KINSHIP TERMS IN ENGLISH AND SIAU

LANGUAGE : A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

Research Design

Present As a Requirement for Seminar Examination

By

Tesya Sasaghapu

16091102095

English Department

SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT……………………………………. i
TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………... ii

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I. Title……………………………………………………
II. Rationale……………………….……………………….. 1
III. Statement of Problem…………..………………………. 4
IV. Objective of Research…………..………………….…… 4
V. Significance of Research……………………………….. 5
VI. Review of Related Literature…………………………… 5
VII. Theoretical Framework………...………………….…… 8
VIII. Methodology……………………………………..…….. 11
IX. Working Schedule……………..…………..……..…….. 12
X. The outline of intended skripsi………..…………….…. 13
REFERENCES…………………………………………. 14

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I . TITLE

Kinship Terms In English And Siau Language: A Contrastive Analysis

II . RATIONALE

Culture is a perspective that is owned by a group of people which is reflected in the

actions and social relationships they have (Raimann 2004: 15). And also (Spradley
2002: 5) says that culture is a set of instructions to carry out life activities as usual, this
refers to the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret social experiences and
behaviors. From this opinion about culture, it can be said that an understanding of
culture is something that will affect the level of knowledge and the system of ideas
contained in the human mind, so that in everyday life culture is abstract. Language and
culture are both interrelated and dependent on one another. Language is shaped by
culture, while culture is influenced by language. Language is a medium of culture
(Witherspoon 1980:1-3)

Language is a very important means of building and maintaining relationships with

other people. These two aspects of language behavior are very important from a social
point of view whose main function in language is to build social relationships, both
roles played by language in conveying information about the speaker (Trudgill 1974:
14).

Whereas from a linguistic point of view, language can be seen from both macro and
micro aspects, the micro scope concerns the fields of phonology, morphology, syntax,
and semantics. Meanwhile, macro includes the fields of psycholinguistics,
sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and so on.

From several branches of linguistics Researchers are interested in researching one of

the branches of linguistics above, namely. Sociolinguistics is the science that discusses
language knowledge in society and is the most productive. (Chambers, 2002: 3)
Sociolinguistics is the study of language related to the perspective of who is speaking,

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the language used, to whom the language is used and when it is used (Fishman, 1971:
18). One of the topics discussed in sociolinguistics, namely the kinship term.
According to Wardhaugh (1986: 219), the kinship system is a common characteristic
that every language has, because kinship plays a very important role in social
organizations. According to him, some systems are more diverse than others, but all of
them are determined by several generally accepted factors
namely: gender, generation, age, blood relation and marriage.

To greet relatives Burling (1970: 27) divides the terms of English kinship into two
terms, namely the term concanguinal and affinal. The term concanguinal relates to
blood relation such as grandfather, father, mother, biological children, siblings, and
grandchildren. Affinal terms related to marriage include father-in-law, mother-in-law,
sister-in-law, brother-in-law, stepfather, stepmother, stepchild.

Each language has a set of terms to denote kinship, as well as kinship terms in
English and Siau languages. English and Siau language originate from two different
language families. English is included in the Indo-European language family (Campbell,
1998), while Siau language is included in the Austronesian language family (Simons,
Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig, 2017). And the Siau language is also one of the many
local languages in Indonesia, local language is one of the cultural properties by each
ethnic group and is an invaluable inheritance from generation to generation
(Walangarey, 2009: 84). The use of local languages can create warmth and intimacy.
Therefore local language is associated with feelings, warmth, solidarity and spontaneity
(Alwasilah, 1993: 176). Siau language is the mother tongue of the indigenous people of
the island of Siau.

Administratively, Siau Island is located in the Siau Tagulandang Biaro district

(SITARO) and is part of the province of North Sulawesi, with the following boundaries
(1) the northern part is bordered by Tatoareng sub-district, Sangihe district (2) east by
Maluku sea, (3) south by North Minahasa regency, and (4) west by Sulawesi sea. Siau
Island is also surrounded by 47 large and small islands, of which 10 are inhabited and
37 are uninhabited and most of the islands are stone islands.

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 This research discusses the term kinship in English and Siau language and focused on
the Siau language, there are many studies of kinship terms that have been researched
before, but researchers have several reasons for choosing this study. First, the researcher
found that there was still a lack of research on the Siau language and research on the
term kinship in Siau had never been done and had never been researched. Second, the
researcher wants to popularize all aspects of the Siau language because there is very
little information about the Siau language. In addition, researchers feel that Siau
language is one of the local languages that needs to be improved to the surface and
documented in order to remain sustainable and minimize the possibility of extinction.
Siau language is also the mother tongue of the researcher. therefore researchers are
interested in researching it.
Here are some examples of kinship terms in English and Siau language
The example in English as follows:

1. Father (+1)

2. Mother (+1)

3. Brother (0)

4. Sister (0)

5. Uncle (+1)

6. Aunt (+1)

7. Grandfather (+2)

8. Grandmother (+2)
The example in Siau language as follows:

1. Yamang (+1) ‘father’

2. Inang (+1) ‘mother’

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 3. Tuhang (0) ‘older brother/older sister ego’

4. Tuari (0) ‘little brother/little sister ego’

5. Pa akang (+1) ‘oldest uncle ego’

6. Pa ara(+1) ‘second uncle ego’

7. Pa ari(+1) ‘third uncle ego’

8. Pa hembo (+1) ’youngest uncle ego’

9. Ma akang (+1) ‘oldest aunt ego’

10. Ma ara (+1) ‘second aunt ego’

11. Ma ari (+1) ‘second aunt ego’

12. Ma hembo(+1) ‘youngest aunt ego’

13. Yopa (+2) ‘grandfather ego’

14. yoma (+2) ‘grandmother ego’

Based on the explanation above, English has certain characteristics in kinship terms
as the language of Siau too, So the topic is ”Kinship terms in English and Siau
language“ is significant to be researched.

III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Based on the explanation above, the research problems are as follows :

1. What are the terms of kinship in English and in Siau language?

2 . What are the similarities and differences between kindship terms in English
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 and Siau language ?

IV. THE OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

The objective of this research are :

1 To identify and classify kinship terms in English and in Siau language.

2. To compare kinship terms in English and Siau language and to find out the
similarities and differences between the two languages.

V. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

The significance of this research are :

Theoretically this research will help readers, especially students of The Faculty of
Humanities concerning kinship terms especially in English and Siau language and is
expected to contribute in sociolinguistic especially in kinship terms and its
development.
Practically, this research provides information to students in English majors or other
readers in learning sociolinguistics specifically about kinship terms the similarities and
differences of Kinship terms in English and Siau language.

VI. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

They are some researches about kinship terms that have been done before,
they are:

1. "Kinship terms in English and Kayupulo: A Contrastive Analysis" by Baransano

(2014).Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Unsrat. This study was designed to describe
and analyze the terms of kinship in English and Kayupulo, both languages are
different groups of languages that have specific patterns in terminology, both

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 English and Kayupulo. They have a unique and special set of kinship terminology.
The research objective is to compare the two The language uses the Lado concept
with the descriptive method from Burling (1971) where the term kinship is marked
with dimensions called "concanguinal and affinal", while concepts related to
Burling and Lounsburry's methods are quoted in Leech. The results of this study
indicate that English and Kayupulo have similarities in terms of gender, lineage,
and age. The difference is: in English the term kinship does not separate between
ages which in Kayupulo distinguishes it. Within the scope of generations, English
and Kayupulo have the same generation, namely four generations above and below
the ego.

2. “Arabic kinship terms revisited: The rural and urban context of North-Western
Morocco” ditulis oleh Amina Naciri-Azzouz (2018), The article aims to look for
differences in kinship terms between urban and rural areas in northwestern
Morocco, using an ethylation of interviews conducted with several informants aged
between 8 and 80 years, the data analyzed includes terms from the urban concept of
the city of Tetouan, most of them were gathered in rural locations: the small village
of Bni Hlu (Fash-Anjra province) and different places throughout the coastal and
inland ragion of Ghomara (Chefchaouen province) the results of the article this the
author found that kinship terms in north-western Morocco, their hypocoristic forms
and other affection terms are used differently depending on family context. Kinship
terms are being affected by leveling and linguistic change in processes due to socio-
economic changes that are having an impact on family structures as a result of rural
exodus, the preference of nuclear family households, etc. Thus, many of the uses
linked to tensions and affections resulting from cohabitation are disappearing as
well as local variants. Furthermore it can be established that despite the variation
showed in kinship terms forms, those that remain are stable.

3. “Kinship terms as Proof of Genetic Relationship” written by Sagdieva, Ramly D

Husnutdinov, and others (2019). This article aims to carry out a comparative study
of specific non-kinship terms in the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkish, Uzbek and Uyghur

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 languages that carry out statistical comparisons of the genetic, nominal and
semantic genetic features of the kinship terms that have been created. The results of
this article, the authors found that each language has different features and
peculiarities, even though they belong to the Turkish language group.

4. "Kinship Terms in English and Tobelo (A Contrastive Analysis)", by Jangolo D.

Salam (2019). Thesis. Faculty of Humanities, Sam Ratulangi University. This study
aims to describe and analyze the term kinship in English and Tobelo, in this study
the writer uses the theory of Lounsburry in Leech (1974: 237) and classifies it using
the theory of Burling (1970: 30) then to contrast the two languages the writer uses
the theory of Lado (1979: 133-140) The results of this study indicate that the term
kinship in English based on age is not very important, while in Tobelo it is very
important, for example the difference between old and young.

5. “Kinship terms in English and Tondano: An Analysis Contrastive” by Tatuta

(2017). Thesis Faculty of Letters Unsrat. This research is to describe and analyze
the term kinship in English and Biak using descriptive methods. In this research,
the authors used the theory of Wardhaugh and Ervin-Trip (1971: 19-21), while to
analyze the two languages, and used the concept of Lado (1957) to compare the two
languages. The results of this study indicate that the term kinship in English is
marked by the situation of a person's status, position, identity and generation, while
in Biak kinship term uses relations between relatives, respect and uses ridicule.

In this study the researcher also researching the term kinship but there are
differences between the research above and the one I studied, namely the theory
and the object of research, previous research used the theory of Lounsburry in
leech, Burling. Wardhaugh, Ervin-Trip and the last used the Lado’s theory to find
out the similarities and differences of the language.

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 Meanwhile, researchers in this study used the theory from Burling (1970) and
Lado (1979: 133-140) to contrast the similarities and differences between the two
languages. The object of research is also different from the research above, which
focuses on English and Siau language.

VII. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Kinship system is common characteristic that every language has, because

kinship plays a very important role in social interactions. This study is to identify
and classify kinship terms in English and Siau language. Research on the term
kinship is still general in nature and has not directly examined two types of language
systems, including the term kinship in Siau language, which is the term used by ego
when it is dealing with other people. in direct speaking relationships and reference
terms, namely the terms used by the ego when it deals with other people in indirect
conversations as a third person.

Burling (1970) defines the term kinship based on gender, age. generation, blood
relations and marriage. Gender is indicated by the terms male and female.

Different gender between male and female relatives.

Example:

(male) (female)

Father Mother

Uncle Aunt

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 Brother Sister

Son Daughter

The term kinship according to generations is differentiated according to the older

generation and the younger generation.

Example:

a. The generation above the ego, such as:

Father

Mother

Generations below ego, such as:

Son

Daughter

According to Burling there are four categories for classifying term kinship
terms, namely:

1. Kinship terms combined with in-law and step modifiers.

Example:

In-law Step

Father in law Step father

Mother in law Step mother

Sister in law Step sister

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Brother in law Step brother

Daughter in law Step daughter

1. Kinship terms combined with the grand and great modifier.

Example:

Grand Great

Grandfather Great-grandfather

Grandmother Great-grandmother

Grandson Great-grandson

Granddaughter Great-granddaughter

2. The term concanguinal

The term concanguinal refers to kinship terms which indicate a blood

relationship between the ego and its relatives (Burling 1970:27).

Example:

Grandfather

Father

Mother

Biological children

Siblings

3. The term affinal

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 The term affinal kinship refers to kinship terms that indicate kinship that occurs
because of marriage (Burling 1970:30)

Example:

Mother in-law

Father in-law

Husband

Wife
There are many concepts about the term kinship in English, however the researcher
chooses the concept of Burling (1970) to identify and classify kinship terms in English
and Siau language, because the concept clearly clarifies the term kinship.

In the next stage, the author uses the theory from Lado (1979: 133-140) that
contrastive analysis is a way to compare two elements of language and distribution
between languages to find similarities and differences between the two languages.
Of all the concepts presented above, the researcher used Burling's theory of kinship
terms to identify kinship terms in English and Siau language, then compared the two
languages using the theory of Lado.

VIII. METHODOLOGY

The research method is qualitative descriptive method. Descriptive

method presents data in the form of descriptions of sentence that have been
analyzed. The researcher will use the Linguistics synchronic approach by
Podesva and Devyani (2013). Podesva and Devyani state that Linguistics as a
field represents a single disipline to the extent that it broadly shares a single
object of analysis, but little as can be said to be uniform in terms of
epistemology and method (Podesva and Devyani, 2013). Chomsky (1995 ) discuss an
approach to the mind that considers language and similar phenomena

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to be elements of the natural world, to be studied by ordinary methods of
empirical inquiry. The techniques used in this research consist of steps as following.

This research uses a qualitative descriptive method through the following stages:

1. Preparation
At this stage, the researcher visits the library to read several theses that have
been previously researched about the term kinship and also searches for several
sources of books and articles on the internet related to the kinship terms that
support this research.

2. Data collection
At this stage, the researcher collected data about kinship terms in English from
sociolinguistics books, theses regarding kinship terms which has been researched
previously and from several sources from the internet, data on the term kinship in
Siau language is obtained through research, which was conducted by oral interviews
with informants as native speakers. The informants are some indigenous people of
Hiung village, North West Siau sub-district who actively use the Siau language in their
daily interactions, with an age level between 40-70 years. Researchers chose these
informants because they have a lot of knowledge about the Siau language, and also have
sufficient educational background.

3. Data Analysis
After data on kinship terms were collected in both English and Siau language, the
researcher used the theory of Burling (1970), namely, by identifying and classified in
a concanguinal and affinal form, the data were then divided into small groups based
on gender, generation level, lineage, after identifying and classifying kinship terms in
the two languages, the data were then contrasted with used the theory of Lado
(1979:133-140) to find similarities and differences between the two languages.

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IX. WORKING SCHEDULE

The working schedule is divided into some steps. Those are :

1. Preparation takes about two weeks
2. Data collection takes about two weeks
3. Data Analysis takes about three weeks
4. Writing the final draft takes about two weeks.

X. THE OUTLINE OF INTENDED SKRIPSI

The outline of discussion will be divided into four chapters, they are :
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Title
1.2 Rationale
1.3 Statement of Problems
1.4 Objectives of Research
1.5 Significance of Research
1.6 Review of Related
1.7 Theoretical Framework
1.8 Methodology
Chapter 2 To identify and classify forms and meanings of Kinship
terms in English And Siau language
Chapter 3
The differences Kinship terms in English and Siau language
Chapter 4
Conclusion and Suggestion
Bibliography

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 REFERENCES

Burling, Robbins. 1970. Man’s Many Voices; Language and it’s Cultrure. New York:Holt-

Rinehart and Winston Inc.

Baransano, A.2014. “Istilah Kekerabatan dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Kayupulo
(Suatu Analisis Kontrastif)” Skripsi, Manado : Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sam Ratulangi.
Chomsky, N, 1986. “Differences between Language and Linguistics in the journal” Index

Terms, Iran: Islamic Azad University.

Lado,Robert.1971.Linguistic across Culture.Michingan:The University of Michigan

Press.
Naciri,A.A,2018 ”Arabic kinship terms revisited: The rural and urban context of North-

Western Morocco (sociolinguistic studies)"volume12,no2 on http:doi.org

Octo Hartanto Naman, 2007, “Istilah Kekerabatan dalam Bahasa Inggris dan BahasaNimboran

(Suatu Analisis Kontrastif)”. Skripsi. Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sam Ratulangi.

Spradley, P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview, New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.

Salam D.Jangolo,2019. “Istilah Kekerabatan dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Tobelo

(Suatu Analisis Kontrastif)”, Skripsi. Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sam Ratulangi.

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Sagdieva,Ramlly. Damir H.and others 2019 “kinship terms as proof of genetic

relationship”volume 10,No 3on http:org

Trudgill, Peter. 1974. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society.USA

Wardhaugh,R.1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.New York: Brasil Blackwell.

Yulianto, 2012, “Istilah Kekerabatan dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Cina (Suatu Analisis

Kontrastif)”. Skripsi. Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sam Ratulangi.

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