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HMT Lab Manual
HMT Lab Manual
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl. R T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Q K
o o o o o o
No. lpm C C C C C C W W/mK
1
Where
R= Rotameter reading, lpm
T1 to T4 =Temperatures on metal rod at different locations, oC
T5 and T6= Inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water, oC
Q= Heat transfer from the rod, W
=
mw=mass flow rate of water, kg/s
= ρw x R/60
ρw= Density of water=1000 kg/m3
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
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PES IT - BSC [ HEAT TRANSFER LAB]
AIM: To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (neglecting the convective resistance)
of a composite wall.
The apparatus consists of three slabs of Bakelite, mild steel and Aluminum materials of
thickness 15, 20 & 25mm respectively clamped in the center using screw rod. At the center
of the composite wall a heater is fitted. End losses from the composite wall are minimized by
providing thick insulation all rounds to ensure unidirectional heat flow. Front transparent
acrylic enclosure to minimize the disturbances of the surrounding and also for safety of the
tube when not in use.
Control panel instrumentation consists of: Digital Temperature Indicator with channel
selector. Digital Voltmeter & Ammeter for power measurement. Heater regulator to
regulate the input power. With this the whole arrangement is mounted on an aesthetically
designed self-sustained MS powder coated frame with a separate control panel.
PROCEDURE:
1. Symmetrically arrange the plates and ensure perfect contact between the plates.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Number of layers=3
2. Material type= aluminium mild steel and bakelite
3. Thickness of each plate; aluminium= 25mm, mild steel=20mm, bakelite=15mm,
4. Diameter of plates= 20cm
5. Thermal conductivity of metal plates; aluminium= 204 W/mK mild steel =49WmK,
bakelite =1.4 W/mK,
6. Thermocouple type= K type (Cr-Al)
7. Maximum range of voltage =150volts
PRECAUTIONS:
TABULAR COLUMN:
1
2
La, Lms and Lb =The thickness of mild steel, bakelite and aluminium plates, m
Ka, Kms and Kb = The thermal conductivity of mild steel, bakelite and aluminium plates,
W/mK
GRAPHS: Temperature distribution graph for the average temperature of each plate
RESULTS:
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
PIN-FIN APPARATUS
AIM: To determine the effectiveness and efficiency of given pin-fin and draw temperature
distribution graph experimentally and theoretically under natural and forced convection
conditions
APPARATUS: Experimental setup of pin-fin apparatus
THEORY: Write the following theory topics
1. Definition of fin, functions of fin
2. Types of fins with neat sketches
3. Three conditions of fin with their temperature distribution and heat transfer
expressions.
4. Effectiveness and efficiency of fin
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of Pin type fin of dia 12mm and 150 mm long made of aluminium
with suitable temperature points.
Heater of 250 W capacity.
Heater regulator to supply the regulated power input to the heater.
Digital Voltmeter and Ammeter to measure power input to the heater.
Thermocouples at suitable position to measure the surface temperatures of the fin.
Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector to measure the temperatures.
Blower unit to blow air through the duct with orifice meter and acrylic manometer to
measure the air flow rate from the blower. A control valve is provided to regulate the air
flow. Control panel to house all the instrumentation.
With this, the whole arrangement is mounted on an aesthetically designed self-sustained MS
powder coated frame with a separate control panel.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the MCB and then console on switch to activate the control panel.
2. Switch on the heater and regulate the power input using the heater regulator.
3. Switch on the blower unit and adjust the flow of air using gate valve of blower to a
desired difference in manometer (for forced flow only otherwise skip to step 4).
4. Wait for reasonable time to allow temperatures to reach steady state.
5. Measure the voltage, current and temperatures from T1 to T6 at steady state.
6. Calculate the effectiveness & efficiency of the fin using the procedure given.
7. Repeat the experiment for different values of power input to the heater and blower air
flow rates.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Fin material= Aluminium
2. Length of the Fin=110mm
3. Fin diameter=12mm
4. Thermal conductivity of the fin=205 W/mK
5. Distance between two consecutive thermocouples on fin=20 mm, from heater end to
first thermocouple 20mm, from last thermocouple to fin end 10 mm
6. Thermocouple type= K type (Cr-Al)
7. Diameter of orifice=20 mm
8. Diameter of pipe=50mm
9. Coefficient of discharge of orifice=0.62
10. Dimensions of the duct=145mm x 90mm
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check all the electrical connections.
2. Do not run the equipment if the voltage is below 180V.
3. Do not obstruct flow of air while experiment is going on.
4. Do not turn the heater regulator to the maximum as soon as the equipment is started.
5. Do not attempt to alter the equipment as this may cause damage to the whole system.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Natural Convection
Sl. V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 hth ε η
0 0 0 0 0 0
No. volts A C C C C C C W/m2K %
1
Forced convection
Sl. V I T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Vm h ε η
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
No. volts A C C C C C C C m/s W/ m2K %
1
Where
V, I are voltage and current supplied to the heater, Volts and Amperes
T1, to T5 = Temperatures on surface of the fin, 0C
T6= Ambient temperature in natural convection, 0C
T6, T7 = Temperatures of air at inlet and outlet under forced convection, 0C
hw= Manometer reading, m of water
vm = Mean velocity of air, m/s
=
Dp=Diameter of pipe, m
Ha= Head of air, m of air
=( − 1)
( )
=
=
T∞= Ambient temperature in case of natural convection, oC =T6
µ= Dynamic viscosity of air, Ns/m2
Dh=Hydraulic diameter=4A/P
A=Cross-sectional area of duct=lxb
P=Perimeter of the duct=2(l+b)
Tb=(T6+T7)/2=Bulk mean temperature, oC
C and n are obtained from HMT data book at Re
Properties of air such as ρ, µ, K, Pr are obtained from HMT data book atTb
m= constant=
= = ( )
=
Theoretical Temperature distribution along the fin
( )
=
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION
AIM: To determine heat transfer coefficient and instantaneous heat transfer rate for transient
heat conduction and draw the graph of temperature variation with time
APPARATUS: Transient heat conduction expt. setup, oil/water, stopwatch
THEORY: Write the theory on following topics
1. Definition of transient heat conduction, types and applications
2. Methods of analyzing transient heat conduction with explanation
3. Significance of Biot and Fourier’s numbers
4. Definition of semi-infinite solids, applications
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a small tank in an electric heater is provided and is used for heating
of fluid. A spherical ball of 50mm diameter made by aluminium is used as testing object.
Two thermocouples are fixed to the sphere to measure its surface and core temperature. One
more thermocouple is placed inside the tank to measure fluid temperature. It also consists a
Heater regulator to supply the regulated power input to the heater and Digital Temperature
Indicator with channel selector to measure the temperatures.
Control panel to house all the instrumentation.With this, the whole arrangement is mounted
on an aesthetically designed self-sustained MS powder coated frame with a separate control
panel.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Type of material=aluminium
2. Diameter of the sphere= 50mm
3. Type of fluid=water/oil, air
4. Thermal conductivity of sphere material=205W/mK
5. Thermal diffusivity of sphere material=84.18x10-6m2/s
6. Thermocouple type= K type (Cr-Al)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check all the electrical connections.
2. Do not run the equipment if the voltage is below 180V.
3. Do not obstruct flow of air while experiment is going on.
4. Do not turn the heater regulator to the maximum as soon as the equipment is started.
5. Do not attempt to alter the equipment as this may cause damage to the whole system.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take the fluid (water or oil) in the tank.
2. Heat the fluid to the required temperature say 70oC in case of water and more than
100 oC in case of oil.
3. Note down the initial temperature of sphere and hot fluid.
4. Immerse the sphere in hot fluid bath for heating.
5. Note down the core and outer surface temperature of the sphere at every 10 seconds
till it attains fluid temperature.
6. Take out the sphere from hot fluid and cool it in atmospheric air.
7. Note down the temperature at every 10 second till it reaches atmospheric condition.
8. Repeat the experiment for different temperatures of fluid.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Initial temperature of fluid =
Initial temperature of sphere=
t Tc To
o o
s C C
Where,
t= Time, seconds
Tc= Core Temperature of the sphere, oC
To= Outer temperature of the sphere, oC
Determination of heat transfer coefficient
= 2 + 0.43 ( ) .
for 1<GrPr<105
= 2 + 0.50 ( ) .
for 3x105<GrPr<8x108
Nu= Nusselt number
=
h= Heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
d=Diameter of sphere, m
K=Thermal conductivity of fluid, W/mK, water or oil in case of heating, air in case
of
cooling
Gr= Grashoff’s Number
∆
=
ρ= Density of air, kg/m3
β= Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, /K
=1/(Tf+273)
Tf= Mean film temperature, oC
=(To+T∞)/2
T∞= Initial temperature of hot fluid or cold fluid ie, water or air, oC
To= Initial temperature of sphere, oC
∆t= Temperature difference between sphere and fluid, oC
= (T∞̴To)
µ= Absolute viscosity of air, N-s/m2
Pr= Prandtle number
Properties of fluid such as ρ, µ, K, Pr are obtained from HMT data book at Tf
Determination of Instantaneous heat flow
Bi= Biot number
R= Radius of sphere, m
Fo= Fourier Number
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=
t= Time at the given instant, sec
α= Thermal diffusivity of sphere material, m2/s
=− ( − )
Qi= Instantaneous heat flow, W
A=Surface area of the sphere, m2
=4
r= Radius of the sphere, m
Ti= Initial surface temperature of the sphere, oC, i.e at t=0 sec
Ks= Thermal conductivity of metal ball, W/mK
Determination of theoretical temperatures
=e
RESULTS: The heat transfer coefficient for transient heat conduction heat transfer is _____
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
AIM: To determine the coefficient of natural convection heat transfer when the cylindrical
surface both in vertical and horizontal
APPARATUS: Natural convection heat transfer experimental setup
THEORY: Write the following theory topics
1. Definition of convection heat transfer
2. Types of convection heat transfer, applications
3. Correlations used in natural convection heat transfer.
4. Definition & Significance of Grashoff, Prandtle & Nusselt Numbers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a Chromium plated Copper tube of diameter (d) 38mm
and length (L) 500mm with a Special electrical heater along the axis of the tube for uniform
heating. Four thermocouples are fixed on the tube surface with a phase angle of 90.
An arrangement to change the position of the tube to vertical or horizontal position is
provided.
Front transparent acrylic enclosure to minimize the disturbances of the surrounding and
also for safety of the tube when not in use.
Control panel instrumentation consists of:
Digital Temperature Indicator with channel selector.
Digital Voltmeter & Ammeter for power measurement.
Heater regulator to regulate the input power.
With this, the setup is mounted on an aesthetically designed MS Powder coated frame with
MOVAPAN Board control panel to monitor all the processes considering all safety and
aesthetics factors.
PROCEDURE:
PRECAUTIONS:
1
2 Horizontal
3
1
2 Vertical
3
Where
V = Voltage, Volts
I = Input current to heater in amperes
T2, to T5 = Temperatures on surface of the tube, 0C
T1= Ambient temperature, 0C
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
AIM: To determine the coefficient of forced convection heat transfer
APPARATUS: Experimental setup of forced convection heat transfer
THEORY: Write theory on the following topics
1. Definition of convection heat transfer and forced convection heat transfer
2. Practical examples for forced and free convection heat transfer
3. Correlation of forced convection heat transfer
4. Velocity and thermal boundary layer in internal flow through pipe
5. Definition and significance of Reynold’s number
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
1. Switch on the MCB and then console on switch to activate the control panel.
2. Switch on the blower unit first and adjust the flow of air using wheel valve of blower
to a desired difference in manometer.
3. Switch on the heater and set the voltage (say 80V) using the heater regulator and
digital voltmeter.
4. Wait for reasonable time to allow temperatures to reach steady state.
5. Measure the voltage, current and temperatures from T1 to T6 at known time interval.
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6. Calculate the convective heat transfer co-efficient using the procedure given.
7. Repeat the experiment for different values of power input to the heater and blower air
flow rates.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Pipe length=500mm
2. Diameter of the pipe=38mm (experimental section)
3. Type of thermocouple= K type (Cr-Al)
4. Maximum voltage =150 volts
5. Dia. Of pipe & orifice = 38mm & 25mm
6. Co-efficient of discharge of orifice = 0.62
PRECAUTIONS:
Where
V = Voltage, Volts
I = Input current to heater in amperes
T2, to T4 = Temperatures on surface of the tube, 0C
T1= Ambient temperature, 0C
T5= Air outlet temperature, 0C
hw= Manometer reading, m of water
hexp=Experimental heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
=
( )
=
Tb= Ambient temperature, 0C =T1
hth= Theoretical heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
Determination of hth
=
=
vm = Mean velocity of air, m/s
=
do= Diameter of orifice, m
Ad=Cross sectional area of pipe, m2
=
Dp=Diameter of duct, m
Ha= Head of air, m of air
=( − 1)
ρ, µ, K and Pr are obtained from HMT data book at bulk mean temperature Tb
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
5. Wait for about few seconds to allow hemispherical enclosure to attain uniform
temperature – the chamber will soon reach the equilibrium. Note the enclosure
temperature.
6. Insert the Test specimen with the sleeve into its position and record the temperature at
different instants of time using the stop watch.
7. Plot the variation of specimen temperature with time and get the slope of temperature
versus time variation at the time t = 0 sec
8. Calculate the Stefan Boltzman’s constant using the equations provided.
9. Repeat the experiment 3 to 4 times and calculate the average value to obtain the better
results.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Material of the specimen=copper
2. Mass of the specimen=4.7 g
3. Specific heat of the specimen=410J/kgK
4. Diameter of the specimen=15mm
5. Type of thermocouple= K type (Cr-Al)
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Check all the electrical connections.
2. Do not run the equipment if the voltage is below 180V.
3. Do not switch on the heater without water in the overhead tank.
4. Do not turn the heater regulator to the maximum as soon as the equipment is started.
5. Do not attempt to alter the equipment as this may cause damage to the whole system
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl. No. T1 T2 T3 Te Ts σ
o o o
C C C K K W/m2K4
1
2
3
Where
Te= Emitter temperature, K
+ 273
=
m= Mass of the test specimen, kg
C=Specific heat of the test specimen, J/kgK
dT/dt= Slope obtained from Temperature of the specimen vs Time graph, K/s
As= Surface area of the specimen, m2
=
d= Diameter of the specimen, m
RESULTS: Stefan Boltzmann constant is
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE EMISSIVITY
1. Give necessary electrical connections and switch on the MCB and switch on the
console to activate the control panel.
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2. Switch on the heater of the black body and set the voltage (say 30V) using the heater
regulator and digital voltmeter.
3. Switch On the heater of the Gray body and set the voltage (say 30V) using the heater
regulator and digital voltmeter.
4. Observe temperatures of the black body and test surface in close time intervals and
adjust power input to the test plate heater such that both black body and test surface
temperatures are same.
5. Wait to attain the steady state.
6. Note down the temperatures at different points and also the voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
7. Tabulate the readings and calculate the surface emissivity of the non – black surface.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Where
Vb, Ib are the voltage and current supplied to black body
Vg, Ig is the voltage and current supplied to grey body
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
PARALLEL & COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
AIM: To determine LMTD & Effectiveness of the heat exchanger under parallel and counter
flow arrangement.
The apparatus consists of concentric tubes. The inner tube is made of copper while
the
outer tube is made of Stainless Steel. Insulation is provided with mica sheet and asbestos
rope for effective heat transfer.
Provision has been made for hot water generation by means of geyser.
Change - Over Mechanism is provided to change the direction of flow of cold water in a
single operation.
ACRYLIC Rotameters of specific range is used for direct measurement of water flow rate.
Thermocouples are placed at appropriate positions which carry the signals to the temperature
indicator. A Digital Temperature indicator with channel selector is provided to measure
the temperature.
The whole arrangement is mounted on an Aesthetically designed self sustained sturdy
frame made of MS tubes with NOVAPAN board control panel. The control panel houses
all the indicators, accessories and necessary instrumentations.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON mains and the CONSOLE.
2. Start the flow on the hot water side.
3. Start the flow through annulus also.
4. Set the exchanger for parallel or counter flow using the change over mechanism.
5. Switch ON the heater of the geyser.
6. Set the flow rate of the hot water (say 1.5 to 4 Lpm) using the rotameter of the hot
water.
7. Set the flow rate of the cold water (say 3 to 8 lpm) using the rotameter of the cold
water.
8. Wait for sufficient time to allow temperature to reach steady values.
9. Note down the Temperatures 1 to 4 using the channel selector and digital temperature
indicator.
10. Note down the flow rates of the water and tabulate.
11. Now, change the direction of flow for the same flow rates and repeat the steps 9 to 11.
12. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates of water.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Diameter of inner pipe=20mm
2. Length of the pipe=1m
PRECAUTIONS:
( ) ( )
=( )
=( )
for Cc<Ch
( )
= ( ) for counter flow arrangement
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
CONDENSATION APPARATUS
AIM: To determine overall heat transfer coefficient, cold fluid heat transfer Coefficient,
steam
side film coefficient, condensate film thickness
APPARAUS: Condensation experimental setup
7. Open the steam inlet valve and keep steam pressure constant (say 0.2kg/cm²)
throughout
the experiment.
8. After cold fluid temperature becomes steady state, note down the inlet temperature,
out
let temperature and flow rate of cold fluid and also note down the volume of
condensate
collected at the given time interval(say 1min).
9. Keeping steam pressure constant take 4 – 5 readings for different cold fluid flow rate
from minimum to maximum.
10. Repeat the experiment at another constant steam pressure Say, (0.3kg/cm²).
SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Outer diameter of inner tube=3.8cm, inner diameter = 3.5 cm
2. Length of the tube=18cm
3. No. of tubes=1
PRECAUTIONS:
ρ, µ, Pr and K for cold water are obtained from HMT data book at bulk mean
temperature Tb=(T1+T2)/2
hc= Film heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
3 2 .
= 0.943 ( − )
RESULT:
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
Where,
P1=Compressor inlet pressure, bar
P2= Compressor outlet pressure, bar
T1=Temperature at compressor inlet (C)
T2=Temperature at compressor outlet (C)
T3=Temperature at condenser outlet (C)
T4=Temperature at evaporator inlet (C)
T5=Temperature inside freezer (C)
t= Time taken for ‘n’ impulses of energymeter, sec
P=Power input to compressor, kW
× 3600
=
×
t= time taken for 5 impulse of energy meter,
n= 5 impulse
k= Energy meter constant, impulse/kWh
(COP)th= Theoretical COP of the refrigeration system
P2 3 2
P
bar
P1 4 1
H kJ/kg
RESULT: The relative COP of the Vapour compression refrigeration system is __________
EXPERIMENT NO. 13
AIR CONDITIONER
AIM: To determine COP and TOR of air conditioner and draw psychrometric chart for the various
processes
APPARATUS: Air conditioner test rig
THEORY: Write the theory on following topics
1. Define air conditioning
2. Definition of psychrometry, psychrometric properties
3. Psychrometric process, comfortable air conditioning
4. Classification of air conditioning systems
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS:
It consists of a cooling coil which is a part of the vapour compression refrigeration system
working on Freon – 22. In the upstream and downstream of the cooling coil, heaters are
provided to heat air either at the upstream or the downstream of the cooling coil. A steam
generator is provided to increase humidity of air. The system is provided with fans, air duct
and valve system to circulate air over the cooling coil and heater and to operate the system in
both closed and open cycle. The system is instrumented with thermometers, digital humidity
indicators, pressure indictors and wind velocity indicators to determine the state of air –
moisture mixture during the operation of the air conditioning system. Following are the
important components:
Cooling coil of the vapour compression refrigeration system consisting of Compressor,
condenser, throttle / capillary tube, pressure and temperature Indicators with selector switch
and power meter. The system works on Freon-22
Air Heaters - 2 set (3 Nos. of 500 W each), Steam generator which consists of immersion
type heating coil, Suction fan (2 Nos), Valve system to change the system to perform in both
closed and open, Duct system with a window (close / open), Wind Anemometer to measure
air velocity in the duct, Wet Bulb & Dry Bulb Temperatures (2 Nos) placed before and after
evaporator / cooling coil.
Temperature indicator with selector switch to measure air temperature upstream of cooling
coil and downstream of post heater.
Energy meters (2 Nos) for compressor and downstream of compressor
Pressure gauges – at both upstream and downstream of compressor
Pressure switches to limit pressures upstream and downstream of compressor
Thermostat to limit negative temperatures in the cooling coil
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PROCEDURE:
Repeat the above procedure (as mentioned in A) with the following changes:
1. Window closed.
2. Valve in Close cycle position to facilitate circulation of air inside the Duct system
3. Additional fan Switched –OFF.
4. Note all parameters as mentioned in A (9)
C. HUMIDIFICATION – OPEN CYCLE OPERATION
Repeat the above procedure (as mentioned in A) with the following:
1. Open the window, position the valve accordingly.
2. Switch- ON both fans
3. Switch – ON both pre –heater and post heater.
4. Switch –ON steam generator
5. Note all parameters as mentioned in A (9)
D. SIMULATION OF WINTER AIR CONDITIONING – OPEN CYCLE
OPERATION
Repeat the above procedure (as mentioned in A)with the following:
1. Open the Window, position the valve accordingly.
2. Switch –ON both fans
3. Switch –ON post heater only (switch – OFF Pre-heater and steam generator)
1. Type of refrigerant=Freon 22
2. Heaters capacity= 500 W
3. Energy meter constant=3200 imp/kWh
4. Thermo couple type= RTD
5. Power capacity of motor = 1/3 HP
PRECAUTIONS:
1
2
3
Wi Wf Φi Φf TOR
kg/kg kg/kg % %
of air of air
Where,
P1=Compressor inlet pressure, bar
P2= Compressor outlet pressure, bar
T1=Temperature at compressor inlet (C)
T2=Temperature at compressor outlet (C)
T3=Temperature at condenser outlet (C)
=
Qa= Heat absorbed by the refrigerant from air, kJ/kg
Obtained from psychrometric chart (Enthalpy difference between before and after cooling)
ma= Mass flow rate of air cooled, kg/s
= ρAv
ρ= Density of air, kg/m3 A=Cross-sectional area of duct, m2
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the driving force to transfer following
i. Heat transfer ii. Mass transfer iii. Fluid transfer iv. Electrical energy transfer
2. What are the applications of heat transfer?
3. Differentiate between heat transfer and thermodynamics?
4. Define the conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer modes
5. Which mode of heat transfer is most efficient?
6. State the following laws
i. Fourier’s law of heating ii. Newton’s law of cooling iii. Stefan Boltzmann
law
7. What is thermal conductivity?
8. Mention the thermal conductivity of following materials
i. Diamond ii. Gold ii. Copper iii. Aluminium iv. Brick v. Mica vi.
Bakelite
9. Define thermal diffusivity
10. What is the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and
gasses?
11. When overall heat transfer coefficient will be used?
12. What is the effect of temperature on thermal conductivity of non-metallic amorphous
solids
13. Due to which reason most metals are good conductors of heat?
14. Write the Laplace, Poisson and Diffusion equations
15. Define heat transfer coefficient
16. Compare Fourier’s law of conduction with Ohm’s law of electricity
17. What is steady state and unsteady state hear transfers? Give examples
18. Define composite wall and overall heat coefficient
19. Define thermal contact resistance
20. Define critical thickness of insulation. What is its significance?
21. Define fin. Mention its function
22. List out the types of fins
23. What are three conditions of fin?
24. Define effectiveness and efficiency of fin
25. What is transient heat conduction? What are its applications?
26. What do you mean by infinite and semi-infinite solids?
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