CHRISTIANITY
 Christianity believes in trinitarian God. One
God in Three personas: God The Father
(Creator), God The Son (Savior), And God the
holy Spirit (sustainer).
 Jesus Christ is , God the Son, Who came into
flesh, to spread the good news of salvation.
 The holy bible is a selection of books, which is
divided into two, the old testament and the
new testament.
 Sacrament of baptism and sacrament of
communion are practice by Christian
Churches.
 The sacrament of baptism symbolizes the
birth in Christian World.
 The sacrament of communion is an act of
remembrance of Jesus Christ’s sacrificial love.
 Jesus Christ teaching in unconditional love
that is expressed in loving the poor,
oppressed, and outcast of the society.
 Christmas and resurrection (Easter) are the
two major celebration in Christianity.
 Christmas usually on December 25,
commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ.
 Resurrection Sunday (depends on the lunar
calendar, sometime in March or April)
celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ
from death
HINDUISM
 Hinduism covers a wide range of traditional
beliefs and religious group; thus, there is no
single founder or leader.
 Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of
birth, death and rebirth, governed by karma.
 Karma is a concept where the reincarnated
life will depend on how the past life was
spent.
 Hindus believe that the soul passes through a
cycle of successive lives and its next
incarnation is always dependent on how the
previous life was lived.
 Vedas are sacred scriptures of Hindus.
 Mahabharata and Ramayana are two other
important texts of the Hindus.
 Diwali and Navrati are the most celebrated
festival of the Hindus.
 Diwali is the festival of lights.
 Navrati is the festival of nine nights, which
celebrates the triumph of good over evil.
 Hindus have set dates to honor particular
manifestations of God.
ISLAM
 Muslims believe in Allah, who is their “one
God”.
 They believe in the unity and universality of
God.
 Muslims also have a strong sense of
community or “ummah” and an awareness of
their solidarity with all Muslims worldwide.
 Islam means “willing submissions to God”
 Muslims believe that Mohammed is the last
and final prophet sent by God.
 Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570 CE and
received revelations from God Through the
Angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years.
 The holy book of Islam is Called a Quran,
Which was taught to be recited in Arabic
because any translation is seen as inadequate.
 Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam;
1. Shahadah- Statement of Faith. “there
is no God but the one true God and
Mohammed id his messenger.”
2. Salat- the prayer that is practiced five
times a day
3. Zakat- the monetary offering for the
benefit of the poor. It comprises the
2.5% of a Muslim’s assets.
4. Hajj- the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca.
Muslims who can afford are asked to
do pilgrimage at least once in their
lifetime.
5. Sawm- the fasting. Muslims do
fasting, from food, drink, and sexual
act, during the celebration of
Ramadan. Ramadan is the ninth
month of the Islamic lunar calendar.
The fast is from dawn to sunset.
 Two major festivals in Islam are Eidul-Fitr and
Eidul-Adha.
 Eidul-Fitr is the celebration at the end of
Ramadan
 Eidul-Adha is celebrated within the
completion of the pilgrimage, the Hajj.
JUDAISM
 The Jews believe in the God of Abraham, the
same God that liberated the Hebrew slaves
from Egypt to Canaan.
 Canaan is the Promised Land through the
leadership of Moses and later, Joshua.
 The Jews believe in the coming of Messiah,
the Savior.
  The sacred scripture of the Jews is called the
Torah or the Law.
 The Torah is the guide of the Jewish living.
 The study and interpretation of Torah is part
of the Jewish culture.
 There are five major festivals observed by the
Jews:
1. Rosh Hashanah- the New Year
2. Yom Kippur- the Day of Atonement
3. Pesach- Passover
4. Shavuot- Pentecost
5. Shukkot- Tabernacles. The Jewish
Sabbath begins on Friday evening at
sunset is an important time when
families gather for the Shabbat meal.
FINDING AND CREATING MEANING OF LIFE
 Another extensive study of self can be found
in the works of Dr. Viktor E. Frankl.
 The Viktor Frankl Institute in Vienna was
created in 1992.
 The institute has a website where there is a
synopsis of his life and works and present
programs.
THE PSYCHIATRIST
 Dr. Viktor Frankl was born on March 26, 1905
in Vienna, Austria, where famous psychiatrist
Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler Lived.
 At young age, he wrote a short paper to Freud
which was published after three years.
 Dr. Frankl graduated with a medical degree
from the University of Vienna in 1930.
 He was assigned in Vienna Hospital suicide
ward and headed the Rothschild Hospital,
eight years later.
 A survivor of the Holocaust, Dr. Frankl
published a book about logotheraphy.
 In 1959, the book was translated to English
and was revised in 1963 as the Doctor and the
Soul: an introduction to Logotheraphy.
 His book, Man’s Search for Meaning, has been
used as a textbook in high school and college
courses.
 Dr. Frankl died in 1997.
LOGOTHERAPHY
 Logotheraphy is a psychotherapy introduced
by Dr. Viktor Frankl, who is considered the
Father of Logotherephy.
 The main belief of Logotheraphy is that
“man’s primary motivational force is search
for meaning.”
 Logotheraphy aids individuals to find personal
meaning of life, whatever life situation they
may be.
 In Logotheraphy, meaning can be discovered
by creating a work or doing a deed.
 According to the Viktor Frankl Institute of
Logotheraphy, it uses the philosophy of
optimism in the face of tragedy, where people
are capable of “turning suffering into human
achievement and accomplishment; deriving
from guilt the opportunity to change oneself
for the better; and deriving from life’s
transitoriness an incentive to take responsible
action.”
BASIC CONCEPTS OF FRANKLIAN PSYCHOLOGY
 The Franklian Psychology has the basic
concepts. There are the following:
1. Life has meaning under all
circumstances.
2. Main Motivation for living is our
will to find meaning in life.
 Franklian Psychology aims to :
1. Become aware of spiritual
resources
2. Make conscious spiritual
resources
3. Use “defiant power of the human
spirit” and stand up against
adversity.
LOGOTGERAPHY ASSUMTIONS
1. The human being is an entity consisting of
body, mind and spirit.
2. Life has meaning under all circumstances.
3. People have a willing to meaning.
4. People have freedom under all circumstances
to activate the will to find meaning.
5. Life has demand quality to which people must
respond if decisions are to be meaningful.
6. The individual is unique.
FRANKL’S SOURCES OF MEANING
 There are three possible sources of the
meaning of life: purposeful work, courage
in the face of difficulty, and love.
LESSON 4: The Political Self and Being Filipino
FILIPINO VALUES AND TRAITS
 The Philippines is a lush island paradise
famous for its grandiose mountain, views
pristine beaches, and rich and diverse
culture changing from province to
province.
1. The Filipino Hospitality- Filipino
welcome their guests and tourist
as if they are their own brothers
FILIPINO MAKERS
and sisters.
2. Respect for elders- Filipino greet
their elders by kissing their hand
while saying “Mano Po!” and
constantly using “po” at “opo”.
3. Close Family ties- Filipinos
maintain a tight relationship with
their families regardless if the
children are old enough and
already have families of their
own.
4. Cheerful Personality- Filipinos
have a habit of smiling and
laughing a lot.
5. Self-Sacrifice- the self-sacrifice
attitude of Filipinos can be seen
as an extension of the Filipino
hospitality.
6. Bayanihan- Is the spirit of
communal unity and cooperation
of Filipinos.
7. “Bahala na” Attitude- is the
Filipino version of the famous line
“hakuna matata” meaning no
worries.
8. Colonial Mentality- is regarded as
the lack of patriotism and the
attitude where Filipinos favor
foreign products more than their
own.
9. “manana” Habit- this is the
Filipino term for procrastination.
10. “Ningas Kugon” “Ngingas” is a
Filipino term for flame and
“Kugon” is a Filipino term for
cogon grass that easily burn out
after it is put into flames.
11. Pride- most Filipinos hold on to
their prides as if they are more
precious than keeping a good
relationship with family and loved
ones.
12. Crab Mentality- this is a toxic trait
among Filipinos where one
resents the achievement of
another, instead of feeling happy
for that person.
13. Filipino Time- Filipinos have this
common attitude of arriving late
at commitments, dinner, or
parties especially if they are
meeting someone close to them.
1. Proverbs or Salawikain- Filipino Proverbs, just
like any other proverbs, are saying that
convey lessons and reflections, on Filipinos
practices, beliefs, and traditions.
 Damiana Eugenio, regarded as the
Mother of Philippine Folklore, classified
proverbs into six categories:
a. Proverbs expressing a general attitude
toward life and the laws that govern
life;
b. Ethical proverbs recommending
certain virtues and condemning
certain vices;
c. Proverbs expressing a system of
values;
d. Proverbs expressing general truths
and observations about life and
human nature;
e. Humorous proverbs; and
f. Miscellaneous proverbs.
 An example of a Filipino proverb is the
saying” kung may tiyaga, may nilaga.”
2. Superstitions- according to a Filipino
superstition, a woman singing while cooking
will end up a spinster so parents remind their
daughters to avoid singing while preparing
meals.
3. Myths and Legends- these stories are aimed
to explain the origin of things, at the same
time, teach a valuable lesson.
 A famous Filipino legend is about the
origin of the pineapple fruit.
4. Heroes and Icons- heroes serve as a reminder
of true patriotism and nationalism as they
have sacrificed their lives for the sake of their
country’s freedom and progress.
 Famous Filipinos icons such as Lea
Salonga, Manny Pacquiao, and our very
own national hero, Jose Rizal, also serve
as important Filipino Markers.
HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO  Disinhibition effect- one of the reasons for so
much sharing and self-disclosure online.
1. Be an active Filipino Citizen- a good Filipino
 Foucault (1998), confession, along with
citizen is aware of the current events and
contemplation, self-examination, learning,
participates in government programs that aim
reading, and writing self-critical letters to
for the country’s progression and
friends, are a part of the “technologies of the
development.
self” through which we seek to purge and
2. Study the Philippine History- the road of the
cleanse ourselves.
Philippine history is long and bloody, and by
learning and fully understanding the events of GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE
the Philippine History.
3. Support local products- when you buy local  Marwick (2013), while the terms “sex”,
products, you do not only support local “gender”, and “sexuality” are often through
manufacturers and businessmen. of as synonymous, they are actually quite
4. Speak the Filipino language- the history of the distinct.
Filipino language was as long and hard as the  Sex- is the biological state that corresponds
Philippine History. to what we might call a “man” or a “woman”.
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in  Sex- is often explained as biological, fixed,
engaging with dissent- this period in the and immutable, it is actually socially
history of the Philippines has seen how the constructed. (west and Zimmerman 1987)
Internet has spawned tons of possibilities for  Gender- is the social understanding of how
people, both good and bad. sex should be experienced and how sex
manifests in behavior, personality,
LESSON 5: Who Am I in the Cyber World? (Digital preferences, capabilities, and so forth.
Self)  Sexuality- is an individual expression and
understanding of desire.
 Online identity- is actually the sum of all
our characteristics and our interactions. PERFORMING GENDER ONLINE
 Partial identity- is a subset of
characteristics that make up our identity.  Judith Butler (1990) conceptualized gender as
a performance.
SELECTIVE SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION  According to the disembodiment hypothesis,
MANAGEMENT internet users are free to actively choose
which gender or sexuality they are going to
 Self-presentation is the “process of controlling
portray with the possibility of creating
how one is perceived by other people” and is
alternate identities.
the key to relationship inception and
 Dig, 4chan, and Reddit are used mostly by
development (Goffman 1959, Leary (1995).
men, most social network site users are
 Personal Identity- is the interpersonal level of
women; this is true in Facebook, Flickr, Live
self which differentiates the individual is
Journal, Tumblr, Twitter, and Youtube.
identified by his or her group membership.
(Chappell 2011, Lenhart 2009)
 Belk (2013) explained that sharing ourselves is
no longer new and has been practiced as soon
as human beings were formed.
 Schwarz (2010) mentioned, we have entered
an extraordinary era of self-portraiture.
 Facebook and other social media applications-
are key part of self-presentation for one sixth
of humanity.
 Fear of missing out- the lack of privacy in
many aspects of social media make the users
more vulnerable, leading to compulsively
checking newsfeed and continually adding
tweets and posting in order to appear active
and interesting.