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Shear Capacity Analysis of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams

using Geopolymer Flyash and Palm Oil Blast Furnace Slag as Additives
and Aggregate Substitution
To cite this article: T B Aulia et al 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 434 012199

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3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

Shear Capacity Analysis of High-Strength Reinforced

Concrete Beams using Geopolymer Flyash and Palm Oil Blast
Furnace Slag as Additives and Aggregate Substitution

T B Aulia1,*, Muttaqin1, M Afifuddin1, M Zaki1 and S Merriza2

1
University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
2
Balai Jasa Konstruksi Wilayah I, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

*aulia@unsyiah.ac.id

Abstract. High-strength concrete made with a lot of cement, aggregates and super plasticizer
leading to expensive cost. On the contrary, manufacturing of cement is un-environmental
friendly because it needs high fuel consumption and releases the CO2 emission to the
atmosphere. Moreover, the availability of aggregates coming from river and natural rock
decreases over time. This research aims to analyze shear capacity of high-strength reinforced
concrete (HSRC) beams added with geopolymer flyash i.e., 15% coal flyash (CFA), 10%
pozzolanic flyash (PFA) and 15% palm oil blast furnace slag ash (POSFA) from cement weight
as additives; 10% palm oil blast furnace slag (POSS) and 20% pozzolanic sand (PSS) as fine
aggregate substitution; and 40% palm oil blast furnace slag as coarse aggregate substitution
(POSCA). One plain beam without flyash and aggregate substitution (PBHSC) was tested as
comparison. Shear capacity of beams was tested by giving a concentrated load which divided
then into two point load (third point loading). Result of shear test showed that all beams
experienced shear failure as planned, obtained by applying the actual capacity ratio of flexure to
shear 2.29. Aggregate substitution from palm oil blast furnace slag both as fine and coarse
aggregates could enhance shear capacity of HSRC beam compared with plain beam. The
hardness of palm oil blast furnace slag contributed to this increase, which has wearing value not
much different than split, i.e., 4.7% compared with 6.7%. Utilization of flyash did not contribute
to the increase of shear capacity as well, although its compressive strength enhanced when
compared to PBHSC.

1. Introduction
High-strength concretes made by using a lot of cement, aggregates with highest quality and require
additives and super plasticizer leading to expensive cost. They offer many advantages such as high load
bearing capacity, good durability and serviceability which make them well-matched to be used for
advanced infrastructures. Furthermore, due to increased strength, saving of structural dimension and
reinforcement make them more efficient to be used than normal-strength concretes [1].
However, cement production at the plant is not environmental friendly. It needs high fuel
consumption to refine the clinkers with a temperature more than 1500oC and releases the CO2 emission
to the atmosphere. Manufacturing of 1 ton Portland cement delivers 1 ton CO2 to the atmosphere which
results in greenhouse effect as the cause of global warming and leads eventually to the climate change
[1, 2]. Besides, the availability of aggregates coming from river and natural rock decreases over time.

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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

Based on these, efforts in reducing the cement content to produce high-strength concretes with other
cementitious materials are much-needed, beside to reduce the dependence on natural aggregates.
Through the use of these substitution materials it is expected that they can still generate the same
mechanical properties and durability as the cement based high-strength concretes. This could be
achieved by utilizing materials which are available abundant in nature to produce the cost-effective and
environment-friendly high-strength concretes. Alternative that can be done is the use of geopolymer
flyash as additives for cement replacement and environmentally friendly palm oil blast furnace slag as
fine and coarse aggregates substitution [1]. Coal flyash is the waste material from electricity steam
power plant having higher fineness than cement grains, and palm oil blast furnace slag is palm oil
processing residue that when used for concrete it just needs to be refined and sieved. So it can be
concluded that processing of such materials is environmental friendlier than cement production.
The flexural capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete beams using flyash geopolymer as cement
replacement, i.e., coal flyash and pozzolanic flyash as well as palm oil blast furnace slag and pozzolanic
sand as fine aggregate substitution has been investigated in [1]. The results showed that replacing 15%
cement with coal flyash and 10% cement with pozzolanic flyash as well as 10% palm oil blast furnace
slag and 10% pozzolanic sand as fine aggregate substitution could enhance bending behavior of the
beams significantly, especially in flexural capacity, deflection and ductility.
Geopolymer is inorganic polymer having high content of alkaline, alumina and silica which
possesses cementitious characteristics so that it can be used as additive in concrete. Coal flyash is the
coal burning waste possessing hydraulic characteristics. Another geopolymer additive is natural
pozzolan. It is a sedimentation material from volcanic ash which contains silica alumina compound in
an amorphous form. When mixed into concrete it will react with Ca(OH)2 to form Calcium Silicate
Hydrate (CSH) and Calcium Alluminate Hydrate (CAH) compound, which could increase the concrete
strength.
Palm oil blast furnace slag is a solid waste from the burning of bunches, fibers and shells of crude
palm, which has pozzolanic properties because it contains silica component in a big amount. The
availability of crude palm is quite abundant in Indonesia. In 2014 there were 10.9 million hectares of
crude palm plantation with a crude palm oil production of 29.3 million tons, generating 60% palm waste
[1]. The waste of crude palm burning at high temperature produces hard slag which is known as palm
oil blast furnace slag. The ash of such slag is a biomass containing high SiO2 content that is potential to
be used as additive and fine aggregates [1].
Beams loaded with bending withstand at the same time shear force. Shear force and bending will
occur along the structure holding shear force and bending moment, by establishing the equilibrium of
shear force and maximum normal stress in a field that forms a slope to the beam axis.
Cracking due to diagonal tensile stress either occuring only as a result of shear or combined with
bending is one of characteristics of the shear damage occurrence. At shorter shear span, the damage
occurs as a combination of shear, spalling and splitting, while for beam with longer shear span, cracks
due to flexural tensile stress will occur first before cracking due to diagonal tensile stress.
It is well known that failure of reinforced concrete beam due to shear is critical and brittle. The beam
will collapse suddenly without any prior notice. On these bases, researches on the shear capacity of
reinforced concrete beam are absolutely necessary.
T. B. Aulia et al [1] stated that shear failure of the beam would occur when the actual capacity ratio
of flexure to shear was more than 2. Further, B. Bae et al [3] in their experiment concluded that the beam
without stirrups having a shear span to depth ratio 3,5 and 2 induced the shear failure. According to [4]
testing of shear failure could be carried out by putting the stirrups in a large distance each other in the
shear region at a distance of 1/3 beam span from the beam support.
Calculation of flexural and shear capacity of reinforced concrete beam referring to ACI-318
provisions [5], whose calculation analysis has been applied in [1, 6].
M. Coo and T. Pheeraphan [7] revealed that shear capacity of reinforced preplaced aggregate
concrete beam decreased as more cement replaced with flyash and limestone powder. The flyash used
was Type F conforming to ASTM C618 [8].

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3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

Nevertheless, shear capacity analysis of high-strength reinforced concrete beam added with
geopolymer flyash, which is available abundant in the nature, and by utilizing waste material as additives
and natural aggregate substitution, which has a beneficial effect to environmental preservation, is still
scrimpy studied.
Therefore, this work attemps to obtain shear capacity of high-strength concrete beam using
geopolymer flyash i.e., coal flyash, pozzolanic flyash as well as palm oil blast furnace slag ash and
application of palm oil blast furnace slag and pozzolanic sand as fine and coarse aggregate substitution.
The main purpose is to get an effective and efficient high-strength concrete possessing a high
serviceability, durability, sustainability and environmentally friendly.

2. Experimental program

2.1. Materials
The coal flyash used came from the coal powered electricity power plant in Nagan Raya Regency, Aceh,
having the chemical content composition according to [1] as follows: SiO2 = 26.65%, Al2O3 = 9.6%,
Fe2O3 = 17.56%, and SO3 = 2.51%. The content of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 of coal flyash is 53.81%
which is classified into Class C flyash according to ASTM C.618, with a minimum SiO2, Al2O3, and
Fe2O3 content about 50% [8].
The pozzolanic flyash which originated from Beurandeh Village, Krueng Raya Subdistrict, Regency
of Aceh Besar was used in this research whose chemical composition referring to [1], i.e., SiO2 =
42.96%, Fe2O3 = 1.92%, CaO = 0.42%, MgO = 0.28%, Na2O = 0.13%, K2O = 0.36%, and TiO2 = 0.12%.
Their physical characteristics were 1.21 kg/l for the bulk density and 2.375 for fineness modulus. For
the need as fine aggregate substitution, pozzolanic sand was used in the form of coarser grains. Further,
palm oil blast furnace slag used has chemical composition as follows: SiO2 = 34.11%, Al2O3 = 3.57%,
Fe2O3 = 2.06%, and SO2 = 0.2% in accordance with the characteristics used in [1].
As additives, coal flyash was used in amount of 15%, which is abbreviated as CFA; pozzolanic flyash
with a dosage of 10%, abbreviated as PFA; and palm oil blast furnace slag ash as much of 15%,
abbreviated as POSFA; each from cement weight respectively. Furthermore, 10% palm oil blast furnace
slag (POSS) and 20% pozzolanic sand (PSS) were applied as fine aggregate substitution. Hereinafter,
40% palm oil blast furnace slag was used as coarse aggregate substitution (POSCA). Finally, one plain
beam without flyash and aggregate substitution either as fine and coarse aggregates (PBHSC) was cast
and tested as comparison.
Mix design with a w/c-ratio 0.30 comprising of 600 kg/m3 Portland cement type I content and 1.5%
polycarboxylate ether based super plasticizer Viscocrete-10 from the cement weight was used in the
concrete mixtures. Split with a maximum diameter of 4.76 mm (2-5 mm) was used as fine aggregate
and split with a maximum diameter of 12 mm (5-8 and 8-12mm) was used as coarse aggregate.
To obtain compressive strength, cylinders with a diameter 150 mm and height 300 mm were cast and
tested, and plain concrete beams with a dimension of 150 x 150 x 600 mm were tested to get the flexural
tensile strength. Testing of flexural tensile strength was executed by loading the beam with concentrated
load at two points each at 1/3 span of the beam. The compressive strength and flexural tensile strength
were tested at 28 days.
The beam specimens had a dimension of 150 x 300 x 2200 mm and were designed to experience
shear failure. To guarantee such failure mechanism to occur, all beams were reinforced with 4 D 18.9
mm for flexural tensile reinforcement, 2 D 15.8 mm for compressive reinforcement and Ø5.68 mm –
300 mm for stirrups. The flexural reinforcement had a yield point of steel (fy) 462.24 MPa and the shear
reinforcement owned a yield point 423.46 MPa. The 28 days compressive strength of PBHSC was 60.65
MPa resulting in the actual capacity ratio of flexure to shear 2.29. Shear behavior of the high-strength
reinforced concrete beams containing flyash and aggregate substitution was then compared with the
plain beam PBHSC.

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3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

Specimens were tested at the age of 28 days after casting with the observed parameter comprising
the crack propagation including the load at first crack, crack pattern, maximum shear load, beam
deflection, deformation and strain of stirrups and concrete, as well as failure pattern of the beams.

2.2. Instrumentation and testing

To measure deflection, seven LVDTs (Linear Variable Displacement Transducer) were put along the
beam, and to record the strain of reinforcements, three strain gauges were installed on the stirrups.
Furthermore, two strain gauges were placed at the shear region and maximum bending region in the
middle of the beam to measure the concrete deformation.
Load cell 50 T Tranducer 5
Tranducer 1 Tranducer 2
Tranducer 4 Tranducer 3
2 D 15.8
D 5.68 - 300 300
2 D 18.9
2 D 18.9 DATA LOGGER
150 Strain gauge Strain gauge
(Stirrups) (Concrete)

Tranducer 6 700 mm 600 mm 700 mm Tranducer 7

2000 mm
2200 mm

Figure 1. Testing and specimen setup.

Testing of the shear capacity of beams was performed by giving a concentrated load through a
hydraulic jack connected to the load cell. The load was then divided into two point load (third point
loading) and was increased incrementally for every 100 kg until the specimens collapsed. Deflection
and deformation of the beams were recorded using the portable data logger TDS-032. The occurring
crack pattern was observed visually and sketched then on the beam surface together with the imposed
load. The testing setup of specimens was exhibited in Figure 1.

3. Experimental results and discussion

3.1. Compressive and flexural tensile strength of concrete

According to the compressive testing results of cylinder control specimens it is shown that almost all
specimens produce higher compressive strength in comparison with the plain concrete without flyash
and aggregate substitution (PBHSC) except for high-strength concrete containing palm oil blast furnace
slag as additive (POSFA).
High-strength concrete added with 40% palm oil blast furnace slag as coarse aggregate substitution
(POSCA) reached the highest compressive strength 67.50 MPa, followed with 20% pozzolanic sand as
fine aggregate substitution (PSS) 66.68 MPa, with 10% pozzolanic flyash (PFA) 66.42 MPa, with 15%
coal flyash (CFA) 64.56 MPa, as well as with 10% palm oil blast furnace slag as fine aggregate
substitution (POSS) 63.89 MPa respectively, while plain high-strength concrete without flyash and
aggregate substitution (PBHSC) generated 60.65 MPa. The lowest compressive strength which was
lower than plain concrete (PBHSC) was obtained in concrete containing 15% palm oil blast furnace slag
as additive (POSFA) i.e., 58.77 MPa.

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3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

Figure 2. Compressive strength of concrete.

Enhancement of compressive strength on the high-strength concretes containing flyash and aggregate
substitution was generated by pozzolanic effect of those geopolymer flyash, which comprises high
cementitious materials in form of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3, as well as the hardness of palm oil blast furnace
slag which has a quite high wearing value in comparison with split, i.e., 4.7% to 6.7%. Almost similar,
pozzolanic sand and slag utilized as fine aggregate substitution have a significant portion of pozzolanic
and cementitious materials, where a part of such materials could be eroded during casting and binding
then the Ca(OH)2 generated by primary hydration process to form extra Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-
H) which played an important role in improving the compressive strength of concrete. Results of
concrete compressive strength for each concrete mixtures used in this study were given in Figure 2.
Results of the concrete flexural tensile strength can be seen in Figure 3. Related to the flexural tensile
strength, high-strength concretes added with pozzolanic sand (PSS) resulted in the highest tensile
strength, i.e., 6.62 MPa, followed by 6.39 MPa for POSCA and 6.09 MPa for PFA, which were higher
than the plain high-strength concrete without flyash and aggregate substitution (PBHSC), that was 5.35
MPa. Furthermore, concretes with POSFA and CFA produced a slightly smaller flexural tensile strength,
i.e., 5.01 MPa and 4.80 MPa respectively, when compared with PBHSC, while high-strength concrete
containing palm oil blast furnace slag as fine aggregate substitution (POSS) earned the lowest, that was
3.67 MPa. Higher cementitious content in flyash and slag yielded good bond strength at interface
causing better interlocking between aggregates and cement pastes.
On the contrary, porous palm oil blast furnace slag could generate easier cracks formation at the fine
aggregates contributing to a lower tensile strength and elasticity modulus of concrete, as shown by
concrete with POSS. Flexural tensile strength of concrete is an indicator for the formation of initial
cracks in concrete. The first crack will appear when the flexural tensile strength of concrete is exceeded.

Figure 3. Flexural tensile strength of concrete.

3.2. Shear testing of high-strength reinforced concrete beams

3.2.1. Load and deflection. The relationship between load and deflection in the middle of beam span
for all tested high-strength reinforced beams is shown in Figure 4. It could be seen that three main
regions were formed during loading, i.e., initial crack area, yield strength area and maximum load area.

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3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

Figure 4. Load and deflection at beam mid-span.

According to the graphs, palm oil blast furnace slag used as aggregate substitution both for fine and
coarse aggregate produced the highest shear capacity, that was 258.393 kN for POSS and 255.352 kN
for POSCA. The resulting deflection was 8.420 mm for POSS and 8.970 mm for POSCA. These arising
loads and deflections were better than plain high-strength reinforced concrete beam (PBHSC) i.e.,
252.997 kN and 7.860 mm. Shear capacity and deflection of other high-strength reinforced concrete
beams tested in this research program were lower than those of PBHSC, i.e., 243.579 kN maximum load
which corresponding to a deflection of 7.190 mm for CFA, 236.810 kN and 7.440 mm for PFA, 233.378
kN and 11.280 mm for PSS, as well as 227.001 kN and 11.500 mm for POSFA.
At initial crack region within elastic phase, POSS beam experienced the first crack at a load of 52.385
kN corresponding to the deflection of 0.590 mm, which occurred above the average of concrete flexural
tensile strength of 35.953 kN. The POSCA beam underwent the first crack at a load of 84.561 kN with
a deflection of 1.540 mm, which also occurred above the average of concrete flexural tensile strength of
62.666 kN. Further, the first crack at PBHSC beam occurred at 51.109 kN having a deflection of 0.400
mm, which was very close to the average of concrete flexural tensile strength of 52.492 kN. The CFA
beam underwent the first crack at a load of 54.445 kN resulting in a deflection of 0.530 mm, which was
adjacent to the average of concrete flexural tensile strength of 47.068 kN. The PFA beam cracked firstly
at a load of 46.989 kN generating a deflection of 0.360 mm, which occurred below the average of
concrete flexural tensile strength of 59.732 kN. The PSS beam met the first crack at 57.486 kN resulting
in a deflection of 2.320 mm, which occurred adjacent to the average of concrete flexural tensile strength
of 64.892 kN. Finally, the initial crack at the beam added with palm oil blast furnace slag ash (POSFA)
occurred at a load of 58.859 kN with a deflection of 3.350 mm, which was above the average of concrete
flexural tensile strength of 49.157 kN. It could be clearly seen that the use of such geopolymer flyash
and slag as additives and aggregate substitution could increase the first crack load of high-strength
reinforced concrete beams except for PFA beam.
According to Figure 4 it could be observed that the beams containing POSS, POSCA, PFA and CFA
developed the load – deflection behaviour in a close manner with PBHSC signifying that such durable,
environmentally friendly and sustainable materials could be utilized in producing the high-strength
concrete having good shear capacity. On the other hand, the beams added with POSFA and PSS
generated a sloping and flatter load – displacement curves compared with other beams indicating a lower
stiffness but better in ductility.

3.2.2. Load and strain of shear reinforcement (Stirrups). The graphs of all load and strain relationships
of shear reinforcement (stirrups) were given in Figure 5. Based on the relationships between load and
strain of stirrups it could be noticed that POSFA beam owned the highest shear reinforcement strain in
amount of 388.367 µ at the load 227.001 kN, followed by CFA beam which had 371.508 µ at the load

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3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

243.579 kN, POSS beam possessed 85.476 µ at the load 258.393 kN, and POSCA beam resulting in
80.130 µ at the load 255.352 kN. It could be observed that all mentioned beams demonstrated a better
post - yield deformation compared with PBHSC beam which generated the shear reinforcement strain
amounting to 57.455 µ at the load 252.997 kN. This was indicating a more ductile behavior of the
beam.

Figure 5. Load and strain of shear reinforcement (Stirrups).

Ductility improvement of stirrups at palm oil blast furnace slag beam either used as fine aggregate
substitution (POSS) and as coarse aggregate substitution (POSCA) occurred simultaneously with the
shear capacity increase. Furthermore, PSS beam developed 17.914 µ at the load 233.378 kN, and PFA
beam yielded the lowest shear reinforcement strain, i.e., 10.445 µ at the load 236.810 kN.

3.2.3. Load and strain of concrete. Comparison of the relationships between load and concrete strain
for all beams analyzed in this research program was given in Figure 6. The maximum concrete strain
was generated by the plain high-strength concrete beam without flyash and aggregate substitution
(PBHSC) having concrete strain in amount of 131.464 µ at a load of 252.997 kN.

Figure 6. Load and strain of concrete at shear span.

Based on Figure 6, it could be concluded that high-strength reinforced concrete beams having large
shear capacity resulted in small concrete strains at the shear zone of beam, as shown by POSS and
POSCA beams. POSS beam produced -9.350 µ concrete strain at the load 258.393 kN and POSCA
beam resulted in 6.223 µ concrete strain at the load 255.352 kN. This explained the brittle behavior of
shear failure of the beam.
On the contrary, the use of flyash as cement replacement generated relatively larger strains of
concrete as shown by CFA, PFA and POSFA beams. CFA beam yielded 74.869 µ concrete strain at
the load 243.579 kN, PFA beam produced 71.823 µ concrete strain at the load 236.810 kN, as well as
POSFA beam resulted in 70.099 µ concrete strain at the load 227.001 kN. The relatively smaller shear

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3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

capacity and higher ductility of stirrups allowed for a gradual formation of concrete strain until it reached
their ultimate strains which were supported by the development of relatively high compressive strength
and flexural tensile strength of concrete.

3.2.4. Failure pattern. Failure pattern of each beams containing various geopolymer flyash as cement
replacement and slag as fine and coarse aggregate substitution testing with third point bending load, as
well as the plain high-strength reinforced beam, compared sequentially with each other in the same
scale, was given in Figure 7. Crack propagation in accordance with the applied incremental load was
also drawn in detail at the pictures. According to the pictures, most of arising cracks were shear cracks
occurred at shear span directing diagonal to the two loading point (diagonal tension cracks), combined
with a few flexural cracks at the pure bending zone. Firstly, the flexural cracks occurred vertically at the
pure bending zone of beam, but not continuing upwards to the compressive zone, while due to
incrementing load generated simultaneously many shear cracks in the shear span area. The beams failure
began with the spreading and propagating of shear cracks becoming the main shear macrocracks at the
supporting region. Such damage mechanisms showed the shear failures as planned. From Figure 7 it
could be clearly observed that high-strength concrete beams containing palm oil blast furnace slag as
fine aggregate substitution (POSS) and coarse aggregate substitution (POSCA) had more shear cracks
and crack branches than others showing a better shear resistance. Furthermore, the beam substituted
with other fine aggregate (PSS) did not show this tendency because of the low strength of pozzolanic
sand it self.
Weight : 268/266 Kg 25,8

Initial Crack Load: 5,2 ton

Max Crack Load : 25,8 ton
25,8
21,9
24,2
22
,1
21
,9 PBHSC
23 19
,6 16,3 ,9
25,8 4,9 23 ,5 15,2 20,9
2 16 14
25,7 8
7,4 10 11 11,5 17 25,2
25,8 20, 20,8 16,3 ,5
19,5 16 10,4 12,2 11,8
25,8 24 25,8 20
,5 12 25,2
,7
24
23,4 20,1 8 15,8
23 12 24
21,1 23,4 7,2 9,1
25,3 5,2 6,5 13 13,4
,9

19,2
,3

20,2

8 9,3
19

25, 22,9 6,2

20

10,9

Weight : 269 Kg
Initial Crack Load : 5,4 ton 22,
8 26
,2 23,8
21
,3
23
,1
22,8 POSS
,5
22

Max Crack Load : 26,2 ton 15,3 ,2

15

18,5 15,8 19 23
,1

25 23
,5 ,8 18,1 ,8
19 20,
1 14,8 11,6 11,0
,7 16,6 12,7 13,8 23
19 10,4 14,9
22

26,2 19,1 ,4
,4

26,2 12,8 10,4 16,0 13,6

26,2 17,3 24
14,5 12,8 17,2 6,5 19 ,9
23,0 11,2 13,8 13,8 ,4
14,1 6,5 5,4 9,9
21,3 9,4 9,4 7,9 6,0 9,5
19,6 22,0 23,0 17,0 11,8

Weight : 257 Kg
Initial Crack Load : 8,6 ton 26
23
26
24,5 ,5 19
17
26
26

18,7
19,7
18
25,7
21,9 POSCA
Max Crack Load : 26 ton 18,9
26
25,7
18,9 ,2 26
26 13,3 19
15,7
23,5 26 24,2 16,9 15,8
11,7 22 25
17,3

10,2
24,5 23,2 26
10,1 17,2 8,6 18,4 24,3
,4
24
,5 21 23
26 19 17,8 17 10,2
9,1
12,9 ,8 ,5
23,7 21,9 18,9 26
,2

26 26 8,6 20,2
10

26 26
25,617,9 18
8,6 8,6 12,2
23 24,7 18 22 23,2
8,6 9,10 17,5 8,6
26 25 ,4 21,2 26 10,7 18,1 9,1 10,6 22,9 20,2 ,6
1 17,8 11,4 8,6
25,6 18, 8,6 10,7

Weight : 266,4 Kg 23,7

Initial Crack Load : 5,8 ton
PSS
19,5

Max Crack Load : 23,7 ton 22 23,7

,6 21
23
,1 20
,8
19,1 20 19
19,1 17,2 ,1
21 14,1 22
10,3 17 13
19,1 17,7 17,5
20 15,1 14 9
18,4 8,7 12,4
10,8 9,8 21
20 16,2 23 ,7
9,4 ,7
21,5 23,2 13,4 9 7,1
12,8 5,8 7,4 12,9 9,7 8,1 13,7
7,9 15,9

Weight : 269,3 Kg
Initial Crack Load : 5,9 ton
Max Crack Load : 24 ton
20,2 23,4

22,1
22,7
21,9
PFA
20 20,1
20,1
16,5 22,7 23,4 19,4
20,2 17,4 19,3
22,7 18 17,2
20,2 18,1 16,5 14,5
24 20,8 18,9 12,7 11,3 18,1 13,3 13,7 15,8 23,5
22 16,5 10 12,7 13 10,6 14,9
,2

16 10,6
16,1
20

7,8 11,8 24
22,5 22 14,8
19,4 8 14,1 9,3 6,7 8,1 5,9
10,8
21
17,5 20,8

Weight : 269 Kg
Initial Crack Load : 5,7 ton
21,6
21,7

21,3 21
,6
23,4
21
,2 21,6
CFA
Max Crack Load : 24,8 ton 21,6
18
23,6
16,6
19,9 21,4 23,6 21
17,5 21 24,8
19,5 13,1
12,5 21,8 21 24,1
21,6 21,6 24 9,5 12,7 14,1 13,9
15 20,8 10,9 19,5 24,8 ,2
24
,8 16 9,5 15 20,3 ,8
19 21
15 ,6
24,8 18,3 13,7
8 8,1 17,7 8,1 18 5,7 18,4 11
7,9 24 24
21,6 12,1 7,9 7,2

Weight : 257 Kg
Initial Crack Load : 8,6 ton 22 19,3
19,2
POSFA
Max Crack Load : 26 ton 21,1
15,5
19,2
20 21,9
13,7 17,4
12,8 16,4 12,7 23
20 22,4 18,2
18,2 14,7 17 18,6 23
22,9 8,4 23
17,1 11 16,9 9,6 11 8
8,7 17
13 23
13 15,7 8 19,2
8,2 14,5
19,8 8 16,3 6 23
14,1 7,7 20,1 7

Figure 7. Failure pattern of high-strength reinforced concrete beams.

8
3rd Annual Applied Science and Engineering Conference (AASEC 2018) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 434 (2018) 012199 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/434/1/012199
1234567890‘’“”

4. Conclusions
The environmentally friendly palm oil blast furnace slag used as aggregate substitution both for fine and
coarse aggregate could increase the shear capacity and shear resistance of high-strength concrete beam,
better than plain high-strength concrete beam. However, the beam added with pozzolanic sand as fine
aggregate substitution did not show this tendency due to its low strength.
The sustainable geopolymer flyash used as cement replacement in this research program did not
contribute to improve the shear capacity of high-strength reinforced concrete beam, although having
better compressive strength in comparison with plain high-strength reinforced concrete beam. This was
caused by brittle behaviour of the beam, shown by a small beam deflection.

Acknowledgments
This research was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher
Education of Indonesia through the Directorate of Research and Community Services. The authors
would like to express appreciation for the generous financial support for this research while the findings,
opinions and recommendations presented are those of the authors.

References
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