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Chapter 1
Number Sets
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1.1 Set Identities
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pÉíëW=^I=_I=`=
`çãéäÉãÉåí=W= ^c =
råáîÉêë~ä=ëÉíW=f=
mêçéÉê=ëìÄëÉíW= ^ _ ==
bãéíó=ëÉíW= =
råáçå=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ _ =
fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ _ =
aáÑÑÉêÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ëÉíëW= ^ y _ =
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1.
^ ^=
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2.
^ _ =áÑ= ^ _ =~åÇ= _ ^ .=
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3.
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^=
4. bãéíó=pÉí=
` ^ _ ^ñ ö ñ ^ çê ñ _`=
5. råáçå=çÑ=pÉíë==
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Figure 1.
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^_ _^=
6. `çããìí~íáîáíó=
^ _ ` ^ _ ` =
7. ^ëëçÅá~íáîáíó=
` ^ _ ^ñ ö ñ ^ ~åÇ ñ _` =
8. fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=pÉíë=
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Figure 2.
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^_ _^=
9. `çããìí~íáîáíó=
^ _ ` ^ _ ` =
10. ^ëëçÅá~íáîáíó=
^ _ ` ^ _ ^ ` I=
11. aáëíêáÄìíáîáíó=
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^ ^ ^ I==
12. fÇÉãéçíÉåÅó=
^^ ^=
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13. açãáå~íáçå=
^f f=
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14. fÇÉåíáíó=
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^c ^ñ f ö ñ ^`
15. `çãéäÉãÉåí=
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16. `çãéäÉãÉåí=çÑ=fåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=~åÇ=råáçå
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17. aÉ=jçêÖ~åsë=i~ïë
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Figure 3.
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Figure 4.
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24. ^c f y ^
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26. k~íìê~ä=kìãÄÉêë
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27. tÜçäÉ=kìãÄÉêë
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28. fåíÉÖÉêë
w k ^NI OI PI `I=
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêë=~åÇ=íÜÉáê=çééçëáíÉë=~åÇ=òÉêçW=
w ^I PI OI N` I=
w w ^M` w ^I PI OI NI MI NI OI PI ` K=
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29. o~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
oÉéÉ~íáåÖ=çê=íÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëW==
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30. fêê~íáçå~ä=kìãÄÉêë
kçåêÉéÉ~íáåÖ=~åÇ=åçåíÉêãáå~íáåÖ=ÇÉÅáã~äëK
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råáçå=çÑ=ê~íáçå~ä=~åÇ=áêê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=oK=
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Figure 5.
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34. ^ÇÇáíáîÉ=fÇÉåíáíó=
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35. ^ÇÇáíáîÉ=fåîÉêëÉ=
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36. `çããìí~íáîÉ=çÑ=^ÇÇáíáçå=
~ Ä Å ~ Ä Å =
37. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=çÑ=^ÇÇáíáçå=
~ Ä ~ Ä =
38. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=pìÄíê~Åíáçå=
~ N ~ =
39. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáîÉ=fÇÉåíáíó=
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40. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáîÉ=fåîÉêëÉ=
~ N I= ~ z M
N
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~ M M
41. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=qáãÉë=M
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42. `çããìí~íáîÉ=çÑ=jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=
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~ Ä Å ~ Ä Å
43. ^ëëçÅá~íáîÉ=çÑ=jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=
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44. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=i~ï=
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45. aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=aáîáëáçå=
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~ N
Ä Ä
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1.4 Complex Numbers
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k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
fã~Öáå~êó=ìåáíW=á=
`çãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW=ò=
oÉ~ä=é~êíW=~I=Å=
fã~Öáå~êó=é~êíW=ÄáI=Çá=
jçÇìäìë=çÑ=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW=êI= êN I= êO =
^êÖìãÉåí=çÑ=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêW= M I= MN I= MO =
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46. áN á = áR á = á Q å N á =
á O N = á S N = á Q å O N =
á P á = á T á = á Q å P á =
áQ N= áU N = á Qå N =
ò ~ Äá =
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47.
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Figure 6.
~ Äá Å Çá ~ Å Ä Ç á =
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49.
~ Äá Å Çá ~ Å Ä Çá =
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50.
~ Äá Å Çá ~Å ÄÇ ~Ç ÄÅ á =
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51.
~ Äá ~Å ÄÇ ÄÅ ~Ç
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á =
Å Çá Å O ÇO ÅO ÇO
52.
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53. `çåàìÖ~íÉ=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë=
~ Äá ~ Äá =
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~ ê Åçë M I= Ä ê ëáå M ==
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54.
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Figure 7.
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~ Äá êÅçë M á ëáå M =
55. mçä~ê=mêÉëÉåí~íáçå=çÑ=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉêë=
fÑ= ~ Äá =áë=~=ÅçãéäÉñ=åìãÄÉêI=íÜÉå=
56. jçÇìäìë=~åÇ=^êÖìãÉåí=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
ê ~ O ÄO =EãçÇìäìëFI==
M ~êÅí~å =E~êÖìãÉåíFK=
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59. fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
êÅçë M á ëáå M ê
N N
ò N êN Åçë MN á ëáå MN êN
>ÅçëMN MO á ëáåMN MO @=
60. nìçíáÉåí=áå=mçä~ê=oÉéêÉëÉåí~íáçå=
ò O êO Åçë MO á ëáå MO êO
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M OSâ M OSâ ·
kíÜ=oççí=çÑ=~=`çãéäÉñ=kìãÄÉê=
ò å êÅçë M á ëáå M å ê ¨ Åçë
63.
§
á ëáå
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å
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64. bìäÉêsë=cçêãìä~=
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Chapter 2
Algebra
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2.1 Factoring Formulas
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oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=Å==
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
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~ Ä~ Ä =
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65. ~ O ÄO
~ Ä~ O ~Ä ÄO =
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66. ~ P ÄP
~ Ä~ O ~Ä ÄO =
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67. ~ P ÄP
~ ÄO ~ O ÄO ~ Ä~ Ä~ O ÄO =
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68. ~ Q ÄQ O
~ Ä~ Q ~ P Ä ~ O ÄO ~ÄP ÄQ =
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69. ~ R ÄR
~ Ä~ Q ~ P Ä ~ OÄO ~ÄP ÄQ =
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70. ~ R ÄR
~ å Äå ~ Ä~ å N ~ å O Ä ~ å P ÄO ~ÄåO Äå N I==
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72. fÑ=å=áë=ÉîÉåI=íÜÉå==
~ ÄO ~ O O~Ä ÄO =
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73.
~ ÄO
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74. ~ O O~Ä ÄO =
~ ÄP
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75. ~ P P~ O Ä P~ÄO ÄP =
~ ÄP
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76. ~ P P~ O Ä P~ÄO ÄP =
~ ÄQ
=
77. ~ Q Q~ P Ä S~ O ÄO Q~ÄP ÄQ =
~ ÄQ
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78. ~ Q Q~ P Ä S~ O ÄO Q~ÄP ÄQ =
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â> å â >
å>
ïÜÉêÉ= å ` â =~êÉ=íÜÉ=Äáåçãá~ä=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíëK=
~ Ä Å O
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80. ~ O ÄO Å O O~Ä O~Å OÄÅ =
~ Ä Å ì î O ~ O ÄO Å O ì O î O =
=
O~Ä ~Å ~ì ~î ÄÅ Äì Äî ìî =
81.
2.3 Powers
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mçïÉêë=Eê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=åI=ã=
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82. ~ ã~å ~ ãå =
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~ ã å =
~ã
83.
~å
~Äã
=
84. ~ ã Äã =
=
§~·
¨
ã
~ã
© Ä ¹̧
85. =
Äã
~
=
ã å
86. ~ ãå =
=
87. ~ M N I= ~ z M =
=
88. ~N N =
=
~ ã
N
89. =
~ã
=
ã
90. ~ å å
~ã =
=
=
=
=
=
2.4 Roots
=
_~ëÉëW=~I=Ä==
~ I Ä t M =Ñçê=ÉîÉå=êççíë=E å Oâ I= â k F=
mçïÉêë=Eê~íáçå~ä=åìãÄÉêëFW=åI=ã=
=
=
å
91. ~Ä å ~ å Ä =
=
92. å
~ãÄ åã
~ ã Äå =
=
I= Ä z M =
å
~ ~
93. å
å
Ä Ä
=
I= Ä z M K=
å
~ åã
~ã ~ã
94. åã
~
ã
Ä åã
Äå Äå
=
é
å ã å
95. ~ ãé =
~
=
å
å
96. ~=
=
åé
97. å
~ã ~ ãé =
=
ã
å ã
98. ~ ~ =
å
=
ã å ãå
99. ~ ~=
~
=
ã
100. å å
~ã =
=
~ å N
I= ~ z M K=
å
N
101. å
~ ~
=
~ ~O Ä ~ ~O Ä
102. ~r Ä r =
O O
=
N ~# Ä
~r Ä ~Ä
103. =
=
=
=
2.5 Logarithms
=
mçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ñI=óI=~I=ÅI=â=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å==
=
=
aÉÑáåáíáçå=çÑ=içÖ~êáíÜã=
ó äçÖ ~ ñ =áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ= ñ ~ ó I= ~ ! M I= ~ z N K=
104.
=
105. äçÖ ~ N M =
=
106. äçÖ ~ ~ N =
f áÑ ~ ! N
=
äçÖ ~ M ®
¯ f áÑ ~ N
107. =
© â ¹̧
OKTNUOUNUOU =
â of
=
N
117. äçÖ ñ äå ñ MKQPQOVQ äå ñ =
äå NM
=
N
118. äå ñ äçÖ ñ OKPMORUR äçÖ ñ =
äçÖ É
=
=
=
=
=
2.6 Equations
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=éI=èI=ìI=î=
pçäìíáçåëW= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó N I= ó O I= ó P =
=
=
119. iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçå=áå=låÉ=s~êá~ÄäÉ=
~ñ Ä M I= ñ K==
Ä
~
=
120. nì~Çê~íáÅ=bèì~íáçå=
Ä r ÄO Q~Å
~ñ Äñ Å M I= ñ NI O
O
K=
O~
=
121. aáëÅêáãáå~åí=
a ÄO Q~Å =
=
122. sáÉíÉsë=cçêãìä~ë=
fÑ= ñ O éñ è M I=íÜÉå==
ñ N ñ O é
®
¯
K=
ñ N ñ O è
=
123. ~ñ O Äñ M I= ñ N M I= ñ O K=
Ä
~
=
124. ~ñ O Å M I= ñ NI O r
Å
K=
~
=
125. `ìÄáÅ=bèì~íáçåK=`~êÇ~åçsë=cçêãìä~K==
ó P éó è M I==
ó N ì î I= ó OI P
N
ì î r P ì î á I==
O O
ïÜÉêÉ==
§è· § é· § è· § é·
¨ ¨ ¨ ¨
O O O O
è è
© O ¹̧ © P ¹̧ © O ¹̧ © P ¹̧
ì P I= î P K==
O O
=
=
2.7 Inequalities
s~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=ò=
~ I ÄI ÅI Ç
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW= ®
¯~N I ~ O I ~ P I I ~ å
I=ãI=å=
aÉíÉêãáå~åíëW=aI= añ I= aó I= aò ==
=
=
126. fåÉèì~äáíáÉëI=fåíÉêî~ä=kçí~íáçåë=~åÇ=dê~éÜë==
=
~ d ñ d Ä= >~I Ä@=
fåÉèì~äáíó= fåíÉêî~ä=kçí~íáçå= dê~éÜ=
~ ñ d Ä= ~I Ä@ =
=
~ d ñ Ä= >~I Ä =
=
~ ñ Ä= ~I Ä =
=
f ñ d Ä I= fI Ä@ =
=
ñdÄ=
f ñ Ä I= fI Ä =
=
ñÄ=
~ d ñ f I= >~I f =
=
ñt~=
~ ñ f I= ~I f =
=
ñ !~= =
fÑ= ~ ! Ä I=íÜÉå= ~ Å ! Ä Å K=
=
129.
fÑ= ~ ! Ä I=íÜÉå= ~ Å ! Ä Å K=
=
130.
=
136. fÑ= ~ ! Ä =~åÇ= ã M I=íÜÉå= K=
~ Ä
ã ã
=
137. fÑ= M ~ Ä =~åÇ= å ! M I=íÜÉå= ~ å Äå K=
=
138. fÑ= M ~ Ä =~åÇ= å M I=íÜÉå= ~ å ! Äå K=
=
139. fÑ= M ~ Ä I=íÜÉå= å ~ å Ä K=
~Ä
=
140. ~Ä d I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ~ ! M =I= Ä ! M X=~å=Éèì~äáíó=áë=î~äáÇ=çåäó=áÑ= ~ Ä K==
O
=
141. ~ t O I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~ ! M X=~å=Éèì~äáíó=í~âÉë=éä~ÅÉ=çåäó=~í= ~ N K=
N
~
~N ~ O ~ å
142. å ~N~ O ~ å d I=ïÜÉêÉ= ~N I ~ O I I ~ å ! M K=
å
=
143. fÑ= ~ñ Ä ! M =~åÇ= ~ ! M I=íÜÉå= ñ ! K=
Ä
~
=
144. fÑ= ~ñ Ä ! M =~åÇ= ~ M I=íÜÉå= ñ K==
Ä
~
=
145. ~ñ O Äñ Å ! M =
~ ! M= ~ M=
=
=
= = =
=
a!M=
=
ñ ñ N I= ñ ! ñ O = ñN ñ ñ O =
= =
= =
=
=
a M=
=
ñ N ñ I= ñ ! ñ N = ñ =
=
= =
=
aM=
=
=
=
f ñ f=
=
ñ =
=
146. ~Ä d ~ Ä =
Ñ ñ Ñ ñ Ö ñ ! M
=
! M I=íÜÉå= ®
Ö ñ ¯Ö ñ z M
151. fÑ= K=
Ñ ñ Ñ ñ Ö ñ M
=
M I=íÜÉå= ®
Ö ñ ¯Ö ñ z M
152. K=
=
=
=
2.8 Compound Interest Formulas
=
cìíìêÉ=î~äìÉW=^=
fåáíá~ä=ÇÉéçëáíW=`=
^ååì~ä=ê~íÉ=çÑ=áåíÉêÉëíW=ê=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=óÉ~êë=áåîÉëíÉÇW=í=
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=íáãÉë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=éÉê=óÉ~êW=å=
=
=
153. dÉåÉê~ä=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~=
§ ê·
^ `¨ N
åí
© å ¹̧
=
154. páãéäáÑáÉÇ=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=cçêãìä~=
fÑ=áåíÉêÉëí=áë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=çåÅÉ=éÉê=óÉ~êI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=éêÉîáçìë=
^ `N ê K=
Ñçêãìä~=ëáãéäáÑáÉë=íçW=
í
fÑ=áåíÉêÉëí=áë=ÅçãéçìåÇÉÇ=Åçåíáåì~ääó=E å o f FI=íÜÉå==
155. `çåíáåìçìë=`çãéçìåÇ=fåíÉêÉëí=
^ `É êí K=
=
=
Chapter 3
Geometry
=
=
=
=
3.1 Right Triangle
=
iÉÖë=çÑ=~=êáÖÜí=íêá~åÖäÉW=~I=Ä=
eóéçíÉåìëÉW=Å=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
jÉÇá~åëW= ã ~ I= ã Ä I= ã Å =
^åÖäÉëW= D I E =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 8.
156. D E VMq =
=
===== =
=
Figure 9.
=
165. Ü O ÑÖ I===
ïÜÉêÉ=Ü=áë=íÜÉ=~äíáíìÇÉ=Ñêçã=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=~åÖäÉK==
=
166. ã O~ ÄO I= ã OÄ ~ O I===
O O
~ Ä
Q Q
ïÜÉêÉ= ã ~ =~åÇ= ã Ä =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ãÉÇá~åë=íç=íÜÉ=äÉÖë=~=~åÇ=ÄK==
=
=
=
Figure 10.
=
Å
167. ã Å I==
O
ïÜÉêÉ= ã Å =áë=íÜÉ=ãÉÇá~å=íç=íÜÉ=ÜóéçíÉåìëÉ=ÅK=
=
Å
168. o ãÅ =
O
~ ÄÅ
=
~Ä
~ ÄÅ
169. ê =
O
=
170. ~Ä ÅÜ =
=
=
~Ä ÅÜ
171. p =
O O
=
=
=
3.2 Isosceles Triangle
=
_~ëÉW=~=
_~ëÉ=~åÖäÉW= E =
iÉÖëW=Ä=
sÉêíÉñ=~åÖäÉW= D =
^äíáíìÇÉ=íç=íÜÉ=Ä~ëÉW=Ü=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 11.
D
=
172. E VMq =
O
=
ÄO
O
~
173. Ü O =
Q
174. i ~ OÄ =
=
ëáå D =
O
~Ü Ä
175. p
O O
=
=
=
3.3 Equilateral Triangle
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=~=Éèìáä~íÉê~ä=íêá~åÖäÉW=~=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 12.
=
~ P
176. Ü =
O
=
O ~ P
177. o Ü =
P P
=
N ~ P o
178. ê Ü =
P S O
=
179. i P~ =
=
O
~Ü ~ P
180. p =
O Q
=
=
=
3.4 Scalene Triangle
E^=íêá~åÖäÉ=ïáíÜ=åç=íïç=ëáÇÉë=Éèì~äF=
=
=
~ ÄÅ
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=íêá~åÖäÉW=~I=ÄI=Å=
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW= é ==
^åÖäÉë=çÑ=~=íêá~åÖäÉW= DI EI J =
O
^äíáíìÇÉë=íç=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉë=~I=ÄI=ÅW= Ü ~ I Ü Ä I Ü Å =
jÉÇá~åë=íç=íÜÉ=ëáÇÉë=~I=ÄI=ÅW= ã ~ I ã Ä I ã Å =
_áëÉÅíçêë=çÑ=íÜÉ=~åÖäÉë= DI EI J W= í ~ I í Ä I í Å =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 13.
181. D E J NUMq =
=
182. ~ Ä ! Å I==
=
Ä Å ! ~ I==
~ Å ! Ä K=
183. ~ Ä Å I==
=
Ä Å ~ I==
~ Å Ä K=
=
184. jáÇäáåÉ=
~
è I= è öö ~ K=
O
=
===== =
=
Figure 14.
=
185. i~ï=çÑ=`çëáåÉë=
~ O ÄO Å O OÄÅ Åçë D I=
ÄO ~ O Å O O~Å Åçë E I=
Å O ~ O ÄO O~Ä Åçë J K=
=
186. i~ï=çÑ=páåÉë=
~ Ä Å
ëáå D ëáå E ëáå J
Oo I==
ïÜÉêÉ=o=áë=íÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉK==
=
~ Ä Å ÄÅ ~Å ~Ä ~ÄÅ
O ëáå D O ëáå E O ëáå J OÜ ~ OÜ Ä OÜ Å Qp
187. o =
é ~ é Äé Å I==
=
188. êO
é
K=
N N N N
ê Ü~ ÜÄ ÜÅ
é Äé Å I=
=
D
189. ëáå
éé ~
O ÄÅ
D
Åçë I=
é Äé Å K=
O ÄÅ
D
éé ~
í~å
O
éé ~ é Äé Å I=
=
O
190. Ü ~
éé ~ é Äé Å I=
~
O
ÜÄ
éé ~ é Äé Å K=
Ä
O
ÜÅ
Å
===== =
=
Figure 15.
=
O O O
193. ^j ã ~ I= _j ã Ä I= `j ã Å =EcáÖKNRFK=
P P P
QÄÅéé ~
=
Ä Å O
194. í O~ I==
Q~Åéé Ä
~ Å O
í OÄ I==
Q~Äéé Å
~ ÄO
í OÅ K=
~Ü ~ ÄÜ Ä ÅÜ Å
195. p I==
~Ä ëáå J ~Å ëáå E ÄÅ ëáå D
O O O
p I==
éé ~ é Äé Å =EeÉêçåsë=cçêãìä~FI=
O O O
p
p éê I==
~ÄÅ
p I=
=
=
Figure 16.
196. Ç ~ O ==
=
Ç ~ O
197. o =
O O
=
~
198. ê =
O
=
199. i Q~ =
=
O
200. p ~ =
=
=
=
3.6 Rectangle
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=êÉÅí~åÖäÉW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 17.
=
201. Ç ~ O ÄO ==
Ç
202. o =
O
203. i O~ Ä =
=
=
204. p ~Ä =
=
=
=
3.7 Parallelogram
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=é~ê~ääÉäçÖê~ãW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
`çåëÉÅìíáîÉ=~åÖäÉëW= DI E =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= M =
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü==
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 18.
205. D E NUMq =
=
O~ Ä =
=
206. Ç Ç O
N
O
O
O O
208. i O~ Ä =
=
ÇNÇ O ëáå M K=
N
p
O
=
=
=
3.8 Rhombus
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=~=êÜçãÄìëW=~=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
`çåëÉÅìíáîÉ=~åÖäÉëW= DI E =
^äíáíìÇÉW=e=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 19.
=
210. D E NUMq =
=
211. Ç Ç
O
N
O
O Q~ = O
=
212. Ü ~ ëáå D
ÇNÇ O
=
O~
~ ëáå D
=
Ü ÇNÇ O
213. ê =
O Q~ O
=
214. i Q~ =
=
215. p ~Ü ~ ëáå D I== O
N
p ÇNÇ O K=
O
=
=
=
3.9 Trapezoid
=
_~ëÉë=çÑ=~=íê~éÉòçáÇW=~I=Ä=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 20.
~Ä
=
216. è =
O
~Ä
=
217. p Ü èÜ =
O
=
=
=
3.10 Isosceles Trapezoid
=
_~ëÉë=çÑ=~=íê~éÉòçáÇW=~I=Ä=
iÉÖW=Å=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 21.
~Ä
=
218. è =
O
=
219. Ç ~Ä Å =O
220. Ü ÅO
N
Ä ~ O =
Q
=
Å ~Ä Å O
OÅ ~ ÄOÅ ~ Ä
221. o =
~Ä
=
222. p Ü èÜ =
O
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Figure 22.
223. ~ Ä OÅ =
=
~Ä
=
224. è Å=
O
=
225. Ç O
Ü Å =
O O
Ü ~Ä
226. ê =
O O
=
~Ä ~
N ÜO Å O S =
O
ÅÇ ÅÇ Å Å Å Ä
227. o
OÜ Qê O ~Ä OÜ U Ä ~
228. i O~ Ä QÅ =
=
~ Ä
=
~Ä
Ü
~Ä iê
229. p èÜ ÅÜ ==
O O O
=
=
=
3.12 Trapezoid with Inscribed Circle
=
_~ëÉë=çÑ=~=íê~éÉòçáÇW=~I=Ä=
i~íÉê~ä=ëáÇÉëW=ÅI=Ç=
jáÇäáåÉW=è=
^äíáíìÇÉW=Ü=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= M =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
Figure 23.
230. ~ Ä Å Ç =
=
~Ä ÅÇ
=
231. è =
O O
232. i O~ Ä OÅ Ç =
=
~Ä ÅÇ
=
233. p Ü Ü èÜ I==
O O
ÇNÇ O ëáå M K=
N
p
O
=
=
=
3.13 Kite
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=âáíÉW=~I=Ä=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉëW= DI EI J =
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 24.
234. D E OJ PSMq =
=
235. i O~ Ä =
=
=
ÇNÇ O
236. p =
O
=
=
=
3.14 Cyclic Quadrilateral
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=èì~Çêáä~íÉê~äW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=Ç=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= M =
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉëW= DI EI J I G =
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW=é==
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
Figure 25.
237. D J E G NUMq =
=
~Å ÄÇ ÇNÇ O =
238. míçäÉãósë=qÜÉçêÉã=
239. i ~ Ä Å Ç =
=
N ~Å ÄÇ ~Ç ÄÅ ~Ä ÅÇ
=
Q é ~ é Äé Å é Ç
240. o I==
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é K=
O
=
ÇNÇ O ëáå M I==
N
241. p
é ~ é Äé Å é Ç I==
O
p
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é K=
O
=
=
=
=
=
Figure 26.
242. ~ Å Ä Ç =
=
243. i ~ Ä Å Ç O~ Å OÄ Ç =
=
ÇNOÇ OO ~ Ä ~ Ä é
=
O O
244. ê I==
Oé
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é K==
O
=
ÇNÇ O ëáå M =
N
245. p éê
O
=
=
=
3.16 General Quadrilateral
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=~=èì~Çêáä~íÉê~äW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=Ç=
aá~Öçå~äëW= ÇN I Ç O =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íÜÉ=Çá~Öçå~äëW= M =
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉëW= DI EI J I G =
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
======= =
=
Figure 27.
246. D E J G PSMq =
=
247. i ~ Ä Å Ç =
=
ÇNÇ O ëáå M =
N
248. p
O
=
=
=
3.17 Regular Hexagon
=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉW= D =
páÇÉW=~=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW=é==
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 28.
249. D NOMq =
=
=
~ P
250. ê ã =
O
251. o ~ =
=
252. i S~ =
=
O
~ P P
253. p éê I==
O
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é K=
O
=
=
=
3.18 Regular Polygon
=
páÇÉW=~=
fåíÉêå~ä=~åÖäÉW= D =
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëáÇÉëW=å=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉêW=é==
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 29.
åO
=
254. D NUMq =
O
åO
=
255. D NUMq =
O
=
S
~
256. o =
O ëáå
å
=
oO
~O
S
~
257. ê ã =
O í~å Q
å
=
258. i å~ =
=
åo O
OS
259. p ëáå I==
O å
p éê é o O
~O
I==
Q
i
ïÜÉêÉ= é K==
O
=
=
=
3.19 Circle
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉêW=Ç=
`ÜçêÇW=~=
pÉÅ~åí=ëÉÖãÉåíëW=ÉI=Ñ=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉW= D =
q~åÖÉåí=ëÉÖãÉåíW=Ö=
fåëÅêáÄÉÇ=~åÖäÉW= E =
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
D
=
260. ~ Oo ëáå =
O
=
=
=
Figure 30.
=
=
=
Figure 31.
=
262. ÉÉN ÑÑN =
=
===== =
=
Figure 32.
=
263. Ö O ÑÑN =
=
===== =
=
Figure 33.
D
=
264. E =
O
=
=
=
Figure 34.
265. i OSo SÇ =
=
=
SÇ
266. p So O
O
io
==
Q O
=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ÇÉÖêÉÉëFW= D =
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ê~Çá~åëFW=ñ=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 35.
=
267. ë oñ =
SoD
=
NUMq
268. ë =
269. i ë Oo =
=
=
oë oñ O
So D
O
PSMq
270. p ==
O O
=
=
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ÇÉÖêÉÉëFW= D =
`Éåíê~ä=~åÖäÉ=Eáå=ê~Çá~åëFW=ñ=
eÉáÖÜí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉÖãÉåíW=Ü=
mÉêáãÉíÉêW=i=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
=
=
Figure 36.
=
271. ~ O OÜo Ü O =
=
272. Ü o Qo O ~ O I= Ü o =
N
O
273. i ë ~ =
=
=== =
=
Figure 37.
=
275. Ç ~ P =
=
~
276. ê =
O
=
~ P
277. o =
O
=
O
278. p S~ =
=
P
279. s ~ ==
=
=
=
3.23 Rectangular Parallelepiped
=
bÇÖÉëW=~I=ÄI=Å==
aá~Öçå~äW=Ç=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 38.
=
280. Ç ~ O ÄO Å O =
281. p O~Ä ~Å ÄÅ =
=
=
282. s ~ÄÅ ==
3.24 Prism
=
i~íÉê~ä=ÉÇÖÉW=ä=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
i~íÉê~ä=~êÉ~W= p i =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 39.
p i ~ N ~ O ~ P ~ å ä =
284. i~íÉê~ä=^êÉ~=çÑ=~=oáÖÜí=mêáëã=
=
285. i~íÉê~ä=^êÉ~=çÑ=~å=lÄäáèìÉ=mêáëã=
p i éä I==
ïÜÉêÉ=é=áë=íÜÉ=éÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=íÜÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçåK=
=
286. s p_ Ü =
=
287. `~î~äáÉêáDë=mêáåÅáéäÉ==
dáîÉå=íïç=ëçäáÇë=áåÅäìÇÉÇ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=é~ê~ääÉä=éä~åÉëK=fÑ=ÉîÉêó=
éä~åÉ=Åêçëë=ëÉÅíáçå=é~ê~ääÉä=íç=íÜÉ=ÖáîÉå=éä~åÉë=Ü~ë=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=
~êÉ~=áå=ÄçíÜ=ëçäáÇëI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=îçäìãÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇë=~êÉ=Éèì~äK=
=
=
=
3.25 Regular Tetrahedron
=
qêá~åÖäÉ=ëáÇÉ=äÉåÖíÜW=~=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 40.
=
O
288. Ü ~=
P
=
P~ O
289. p_ =
Q
=
O
290. p P~ =
=
N ~P
291. s p_ Ü K==
P S O
=
=
=
3.26 Regular Pyramid
=
páÇÉ=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=~=
i~íÉê~ä=ÉÇÖÉW=Ä=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã==
kìãÄÉê=çÑ=ëáÇÉëW=å==
pÉãáéÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=é=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ëéÜÉêÉ=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=ê=
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= pi =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 41.
=
ÄO
~O
292. ã =
Q
=
S O
QÄO ëáå O ~
S
293. Ü å =
O ëáå
å
=
å~ QÄO ~ O
N N
294. p i å~ã éã =
O Q
=
295. p_ éê =
296. p p_ p i =
=
=
N N
297. s p_ Ü éêÜ ==
P P
=
=
=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã==
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= pN I= pO =
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
mÉêáãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= mN I= mO =
pÅ~äÉ=Ñ~ÅíçêW=â=
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 42.
=
ÄN ÄO ÄP Äå Ä
298. â=
~N ~O ~P ~å ~
=
pO
299. âO =
pN
ãmN mO
=
300. p i =
O
301. p p i pN pO =
=
=
pN pNpO pO =
Ü
302. s
P
> @
=
ÜpN ª Ä § Ä · º
« ¨ » N â âO =
O
ÜpN
P «¬ ~ © ~ ¹̧ »¼
303. s N
P
=
=
=
3.28 Rectangular Right Wedge
=
páÇÉë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=~I=Ä=
qçé=ÉÇÖÉW=Å=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 43.
~ Å QÜO ÄO Ä ÜO ~ Å O =
=
N
304. p i
O
=
305. p_ ~Ä =
306. p p_ p i =
=
O~ Å =
=
ÄÜ
307. s
S
=
=
=
3.29 Platonic Solids
=
bÇÖÉW=~=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=áåëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=ê=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅáêÅìãëÅêáÄÉÇ=ÅáêÅäÉW=o=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
308. cáîÉ=mä~íçåáÅ=pçäáÇë=
qÜÉ= éä~íçåáÅ= ëçäáÇë= ~êÉ= ÅçåîÉñ= éçäóÜÉÇê~= ïáíÜ= Éèìáî~äÉåí=
Ñ~ÅÉë=ÅçãéçëÉÇ=çÑ=ÅçåÖêìÉåí=ÅçåîÉñ=êÉÖìä~ê=éçäóÖçåëK==
=
pçäáÇ= kìãÄÉê= kìãÄÉê= kìãÄÉê= pÉÅíáçå=
çÑ=sÉêíáÅÉë çÑ=bÇÖÉë= çÑ=c~ÅÉë=
qÉíê~ÜÉÇêçå== Q= S= Q= PKOR=
`ìÄÉ= U= NO= S= PKOO=
lÅí~ÜÉÇêçå= S= NO= U= PKOT=
fÅçë~ÜÉÇêçå= NO= PM= OM= PKOT=
açÇÉÅ~ÜÉÇêçå= OM= PM= NO= PKOT=
=
=
Octahedron
=
=
=
Figure 44.
=
~ S
309. ê =
S
=
~ O
310. o =
O
=
311. p O~ O P =
=
~P O
312. s =
P
=
=
Icosahedron
=
=
=
Figure 45.
=
~ P P R
313. ê =
NO
=
O R R =
~
314. o
Q
=
315. p R~ O P =
=
R~ P P R
316. s =
NO
=
=
Dodecahedron
=
=
=
Figure 46.
=
~ NM OR NN R
317. ê =
O
=
~ P N R
318. o =
Q
=
319. p P~ O R R O R =
=
~ P NR T R
320. s =
Q
=
=
=
3.30 Right Circular Cylinder
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=Ç=
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
===== =
=
Figure 47.
OSoe =
=
321. p i
=
OSoe o SǨ e
§ Ç·
322. p p i Op_
© O ¹̧
=
=
323. s p_ e So O e =
=
=
=
=
=
Figure 48.
SoÜN Ü O =
=
324. p i
=
§ Ü ÜO ·
So So o ¨ N
O
© O ¹̧
O O
325. p_ =
ª § ÜN Ü O · º
326. p p i p_ So «ÜN Ü O o o ¨ »=
O
«¬ © O ¹̧ »¼
O
=
So O
327. s ÜN ÜO =
O
=
=
=
3.32 Right Circular Cone
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉê=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=Ç=
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= pi =
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW= p_ =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 49.
328. e ãO oO =
SãÇ
=
329. p i Soã =
O
=
330. p_ So O =
=
So ã o
N § Ç·
331. p p i p_ SǨ ã
O © O ¹̧
=
=
So e =
N N O
332. s p_ e
P P
=
=
=
3.33 Frustum of a Right Circular Cone
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW=oI=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=e=
pä~åí=ÜÉáÖÜíW=ã=
pÅ~äÉ=Ñ~ÅíçêW=â=
^êÉ~=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= pN I= pO =
i~íÉê~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W= p i =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 50.
ã O o ê =
=
O
333. e
=
o
334. â=
ê
=
p oO
335. O O
âO =
pN ê
336. p i São ê =
=
>
337. p pN pO p i S o O ê O ão ê = @
=
=
pN pNpO pO =
Ü
338. s
P
> @
=
ÜpN ª o § o · º ÜpN
«N ¨ » N â âO =
O
P «¬ ê © ê ¹̧ »¼ P
339. s
=
=
=
3.34 Sphere
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aá~ãÉíÉêW=Ç=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
Figure 51.
=
340. p QSo O =
=
So e SÇ
Q P N P N
341. s po =
P S P
=
=
=
3.35 Spherical Cap
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉW=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=éä~åÉ=Ñ~ÅÉW= p_ =
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=Å~éW= p` =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
Figure 52.
=
ê O ÜO
342. o =
OÜ
=
343. p_ Sê O =
344. p` SÜ O ê O =
=
345. p p_ p` SÜ O Oê O SOoÜ ê O =
=
ÜPê O Ü O =
S O S
Ü Po Ü
=
346. s
S S
=
=
=
3.36 Spherical Sector
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉ=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=Å~éW=ê=
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
====== === =
=
Figure 53.
347. p SoOÜ ê =
=
=
So Ü =
O O
348. s
P
=
kçíÉW= qÜÉ= ÖáîÉå= Ñçêãìä~ë= ~êÉ= ÅçêêÉÅí= ÄçíÜ= Ñçê= ±çéÉåu= ~åÇ=
±ÅäçëÉÇu=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=ëÉÅíçêK=
=
=
=
3.37 Spherical Segment
=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=ëéÜÉêÉW=o=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=Ä~ëÉëW= êN I= êO =
eÉáÖÜíW=Ü=
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉW= pp =
^êÉ~=çÑ=éä~åÉ=ÉåÇ=Ñ~ÅÉëW= pN I= pO =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
===== =
=
Figure 54.
349. pp OSoÜ =
=
SÜPêNO PêOO Ü O =
=
N
351. s
S
=
=
=
3.38 Spherical Wedge
=
o~ÇáìëW=o=
aáÜÉÇê~ä=~åÖäÉ=áå=ê~Çá~åëW= D =
aáÜÉÇê~ä=~åÖäÉ=áå=ÇÉÖêÉÉëW=ñ=
^êÉ~=çÑ=ëéÜÉêáÅ~ä=äìåÉW= p i =
qçí~ä=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
=
=
Figure 55.
=
So O
352. p i D Oo O ñ =
VM
=
So O
353. p So O D So O Oo O ñ =
VM
=
SoP
D
O P
354. s o ñ=
OTM P
=
=
=
3.39 Ellipsoid
=
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Å=
sçäìãÉW=s=
======= =
=
Figure 56.
=
S~ÄÅ =
Q
355. s
P
=
=
=
Prolate Spheroid
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Ä=E ~ ! Ä F=
=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
§ ~ ~êÅëáå É ·
356. p OSĨ Ä
© ¹̧
I==
É
~ O ÄO
ïÜÉêÉ= É K=
~
=
SÄ ~ =
Q O
357. s
P
=
Oblate Spheroid
pÉãá-~ñÉëW=~I=ÄI=Ä=E ~ Ä F=
=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
=
§ § ÄÉ · ·
¨ ~ ~êÅëáåÜ ¨ ¸
¨
358. p OSÄ Ä © ~ ¹̧ ¸
¨ ¸
I==
¨ ¸
ÄÉ L ~
© ¹
ÄO ~ O
ïÜÉêÉ= É K=
Ä
=
SÄ ~ =
Q O
359. s
P
=
=
=
3.40 Circular Torus
=
j~àçê=ê~ÇáìëW=o=
jáåçê=ê~ÇáìëW=ê=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉW=s=
=
== =
Picture 57.
=
360. p QSOoê =
=
361. s OSOoê O =
=
=
Chapter 4
Trigonometry
=
=
=
^åÖäÉëW= D I= E =
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêë=EÅççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=~=éçáåíFW=ñI=ó==
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=â=
=
=
4.1 Radian and Degree Measures of Angles
NUMq
=
| RTqNT DQR? =
S
362. N ê~Ç
S
=
363. Nq ê~Ç | MKMNTQRP ê~Ç =
NUM
S
=
ê~Ç | MKMMMOVN ê~Ç =
NUM SM
364. N D
S
=
ê~Ç | MKMMMMMR ê~Ç =
NUM PSMM
365. N ?
=
366. = ^åÖäÉ=
M= PM= QR= SM= VM= NUM= OTM= PSM=
S S S S
= EÇÉÖêÉÉëF=
S= OS =
^åÖäÉ= PS
Eê~Çá~åëF= M= = = = = =
= S Q P O O
=
=
= =
=
Figure 58.
=
367. ëáå D
ó
=
ê
=
368. Åçë D
ñ
=
ê
=
369. í~å D
ó
=
ñ
=
370. Åçí D
ñ
=
ó
=
371. ëÉÅ D
ê
=
ñ
=
372. ÅçëÉÅ D
ê
=
ó
=
ó ëáå ñ I= N d ëáå ñ d N K=
373. páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå=
=
Figure 59.
=
ó Åçë ñ I= N d Åçë ñ d N K=
374. `çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
=
=
Figure 60.
=
S
í~å ñ I= ñ z Oâ N I= f d í~å ñ d fK =
375. q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå=
ó
O
=
=
=
Figure 61.
=
=
=
Figure 62.
=
S
ó ëÉÅ ñ I= ñ z Oâ N K=
377. pÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå=
O
==
=
=
Figure 63.
=
ó Åçë ÉÅ ñ I= ñ z âS K=
378. `çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
=
Figure 64.
D= D= D= D= D= D=
379. = páå `çë q~å `çí pÉÅ `çëÉÅ=
nì~Çê~åí=
=
f= H= H= H= H= H= H=
ff= H= ù= ù= ù= ù= H=
fff= ù= ù= H= H= ù= ù=
= fs= ù= H= ù= ù= H= ù=
=
=
380. =
=
Figure 65.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
M= M= M= N= M= f= N= f=
S N P N O
PM= = = = = P= = O=
S O O P P
S O O
QR= = = = N= N= O= O=
Q O O
S P N N O
SM= = = = P= = O= =
P O P P
S
O
VM= = N= M= f= M= f= N=
O
= P= ùO=
OS P N N O
NOM= = = =
P P
S=
P O
N= f= N= f=
O
NUM= M= M=
N= f= f= N=
PS
OTM= = M= M=
PSM= OS = f= f=
O
M= N= M= N=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
S S O S O
NR= = = = O P = O P =
NO Q Q
S R N NM O R RO R
NU= = = = RO R =
NM Q Q R
R N
S NM O R R N NM O R
NM O R
R N
PS= = =
R Q Q
=
R N NM O R
R N NM O R
R N
PS
NM O R
RQ= = =
NM Q Q
=
RO R
NM O R R N
RO R =
OS
TO= = = R
R Q Q
=
S O S O
O P = O P =
RS
TR= = = =
NO Q Q
=
=
=
4.5 Most Important Formulas
=
383. ëáå O D Åçë O D N =
=
384. ëÉÅ O D í~å O D N =
=
385. ÅëÅ O D Åçí O D N =
ëáå D
=
386. í~å D
Åçë D
=
Åçë D
387. Åçí D
ëáå D
=
=
389. ëÉÅ D
N
Åçë D
=
=
390. ÅçëÉÅ D
N
ëáå D
=
=
=
=
4.6 Reduction Formulas
=
=
=
4.8 Relations between Trigonometric
Functions
=
O
=
D
N Åçë OD
r
O í~å
N Åçë OD O D
O =
N í~å
=
D
=
N í~å O
400. ëÉÅ D r N í~å O D
D
N
Åçë D
O=
N í~å O
O
D
=
N í~å O
401. ÅëÅ D r N Åçí O D
D
N
ëáå D
O=
O í~å
O
=
=
=
4.9 Addition and Subtraction Formulas
í~å D í~å E
406. í~åD E
N í~å D í~å E
=
í~å D í~å E
407. í~åD E
=
N í~å D í~å E
=
N í~å D í~å E
408. ÅçíD E
=
í~å D í~å E
=
N í~å D í~å E
409. ÅçíD E
=
í~å D í~å E
=
=
=
=
4.10 Double Angle Formulas
=
411. Åçë OD Åçë O D ëáå O D N O ëáå O D O Åçë O D N =
O í~å D
=
412. í~å OD
O
N í~å D Åçí D í~å D
O
=
=
Åçí O D N Åçí D í~å D
413. Åçí OD
O Åçí D
=
O
=
=
=
=
=
=
N NM í~å O D R í~å Q D
425. Åçí RD
í~å R D NM í~å P D R í~å D
=
=
=
=
4.12 Half Angle Formulas
=
D N Åçë D
426. ëáå r =
O O
=
D N Åçë D
427. Åçë r =
O O
=
D N Åçë D ëáå D N Åçë D
r ÅëÅ D Åçí D =
N Åçë D N Åçë D ëáå D
428. í~å
O
=
D N Åçë D ëáå D N Åçë D
r ÅëÅ D Åçí D =
N Åçë D N Åçë D ëáå D
429. Åçí
O
=
=
=
4.13 Half Angle Tangent Identities
D
=
430. ëáå D
O í~å
D
O =
N í~å O
O
=
D
N í~å O
431. Åçë D
O D
O=
N í~å
O
D
=
432. í~å D
O í~å
D
O =
N í~å O
O
D
=
N í~å O
433. Åçí D
D
O=
O í~å
O
=
=
=
4.14 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Product
DE D E
=
434. ëáå D ëáå E O ëáå Åçë =
O O
D E D E
=
435. ëáå D ëáå E O Åçë ëáå =
O O
DE D E
=
436. Åçë D Åçë E O Åçë Åçë =
O O
D E D E
=
437. Åçë D Åçë E O ëáå ëáå =
O O
=
ëáåD E
438. í~å D í~å E
Åçë D Åçë E
=
ëáåD E
=
439. í~å D í~å E
Åçë D Åçë E
=
ëáåE D
=
440. Åçí D Åçí E
ëáå D ëáå E
=
ëáåE D
=
441. Åçí D Åçí E
ëáå D ëáå E
=
§S §S
=
· ·
442. Åçë D ëáå D O Åçë¨ D O ëáå¨ D =
©Q ¹̧ ©Q ¹̧
§S §S
=
· ·
443. Åçë D ëáå D O ëáå¨ D O Åçë¨ D =
©Q ¹̧ ©Q ¹̧
ÅçëD E
=
444. í~å D Åçí E
Åçë D ëáå E
=
ÅçëD E
=
445. í~å D Åçí E
Åçë D ëáå E
=
D
=
446. N Åçë D O Åçë O =
O
D
=
447. N Åçë D O ëáå O =
O
=
§S D·
448. N ëáå D O Åçë O ¨
© Q O ¹̧
=
§S D·
=
449. N ëáå D O ëáå O ¨
© Q O ¹̧
=
=
=
=
4.15 Transforming of Trigonometric
Expressions to Sum
ÅçëD E ÅçëD E
=
450. ëáå D ëáå E =
O
ÅçëD E ÅçëD E
=
451. Åçë D Åçë E =
O
ëáåD E ëáåD E
=
452. ëáå D Åçë E =
O
í~å D í~å E
=
453. í~å D í~å E
Åçí D Åçí E
=
Åçí D Åçí E
=
454. Åçí D Åçí E
í~å D í~å E
=
í~å D Åçí E
=
455. í~å D Åçí E
Åçí D í~å E
=
=
=
=
N Åçë OD
=
456. ëáå O D =
O
P ëáå D ëáå PD
=
457. ëáå P D =
Q
Åçë QD Q Åçë OD P
=
458. ëáå Q D =
U
N Åçë OD
=
461. Åçë O D =
O
P Åçë D Åçë PD
=
462. Åçë P D =
Q
Åçë QD Q Åçë OD P
=
463. Åçë Q D =
U
S S
466. fåîÉêëÉ=páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
ó ~êÅëáå ñ I= N d ñ d N I= d ~êÅëáå ñ d K=
O O
=
=
=
Figure 66.
=
ó ~êÅÅçë ñ I= N d ñ d N I= M d ~êÅÅçë ñ d S K=
467. fåîÉêëÉ=`çëáåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
=
=
Figure 67.
=
S S
468. fåîÉêëÉ=q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
ó ~êÅí~å ñ I= f d ñ d f I= ~êÅí~å ñ K=
O O
=
===== =
=
Figure 68.
===== =
Figure 69.
=
¬ O ¹̧ © O ¼
=
Figure 70.
¬ O ¹̧ © O ¼
=
=
Figure 71.
=
=
4.18 Principal Values of Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
472. N O P
ñ= M= = = N=
N=
N O P
ñ= =
O
PMq VMq
O O
~êÅëáå ñ = QRq SMq =
NOMq NUMq
= =
~êÅÅçë ñ = NPRq = NRMq = =
= =
P= N= P=
473. P P
ñ= M= N=
QRq
P P
~êÅí~å ñ = Mq = PMq QRq SMq PMq SMq =
NPRq
=
~êÅ Åçí ñ = VMq SMq QRq PMq NOMq = NRMq =
=
=
=
=
4.19 Relations between Inverse
Trigonometric Functions
S
=
475. ~êÅëáå ñ ~êÅÅçë ñ =
O
=
476. ~êÅëáå ñ ~êÅÅçë N ñ O I= M d ñ d N K=
=
477. ~êÅëáå ñ ~êÅÅçë N ñ O I= N d ñ d M K=
=
I= ñ N K=
ñ
N ñ
O
478. ~êÅëáå ñ ~êÅí~å
O
=
N ñO
479. ~êÅëáå ñ ~êÅ Åçí I= M ñ d N K=
ñ
=
N ñO
480. ~êÅëáå ñ ~êÅ Åçí S I= N d ñ M K=
ñ
S
482. ~êÅÅçë ñ ~êÅëáå ñ =
O
=
483. ~êÅÅçë ñ ~êÅëáå N ñ O I= M d ñ d N K=
=
484. ~êÅÅçë ñ S ~êÅëáå N ñ O I= N d ñ d M K=
=
N ñO
485. ~êÅÅçë ñ ~êÅí~å I= M ñ d N K=
ñ
=
N ñO
486. ~êÅÅçë ñ S ~êÅí~å I= N d ñ M K=
ñ
=
I= N d ñ d N K=
ñ
N ñO
487. ~êÅÅçë ñ ~êÅ Åçí
S
=
489. ~êÅí~å ñ ~êÅ Åçí ñ =
O
=
ñ
N ñO
490. ~êÅí~å ñ ~êÅëáå =
=
I= ñ t M K=
N
N ñO
491. ~êÅí~å ñ ~êÅÅçë
=
492. ~êÅí~å ñ ~êÅÅçë I= ñ d M K=
N
N ñO
=
S
~êÅí~å I= ñ ! M K=
N
493. ~êÅí~å ñ
O ñ
S
=
494. ~êÅí~å ñ ~êÅí~å I= ñ M K=
N
O ñ
=
495. ~êÅí~å ñ ~êÅ Åçí I= ñ ! M K=
N
ñ
=
496. ~êÅí~å ñ ~êÅ Åçí S I= ñ M K=
N
ñ
S
=
498. ~êÅ Åçí ñ ~êÅí~å ñ =
O
=
I= ñ ! M K=
N
N ñO
499. ~êÅ Åçí ñ ~êÅëáå
=
500. ~êÅ Åçí ñ S ~êÅëáå I= ñ M K=
N
N ñO
=
ñ
N ñO
501. ~êÅ Åçí ñ ~êÅÅçë =
=
502. ~êÅ Åçí ñ ~êÅí~å I= ñ ! M K=
N
ñ
=
503. ~êÅ Åçí ñ S ~êÅí~å I= ñ M K=
N
ñ
=
=
ëáå ñ ~ I= ñ N ~êÅëáå ~ Så =
=
å
504.
í~å ñ ~ I= ñ ~êÅí~å ~ Så =
=
506.
ëáåáñ á ëáåÜ ñ =
=
508.
í~åáñ á í~åÜ ñ =
=
509.
Åçíáñ á ÅçíÜ ñ =
=
510.
ëÉÅáñ ëÉÅÜ ñ =
=
511.
ÅëÅáñ á ÅëÅÜ ñ =
=
512.
=
=
=
Chapter 5
Matrices and Determinants
=
=
=
=
j~íêáÅÉëW=^I=_I=`=
bäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ~ á I= Äá I= ~ áà I= Äáà I= Å áà =
aÉíÉêãáå~åí=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ÇÉí ^ =
jáåçê=çÑ=~å=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà W= j áà =
`çÑ~Åíçê=çÑ=~å=ÉäÉãÉåí= ~ áà W= ` áà =
ú
qê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ^ q I= ^ =
^Çàçáåí=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ~Çà ^ =
qê~ÅÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= íê ^ =
fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñW= ^ N =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW=â=
oÉ~ä=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= ñ á =
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ãI=å===
=
=
5.1 Determinants
=
513. pÉÅçåÇ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~ N Ä O ~ O ÄN =
~ N ÄN
ÇÉí ^
~ O ÄO
=
=
=
=
=
514. qÜáêÇ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~NN ~NO ~NP
ÇÉí ^ ~ ON ~ OO ~ OP ~NN~ OO~ PP ~NO~ OP~ PN ~ NP~ ON~ PO =
~ PN ~ PO ~ PP
~NN~ OP~ PO ~NO~ ON~ PP ~ NP~ OO~ PN =
=
515. p~êêìë=oìäÉ=E^êêçï=oìäÉF=
=
=
Figure 72.
=
516. k-íÜ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~NN ~NO ~Nà ~Nå
~ ON ~ OO ~ O à ~ Oå
ÇÉí ^ =
~ áN ~ á O ~ áà ~ áå
~ åN ~ å O ~ åà ~ åå
=
517. jáåçê=
íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=^=Äó=ÇÉäÉíáçå=çÑ=áíë=á-íÜ=êçï=~åÇ=à-íÜ=ÅçäìãåK===
=
` áà N j áà =
518. `çÑ~Åíçê=
á à
=
519. i~éä~ÅÉ=bñé~åëáçå=çÑ=å-íÜ=lêÇÉê=aÉíÉêãáå~åí=
¦~ `
i~éä~ÅÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=Äó=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=á-íÜ=êçï=
å
ÇÉí ^ áà áà I= á NI OI I å K=
à N
¦~ `
i~éä~ÅÉ=Éñé~åëáçå=Äó=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çÑ=íÜÉ=à-íÜ=Åçäìãå=
å
ÇÉí ^ áà áà I= à NI OI I å K==
á N
=
=
=
5.2 Properties of Determinants
=
520. qÜÉ==î~äìÉ==çÑ=~=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=êÉã~áåë==ìåÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=áÑ=êçïë=~êÉ=
ÅÜ~åÖÉÇ=íç=Åçäìãåë=~åÇ=Åçäìãåë=íç=êçïëK=
~ ~ O ~N ÄN
= N ==
ÄN ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
521. fÑ=íïç==êçïë==Eçê=íïç=ÅçäìãåëF=~êÉ==áåíÉêÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=íÜÉ=ëáÖå=çÑ=
íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=áë=ÅÜ~åÖÉÇK=
O
~N ÄN ~ ÄO
=
~ O ÄO ~N ÄN
=
522. fÑ=íïç=êçïë==Eçê=íïç=ÅçäìãåëF=~êÉ==áÇÉåíáÅ~äI=íÜÉ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=
ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=áë=òÉêçK=
~N ~N
M=
~O ~O
=
523. fÑ==íÜÉ===ÉäÉãÉåíë==çÑ==~åó=êçï==Eçê=ÅçäìãåF=~êÉ=ãìäíáéäáÉÇ=Äó=====
~==Åçããçå==Ñ~ÅíçêI==íÜÉ==ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí==áë==ãìäíáéäáÉÇ==Äó==íÜ~í=
Ñ~ÅíçêK=
â~ N âÄN ~ ÄN
â N =
~ O ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
524. fÑ==íÜÉ==ÉäÉãÉåíë==çÑ==~åó==êçï==Eçê==ÅçäìãåF=~êÉ=áåÅêÉ~ëÉÇ=Eçê=
ÇÉÅêÉ~ëÉÇFÄó=Éèì~ä=ãìäíáéäÉë=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=
çÑ=~åó=çíÜÉê=êçï==Eçê=ÅçäìãåFI==íÜÉ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=
~N âÄN ÄN ~N ÄN
áë=ìåÅÜ~åÖÉÇK=
~ O âÄO ÄO ~ O ÄO
=
=
=
=
5.3 Matrices
=
^å= ã u å =ã~íêáñ=^=áë=~=êÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=~êê~ó=çÑ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=Eåìã-
525. aÉÑáåáíáçå=
ÄÉêë=çê=ÑìåÅíáçåëF=ïáíÜ=ã=êçïë=~åÇ=å=ÅçäìãåëK==
ª ~ NN ~ NO ~ Nå º
> @
«~ ~ OO ~ Oå »
« » ==
« »
ON
^ ~ áà
« »
¬~ ãN ~ ã O ~ ãå ¼
=
> @
526. pèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ=áë=~=ã~íêáñ=çÑ=çêÇÉê= åu å K==
=
527. ^=ëèì~êÉ=ã~íêáñ== ~ áà ==áë==ëóããÉíêáÅ==áÑ== ~ áà ~ àá I==áKÉK==áí==áë=
> @
ëóããÉíêáÅ=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äK==
529. aá~Öçå~ä=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=ëèì~êÉ==ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~ää==ÉäÉãÉåíë==òÉêç=
ÉñÅÉéí=íÜçëÉ=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äK==
=
530. råáí=ã~íêáñ==áë==~=Çá~Öçå~ä==ã~íêáñ==áå=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=çå=
íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~ä=~êÉ=~ää=ìåáíóK=qÜÉ=ìåáí=ã~íêáñ=áë===========
ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó=fK==
=
531. ^=åìää=ã~íêáñ=áë=çåÉ=ïÜçëÉ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=~ää=òÉêçK=
=
=
=
5.4 Operations with Matrices
=
çÑ==íÜÉ==ë~ãÉ==ëÜ~éÉ== ã u å ==~åÇ=ÅçêêÉëéçåÇáåÖ=ÉäÉãÉåíë=~êÉ=
532. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë=^=~åÇ=_=~êÉ=Éèì~ä=áÑI=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=~êÉ=ÄçíÜ=
Éèì~äK=
=
çåäó=áÑI=íÜÉó=Ü~îÉ=íÜÉ=ë~ãÉ=ëÜ~éÉ= ã u å K=fÑ==
533. qïç=ã~íêáÅÉë==^=~åÇ=_==Å~å=ÄÉ=~ÇÇÉÇ=Eçê=ëìÄíê~ÅíÉÇF=çÑI=~åÇ=
> @
«~ ~ OO ~ Oå »
^ ~ áà « ON » I==
« »
« »
¬~ ãN ~ ã O ~ ãå ¼
ª ÄNN ÄNO ÄNå º
> @
«Ä ÄOO ÄOå »
_ Äáà « ON » I==
« »
« »
¬ÄãN Äã O Äãå ¼
=
=
=
=
=
«~ Ä ~ OO ÄOO ~ Oå ÄOå »
^_ « » K=
« »
ON ON
« »
¬~ ãN ÄãN ~ ã O Äã O ~ ãå Äãå ¼
> @
=
534. fÑ=â=áë=~=ëÅ~ä~êI=~åÇ= ^ ~ áà =áë=~=ã~íêáñI=íÜÉå=
ª â~NN â~NO â~ Nå º
>â~ @
« â~ â~ OO â~ Oå »
« ON » K=
« »
â^
« »
áà
¬â~ ãN â~ ã O â~ ãå ¼
=
535. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=çÑ=qïç=j~íêáÅÉë=
qïç= ã~íêáÅÉë= Å~å= ÄÉ= ãìäíáéäáÉÇ= íçÖÉíÜÉê= çåäó= ïÜÉå= íÜÉ=
åìãÄÉê= çÑ= Åçäìãåë= áå= íÜÉ= Ñáêëí= áë= Éèì~ä= íç= íÜÉ= åìãÄÉê= çÑ=
êçïë=áå=íÜÉ=ëÉÅçåÇK==
=
fÑ=
ª ~NN ~NO ~Nå º
> @
«~ ~ OO ~ Oå »
^ ~ áà « ON » I==
« »
« »
¬~ ãN ~ ã O ~ ãå ¼
ª ÄNN ÄNO ÄNâ º
> @
«Ä ÄOO ÄO â »
_ Äáà « ON » I=
« »
« »
¬ÄåN Äå O Äåâ ¼
=
=
=
=
=
íÜÉå==
ª ÅNN ÅNO ÅNâ º
«Å Å OO Å O â »
« ON » I==
« »
^_ `
« »
¬Ä ãN Å ã O Å ãâ ¼
¦~
ïÜÉêÉ==
~ áNÄNà ~ á O ÄO à ~ áå Äåà
å
Å áà áO ÄO à =
O N
E á NI OI I ã X à NI OI I â FK==
=
qÜìë=áÑ=
ª ÄN º
>~ @ ª~ NN
«~
~ NO ~ NP º
~ OP »¼
>Äá @ «Ä » I==
« O»
¬ ON
^ I= _
«¬ÄP »¼
áà
~ OO
íÜÉå==
ªÄ º
ª~ NN ~ NO ~ NP º « N » ª~ NNÄN ~ NP ÄP º
^_ « Ä
~ OP »¼ « O » «~ Ä ~ OP ÄP »¼
~ NO Ä O
¬~ ON ~ OO ¬ ON N
K==
«¬ÄP »¼
~ OO Ä O
=
536. qê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=íÜÉ=êçïë=~åÇ=Åçäìãåë=çÑ=~=ã~íêáñ=~êÉ=áåíÉêÅÜ~åÖÉÇI=íÜÉå=
íÜÉ=åÉï=ã~íêáñ=áë=Å~ääÉÇ=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=çêáÖáå~ä=ã~íêáñK===
fÑ= ^= áë= íÜÉ= çêáÖáå~ä= ã~íêáñI= áíë= íê~åëéçëÉ= áë= ÇÉåçíÉÇ= ^ q = çê=
ú
^ K==
=
537. qÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=^=áë=çêíÜçÖçå~ä=áÑ= ^^ q f K==
=
^_ q _ q ^ q K=
538. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
=
=
539. ^Çàçáåí=çÑ=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= åu å ã~íêáñI=áíë=~ÇàçáåíI=ÇÉåçíÉÇ=Äó= ~Çà ^ I=
> @
áë=íÜÉ=íê~åëéçëÉ=çÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=çÑ=ÅçÑ~Åíçêë= ` áà =çÑ=^W=
q
~Çà ^ ` áà K==
=
íê ^ ~NN ~ OO ~ åå K=
ÇÉÑáåÉÇ=íç=ÄÉ==íÜÉ=ëìã=çÑ==íÜÉ=íÉêãë=çå=íÜÉ=äÉ~ÇáåÖ=Çá~Öçå~äW=
=
541. fåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=~=j~íêáñ=
fÑ=^=áë=~=ëèì~êÉ= åu å ã~íêáñ=ïáíÜ=~=åçåëáåÖìä~ê=ÇÉíÉêãáå~åí=
ÇÉí ^ I=íÜÉå=áíë=áåîÉêëÉ= ^ N =áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=
^ N
~Çà ^
K=
ÇÉí ^
=
^_N _ N^ N K=
542. fÑ=íÜÉ=ã~íêáñ=éêçÇìÅí=^_=áë=ÇÉÑáåÉÇI=íÜÉå==
^u Ou I==
íÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=
ïÜáäÉ=íÜÉ=ÉáÖÉåî~äìÉë= O =ë~íáëÑó=íÜÉ=ÅÜ~ê~ÅíÉêáëíáÅ=Éèì~íáçå=
^ Of M K===
=
=
=
5.5 Systems of Linear Equations
=
=
s~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=òI= ñ N I= ñ O I =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW= ~ N I ~ O I ~ P I ÄN I ~ NN I ~ NO I =
aÉíÉêãáå~åíëW=aI= añ I= aó I= aò ==
j~íêáÅÉëW=^I=_I=u=
=
~Nñ ÄNó ÇN
=
544. ®
¯~ O ñ ÄO ó Ç O
I==
añ aó
ñ I= ó =E`ê~ãÉêsë=êìäÉFI==
a a
ïÜÉêÉ==
~NÄO ~ O ÄN I==
~N ÄN
a
~ O ÄO
ÇNÄO Ç O ÄN I==
ÇN ÄN
añ
Ç O ÄO
añ aó
ñ I= ó K=
fÑ= a M = ~åÇ= añ z M Eçê= aó z M FI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = åç==
a a
ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a añ aó M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= = áåÑáåáíÉäó= = ã~åó==
ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
~Nñ ÄNó ÅNò ÇN=
°
546. ®~ O ñ ÄO ó Å Oò Ç O I==
°̄~ ñ Ä ó Å ò Ç
P P P P
añ aó aò
ñ I= ó I= ò =E`ê~ãÉêsë=êìäÉFI==
a a a
=
ïÜÉêÉ==
~N ÄN ÅN ÇN ÄN ÅN
a ~ O ÄO Å O I= añ ÇO ÄO Å O I=
~ P ÄP ÅP ÇP ÄP ÅP
~N ÇN ÅN ~N ÄN ÇN
aó ~O ÇO Å O I= aò ~O ÄO Ç O K==
~P ÇP ÅP ~P ÄP ÇP
añ aó aò
ñ I= ó I= ò K=
fÑ= a M =~åÇ= añ z M Eçê= aó z M =çê= aò z M FI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=ëóëíÉã=
a a a
Ü~ë=åç=ëçäìíáçåK=
fÑ= a añ aó aò M I= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= ëóëíÉã= Ü~ë= áåÑáåáíÉäó=
ã~åó=ëçäìíáçåëK=
=
548. j~íêáñ=cçêã=çÑ=~=póëíÉã=çÑ=å=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë=áå=================
å=råâåçïåë=
~NNñ N ~NO ñ O ~ Nå ñ å ÄN
qÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=äáåÉ~ê=Éèì~íáçåë==
°~ ñ ~ ñ ~ ñ Ä
° ON N OO O
®
Oå å O
°
=
°¯~ åNñ N ~ å O ñ O ~ åå ñ å Äå
Å~å=ÄÉ=ïêáííÉå=áå=ã~íêáñ=Ñçêã=
§ ~ NN ~ NO ~ Nå · § ñ N · § ÄN ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨ ~ ON ~ OO ~ Oå ¸ ¨ ñ O ¸ ¨ Ä O ¸
¨
¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
I==
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨~ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
© åN ~ å O ~ åå ¹ © ñ å ¹ © Ä å ¹
^ u _ I==
áKÉK==
ïÜÉêÉ==
§ ~ NN ~ NO ~ Nå · § ñN · § ÄN ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨~ ~ OO ~ Oå ¸ ¨ ñO ¸ ¨ ÄO ¸
^ ¨ ON
¸ ¨ ¸ I= _ ¨ ¸ K==
I= u
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
¨~ ~ å O ~ åå ¸¹ ¨ñ ¸ ¨Ä ¸
© åN © å¹ © å¹
549. pçäìíáçå=çÑ=~=pÉí=çÑ=iáåÉ~ê=bèì~íáçåë= å u å =
=
u ^ N _ I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ^ N =áë=íÜÉ=áåîÉêëÉ=çÑ=^K=
=
=
Chapter 6
Vectors
=
=
=
=
& & & & o
sÉÅíçêëW= ì I= î I= ï I= ê I= ^_ I=£=
& &
sÉÅíçê=äÉåÖíÜW= ì I= î I=£=
& & &
råáí=îÉÅíçêëW= á I= à I= â =
&
kìää=îÉÅíçêW= M =
&
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= ì W= uN I vN I wN =
&
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=îÉÅíçê= î W= u O I vO I wO =
pÅ~ä~êëW= O I P =
aáêÉÅíáçå=ÅçëáåÉëW= Åçë D I= Åçë E I= Åçë J =
^åÖäÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=îÉÅíçêëW= T =
=
=
6.1 Vector Coordinates
=
á NI MI M I=
550. råáí=sÉÅíçêë=
&
à MI NI M I=
&
â MI MI N I=
&
& & &
á à â N K=
ñ N ñ M á ó N ó M à ò N ò M â =
=
o & & &
&
551. ê ^_
=
======= =
=
Figure 73.
ñ N ñ M O óN ó M O òN ò M O =
=
o
&
552. ê ^_
=
o o
553. fÑ= ^_ ê I=íÜÉå= _^ ê K=
& &
=
=
=
Figure 74.
ê Åçë D I=
=
&
554. u
ê Åçë E I=
&
v
ê Åçë J K=
&
w
===== =
=
Figure 75.
u uN I= v vN I= w wN K==
==
=
6.2 Vector Addition
556. ï ì î =
=
& & &
=
== =
=
Figure 76.
== =
=
Figure 77.
557. ï ìN ì O ìP ì å =
=
& & & & &
== =
=
Figure 78.
=
ì î îì=
558. `çããìí~íáîÉ=i~ï=
& & & &
=
560. ì î uN u O I vN vO I wN wO =
=
& &
=
=
=
=
=
=
561. ï ì î =áÑ= î ï ì K=
=
& & & & & &
=
=
=
Figure 79.
=
== =
=
Figure 80.
562. ì î ì î =
=
& & & &
MI MI M =
=
563. ì ì
& & &
M
=
&
564. M M =
565. ì î uN uO I vN vO I wN wO I==
=
& &
=
=
=
6.4 Scaling Vectors
566. ï Oì =
=
& &
=
=
Figure 81.
Oì=
=
& &
567. ï
568. Oì OuI Ov I Ow =
=
&
569. Oì ìO =
=
& &
570. O P ì Oì Pì =
=
& & &
571. OPì POì OP ì =
=
& & &
572. Oì î Oì Oî =
=
& & & &
=
=
=
6.5 Scalar Product
=
& &
ì î ì î Åçë T I==
573. pÅ~ä~ê=mêçÇìÅí=çÑ=sÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î =
& & & &
= =
=
Figure 82.
=
fÑ= ì uN I vN I wN I= î u O I vO I w O I=íÜÉå==
574. pÅ~ä~ê=mêçÇìÅí=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
& &
ì î uNu O vNvO wNwO K=
& &
=
fÑ= ì uN I vN I wN I= î u O I vO I w O I=íÜÉå==
575. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=sÉÅíçêë==
& &
uNu O vNvO wNw O
Åçë T
uN vN wN u O vO w O
K=
O O O O O O
ìî î ì=
576. `çããìí~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
& & & &
=
ì î ï ì î ì ï =
578. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
& & & & & & &
S
=
579. ì î M =áÑ= ì I î =~êÉ=çêíÜçÖçå~ä=E T
& & & &
FK=
O
S
=
580. ì î ! M =áÑ= M T K=
& &
O
=
S
581. ì î M =áÑ= T S K=
& &
O
582. ì î d ì î =
=
& & & &
ì ì ìO ì uN vN wN K=
& & & &O O O O
=
585. á á à à â â N =
& & & & & &
=
586. á à à â â á M =
& & & & & &
=
=
=
6.6 Vector Product
=
& &
ì u î ï I=ïÜÉêÉ==
587. sÉÅíçê=mêçÇìÅí=çÑ=sÉÅíçêë= ì =~åÇ î =
& & &
S
ï ì î ëáå T I=ïÜÉêÉ= M d T d X=
& & &
x
ï Aì= ~åÇ= ï A î X=
O
& & & &
x
& & &
x =sÉÅíçêë= ì I= î I= ï =Ñçêã=~=êáÖÜí-Ü~åÇÉÇ=ëÅêÉïK=
=
======= =
=
Figure 83.
=
& & &
á à â
588. ï ì u î
& & &
uN vN wN =
uO vO wO
=
& & & § v wN uN wN uN vN ·
589. ï ì u î ¨¨ N I ¸=
¸
© ¹
I
vO w O u O w O u O vO
ìu î
591. ^åÖäÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=sÉÅíçêë=EcáÖKUPF=
ëáå T & & =
& &
ìî
=
ì u î î u ì ==
592. kçåÅçããìí~íáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
& & & &
=
=
=
ì u î ï ì u î ì u ï =
594. aáëíêáÄìíáîÉ=mêçéÉêíó=
& & & & & & &
=
595. ì u î M =áÑ= ì =~åÇ= î =~êÉ=é~ê~ääÉä=E T M FK=
& & & & &
=
596. á u á à u à â u â M =
& & & & & & &
=
597. á u à â I= à u â á I= â u á à =
& & & & & & & & &
=
=
=
6.7 Triple Product
=
>ì& î&ï& @ ì& î& u ï& î& ï& u ì& ï& ì& u î& =
598. pÅ~ä~ê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=
>ì& î&ï& @ >ï& ì& î& @ >î&ï& ì& @ >î&ì& ï& @ >ï& î&ì& @ >ì& ï& î& @ =
=
599.
âì î u ï â>ìîï @ =
=
& & & && &
600.
=
601. pÅ~ä~ê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=áå=`ççêÇáå~íÉ=cçêã=
ì î u ï u O vO w O I==
uN vN wN
& & &
uP vP wP
ì uN I vN I wN I= î u O I vO I w O I= ï uP I vP I wP K==
ïÜÉêÉ==
& & &
s ì î u ï =
602. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=m~ê~ääÉäÉéáéÉÇ=
& & &
============ =
=
Figure 84.
=
ì î u ï =
603. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=móê~ãáÇ=
N& & &
s
S
=
=
=
Figure 85.
ì u î u ï ì ï î ì î ï ==
606. sÉÅíçê=qêáéäÉ=mêçÇìÅí=
& & & & & & & & &
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Chapter 7
Analytic Geometry
=
=
=
=
7.1 One-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ñ M I= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó M I= ó N I= ó O =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= O ==
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=éçáåíëW=Ç=
=
=
Ç ^_ ñ O ñ N ñ N ñ O =
607. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=
=
=
Figure 86.
608. aáîáÇáåÖ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=o~íáç= O =
=
ñ N Oñ O
I= O I= O z N K=
^`
N O
ñM
`_
=
======== =
=
Figure 87.
130
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ñN ñ O
609. jáÇéçáåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=
ñM I= O N K=
O
=
=
=
7.2 Two-Dimensional Coordinate System
=
mçáåí=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ñ M I= ñ N I= ñ O I= ó M I= ó N I= ó O =
mçä~ê=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= êI M =
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= O ==
mçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI==
aáëí~åÅÉ=ÄÉíïÉÉå=íïç=éçáåíëW=Ç=
^êÉ~W=p=
=
=
ñ O ñ N O ó O óN O =
610. aáëí~åÅÉ=_ÉíïÉÉå=qïç=mçáåíë=
Ç ^_
=
=
=
Figure 88.
131
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
611. aáîáÇáåÖ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=áå=íÜÉ=o~íáç= O =
ñ N Oñ O ó N Oó O
N O N O
ñM I= ó M I==
O I= O z N K=
^`
`_
=
======= =
=
Figure 89.
=
=
132
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
======= =
=
Figure 90.
=
ñN ñ O óN ó O
612. jáÇéçáåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=pÉÖãÉåí=
ñM I= ó M I= O N K=
O O
=
ñN ñ O ñ P óN ó O ó P
613. `ÉåíêçáÇ=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=jÉÇá~åëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
íÜÉ=íêá~åÖäÉ= ^_` K= =
=
133
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
========= =
=
Figure 91.
=
~ñ N Äñ O Åñ P ~ó N Äó O Åó P
614. fåÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=^åÖäÉ=_áëÉÅíçêëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
~ ÄÅ ~ ÄÅ
ñM I= ó M I==
ïÜÉêÉ= ~ _` I= Ä `^ I= Å ^_ K==
=
======== =
=
Figure 92.
134
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
615. `áêÅìãÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=páÇÉ=mÉêéÉåÇáÅìä~ê======================
_áëÉÅíçêëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ NO ó NO ó N N ñ N ñ NO ó NO N
ñ OO ó OO ó O N ñ O ñ OO ó OO N
ñ PO ó PO ó P N ñ P ñ PO ó PO N
ñM I= ó M =
ñN óN N ñN óN N
O ñO óO N O ñO óO N
ñP óP N ñP óP N
=
======== =
==
Figure 93.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
135
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
616. lêíÜçÅÉåíÉê=EfåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=^äíáíìÇÉëF=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ó N ñ O ñ P ó NO N ñ NO ó O ó P ñ N N
óO ñ P ñ N ó OO N ñ OO ó P ó N ñO N
óP ñ Nñ O ó PO N ñ PO ó Nó O ñP N
ñM I= ó M =
ñN óN N ñN óN N
ñO óO N ñO óO N
ñP óP N ñP óP N
=
====== =
=
Figure 94.
=
617. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=qêá~åÖäÉ=
ñ O ñN ó O óN
p r ñ O ó O N r N
ñ N óN N
N
O ñ P ñN ó P óN
=
O
ñP óP N
=
=
=
136
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
p r >ñ N ñ O ó N ó O ñ O ñ P ó O ó P =
618. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=nì~Çêáä~íÉê~ä=
N
ñ P ñ Q ó P ó Q ñ Q ñ N ó Q ó N @ =
O
=== =
=
Figure 95.
=
kçíÉW=få=Ñçêãìä~ë=SNTI=SNU=ïÉ=ÅÜççëÉ=íÜÉ=ëáÖå=EHF=çê=E¥F=ëç=
íÜ~í=íç=ÖÉí=~=éçëáíáîÉ=~åëïÉê=Ñçê=~êÉ~K==
=
137
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 96.
=
ñ ê Åçë M I= ó ê ëáå M K=
620. `çåîÉêíáåÖ=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=íç=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
=
=
Figure 97.
=
621. `çåîÉêíáåÖ=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=íç=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
ñ O ó O I= í~å M
ó
ê K=
ñ
138
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
^ñ _ó ` M =
622. dÉåÉê~ä=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=
qÜÉ=îÉÅíçê= å^I _ =áë=åçêã~ä=íç=íÜÉ=äáåÉ= ^ñ _ó ` M K=
623. kçêã~ä=sÉÅíçê=íç=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=
&
=
=
=
Figure 98.
=
ó âñ Ä K==
624. bñéäáÅáí=bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=píê~áÖÜí=iáåÉ=EpäçéÉ-fåíÉêÅÉéí=cçêãF=
139
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
qÜÉ=Öê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=äáåÉ=áë= â í~å D K=
=
=
=
Figure 99.
=
ó O óN
625. dê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=~=iáåÉ==
â í~å D
ñ O ñN
=
=
=
Figure 100.
140
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ó ó M â ñ ñ M I==
626. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=dáîÉå=~=mçáåí=~åÇ=íÜÉ=dê~ÇáÉåí=
ïÜÉêÉ=â=áë=íÜÉ=Öê~ÇáÉåíI= mñ M I ó M =áë=~=éçáåí=çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK=
=
=
=
Figure 101.
=
ó óN ñ ñN
627. bèì~íáçå=çÑ=~=iáåÉ=qÜ~í=m~ëëÉë=qÜêçìÖÜ=qïç=mçáåíë=
ó O óN ñ O ñN
==
çê=
ñ ó N
ñ N ó N N M K=
ñO óO N
=
141
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
=
=
Figure 102.
=
628. fåíÉêÅÉéí=cçêã=
ñ ó
N=
~ Ä
=
=
=
Figure 103.
=
=
142
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ñ Åçë E ó ëáå E é M =
629. kçêã~ä=cçêã=
=
=
Figure 104.
=
ñ ñ N ó óN
630. mçáåí=aáêÉÅíáçå=cçêã=
I==
ïÜÉêÉ= uI v = áë= íÜÉ= ÇáêÉÅíáçå= çÑ= íÜÉ= äáåÉ= ~åÇ= mN ñ N I ó N = äáÉë=
u v
çå=íÜÉ=äáåÉK=
=
143
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
642. qÜêÉÉ=mçáåí=cçêã
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
646. êN êO O~ I=
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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Figure 132.
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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Figure 136.
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ñ ñ N í Åçë D
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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Figure 139.
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
ñ ñ N ó óN ò òN
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
699. dÉåÉê~ä=nì~Çê~íáÅ=bèì~íáçå=
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
701. oÉ~ä=bääáéëçáÇ=E`~ëÉ=NF=
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
705. oÉ~ä=nì~ÇêáÅ=`çåÉ=E`~ëÉ=RF=
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
709. oÉ~ä=bääáéíáÅ=`óäáåÇÉê=E`~ëÉ=VF=
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
===== =
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Figure 150.
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
7.12 Sphere
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CHAPTER 7. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
mN ñ N I ó N I ò N I= mO ñ O I ó O I ò O =~êÉ=íÜÉ=ÉåÇë=çÑ=~=Çá~ãÉíÉêK==
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Chapter 8
Differential Calculus
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
730. ó ~ñ O Äñ Å I= ñ o K=
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
ñ I= ñ >MI f K=
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
ó äçÖ ~ ñ I= ñ MI f I= ~ ! M I= ~ z N I=
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
739. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=q~åÖÉåí=cìåÅíáçå==
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
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=
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I= ñ o K=
N O
É Éñ
ó ëÉÅ Ü ñ I= ó ëÉÅ Ü ñ ñ
ÅçëÜ ñ
=
Figure 167.
202
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
742. eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
I= ñ o I= ñ z M K=
N O
ëáåÜ ñ É É ñ
ó ÅëÅÜ ñ I= ó ÅëÅÜ ñ ñ
====== =
=
Figure 168.
=
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743. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=páåÉ=cìåÅíáçå==
203
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
===== =
=
Figure 169.
=
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=
Figure 170.
=
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204
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
===== =
=
Figure 171.
=
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205
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
===== =
=
Figure 172.
=
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206
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
Figure 173.
=
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748. fåîÉêëÉ=eóéÉêÄçäáÅ=`çëÉÅ~åí=cìåÅíáçå==
=
Figure 174.
=
207
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
cìåÅíáçåëW= Ñ ñ I= Öñ =
=
^êÖìãÉåíW=ñ=
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíëW=~I=â=
=
Ñ ñ äáã Ñ ñ
=
I=áÑ= äáã Öñ z M K=
ñ o ~ Ö ñ äáã Öñ
ñ o~
752. äáã
ñ o~
ñ o~
ñ o~ ñ o~
208
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
í~å N ñ
759. äáã N=
ñ oM ñ
äåN ñ
=
760. äáã N=
ñ oM ñ
=
§ N·
761. äá㨠N
ñ
© ñ ¹̧
É=
ñ of
=
§ â·
762. äá㨠N
ñ
© ñ ¹̧
Éâ =
ñ of
=
763. äáã ~ ñ N =
ñ oM
=
=
=
8.3 Definition and Properties of the Derivative
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=ÖI=óI=ìI=î=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
^åÖäÉW= D =
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíW=â=
Ñ ñ 'ñ Ñ ñ 'ó
764. ócñ äáã
=
Çó
'ñ 'ñ oM 'ñ
äáã ==
'ñ o M Çñ
=
209
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
== =
=
Figure 175.
=
í~å D ==
Çó
765.
Çñ
Çì î
=
Çì Çî
766. =
Çñ Çñ Çñ
Çì î
=
Çì Çî
767. =
Çñ Çñ Çñ
Çâì
=
Çì
768. â =
Çñ Çñ
=
Çì î Çì
769. mêçÇìÅí=oìäÉ=
î ì ==
Çî
Çñ Çñ Çñ
=
=
210
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
770. nìçíáÉåí=oìäÉ=
î ì
Ç § ì · Çñ
Çì Çî
¨
Çñ © î ¹̧
Çñ =
O
î
=
ó Ñ Öñ I= ì Öñ I==
771. `Ü~áå=oìäÉ=
Çó Çó Çì
K=
Çñ Çì Çñ
=
772. aÉêáî~íáîÉ=çÑ=fåîÉêëÉ=cìåÅíáçå=
Çó N
I==
Çñ Çñ
=
773. oÉÅáéêçÅ~ä=oìäÉ=
Ç § N·
Çó
¨¨ ¸¸ ÇñO =
Çñ © ó ¹ ó
=
ó Ñ ñ I= äå ó äå Ñ ñ I==
774. içÖ~êáíÜãáÅ=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~íáçå=
Ñ ñ >äå Ñ ñ @ K=
Çó Ç
Çñ Çñ
=
=
8.4 Table of Derivatives
=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíëW=`I=~I=ÄI=Å=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
211
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
775.
Ç
` M =
Çñ
ñ N =
=
Ç
776.
Çñ
~ñ Ä ~ =
=
Ç
777.
Çñ
~ñ O Äñ Å ~ñ Ä =
=
Ç
778.
Çñ
ñ åñ å N =
=
Ç å
779.
Çñ
ñ å N =
=
Ç å å
780.
Çñ ñ
=
Ç §N·
¨ O=
N
Çñ © ñ ¹̧
781.
ñ
ñ
=
Ç N
782. =
Çñ O ñ
ñ
=
Ç å N
783. =
Çñ å å ñ å N
äå ñ N =
=
Ç
784.
Çñ ñ
äçÖ ~ ñ N I= ~ ! M I= ~ z N K=
=
Ç
785.
Çñ ñ äå ~
=
212
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
786.
Ç ñ
Çñ
~ ~ ñ äå ~ I= ~ ! M I= ~ z N K=
É Éñ =
=
Ç ñ
787.
Çñ
ëáå ñ Åçë ñ =
=
Ç
788.
Çñ
Åçë ñ ëáå ñ =
=
Ç
789.
Çñ
í~å ñ NO
=
Ç
790. ëÉÅ O ñ =
Çñ Åçë ñ
Åçí ñ NO
=
ÅëÅ O ñ =
Ç
791.
Çñ ëáå ñ
~êÅëáå ñ
=
Ç N
N ñO
794. =
Çñ
~êÅÅçë ñ N O =
=
Ç
N ñ
795.
Çñ
~êÅí~å ñ N O =
=
Ç
N ñ
796.
Çñ
=
213
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Ç
~êÅ Åçí ñ N O =
N ñ
797.
Çñ
~êÅ ëÉÅ ñ
=
Ç N
ñ ñO N
798. =
Çñ
~êÅ ÅëÅ ñ NO =
=
Ç
ñ ñ N
799.
Çñ
ëáåÜ ñ ÅçëÜ ñ =
=
Ç
800.
Çñ
ÅçëÜ ñ ëáåÜ ñ =
=
Ç
801.
Çñ
í~åÜ ñ
=
Ç N
802. ëÉÅÜ O ñ =
Çñ ÅçëÜ O ñ
ÅçíÜ ñ N O
=
ÅëÅÜ O ñ =
Ç
803.
Çñ ëáåÜ ñ
~êÅëáåÜ=ñ
=
Ç N
ñO N
806. =
Çñ
~êÅÅçëÜ=ñ
=
Ç N
ñO N
807. =
Çñ
214
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Ç
~êÅí~åÜ=ñ N O I= ñ N K=
N ñ
808.
Çñ
~êÅÅçíÜ=ñ ON I= ñ ! N K=
=
Ç
ñ N
809.
Çñ
ì îì î N
=
ì î äå ì =
Ç î Çì Çî
810.
Çñ Çñ Çñ
=
=
=
8.5 Higher Order Derivatives
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=óI=ìI=î=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêW=å=
=
=
811. pÉÅçåÇ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=
Ñ cc Ñ c c ¨
§ Çó · c Ç § Çó ·
¨
ÇOó
© Çñ ¹̧ Çñ © Çñ ¹̧
=
Çñ O
=
ó å Ñ å N c =
812. eáÖÜÉê-lêÇÉê=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=
å Çå ó
Ñ å
Çñ
ì î å ì å î å =
=
813.
ì î å ìå î å =
=
814.
=
215
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
ñ ãã>å> ñ
=
ã å ã å
816. =
ñ
=
å å
817. å> =
NåN å N> =
=
818. äçÖ ~ ñ å
ñ å äå ~
äå ñ å N åå N> =
=
å N
819.
ñ
~
=
ñ å
820. ~ ñ äå å ~ =
É
=
ñ å
821. Éñ =
~
=
ãñ å
822. ã å ~ ãñ äå å ~ =
åS ·
=
ëáå ñ å §
ëáå¨ ñ
© O ¹̧
823. =
åS ·
=
Åçë ñ å §
Åçë¨ ñ
© O ¹̧
824. =
=
=
=
216
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
ë Ñ í =áë=íÜÉ=éçëáíáçå=çÑ=~å=çÄàÉÅí=êÉä~íáîÉ=íç=~=ÑáñÉÇ=
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î ëc Ñ cí =áë=íÜÉ=áåëí~åí~åÉçìë=îÉäçÅáíó=çÑ=íÜÉ=çÄàÉÅíI=
ÅççêÇáå~íÉ=ëóëíÉã=~í=~=íáãÉ=íI==
ï îc ëcc Ñ ccí =áë=íÜÉ=áåëí~åí~åÉçìë=~ÅÅÉäÉê~íáçå=çÑ=
íÜÉ=çÄàÉÅíK==
=
ó ó M Ñ cñ M ñ ñ M =
826. q~åÖÉåí=iáåÉ=
217
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
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Figure 176.
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827. kçêã~ä=iáåÉ=
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Ñ cñ M
N
ñ O ñ FI=
fÑ= Ñ cñ M M I=íÜÉå=ÑEñF=áë=ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ=~í= ñ M K=EcáÖ=NTTI=
ñ N ñ ñ O FI=
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218
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
=
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Figure 177.
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829. içÅ~ä=ÉñíêÉã~=
^=ÑìåÅíáçå=ÑEñF=Ü~ë=~=äçÅ~ä=ã~ñáãìã=~í= ñ N =áÑ=~åÇ=çåäó=áÑ=
Ñ ñ N t Ñ ñ =Ñçê=~ää=ñ=áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä=EcáÖKNTTFK==
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830. `êáíáÅ~ä=mçáåíë=
Ñ c ñ M =áë=òÉêç=çê=íÜÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=ÇçÉëåsí=ÉñáëíK=
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fÑ=ÑEñF=áë==áåÅêÉ~ëáåÖ==E Ñ c ñ ! M F=Ñçê==~ää==ñ==áå==ëçãÉ==áåíÉêî~ä=
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~I ñ N @ ==~åÇ==ÑEñF==áë==ÇÉÅêÉ~ëáåÖ==E Ñ c ñ M F==Ñçê=~ää==ñ=áå=ëçãÉ=
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EcáÖKNTTFK==
219
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
~í= ñ O K=EcáÖKNTTF=
=
ÑEñF= áë= = ÅçåÅ~îÉ= ìéï~êÇ= ~í= = ñ M = = áÑ= = ~åÇ= = çåäó= = áÑ= = Ñ c ñ = áë============
834. `çåÅ~îáíóK==
fÑ= Ñ ccñ M M I=íÜÉå=ÑEñF=áë=ÅçåÅ~îÉ=Ççïåï~êÇ=~í= ñ M K=
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Ñ ñ K=fÑ= Ñ ccñ P =Éñáëíë=~í=íÜÉ=áåÑäÉÅíáçå=éçáåíI=íÜÉå= Ñ ccñ P M =
EcáÖKNTTFK=
=
Ñ ñ Ñ cñ
837. iseçéáí~äsë=oìäÉ=
M
=áÑ= äáã Ñ ñ äáã Ö ñ ® K==
ñ o Å Ö ñ ñ oÅ Ö cñ
¯f
äáã äáã
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220
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
8.7 Differential
=
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=ìI=î=
aÉêáî~íáîÉ=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= ócñ I= Ñ cñ =
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉW=ñ=
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pã~ää=ÅÜ~åÖÉ=áå=ñW= 'ñ =
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=
838. Çó ó cÇñ =
=
=
=
Figure 178.
221
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
'ó Ñ ñ 'ñ Ñ ñ =
840. pã~ää=`Ü~åÖÉ=áå=ó=
841. Çì î Çì Çî =
=
842. Çì î Çì Çî =
=
843. Ç`ì `Çì =
=
§ ì · îÇì ìÇî
=
845. Ǩ
© î ¹̧
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îO
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8.8 Multivariable Functions
cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íïç=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= ò ñ I ó I= Ñ ñ I ó I= Ö ñ I ó I= Üñ I ó ==
=
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wÑ wò
qÜÉ=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=ïáíÜ=êÉëéÉÅí=íç=ñ=
wñ wñ
Ñ ñ =E~äëç= ò ñ FI=
wÑ wò
qÜÉ=é~êíá~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉ=ïáíÜ=êÉëéÉÅí=íç=ó=
wó wó
Ñ ó =E~äëç= ò ó FK=
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=
222
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
847. pÉÅçåÇ=lêÇÉê=m~êíá~ä=aÉêáî~íáîÉë=
w § wÑ · w OÑ
¨
wñ © wñ ¹̧ wñ O
Ñ ññ I==
w § wÑ · w OÑ
¨ ¸
wó ¨© wó ¸¹ wó O
Ñ óó I==
w § wÑ · w OÑ
¨
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Ñ ñó I==
w § wÑ · w OÑ
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wñ ¨© wó ¸¹ wñwó
Ñ óñ K==
fÑ=íÜÉ=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉë=~êÉ=ÅçåíáåìçìëI=íÜÉå==
w OÑ w OÑ
wówñ wñwó
K==
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848. `Ü~áå=oìäÉë==
wÑ wÜ wÑ wÜ
ÖcÜñ I ó I= ÖcÜñ I ó K==
wñ wñ wó wó
wÑ Çñ wÑ Çó
fÑ= Üí Ñ ñ í I ó í I=íÜÉå= Ücí
=
wñ Çí wó Çí
K==
fÑ= ò Ñ ñ ìI î I ó ìI î I=íÜÉå==
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wò wÑ wñ wÑ wó wò wÑ wñ wÑ wó
wì wñ wì wó wì wî wñ wî wó wî
I= K==
wÑ wÑ
849. pã~ää=`Ü~åÖÉë=
'ò | 'ñ 'ó =
wñ wó
=
=
223
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CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Ñ ñ I ó =Ü~ë=~=äçÅ~ä=ã~ñáãìã=~í= ñ M I ó M =áÑ= Ñ ñ I ó d Ñ ñ M I ó M =
850. içÅ~ä=j~ñáã~=~åÇ=jáåáã~=
Ñ ñ I ó =Ü~ë=~=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáãìã=~í= ñ M I ó M =áÑ= Ñ ñ I ó t Ñ ñ M I ó M =
=
Ñçê=~ää= ñ I ó =ëìÑÑáÅáÉåíäó=ÅäçëÉ=íç= ñ M I ó M K=
=
wÑ wÑ
851. pí~íáçå~êó=mçáåíë=
wñ wó
M K=
içÅ~ä=ã~ñáã~=~åÇ=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáã~=çÅÅìê=~í=ëí~íáçå~êó=éçáåíëK=
==
852. p~ÇÇäÉ=mçáåí=
^=ëí~íáçå~êó==éçáåí==ïÜáÅÜ==áë==åÉáíÜÉê==~==äçÅ~ä==ã~ñáãìã=
åçê=~=äçÅ~ä=ãáåáãìã=
=
wÑ wÑ
iÉí= ñ M I ó M =ÄÉ=~=ëí~íáçå~êó=éçáåí=E
853. pÉÅçåÇ=aÉêáî~íáîÉ=qÉëí=Ñçê=pí~íáçå~êó=mçáåíë=
wñ wó
M FK==
Ñ ññ ñ M I ó M Ñ ñó ñ M I ó M
Ñ óñ ñ M I ó M Ñ óó ñ M I ó M
a K==
qÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=í~åÖÉåí=éä~åÉ=íç=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ò Ñ ñ I ó =
854. q~åÖÉåí=mä~åÉ=
~í= ñ M I ó M I ò M =áë==
ò ò M Ñ ñ ñ M I ó M ñ ñ M Ñ ó ñ M I ó M ó ó M K=
=
224
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
qÜÉ=Éèì~íáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=åçêã~ä=íç=íÜÉ=ëìêÑ~ÅÉ= ò Ñ ñ I ó =~í=
855. kçêã~ä=íç=pìêÑ~ÅÉ=
ñ M I ó M I ò M =áë==
ñ ñM ó óM ò òM
Ñ ñ ñ M I ó M Ñ ó ñ M I ó M N
K=
=
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8.9 Differential Operators
=
& & &
pÅ~ä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçåë=EëÅ~ä~ê=ÑáÉäÇëFW= Ñ ñ I ó I ò I= ìñ N I ñ O I I ñ å =
råáí=îÉÅíçêë=~äçåÖ=íÜÉ=ÅççêÇáå~íÉ=~ñÉëW= á I= à I= â =
dê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=~=ëÅ~ä~ê=ÑáÉäÇW= Öê~Ç ì I= ì =
wÑ
wä
aáêÉÅíáçå~ä=ÇÉêáî~íáîÉW= =
sÉÅíçê=ÑìåÅíáçå=EîÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇFW= c mI nI o =
&
aáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇW= Çáî c I= c =
& &
`ìêä=çÑ=~=îÉÅíçê=ÑáÉäÇW= Åìêä c I= u c =
& &
i~éä~Åá~å=çéÉê~íçêW= O =
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856. dê~ÇáÉåí=çÑ=~=pÅ~ä~ê=cìåÅíáçå=
§ wÑ wÑ wÑ ·
Öê~Ç Ñ Ñ ¨¨ I I ¸¸ I==
© wñ wó wò ¹
§ wì wì wì ·
Öê~Ç ì ì ¨¨ ¸ K=
© wñ N wñ O wñ å ¸¹
I II
wÑ wÑ wÑ wÑ
857. aáêÉÅíáçå~ä=aÉêáî~íáîÉ=
Åçë D Åçë E Åçë J I==
wä wñ wó wò
225
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 8. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
& wm wn wo
858. aáîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=çÑ=~=sÉÅíçê=cáÉäÇ=
Çáî c c
&
wñ wó wò
=
=
859. `ìêä=çÑ=~=sÉÅíçê=cáÉäÇ=
& & &
& w w w
á à â
Åìêä c u c
&
wñ wñ wñ
=
m n o
=
861. Çáî Åìêä c u c { M =
& &
=
864. Åìêä Åìêä c Öê~Ç Çáî c Oc c Oc =
& & & & &
=
=
226
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
Chapter 9
Integral Calculus
=
=
=
=
fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=î~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=íI= [ =
cìåÅíáçåëW=ÑI=ÖI=ìI=î=
fåÇÉÑáåáíÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= ³ Ñ ñ Çñ I= ³ Ö ñ Çñ I=£=
aÉêáî~íáîÉ=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= ócñ I= Ñ cñ I= ccñ I=£=
oÉ~ä=Åçåëí~åíëW=`I=~I=ÄI=ÅI=ÇI=â=
k~íìê~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ãI=åI=áI=à=
=
=
9.1 Indefinite Integral
³ Ñ ñ Çñ cñ ` =áÑ= ccñ Ñ ñ K=
=
865.
³ Ñ ñ Çñ c Ñ ñ =
=
866.
³ âÑ ñ Çñ â ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =
=
867.
³ >Ñ ñ Öñ @Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Öñ Çñ =
=
868.
³ >Ñ ñ Öñ @Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Öñ Çñ =
=
869.
³ Ñ ~ñ Çñ c~ñ ` =
=
N
870.
~
227
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ Ñ ~ñ ÄÇñ c~ñ Ä ` =
N
871.
~
³ Ñ ñ Ñ cñ Çñ Ñ ñ ` =
=
N O
872.
O
Ñ cñ
³ Ñ ñ Çñ äå Ñ ñ ` =
=
873.
³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ ìí ìcí Çí =áÑ= ñ ìí K=
874. jÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=pìÄëíáíìíáçå=
ïÜÉêÉ= ìñ I= î ñ =~êÉ=ÇáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ÄäÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåëK==
=
=
=
9.2 Integrals of Rational Functions
³ ~Çñ
=
876. ~ñ ` =
=
³ ñÇñ `=
ñO
877.
O
=
³ ñ Çñ `=
O ñP
878.
P
=
³ ñ Çñ
ñ éN
` I= é z N K=
éN
é
879.
228
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
~ñ ÄåN ` I= å z N K=
³ ~ñ Ä Çñ ~ å N
å
880.
³
=
äå ñ ` =
Çñ
881.
ñ
³ ~ñ Ä
=
äå ~ñ Ä ` =
Çñ N
882.
~
³ Åñ Ç Çñ
~ñ Ä ÄÅ ~Ç
=
ñ äå Åñ Ç ` =
~
883.
Å ÅO
³ ñ ~ ñ Ä
ñÄ
=
` I= ~ z Ä K=
Çñ N
~Ä ñ~
884. äå
³ ~ Äñ ~ Äñ ~ äå ~ Äñ ` =
=
ñÇñ N
885.
ÄO
=
³ ~ Äñ ~ Äñ O O~~ Äñ ~ O äå ~ Äñ º» ` =
N ªN
P «
ñ OÇñ
Ä ¬O ¼
886.
³ ñ ~ Äñ
N ~ Äñ
=
`=
Çñ
887. äå
~ ñ
³ ñ ~ Äñ
N Ä ~ Äñ
=
äå `=
Çñ
888. O
~ñ ~ O ñ
³ ~ Äñ
=
N§ ~ ·
O ¨
äå ~ Äñ `=
ñÇñ
Ä © ~ Äñ ¹̧
889. O
229
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
N§ ~O ·
³ ~ Äñ O ¨
ÄP ¨©
¸`=
~ Äñ ¸¹
ñ OÇñ
890. ~ Äñ O~ äå ~ Äñ
³ ñ ~ Äñ
N ~ Äñ
=
O äå `=
~ ~ Äñ ~
Çñ N
891. O
ñ
³ñ
N ñ N
=
`=
Çñ
N O ñ N
892. O
äå
³ N ñ
N N ñ
=
`=
Çñ
O N ñ
893. O
äå
³~
N ~ñ
=
`=
Çñ
ñO O~ ~ ñ
894. O
äå
³ñ
ñ~
=
`=
Çñ N
~O O~ ñ ~
895. O
äå
³ N ñ
=
í~å N ñ ` =
Çñ
896. O
³~
=
í~å N ` =
Çñ N ñ
ñO
897. O
~ ~
³ñ äåñ O ~ O ` =
=
ñÇñ N
~O
898. O
O
=
§ Ä·
³ ~ Äñ ~êÅí~娨 ñ ¸ ` I= ~Ä ! M K=
¸
Çñ N
© ¹
899. O
~Ä ~
=
230
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ ~ Äñ äå ñ O ` =
ñÇñ N ~
900. O
OÄ Ä
=
³ ñ ~ Äñ O O~ ~ Äñ O ` =
Çñ N ñO
901. äå
³~
~ Äñ
=
`=
Çñ N
ÄO ñ O O~Ä ~ Äñ
902. O
äå
903. ³ O
O~ñ Ä ÄO Q~Å
` I=
Çñ N
~ñ Äñ Å ÄO Q~Å O~ñ Ä ÄO Q~Å
äå
ÄO Q~Å ! M K=
³ ~ñ
O~ñ Ä
=
` I=
Çñ O
Äñ Å Q~Å ÄO Q~Å ÄO
904. O
~êÅí~å
ÄO Q~Å M K=
=
=
=
9.3 Integrals of Irrational Functions
³
=
~ñ Ä ` =
Çñ O
~ñ Ä
905.
~
³ ~ñ Ä O ` =
=
~ñ Ä Çñ
O P
906.
P~
O~ñ OÄ
³
=
~ñ Ä ` =
ñÇñ
~ñ Ä
907.
P~ O
=
231
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
OP~ñ OÄ
³ñ ~ñ Ä Çñ ~ñ Ä O ` =
P
908. O
NR~
=
³ ñ Å
~ñ Ä Ä ~Å
` I==
Çñ N
~ñ Ä Ä ~Å ~ñ Ä Ä ~Å
909. äå
Ä ~Å ! M K=
=
³ ñ Å
~ñ Ä
` I==
Çñ N
~ñ Ä ~Å Ä ~Å Ä
910. ~êÅí~å
Ä ~Å M K=
=
³
~ñ Ä N
~ñ ÄÅñ Ç =
Åñ Ç
911. Çñ
~Ç ÄÅ
äå ~ Åñ Ç Å~ñ Ä ` I= ~ ! M K=
Å
Å ~Å
=
³
~ñ Ä N
~ñ ÄÅñ Ç =
Åñ Ç
912. Çñ
~ Åñ Ç
Å
~Ç ÄÅ
` I=E ~ M I= Å ! M FK==
Å~ñ Ä
~êÅí~å
Å ~Å
OU~ O NO~Äñ NRÄO ñ O
=
³ ñ ~ Äñ Çñ ~ Äñ P ` =
O
913.
NMRÄP
OU~ O Q~Äñ PÄO ñ O
=
³ ~ Äñ ` =
ñ OÇñ
~ Äñ
914.
NRÄP
=
³ñ
~ Äñ ~
` I= ~ ! M K=
Çñ N
~ Äñ ~ Äñ ~
915. äå
~
=
232
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ñ
~ Äñ
` I= ~ M K=
Çñ O
~ Äñ ~ ~
916. ~êÅí~å
³
~ñ ñÄ
~ ñ Ä ñ ~ Ä~êÅëáå `=
Ä ñ ~Ä
917. Çñ
³
~ñ Äñ
Çñ ~ ñ Ä ñ ~ Ä~êÅëáå `=
Äñ ~Ä
918.
³
N ñ
Çñ N ñ O ~êÅëáå ñ ` =
N ñ
919.
³ ñ ~ Ä ~
ñ ~
` =
Çñ
Ä~
920. O ~êÅëáå
³
OÅñ Ä
=
921. ~ Äñ Åñ O Çñ ~ Äñ Åñ O =
QÅ
ÄO Q~Å OÅñ Ä
`=
ÄO Q~Å
~êÅëáå
U ÅP
³ äå O~ñ Ä O ~ ~ñ O Äñ Å ` I==
=
Çñ N
~ñ O Äñ Å
922.
~
~ ! M K=
³
O~ñ Ä O
=
Ä Q~Å ` I= ~ M K=
Çñ N
~ñ Äñ Å
923. ~êÅëáå
O
~ Q~
=
³ ñ O ~ O Çñ ñ ~ äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
ñ O O ~O
924.
O O
=
233
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
925. ³ñ ñ O ~ O Çñ ñ ~ ` =
N O O PO
P
³ñ Oñ O ~ O ñ O ~ O =
=
ñ O ~ O Çñ
O ñ
926.
U
äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
~Q
U
=
³
ñO ~O ñO ~O
927. Çñ äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
ñO ñ
³
=
äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
Çñ
ñ ~
928.
O O
³
ñ O ~O
ñ O ~ O ~ äå `=
ñ
~ ñ O ~O
929. Çñ
ñ
³
=
ñ O ~O ` =
ñÇñ
ñ ~
930.
O O
³ ñ ~ äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
ñ OÇñ ñ O O ~O
ñ O ~O
931.
O O
=
³ñ `=
Çñ N ñ
ñ O ~O ~ ~ ñO ~O
932. äå
³ ñ O ~ O Çñ ñ ~ äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
ñ O O ~O
933.
O O
³ñ ñ ~ ` =
=
ñ O ~ O Çñ
N O O PO
934.
P
234
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³
ñO ~O
ñ O ~ O ~ ~êÅëáå ` =
~
935. Çñ
ñ ñ
=
³
ñO ~O ñ O ~O
936. O
Çñ äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
ñ ñ
³
=
äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
Çñ
ñ ~
937.
O O
³
=
ñ O ~O ` =
ñÇñ
ñ ~
938.
O O
³ ñ ~ äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
ñ OÇñ ñ O O ~O
ñ O ~O
939.
O O
³ñ
=
~êÅëáå ` =
Çñ N ~
ñ ~
940.
O O ~ ñ
=
³ ñ ~
N ñ ~
`=
Çñ
ñ O ~O ~ ñ~
941.
³ ñ ~
N ñ~
`=
Çñ
ñ ~ ~ ñ ~
942.
O O
³ñ
ñ O ~O
`=
Çñ
ñ O ~O
943.
O ~Oñ
³ ñ
=
~O O
`=
Çñ ñ
~O ñ O ~O
944. P
O
235
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ ñ ~ O O Çñ Oñ O R~ O ñ O ~ O =
O
P ñ
945.
U
äå ñ ñ O ~ O ` =
P~ Q
U
=
³ ~ O ñ O Çñ ~ ñ O ~êÅëáå ` =
ñ O ~O ñ
946.
O O ~
³ ñ ~ ñ Çñ ~ ñO O ` =
=
O O N O P
947.
P
Oñ O ~ O ~ O ñ O ~êÅëáå ` =
=
³ ñ ~ ñ Çñ
O O O ñ ~Q ñ
948.
U U ~
=
³
~O ñ O
~ O ñ O ~ äå `=
ñ
~ ~O ñ O
949. Çñ
ñ
=
³
~O ñO ~O ñO
~êÅëáå ` =
ñ
950. O
Çñ
ñ ñ ~
³
=
~êÅëáå ñ ` =
Çñ
N ñO
951.
³
=
`=
Çñ ñ
~O ñO
952. ëáå
~
³
=
~O ñ O ` =
ñÇñ
~ ñ
953.
O O
³ ~ ñ O ~êÅëáå ` =
ñ OÇñ ñ O ~O ñ
~O ñ O
954.
O O ~
236
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ ñ ~
N ~ñ
`=
Çñ
~O ñ O O ~ñ
955.
³ ñ ~
N ~ñ
`=
Çñ
~O ñ O O ~ñ
956.
³ ñ Ä
Äñ ~ O
` I= Ä ! ~ K=
~ ñ Ä
Çñ N
~O ñ O ÄO ~ O
957. ~êÅëáå
³ ñ Ä
ñÄ
`I =
Çñ N
~ ñ ~ Ä ~ Ä ~ O ñ O ~ O Äñ
958. äå
O O O O O O
Ä ~ K=
=
³ñ
~O ñO
`=
Çñ
~O ñO
959.
O ~Oñ
³ ~ ñ O O Çñ R~ Oñ O ~ O ñ O
=
~êÅëáå ` =
O
P ñ O P~ Q ñ
960.
U U ~
³ ~
=
`=
Çñ ñ
ñ ~O ~O ñ O
961. P
O O O
=
=
=
9.4 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions
³ ëáå ñÇñ
=
962. Åçë ñ ` =
³ Åçë ñÇñ
=
963. ëáå ñ ` =
237
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ ëáå ëáå Oñ ` =
O ñ N
964. ñ Çñ
O Q
³ Åçë
=
ëáå Oñ ` =
O ñ N
965. ñ Çñ
O Q
³ ëáå
=
Åçë ñ Åçë ñ ` Åçë Pñ Åçë ñ ` =
P N P N P
966. ñ Çñ
P NO Q
³ Åçë
=
ñ Çñ ëáå ñ ëáå P ñ ` ëáå Pñ ëáå ñ ` =
P N N P
967.
P NO Q
³ ëáå ñ ³ ÅëÅ ñ Çñ
=
`=
Çñ ñ
968. äå í~å
O
=
³ Åçë ñ ³ ëÉÅ ñ Çñ
§ ñ S·
äå í~å¨ `=
Çñ
© O Q ¹̧
969.
³ ëáå ³ ÅëÅ
=
ñ Çñ Åçí ñ ` =
Çñ O
970. O
ñ
³ Åçë ³ ëÉÅ
=
ñ Çñ í~å ñ ` =
Çñ O
971. O
ñ
³ ëáå ³ ÅëÅ
=
ñ Çñ äå í~å ` =
Çñ P Åçë ñ N ñ
972. P O
ñ O ëáå ñ O O
=
³ Åçë ³ ëÉÅ
§ ñ S·
äå í~å¨ `=
Çñ ëáå ñ N
© O Q ¹̧
P
973. P
ñ Çñ O
ñ O Åçë ñ O
³ ëáå ñ Åçë ñ Çñ
=
Åçë Oñ ` =
N
974.
Q
238
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ ëáå ëáå ñ ` =
O N P
975. ñ Åçë ñ Çñ
P
³ ëáå ñ Åçë
=
ñ Çñ ÅçëP ñ ` =
O N
976.
P
³ ëáå
=
ëáå Q ñ ` =
O ñ N
977. ñ Åçë O ñ Çñ
U PO
³ í~å ñÇñ
=
978. äå Åçë ñ ` =
³ Åçë
=
` ëÉÅ ñ ` =
ëáå ñ N
979. O
Çñ
ñ Åçë ñ
=
³ í~å
=
981. O
ñ Çñ í~å ñ ñ ` =
³ Åçí ñÇñ
=
982. äå ëáå ñ ` =
³ ëáå
=
Çñ ` ÅëÅ ñ ` =
Åçë ñ N
983. O
ñ ëáå ñ
=
984. ³ Çñ äå í~å Åçë ñ ` =
Åçë O ñ ñ
ëáå ñ O
³ Åçë ñ ëáå ñ
=
äå í~å ñ ` =
Çñ
986.
239
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ ëáå
§ ñ S·
äå í~å¨ `=
Çñ N
© O Q ¹̧
987. O
ñ Åçë ñ ëáå ñ
³ ëáå ñ Åçë
=
äå í~å ` =
Çñ N ñ
988. O
ñ Åçë ñ O
³ ëáå
=
í~å ñ Åçí ñ ` =
Çñ
989. O
ñ Åçë O ñ
ëáåã å ñ ëáåã å ñ
³ ëáå ãñ ëáå åñ Çñ
=
` I=
Oã å Oã å
990.
ã O z å O K=
Åçëã å ñ Åçëã å ñ
³ ëáå ãñ Åçë åñ Çñ
=
` I=
Oã å Oã å
991.
ã O z å O K=
ëáåã å ñ ëáåã å ñ
³ Åçë ãñ Åçë åñ Çñ
=
` I=
Oã å Oã å
992.
ã O z å O K=
³ ëáå ñ Åçë ñ Çñ
Åçë åN ñ
`=
å N
å
995.
=
³ ëáå
ëáå å N ñ
`=
å N
å
996. ñ Åçë ñ Çñ
=
240
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³ ~êÅÅçë ñ Çñ
=
998. ñ ~êÅÅçë ñ N ñ O ` =
³ ~êÅí~å ñ Çñ ñ ~êÅí~å ñ äåñ O N ` =
=
N
999.
O
241
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1009. ³ É ñ Çñ É ñ ` =
=
=
1010. ³ ~ Çñ `=
ñ ~ñ
äå ~
=
1011. ³ É ~ñ Çñ `=
É ~ñ
~
=
1012. ³ ñÉ ~ñ Çñ ~ñ N ` =
É ~ñ
~O
1013. ³ äå ñ Çñ
=
ñ äå ñ ñ ` =
³ ñ äå ñ
=
äå äå ñ ` =
Çñ
1014.
=
ª äå ñ N º
1015. ³ ñ å äå ñ Çñ `=
¬ å N å N ¼
ñ å N « O»
1016. ³ É ~ñ ëáå Äñ Çñ
~ ëáå Äñ Ä Åçë Äñ ~ñ
=
É `=
~ O ÄO
=
242
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1017. ³ É ~ñ Åçë Äñ Çñ
~ Åçë Äñ Ä ëáå Äñ ~ñ
É `=
~ O ÄO
=
=
=
9.7 Reduction Formulas
1018. ³ ñ å É ãñ Çñ ñ É ³ ñ å NÉ ãñ Çñ =
=
N å ãñ å
ã ã
=
³ ñ å Çñ
å Nñ åN å N ³ ñ åN
Çñ I= å z N K=
É ãñ É ãñ ã É ãñ
1019.
³ ëáåÜ ³
åO
=
I= å z N K=
å N ëáåÜ ñ å N ëáåÜ åO ñ
Çñ ÅçëÜ ñ Çñ
å N
1021. å
ñ
³ ÅçëÜ ³
åO
=
I= å z N K=
å N ÅçëÜ ñ å N ÅçëÜ åO ñ
Çñ ëáåÜ ñ Çñ
å N
1023. å
ñ
=
1024. ³ ëáåÜ ñ ÅçëÜ ñÇñ
ëáåÜ å N ñ ÅçëÜ ã N ñ
åã
å ã
=
³
ã N
ëáåÜ å ñ ÅçëÜ ã O ñÇñ =
åã
=
1025. ³ ëáåÜ å ñ ÅçëÜ ã ñÇñ
ëáåÜ å N ñ ÅçëÜ ã N ñ
åã
=
243
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
³
å N
ëáåÜ å O ñ ÅçëÜ ã ñÇñ =
åã
1030. ³ ³
åO
=
I= å z N K=
å N ëáå ñ å N ëáå åO ñ
Çñ Åçë ñ Çñ
å å N
ëáå ñ
1032. ³ ³
åO
=
I= å z N K=
Åçë ñ å N Åçë ñ å N Åçë å O ñ
Çñ ëáå ñ Çñ
å å N
åã³
ã N
ëáå å ñ Åçë ã O ñÇñ =
=
244
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³
å N
ëáå å O ñ Åçë ã ñÇñ =
åã
³ ñ å Çñ å Nñ åN å N ³ ñ å
ã äå ã N ñ
Çñ I= å z N K=
äå ã ñ äå ã ñ
1040.
245
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
1047. ³ ñ å Åçë N ñÇñ
å N ³ N ñO
ñ å N ñ å N
Åçë N ñ
N
å N
Çñ =
1050. ³
O~ñ Ä
=
~ñ Äñ Å å NÄ Q~Å ~ñ O Äñ Å åN
Çñ
=
OOå P~
O å O
³
å NÄ Q~Å ~ñ Äñ Å åN
I= å z N K=
Çñ
O O
³ ñ ³ ñ
Oå P
=
Oå N~ O ñ O ~ ~O
Oå N~ O
Çñ ñ Çñ
~ O å N å N
1051. I
O O å O
å z N K=
³ ñ
=
Oå N~ O ñ O ~ O
Çñ ñ
~
å N
1052. =
O O å
O ³
Oå P
Oå N~ ñ O ~ O åN
I= å z N K=
Çñ
=
=
=
=
=
246
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
oáÉã~åå=ëìãW= ¦ Ñ [ á 'ñ á ==
~ ~
å
pã~ää=ÅÜ~åÖÉëW= 'ñ á ==
á N
^åíáÇÉêáî~íáîÉëW= cñ I= dñ ==
iáãáíë=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåëW=~I=ÄI=ÅI=Ç=
=
¦ Ñ [ 'ñ
=
1053. ³ Ñ ñ Çñ
Ä å
äáã I==
åof
á á
ã~ñ 'ñ á oM á N
=
=
Figure 179.
=
247
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1054. ³ NÇñ Ä ~ =
Ä
=
1055. ³ âÑ ñ Çñ â ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =
Ä Ä
~ ~
³ >Ñ ñ Öñ @Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Öñ Çñ =
=
Ä Ä Ä
1056.
~ ~ ~
³ >Ñ ñ Öñ @Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Öñ Çñ =
=
Ä Ä Ä
1057.
~ ~ ~
=
1058. ³ Ñ ñ Çñ M =
~
=
1059. ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =
Ä ~
~ Ä
=
1060. ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =Ñçê= ~ Å Ä K=
Ä Å Ä
~ ~ Å
=
=
=
=
248
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1063. cìåÇ~ãÉåí~ä=qÜÉçêÉã=çÑ=`~äÅìäìë=
³ Ñ ñ Çñ cñ cÄ c~ =áÑ= ccñ Ñ ñ K=
Ä
Ä
~
~
fÑ= ñ Ö í I=íÜÉå==
1064. jÉíÜçÇ=çÑ=pìÄëíáíìíáçå==
³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ Öí Öcí Çí I==
Ä Ç
~ Å
Å Ö N ~ I= Ç Ö N Ä K=
ïÜÉêÉ=
=
1065. fåíÉÖê~íáçå=Äó=m~êíë=
³ ìÇî ìî ~Ä ³ îÇì =
Ä Ä
~ ~
¦
1066. qê~éÉòçáÇ~ä=oìäÉ=
³~
Ä~ ª
º
Ñ ñ á » =
å N
«
Ä
Oå ¬ ¼
Ñ ñ Çñ Ñ ñ M Ñ ñ å O
á N
249
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 180.
=
³~ Ñ ñ Çñ På >Ñ ñ M QÑ ñ N OÑ ñ O QÑ ñ P =
1067. páãéëçåsë=oìäÉ==
Ä~
Ä
OÑ ñ Q QÑ ñ å N Ñ ñ å @ I==
Ä~
ïÜÉêÉ==
ñá ~ á I= á MI NI OI I å K==
å
=
250
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 181.
=
1068. ^êÉ~=råÇÉê=~=`ìêîÉ=
³ Ñ ñ Çñ cÄ c~ I==
Ä
p
ïÜÉêÉ= ccñ Ñ ñ K=
~
251
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 182.
=
ïÜÉêÉ= ccñ Ñ ñ I= dcñ Ö ñ K=
~
252
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
=
=
Figure 183.
=
=
=
9.9 Improper Integral
=
1070. qÜÉ=ÇÉÑáåáíÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä== ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =áë=Å~ääÉÇ=~å=áãéêçéÉê=áåíÉÖê~ä=
Ä
áÑ==
Ñ ñ ==Ü~ë==çåÉ==çê==ãçêÉ=éçáåíë=çÑ==ÇáëÅçåíáåìáíó=
x ~=çê=Ä=áë=áåÑáåáíÉI=
=====áå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä= >~ I Ä@ K=
x
³ Ñ ñ Çñ äáã ³ Ñ ñ Çñ K=
f å
å of
~ ~
253
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=
=
Figure 184.
³ Ñ ñ Çñ äáã ³ Ñ ñ Çñ K=
Ä Ä
åo f
f å
=
=
=
Figure 185.
254
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kçíÉ=W=qÜÉ=áãéêçéÉê=áåíÉÖê~äë=áå=NMTNI=NMTO=~êÉ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=
áÑ=íÜÉ=äáãáíë=Éñáëí=~åÇ=~êÉ=ÑáåáíÉX=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~äë=~êÉ=
ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
=
³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =
f Å f
1073.
f f Å
=
=
Figure 186.
=
fÑ=Ñçê=ëçãÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉê=ÅI=ÄçíÜ=çÑ=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~äë=áå=íÜÉ=êáÖÜí=
³ Ñ ñ Çñ = áë= ~äëç=====
f
ëáÇÉ= ~êÉ= ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI= íÜÉå= íÜÉ= áåíÉÖê~ä=
f
ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíX=çíÜÉêïáëÉ=áí=áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
=
255
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=====ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI=
fÑ= ³ Ö ñ Çñ =áë=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíI=íÜÉå= ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =áë=~äëç=ÇáîÉêÖÉåíK=
f f
x
~ ~
=
1075. ^ÄëçäìíÉ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
=
fÑ= ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíI=íÜÉå=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä ³ Ñ ñ Çñ =áë=~Äëç-
f f
~ ~
äìíÉäó=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK===
=
iÉí= Ñ ñ =ÄÉ=~=ÑìåÅíáçå=ïÜáÅÜ=áë=Åçåíáåìçìë=çå=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä==
1076. aáëÅçåíáåìçìë=fåíÉÖê~åÇ=
=
=
Figure 187.
256
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³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ Ñ ñ Çñ äáã ³ Ñ ñ Çñ K=
Ä Å H Ä
äáã
H oM G oM
~ ~ Å G
=
=
Figure 188.
=
=
=
9.10 Double Integral
cìåÅíáçåë=çÑ=íïç=î~êá~ÄäÉëW= Ñ ñ I ó I= Ñ ìI î I=£=
=
oáÉã~åå=ëìãW= ¦¦ Ñ ì á I î à 'ñ á 'ó à =
o o
ã å
mçä~ê=ÅççêÇáå~íÉëW= ê I= T =
oÉÖáçåë=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåW=oI=p==
257
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^êÉ~W=^=
pìêÑ~ÅÉ=~êÉ~W=p=
sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=ëçäáÇW=s=
aÉåëáíóW= Uñ I ó =
j~ëë=çÑ=~=ä~ãáå~W=ã=
cáêëí=ãçãÉåíëW= j ñ I= j ó =
jçãÉåíë=çÑ=áåÉêíá~W= f ñ I= f ó I= fM =
`Ü~êÖÉ=ÇÉåëáíóW= Vñ I ó =
`Ü~êÖÉ=çÑ=~=éä~íÉW=n=
`ççêÇáå~íÉë=çÑ=ÅÉåíÉê=çÑ=ã~ëëW= ñ I= ó =
^îÉê~ÖÉ=çÑ=~=ÑìåÅíáçåW= P =
=
³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ¦¦ Ñ ì I î 'ñ 'ó
íç=ÄÉ==
ã å
äáã I==
ã~ñ 'ñ á oM
>~ I Ä @u>Å I Ç @
á à á à
ã~ñ 'ó à o M á N à N
ñ á N I ñ á u ó àN I ó à I=~åÇ= 'ñ á ñ á ñ á N I= 'ó à ó à ó àN K=
ïÜÉêÉ= ì á I î à =áë=ëçãÉ=éçáåí=áå=íÜÉ=êÉÅí~åÖäÉ=
=== =
Figure 189.
258
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³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³³ Öñ I ó Ç^ I==
qÜÉ=ÇçìÄäÉ=áåíÉÖê~ä=çîÉê=~=ÖÉåÉê~ä=êÉÖáçå=o=áë==
>~ I Ä @u>Å I Ç @
ïÜÉêÉ=êÉÅí~åÖäÉ= >~ I Ä@u >ÅI Ç@ =Åçåí~áåë=oI==
o
=
=
Figure 190.
³³ >Ñ ñ I ó Öñ I ó @Ç^ ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³³ Öñ I ó Ç^ =
=
1079.
o o o
³³ >Ñ ñ I ó Öñ I ó @Ç^ ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³³ Öñ I ó Ç^ =
=
1080.
o o o
³³ âÑ ñ I ó Ç^ â ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ I==
=
1081.
o o
ïÜÉêÉ=â=áë=~=Åçåëí~åíK=
o o
259
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
= ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ d ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ K=
p o
=
=
Figure 191.
êÉÖáçåëI=íÜÉå= ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ K==
o p
eÉêÉ= o p =áë=íÜÉ=ìåáçå=çÑ=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçåë=o=~åÇ=pK=
o p
=
=
Figure 192.
=
=
260
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1085. fíÉê~íÉÇ=fåíÉÖê~äë=~åÇ=cìÄáåásë=qÜÉçêÉã=
³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³ ³ Ñ ñ I ó ÇóÇñ ==
Ä èñ
o ~é ñ
o ^ñ I ó ö ~ d ñ d ÄI éñ d ó d èñ ` K=
Ñçê=~=êÉÖáçå=çÑ=íóéÉ=fI==
=
=
Figure 193.
=
Ç î ó
³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^
o
³ ³ Ñ ñ I ó ÇñÇó ==
Åì ó
o ^ñ I ó ö ìó d ñ d î ó I Å d ó d Ç` K=
Ñçê=~=êÉÖáçå=çÑ=íóéÉ=ffI=
261
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=
=
Figure 194.
=
1086. açìÄäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=çîÉê=oÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=oÉÖáçåë=
§Ç · § ·
³³ Ñ ñ I ó ÇñÇó ³ ¨³
¨ ¸
¸ ³ ¨ ³ Ñ ñ I ó Çñ ¸Çó K==
¨ ¸
Ä Ç Ä
~©Å ¹ Å©~ ¹
Ñ ñ I ó Çó Çñ
o
få=íÜÉ=ëéÉÅá~ä=Å~ëÉ=ïÜÉêÉ=íÜÉ=áåíÉÖê~åÇ= Ñ ñ I ó =Å~å=ÄÉ=ïêáí-
=
íÉå=~ë= Ö ñ Üó =ïÉ=Ü~îÉ==
§Ä ·§Ç ·
³³o Ñ ñ I ó ÇñÇó ³³o Ö ñ Ü ó ÇñÇó ¨³
¨
©~
Ö ñ Çñ ¸¨³
¸ ¨
¹©Å
Ü ó Çó ¸ K==
¸
¹
=
w ñ I ó
1087. `Ü~åÖÉ=çÑ=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
w ñ I ó wì wî
z M áë= íÜÉ= à~ÅçÄá~å= çÑ= íÜÉ= íê~åë-
w ìI î wó wó
ïÜÉêÉ=
wì wî
Ñçêã~íáçåë= ñ I ó o ìI î I=~åÇ=p=áë=íÜÉ=éìääÄ~Åâ=çÑ=o=ïÜáÅÜ=
262
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Å~å=ÄÉ=ÅçãéìíÉÇ=Äó= ñ ñ ìI î I= ó ó ìI î =áåíç=íÜÉ=ÇÉÑáåá-
íáçå=çÑ=oK==
=
=
=
Figure 195.
=
1089. açìÄäÉ=fåíÉÖê~äë=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
=
w ñ I ó
qÜÉ=aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ä=ÇñÇó=Ñçê=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=áë==
ÇêÇT êÇêÇT K==
w êI T
ÇñÇó
M d Ö T d ê d ÜT I= D d T d E I=ïÜÉêÉ= E D d OS K==
iÉí=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçå=o=áë=ÇÉíÉêãáåÉÇ=~ë=ÑçääçïëW=
qÜÉå==
o DÖ T
263
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=
=
Figure 196.
=
M d ~ d ê d Ä I= D d T d E I=ïÜÉêÉ= E D d OS I===
fÑ=íÜÉ=êÉÖáçå=o=áë=íÜÉ=éçä~ê=êÉÅí~åÖäÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
íÜÉå==
o D ~
=
=
Figure 197.
=
=
264
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1090. ^êÉ~=çÑ=~=oÉÖáçå=
³ ³ ÇóÇñ
Ä Ñ ñ
^ =EÑçê=~=íóéÉ=f=êÉÖáçåFK=
~Ö ñ
=
=
=
Figure 198.
=
Ç èó
^ ³ ³ ÇñÇó
Åé ó
=EÑçê=~=íóéÉ=ff=êÉÖáçåFK=
=
=
Figure 199.
=
=
265
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
s ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ K==
1091. sçäìãÉ=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=
o
=
=
=
Figure 200.
fÑ=o=áë=~=íóéÉ=f=êÉÖáçå=ÄçìåÇÉÇ=Äó= ñ ~ I= ñ Ä I= ó Üñ I=
=
ó Ö ñ I=íÜÉå==
Ä Öñ
s ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³ ³ Ñ ñ I ó ÇóÇñ K==
o ~Ü ñ
fÑ=o=áë=~=íóéÉ=ff=êÉÖáçå=ÄçìåÇÉÇ=Äó= ó Å I= ó Ç I= ñ èó I=
=
ñ éó I=íÜÉå=
Ç èó
s ³³ Ñ ñ I ó Ç^ ³ ³ Ñ ñ I ó ÇñÇó K==
o Åé ó
266
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fÑ== Ñ ñ I ó t Ö ñ I ó ==çîÉê==~==êÉÖáçå==oI==íÜÉå==íÜÉ==îçäìãÉ==çÑ=
íÜÉ= ëçäáÇ= ÄÉíïÉÉå= òN Ñ ñ I ó = ~åÇ= ò O Öñ I ó = çîÉê= o= áë=
o
=
fÑ=p=áë=~=êÉÖáçå=áå=íÜÉ=ñó-éä~åÉ=ÄçìåÇÉÇ=Äó= T D I= T E I=
1092. ^êÉ~=~åÇ=sçäìãÉ=áå=mçä~ê=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
ê ÜT I= ê Ö T I==
íÜÉå==
E Ö T
^ ³³ Ç^ ³ ³ êÇêÇ
T I==
³³ Ñ êI TêÇêÇT K==
p DÜ T
s
p
=
=
=
Figure 201.
=
1093. pìêÑ~ÅÉ=^êÉ~=
§ wò · §¨ wò ·¸
³³ N ¨
O
© wñ ¹̧ ¨© wó ¸¹
O
p ÇñÇó =
o
267
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ã ³³ Uñ I ó Ç^ I==
1094. j~ëë=çÑ=~=i~ãáå~=
~=éçáåí=EñIóF=áë= Uñ I ó K===
ïÜÉêÉ==íÜÉ==ä~ãáå~==çÅÅìéáÉë==~==êÉÖáçå==o=~åÇ==áíë==ÇÉåëáíó==~í=
=
1095. jçãÉåíë=
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~ãáå~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ==ñ-~ñáë==áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó=Ñçê-
j ñ ³³ óUñ I ó Ç^ K==
ãìä~=
j ó ³³ ñUñ I ó Ç^ K=
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=íÜÉ=ä~ãáå~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ó-~ñáë=áë=
f ñ ³³ ó OUñ I ó Ç^ K==
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ñ-~ñáë=áë=
f ó ³³ ñ OUñ I ó Ç^ K==
qÜÉ=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ó-~ñáë=áë=
fM ³³ ñ O ó O Uñ I ó Ç^ K==
qÜÉ=éçä~ê=ãçãÉåí=çÑ=áåÉêíá~=áë=
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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269
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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270
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
fÑ=íÜÉ=ëçäáÇ=d=áë=íÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=éçáåíë= ñ I ó I ò =ëìÅÜ=íÜ~í=
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w ñ I ó I ò
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d
271
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
wñ wñ wñ
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w êI TI M
ÇñÇóÇò
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272
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ê~åÖÉë=Ñêçã=M=íç= S K==
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1110. sçäìãÉ=áå=`óäáåÇêáÅ~ä=`ççêÇáå~íÉë=
p ê I T Iò
p ê I T IM
273
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ã ³³³ Pñ I ó I ò Çs I==
1112. j~ëë=çÑ=~=pçäáÇ=
=
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f ñ f ñó f ñò ³³³ ò O ó O Pñ I ó I ò Çs I==
1115. jçãÉåíë=çÑ=fåÉêíá~=~Äçìí=íÜÉ=ñ-~ñáëI=ó-~ñáëI=~åÇ=ò-~ñáë=
f ñó f óò ³³³ ò ñ O Pñ I ó I ò Çs I==
d
O
fó
d
274
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
f ñò f óò ³³³ ó ñ O Pñ I ó I ò Çs K==
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d
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pÅ~ä~ê=ÑìåÅíáçåëW= cñ I ó I ò I= cñ I ó I= Ñ ñ =
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275
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
iÉí=~=ÅìêîÉ=`=ÄÉ=ÖáîÉå=Äó=íÜÉ=îÉÅíçê=ÑìåÅíáçå= ê ê ë I=
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276
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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278
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
p ³³ ÇñÇó
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279
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
1130. iÉåÖíÜ=çÑ=~=`ìêîÉ=
i ³ Çë ³ í Çí ³ §¨ Çñ · §¨ · §¨ Çò · Çí I=
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
ã ³ Uñ í I ó í I ò í ¨
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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286
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
wê wñ
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287
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
cñ I ó I ò mñ I ó I ò I nñ I ó I ò I oñ I ó I ò ===
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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p
291
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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CHAPTER 9. INTEGRAL CALCULUS
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Chapter 10
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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297
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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299
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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CHAPTER 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
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Chapter 11
Series
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1189. ~N ~ å ~ O ~ å N ~ á ~ å Ná =
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
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CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 11. SERIES
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
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¦ N ~ ¦ N
f f
å å N
qÜÉå= íÜÉ= ~äíÉêå~íáåÖ= ëÉêáÉë= å = ~åÇ= ~å =
å N å N
ÄçíÜ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉK====
=
¦~
1217. ^ÄëçäìíÉ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
f
x ^= ëÉêáÉë= å = áë= ~ÄëçäìíÉäó= ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí= áÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉêáÉë=
¦~
å N
f
å =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK==
å N
310
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
fÑ=íÜÉ=ëÉêáÉë= ¦ ~ å áë=~ÄëçäìíÉäó=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=íÜÉå=áí=áë=Åçå-
f
x
å N
îÉêÖÉåíK=
=
¦~
1218. `çåÇáíáçå~ä=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
f
^= ëÉêáÉë= å áë= ÅçåÇáíáçå~ääó= ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí= áÑ= íÜÉ= ëÉêáÉë= áë=
å N
ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=Äìí=áë=åçí=~ÄëçäìíÉäó=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåíK=
=
=
=
11.8 Power Series
=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêëW=ñI= ñ M =
mçïÉê=ëÉêáÉëW= ¦ ~ å ñ å I= ¦ ~ å ñ ñ M =
f f
å
å M å M
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉW=o=
=
¦~
1219. mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=áå=ñ=
f
å ñå ~ M ~Nñ ~ O ñ O ~ å ñ å =
å M
1220. mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=áå= ñ ñ M =
=
¦ ~ ñ ñ ~ M ~ N ñ ñ M ~ O ñ ñ M ~ å ñ ñ M
f
å O å
å M
å M
=
1221. fåíÉêî~ä=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ===
¦ ~ ñ ñ
qÜÉ=ëÉí=çÑ=íÜçëÉ=î~äìÉë=çÑ=ñ=Ñçê=ïÜáÅÜ=íÜÉ=ÑìåÅíáçå=
Ñ ñ
f
å
å M =áë=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåí=áë=Å~ääÉÇ==íÜÉ==áåíÉêî~ä=çÑ=
å M
ÅçåîÉêÖÉåÅÉK=
311
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
fÑ=íÜÉ=áåíÉêî~ä=çÑ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=áë== ñ M oI ñ M o ==Ñçê==ëçãÉ=
1222. o~Çáìë=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉ=
o t M I=íÜÉ=o=áë=Å~ääÉÇ==íÜÉ=ê~Çáìë=çÑ=ÅçåîÉêÖÉåÅÉK==fí=áë=ÖáîÉå=
~ë=
N ~
o äáã =çê= o äáã å K==
å of å ~ å of ~
å å N
=
=
=
11.9 Differentiation and Integration of Power
Series
`çåíáåìçìë=ÑìåÅíáçåW= Ñ ñ =
=
mçïÉê=ëÉêáÉëW= ¦ ~ å ñ å =
f
å M
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
o~Çáìë=çÑ=`çåîÉêÖÉåÅÉW=o=
=
=
¦~
1223. aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~íáçå=çÑ=mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=
iÉí= Ñ ñ
f
ñå ~ M ~ Nñ ~ O ñ O =Ñçê= ñ o K==
Ñ cñ
Éñáëíë=~åÇ=
~ M ~ Nñ ~ O ñ O =
Ç Ç Ç
¦ å~ ñ
Çñ Çñ Çñ
f
~N O~ O ñ P~ P ñ O å
å N
K=
å N
=
=
=
312
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
¦~
1224. fåíÉÖê~íáçå=çÑ=mçïÉê=pÉêáÉë=
iÉí= Ñ ñ
f
ñå ~ M ~ Nñ ~ O ñ O =Ñçê= ñ o K==
³ Ñ ñ Çñ ³ ~ Çñ ³ ~ ñÇñ ³ ~ ñ Çñ =
O
¦ ~å
M N O
f
ñ å N
~ M ñ ~N ~O ` K=
ñO ñP
O P å M å N
=
=
=
11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series
=
aáÑÑÉêÉåíá~ÄäÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåW= Ñ ñ =
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
oÉã~áåÇÉê=íÉêãW= o å =
=
=
Ñ ñ ¦ Ñ å ~
ñ ~ å Ñ ~ Ñ c~ ñ ~ Ñ cc~ ñ ~ O
1225. q~óäçê=pÉêáÉë=
f
Ñ å ~ ñ ~
å M å> O>
o å K==
å
==
å>
=
Ñ å N [ ñ ~
1226. qÜÉ=oÉã~áåÇÉê=^ÑíÉê=åHN=qÉêãë=áë=ÖáîÉå=Äó==
å N
I=== ~ [ ñ K=
å N>
oå
=
1227. j~Åä~ìêáå=pÉêáÉë=
313
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
Ñ ccMñ O Ñ å M ñ å
Ñ ñ ¦ Ñ M å> Ñ M Ñ cMñ
f
oå
å ñå
å M O> å>
=
=
=
=
11.11 Power Series Expansions for Some
Functions
=
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å=
oÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW=ñ=
=
=
1228. É ñ N ñ =
ñO ñP ñå
O> P> å>
ñ äå ~ ñ äå ~ ñ äå ~ ñ äå ~ å =
=
1229. ~ ñ N
O P
N ñ åN
=
1230. äåN ñ ñ r I= N ñ d N K=
å
ñ O ñP ñ Q
O P Q å N
=
N ñ § ·
O¨¨ ñ ¸¸ I= ñ N K=
ñP ñR ñT
N ñ © ¹
1231. äå
P R T
=
ª ñ N N § ñ N ·P N § ñ N · R º
1232. äå ñ O« ¨ ¨ » I= ñ ! M K=
«¬ ñ N P © ñ N ¹̧ R © ñ N ¹̧ »¼
Nå ñ Oå r =
=
1233. Åçë ñ N
Oå >
ñO ñQ ñS
O> Q> S>
=
314
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
ñ
N ñ OåN r =
Oå N>
å
ñP ñR ñT
1234. ëáå ñ
P> R> T>
=
S
ñ I= ñ K=
ñ P Oñ R NT ñ T SOñ V
1235. í~å ñ
P NR PNR OUPR O
=
N § ñ ñ P Oñ R Oñ T ·
¨¨ ¸¸ I= ñ S K=
ñ © P QR VQR QTOR ¹
1236. Åçí ñ
N P R Oå Nñ Oå N
=
ñ P N Pñ R
ñ I=
OP O Q R O Q S Oå Oå N
1237. ~êÅëáå ñ
ñ N K=
N P R Oå Nñ Oå N
=
S § ñ P N Pñ R ·
¨¨ ñ ¸¸I
O © OP OQ R O Q S Oå Oå N ¹
1238. ~êÅÅçë ñ
ñ N K=
N ñ OåN r I= ñ d N K=
=
ñ
å
ñP ñR ñT
Oå N
1239. ~êÅí~å ñ
P R T
=
315
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
1242. N ñ N å`Nñ å` O ñ O ã ` å ñ ã ñ å =
=
å
åå N>å ã N@
=
1243. å ` ã I= ñ N K=
ã>
=
N ñ ñ O ñ P I= ñ N K=
N
N ñ
1244.
=
N ñ ñ O ñ P I= ñ N K=
N
N ñ
1245.
=
ñ ñ O N Pñ P N P Rñ Q
1246. N ñ N I= ñ d N K=
O OQ OQ S OQ SU
=
ñ N Oñ O N O Rñ P N O R Uñ Q
1247. P N ñ N I= ñ d N K=
P PS PSV P S V NO
=
=
=
11.13 Fourier Series
fåíÉÖê~ÄäÉ=ÑìåÅíáçåW= Ñ ñ =
=
cçìêáÉê=ÅçÉÑÑáÅáÉåíëW= ~ M I= ~ å I= Äå =
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêW=å==
316
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CHAPTER 11. SERIES
S ³S
Ñ ñ Åçë åñ Çñ ==
S
N
1249. ~ å
S ³S
Ñ ñ ëáå åñ Çñ ==
S
N
1250. Äå
=
=
317
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Chapter 12
Probability
=
=
=
=
12.1 Permutations and Combinations
=
mÉêãìí~íáçåëW= å mã =
`çãÄáå~íáçåëW= å ` ã =
tÜçäÉ=åìãÄÉêëW=åI=ã=
=
=
å> N O På Oå Nå =
1251. c~Åíçêá~ä=
M> N =
=
1252. å må å> =
=
å ã >
å>
1253. å mã =
§å·
1254. _áåçãá~ä=`çÉÑÑáÅáÉåí=
` ã ¨¨ ¸¸
© ã ¹ ã> å ã >
å å>
=
=
1255. å ` ã å ` å ã =
1256. å ` ã å ` ã N å N ` ã N =
=
318
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CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1257. å ` M å `N å ` O å ` å Oå =
=
1258. m~ëÅ~äsë=qêá~åÖäÉ=
=
oçï=M= = = = = = = N= = = = = = =
oçï=N= = = = = = N= = N= = = = = =
oçï=O= = = = = N= = O= = N= = = = =
oçï=P= = = = N= = P= = P= = N= = = =
oçï=Q= = = N= = Q= = S= = Q= = N= = =
oçï=R= = N= = R= = NM= = NM= = R= = N= =
oçï=S= N= = S= = NR= = OM= = NR= = S= = N=
=
=
=
12.2 Probability Formulas
=
bîÉåíëW=^I=_=
mêçÄ~ÄáäáíóW=m=
o~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉëW=uI=vI=w=
bñéÉÅíÉÇ=î~äìÉ=çÑ=uW= P =
s~äìÉë=çÑ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉëW=ñI=óI=ò=
^åó=éçëáíáîÉ=êÉ~ä=åìãÄÉêW= H ==
pí~åÇ~êÇ=ÇÉîá~íáçåW= V =
s~êá~åÅÉW= V O =
aÉåëáíó=ÑìåÅíáçåëW= Ñ ñ I= Ñ í =
=
=
m ^
1259. mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=~å=bîÉåí=
ã
I==
å
ïÜÉêÉ==
ã=áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=éçëáíáîÉ=çìíÅçãÉëI==
å=áë=íÜÉ=íçí~ä=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=çìíÅçãÉëK=
=
319
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CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
M d m^ d N =
1260. o~åÖÉ=çÑ=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=s~äìÉë=
m ^ N =
1261. `Éêí~áå=bîÉåí=
m ^ M =
1262. fãéçëëáÄäÉ=bîÉåí=
m^ N m^ =
1263. `çãéäÉãÉåí=
m^ L _ m^ I==
1264. fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=bîÉåíë=
m_ L ^ m_ =
=
m^ _ m^ m_ =
1265. ^ÇÇáíáçå=oìäÉ=Ñçê=fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=bîÉåíë=
m^ _ m^ m_ =
1266. jìäíáéäáÅ~íáçå=oìäÉ=Ñçê=fåÇÉéÉåÇÉåí=bîÉåíë=
m^ _ m^ m_ m^ _ I==
1267. dÉåÉê~ä=^ÇÇáíáçå=oìäÉ=
^ _ =áë=íÜÉ=ìåáçå=çÑ=ÉîÉåíë=^=~åÇ=_I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
^ _ =áë=íÜÉ=áåíÉêëÉÅíáçå=çÑ=ÉîÉåíë=^=~åÇ=_K=
=
m^ _
m ^ L _
1268. `çåÇáíáçå~ä=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=
m_
=
1269. m^ _ m_ m^ L _ m^ m_ L ^ =
=
320
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CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
¦ m_ m^ L _ I==
1270. i~ï=çÑ=qçí~ä=mêçÄ~Äáäáíó=
m ^
ã
á á
á N
ïÜÉêÉ= _ á =áë=~=ëÉèìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ãìíì~ääó=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=ÉîÉåíëK==
=
m^ L _ m_
m_ L ^
1271. _~óÉës=qÜÉçêÉã=
m^
=
m_ m^ L _ á
m_ á L ^ ã á
1272. _~óÉës=cçêãìä~=
¦ m_ á m^ L _ á
I==
â N
ïÜÉêÉ==
_ á =áë=~=ëÉí=çÑ=ãìíì~ääó=ÉñÅäìëáîÉ=ÉîÉåíë=EÜóéçíÜÉëÉëFI=
m_ á =~êÉ=íÜÉ=éêáçê=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíáÉëI=
^ =áë=íÜÉ=Ñáå~ä=ÉîÉåíI==
m_ á L ^ =~êÉ=íÜÉ=éçëíÉêáçê=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíáÉëK=
=
1273. i~ï=çÑ=i~êÖÉ=kìãÄÉêë=
§p ·
m¨ å P t H o M =~ë= å o f I==
© å ¹̧
§p ·
m¨ å P H o N =~ë= å o f I==
© å ¹̧
ïÜÉêÉ==
på =áë=íÜÉ=ëìã=çÑ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉëI=
å =áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëëáÄäÉ=çìíÅçãÉëK=
=
su
m u P t H d O I==
1274. `ÜÉÄóëÜÉî=fåÉèì~äáíó=
H
ïÜÉêÉ= su =áë=íÜÉ=î~êá~åÅÉ=çÑ=uK=
321
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CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
1275. kçêã~ä=aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå=
ñ P O
Mñ
É OV I==
N
V OS
O
ïÜÉêÉ=ñ=áë=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=çìíÅçãÉK=
=
1276. pí~åÇ~êÇ=kçêã~ä=aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå=
Mò
N òO
O
OS
É =
^îÉê~ÖÉ=î~äìÉ= P M I=ÇÉîá~íáçå= V N K=
=
===== =
=
Figure 210.
=
uP
1277. pí~åÇ~êÇ=w=s~äìÉ=
V
w =
=
1278. `ìãìä~íáîÉ=kçêã~ä=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=
í P O
cñ ³
ñ
OVO
N
V OS f
É Çí I==
322
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CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
ïÜÉêÉ==
ñ=áë=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=çìíÅçãÉI==
í =áë=~=î~êá~ÄäÉ=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåK=
§ D P· §EP·
=
1279. mD u E c¨ c¨
© V ¹̧ © V ¹̧
I=
ïÜÉêÉ=
u=áë=åçêã~ääó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉI=
mD u E =áë=áåíÉêî~ä=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíóK=
c=áë=Åìãìä~íáîÉ=åçêã~ä=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ÑìåÅíáçåI==
1280. m u P H Oc¨
§H·
=
© V ¹̧
I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
u=áë=åçêã~ääó=ÇáëíêáÄìíÉÇ=ê~åÇçã=î~êá~ÄäÉI=
c=áë=Åìãìä~íáîÉ=åçêã~ä=ÇáëíêáÄìíáçå=ÑìåÅíáçåK=
=
1281. `ìãìä~íáîÉ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=
cñ mu ñ ³ Ñ í Çí I==
ñ
f
ïÜÉêÉ=í=áë=~=î~êá~ÄäÉ=çÑ=áåíÉÖê~íáçåK=
=
1282. _Éêåçìääá=qêá~äë=mêçÅÉëë=
P åé = I= V O åéè I==
ïÜÉêÉ==
å =áë=~=ëÉèìÉåÅÉ=çÑ=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíëI==
é =áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=ëìÅÅÉëë=çÑ=É~ÅÜ=ÉñéÉêáãÉåíëI=
è =áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=Ñ~áäìêÉI= è N é K=
=
1283. _áåçãá~ä=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=======
§ å·
ÄåI éI è ¨¨ ¸¸ é â è å â I==
©â¹
323
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CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
P åé I= V O
Ñ ñ è éÉ I==
åéè I=
ñ å
ïÜÉêÉ==
å=áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=íêá~äë=çÑ=ëÉäÉÅíáçåëI=
è=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=Ñ~áäìêÉI= è N é K=
é=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=ëìÅÅÉëëI=
mq à è àNé I==
1284. dÉçãÉíêáÅ=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=
P I= V
N O è
I==
é éO
ïÜÉêÉ==
q=áë=íÜÉ=Ñáêëí=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìä=ÉîÉåí=áë=íÜÉ=ëÉêáÉëI=
à=áë=íÜÉ=ÉîÉåí=åìãÄÉêI=
è=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=çÑ=Ñ~áäìêÉI= è N é K=
é=áë=íÜÉ=éêçÄ~Äáäáíó=íÜ~í=~åó=çåÉ=ÉîÉåí=áë=ëìÅÅÉëëÑìäI==
=
1285. mçáëëçå=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=
Oâ O
mu â | É I= O åé I==
P O I= V O I==
â>
O
O =áë=íÜÉ=ê~íÉ=çÑ=çÅÅìêêÉåÅÉI=
ïÜÉêÉ==
â=áë=íÜÉ=åìãÄÉê=çÑ=éçëáíáîÉ=çìíÅçãÉëK=
=
1286. aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå==
m~ d u d Ä ³ Ñ ñ Çñ ==
Ä
~
=
~Ä
1287. `çåíáåìçìë=råáÑçêã=aÉåëáíó=
I= P
N
Ä~
Ñ I==
O
324
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CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
ïÜÉêÉ=Ñ=áë=íÜÉ=ÇÉåëáíó=ÑìåÅíáçåK=
=
Ñ í OÉ Oí I= P O I= V O OO =
1288. bñéçåÉåíá~ä=aÉåëáíó=cìåÅíáçå=
ïÜÉêÉ=í=áë=íáãÉI= O =áë=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ê~íÉK=
=
cí N É Oí I==
1289. bñéçåÉåíá~ä=aáëíêáÄìíáçå=cìåÅíáçå=
ïÜÉêÉ=í=áë=íáãÉI= O =áë=íÜÉ=Ñ~áäìêÉ=ê~íÉK=
=
¦ñ é
1290. bñéÉÅíÉÇ=s~äìÉ=çÑ=aáëÅêÉíÉ=o~åÇçã=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
P bu
å
á á I==
á N
ïÜÉêÉ= ñ á =áë=~=é~êíáÅìä~ê=çìíÅçãÉI= é á =áë=áíë=éêçÄ~ÄáäáíóK=
=
1291. bñéÉÅíÉÇ=s~äìÉ=çÑ=`çåíáåìçìë=o~åÇçã=s~êá~ÄäÉë=
P bu ³ ñÑ ñ Çñ ==
f
f
=
bu v bu bv I==
1292. mêçéÉêíáÉë=çÑ=bñéÉÅí~íáçåë=
bu v bu bv I=
bÅu Åbu I==
buv bu bv I==
1293. bu O su P O I==
ïÜÉêÉ=Å=áë=~=Åçåëí~åíK=
=
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Source: Public Domain Maths Demo: Call 8898008898 Boards| JEE | MHT-CET
CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
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Source: Public Domain Maths Demo: Call 8898008898 Boards| JEE | MHT-CET
CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
CHAPTER 12. PROBABILITY
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Source: Public Domain Maths Demo: Call 8898008898 Boards| JEE | MHT-CET
CATCH25 Science Academy Study Material: 1300 Maths Formulas
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Source: Public Domain Maths Demo: Call 8898008898 Boards| JEE | MHT-CET