UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB

Assignment no: 04
Topic: Normal Distribution

Submitted by:
EMMAN TARIQ L1F20BSAF0059
Submitted to:
Dr.Zahid Ahmad
Section: “B”
Date of Submission:
28 June 2021
 ASSIGMENT.NO.4
Normal Distribution

Introduction;

The normal distribution is the most important and most widely used distribution in statistics. It is
sometimes called the "bell curve," although the tonal qualities of such a bell would be less than
pleasing. It is also called the "Gaussian curve" after the mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss. As
you will see in the section on the history of the normal distribution, although Gauss played an
important role in its history, Abraham de Moivre first discovered the normal distribution on.
The normal probability distribution was introduced by the French mathematician Abraham de
Moivre in 1733. He used it to approximate probabilities associated with binomial random
variables when n is large

Definition:

Normal distribution is a function that represents the distribution of many random variables as a
symmetrical bell-shaped graph.

Example:

• Rolling A Dice. A fair rolling of dice is also a good example of normal distribution.
• Tossing A Coin
• IQ test score
• Technical Stock Market shares
• Income Distribution in Economy
• Shoe Size
• Birth Weight

Features

Here are some features of normal distributions which are stated below:
❖ Normal distributions are symmetric around their mean
❖ The mean, median, and mode of a normal distribution are equal.
❖ The area under the normal curve is equal to 1.01.0.
❖ Normal distributions are denser in the center and less dense in the tails.
 ❖ 68%68% of the area of a normal distribution is within one standard deviation of the
mean.
❖ Approximately 95%95% of the area of a normal distribution is within two standard
deviations of the mean.
The normal distribution is produced by the normal density function,
1 𝑋− 𝜇 2
1
∙ 𝑒 −2 ( )
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝜎 .
𝜎 √2𝜋

In this exponential function;

• f (x) is the Probability density function
• e is the constant 2.71828…
• 𝜇 is the mean
• σ is the standard deviation
Parameters:

The Normal distributions are defined by two parameters which stated below:

❖ the mean (μ)

❖ the standard deviation (σ).

These two parameter of normal distribution are briefly illustrated below:

Mean:

The mean is used by researchers as a measure of central tendency. It can be used to describe the
distribution of variables measured as ratios or intervals. In a normal distribution graph, the mean
defines the location of the peak, and most of the data points are clustered around the mean. Any
changes made to the value of the mean move the curve either to the left or right along the X-axis.

Standard Deviation.

The standard deviation measures the dispersion of the data points relative to the mean. It
determines how far away from the mean the data points are positioned and represents the
distance between the mean and the observations.
On the graph, the standard deviation determines the width of the curve, and it tightens or expands
the width of the distribution along the x-axis. Typically, a small standard deviation relative to the
mean produces a steep curve, while a large standard deviation relative to the mean produces a
flatter curve.

Standard normal distribution;

Definition:

The standard normal distribution is a special case of the normal distribution . It is the distribution
that occurs when a normal random variable has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of o

How to calculate a z-score?

To standardize a value from a normal distribution, convert the individual value into a z-score:
1. Subtract the mean from your individual value.
2. Divide the difference by the standard deviation.

Where,

1. X is a normal random variable

2. μ is the mean
3. σ is the standard deviation.

Examples

Question#1

The student Scores in the entry test of engineering(ECAT) are roughly normally
distributed with a mean of 527 and a standard deviation of 112. What is the probability of
an individual scoring above 500 on the ECAT test?

Given data:

µ = 527

σ = 112

formula
Solution:
𝟓𝟎𝟎−𝟓𝟐𝟕
P{X > 500} == P{Z > )
𝟏𝟏𝟐

= P{Z > -0.24}

= 1 – 0.4052

= 0.5948
Question#2

The length of human pregnancies from conception to birth approximates a normal

distribution with a mean of 266 days and a standard deviation of 16 days. What proportion
of all pregnancies will last between 240 and 270 days (roughly between 8 and 9 months)?

Given data:

µ = 266

σ = 16

formula

Solution:
240−266 270−266
P(240 < X < 270) =𝑃( <X< )
16 16

P(240 < X < 270) = P(-1.63 < Z < 0.25)

P(-1.63 < Z < 0.25) = P(Z< 0.25) - P(Z < -1.63)

P(-1.63 < Z < 0.25) = 0.5987 – 0.0516

= 0.5471