2.

4 Seismic Waves

1
2
2.4.1 Plane waves

3
2.4.3 Spherical waves

4
Appendix

5
6
 Characteristics of P

 A compressional wave, deforms rocks

g y by
largely y change
g of volume and consists
of alternating pulses of contraction and
expansion acting in the direction of wave
travel.

• Compressional waves are the first waves to

be recorded by a seismometer, so they are
called P (for “primary”) waves.

P-wave: Longitudinal wave (縱波)

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 Characteristics S waves

 The second kind of body waves is a

shear
h wave.
• Shear waves deform materials by change
of shape,
• Because shear waves are slower than P
waves and reach a seismometer some time
after P waves arrives, they are called S (for
“secondary”) waves.

S-wave: Transverse wave

SV motions on the vertical plane parallel to the propagation direction

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• Compressional (P) waves can pass
through solids
solids, liquid
liquid, or gases
gases.

• P waves move more rapidly than other

seismic waves:
– 6 km/s is typical for the crust.
– 8 km/s is typical for the uppermost mantle.

 Shear (S) waves consist of an alternating

series of side-wise movements.
• Shear waves can travel only within solid
matter.
• The speed of a S wave is ~ 1/ 3 times that of a
P wave. A typical speed for a S wave in the
crust is 3.5 km/s, 5 km/s in the uppermost
mantle.

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10
• Seismic anisotropy - the dependence of seismic wave
speed on direction of polarization.

• Large-scale horizontal flow  Lattice preferred

orientation (LPO) of anisotropic mineral (e.g.
(e g Olivine)
 Vsh > Vsv

http://garnero.asu.edu/resources/animations/splits.html

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2.4.5 Energy in a plane wave

12
Low velocity = Large amplitude

13
2.5 Snell’s Law
Snell’s Law is a formula used to describe the
relationship between the angles of incidence and
refraction, when referring to light or other waves,
passing
p g through
g a boundary y between two different
isotropic media, such as air and glass

1. Solution of wave equation

2. Fermat’s principle
3 Huygens
3. Huygens’ principle

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Use x,y,z for ease of intuition.
Let’s consider plane waves propagating in the x-z plane.

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16
17
 Ray path

Which medium is faster?

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19
2.5.5 Critical angle

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2.5.7 Ray parameter and slowness

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 Why is the horizontal slowness (p) the same for P and S waves,
waves
but the vertical slowness different?

Because we have horizontal boundaries!

2.5.8 Waveguides

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SOFAR (SOund Fixing And Range)

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 Data

 Hydroacoustic Data
(1) International Monitoring
System (IMS)
hydrophone triad stations
DG
in Indian Ocean

- H08S : South Diego

Garcia (DG) array
(-7.6°, 72.5°)
- H01W : Cape Leeuwin
(CL) array CL
( 34 9°, 114.1
(-34.9 114 1°))

Sukyung Yun

Results

NEIC catalogue (1973~2006)

Sukyung Yun

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 Tsunami의
Tsunami 의 전파

해저의 지형 (깊이)가 가장 중요한 요소로 작용

Titov et al., (2005)

2.5.9 Fermat’s principle and geometric ray theory

Fermat’s principle: The ray paths between two points are those for which the
travel time is an extremum, a minimum or maximum, with respect to the nearby
possible path

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2.5.10 Huygens’ principle and diffraction

Huygens’ principle: Each point on a wavefront is considered to be a Huygens’ source

that give rise to another circular wave front

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 i i
j

V1dt V dt V dt V dt
sin i  , sin j  2  AC  1  2
AC AC sin i sin j

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1. Longer wavelengths  broader lobes
2 An obstacle (slit) is less than a half
2.
wavelength wide, waves are insensitive
to the details of its structure
3. The slit is very wide, diffraction occurs
only at the slit’s edges.

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There has to be a
continuity
i i off motion
i
along the boundary (e.g.,
the P waves leaving the
boundary have to have
the same frequency as
the S waves arriving at
the boundary).

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