
 Freedom to find meaning can be discovered in 3
ways:
 by creating a work or doing a deed
 by experiencing something or encountering
someone; and
 by the attitude we take toward unavoidable
suffering".
It also aims to:
 Become aware of spiritual resources
 Make conscious spiritual resources
 Use Defiant power of the human spirit” and stand
up against adversity.
Life
another extensive study of the self can be found in
the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl. The Psychiatrist:
Viktor E. Frankl -Frakl was born on March 26 1905, in
Vienna, Austria.
He is considered "The Father of Logotherapy".
-He graduated with a degree in medicine in the
University of Vienna in 1930.
He published a book about logotherapy in 1959
upon surviving the Holocaust; the book was translated
and revised in 1963 as "The Doctor and the Soul: An
Introduction to Logotherapy". -Frankl died in 1997
Logotherapy - is a psychotherapy introduced by
Frankl, which aids individuals to find their personal
meaning of life, regardless of their life situation.
"Man's primary motivational force is searching for
meaning." - In Logotherapy meaning can be discovered
by creating a work, doing a deed, experiencing
something or encountering someone and the attitude
towards unavoidable suffering.
Logotherapy uses the philosophy of optimism in
the face of tragedy: "of turning suffering into human
achievement and accomplishment; deriving from guilt
the opportunity to change oneself for the better and
deriving from life's transistorizes
LOGOTHERAPHY ASSUMPTIONS
All psychotherapies make philosophical
assumptions about the human persons that cannot be
proved with certainty. Viktor Frankl Institute of
Logotheraphy (n.d.) states the assumptions of
logotheraphy, which include the following:
1. The human being is an entity consisting of
body, mind and spirit. This first assumption deals with
the body (soma), mind (psyche), and spirit (noos).
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even
the most miserable. Assumption two is "ultimate
meaning".
3. People have a will to meaning. The third
assumption is seen as our main motivation for living and
acting.
4. People have freedom under all circumstances to
activate the will to find meaning. Assumption four is that
we are free to activate our will to find meaning, and this
can be done under any circumstances.
5. Life has a demand quality to which people
must respond if decisions are to be meaningful. The fifth
assumption, the meaning of the moment, is more
practical in daily living than ultimate meaning.
6. The individual is unique. The sixth assumption
deals with one's sense of meaning. In essence, all
humans are unique with an entity of body, mind, and
spirit. We all go through unique situations and are
constantly looking to find meaning. We are free to do
these at all times in response to certain demands. an
incentive to take responsible action." (Viktor Frankl
Institute of Logotherapy, N.D.)
Frankl’s Sources of Meaning Popova (2017) discussed
Viktor Frankl’s work. According to him, there are three
sources of the meaning of life:
 Purposeful work - It starts with holding a future
goal. Each of us has our own unique goal to
 perform and that would become the meaning of
our life.
 Courage in the Face of Difficulty – To find the
meaning of life is to recognize our suffering,
pain and death as a part of our life and to
actually have the courage to face this difficulty.
 Love – Dr. Frankl’s wife, aprents and some
relatives were victims of gas chambers. His love
for his wife kept him fighting for his life.
Costello (2015) captured Frankl’s message “The
ultimate secret on the spiritual foundation of life
is that love is salvation and joy eternity.” The
ultimate factor of finding the meaning of life is
to love.