PRESENT TENSE VERB “BE" (+)

Full form Contraction Full form Contraction

We are students. We’re students.
I am a student. I’m a student.
You are pilots. You’re pilots.
You are at school. You’re at school.
They are in Class 4. They’re in Class 4.
He is Martin. He’s Martin.
She is a teacher. She’s a teacher.
It is a car. It’s a car.

Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks by using "am, is, are"
1. Cats and dogs _____ pets. 16. Mary _____ my friend.
2. We _____ flat mates. 17. The books _____ expensive.
3. They _____ lazy. 18. The plane _____ comfortable.
4. She _____ a singer. 19. The flowers _____ colorful.
5. The school _____ old. 20. You _____ my friend.
6. They _____ fat. 21. The buses _____ cheap.
7. It _____ red. 22. This picture _____ beautiful.
8. He _____ hardworking. 23. They _____ from London.
9. The shop _____ big. 24. I _____ five years old.
10. Mr. Green _____a doctor. 25. It _____ a wild animal.
11. My name _____ Sarah. 26. George _____ twenty years old.
12. They _____ students. 27. Jane and Susan ____ classmates.
13. You _____ in class 10. 28. My dogs _____ black.
14. She _____ from India. 29. My father and I _____ tall.
15. They _____ in the cinema. 30. It _____ a beautiful dress.

PRESENT TENSE VERB BE (-)

Full form ( - )
I am not a student.
You are not at school.
He is not Martin.
She is not a teacher.
It is not a car.
We are not students.
You are not pilots.
They are not in Class 4.
Contraction
I’m not a student.
You’re not at school.
He isn’t Martin.
She isn’t a teacher.
It isn’t a car.
We aren’t students.
You aren’t pilots.
They aren’t in Class 4.
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks by using "am, is, are / am not, isn't, aren't"
1. Turkey, England, and Spain _____ cities.
2. A lemon _____ blue. It _____ yellow.
3. Wood _____ brown. Gold _____ yellow.
4. Planes _____ slow. They _____ big.
5. Ice cream and candy _____ colorful.
6. This _____ Jack. He _____ my friend.
7. I am 12 years old. I _____ a student. I_____ a teacher.
8. İzmir _____ in Turkey. İzmir _____ in Canada.
9. French _____ hard. It _____ easy.
10. Maggie _____ a British girl. She _____ Turkish.
B. Circle the correct alternative.
1. Maggie and Carol ______ good friends.
a) am b) are c) is d) isn't
2. Hayley _____ a history teacher.
a) are not b) is c) are d) am
3. Mark Brown _____ a student at London High School. It _____ an old school.
a) am / is b) are / is c) is / am d) is / is
4. Roger _____ from America. I _____ from Turkey.
a) is / am b) are / is c) am / is d) is / are
5. You and I _____ at the same age.
a) am b) isn't c) are d) is

PRESENT TENSE VERB BE (?)

In questions, put “be” before you, he, etc. Example: Are you Spanish? NOT You are Spanish?
Don’t use contraction in (+) short answer. Example: Are you a student? Yes, I am. NOT Yes, I’m.

(?) (✔) ( X)

Am I a student? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.

Is he a teacher? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
Is she a journalist? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t.
Is it a book? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
Are we mechanics? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
Are you pilots? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.
Are they policemen? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
Exercises
A. Change the sentences into questions.
Example: I am a waiter.
1. You are ill.
2. Linda is a pretty girl.
3. Belinda is a singer.
4. Nick is an actor.
5. We are good friends.
6. He is an officer.
7. It is an eraser.
8. You and Eddie are partners.
9. Rosie is angry.
10. Jack and I are good swimmers.
B. Give a short answer for each question.
Example: Is it a car? No, it isn't.
1. A: Are you a student? (+)
2. A: Is Tom in the park? (-)
3. A: Is it an English book? (+)
4. A: Are Joy and John sisters? (-)
5. A: Am I a doctor? (+)
6. A: Is Tom fifteen years old? (-)
7. A: Are your earrings expensive? (+)
8. A: Is ice cream hot? (-)
9. A: Are lemons yellow and sour? (+)
10. A: Are Chris and Jack Spanish? (-)
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: my, your, etc.
I'm Italian.
You’re in level 1.
He is the director.
She is your teacher.
It’s a school.
We’re an international school.
You are my students.
They’re new students.
Am I a waiter?
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My family is from Rome.
This is your classroom.
His name is Michael.
Her name is Tina.
Its name is Queen’s School.
Our students are from many different countries.
Your books are on your desks.
Their names are David and Emma.
Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjective.
1. A: Jane, is it his book? B: No, it isn’t. It is (I) _____ book.
2. A: Catherine, are they your cassettes? B: No, they are (Jenny) _____ cassettes.
3. A: Betty, is it your house? B: No, it is (Tom) _____ house.
4. A: Is it their car? B: No, it’s (we) _____ car.
5. A: Is it my pencil? B: Yes, it is (you)_____ pencil.
6. A: Is she our teacher? B: No, she is (Andy and Sue) _____ teacher.
7. A: Is she Kate? B: No, (she) _____ name is Sheila.
B. Underline the correct answer.
1. My / I husband is from Greece.
2. She is your / its teacher
3. They’re / Their hamburgers are in the kitchen.
4. My / Its car is a Mercedes.
5. Her / Their names are Susan and Maria.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE (a / an)
• Use a / an with a singular noun.
Examples:
It’s a bag. It’s an e-mail. It’s a school.
• Use an with a noun beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u).
Examples:
It’s an umbrella. He is an actor. It’s an identity card.
• Use a with a noun beginning with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, etc.).
Examples:
It’s a kitten. It’s a bed. It’s a telephone.
Exercises
A. Fill in the gaps with a / an.
1. It’s _____ book. 5. It’s _____ umbrella. 9. He’s _____ engineer.
2. It’s _____ apple. 6. It’s _____ tree. 10. It’s _____ table.
3. She’s _____ teacher. 7. It’s _____ orange.
4. It’s _____ pencil. 8. It’s _____ English book.
B. Tick (✔) the correct ones. Correct the mistakes.

1. a e-mail 🗶 an e-mail

2. a motorbike _______________ 5. an orange _______________

3. a stereo _______________ 4. an pet _______________
6. an watch _______________ 7. a apple _______________
POSSESSIVE ’S
• Use ’s with a person to talk about relatives and possessions.
Examples:
She is Naomi Campbell’s mother. NOT the mother of Naomi Campbell
This is Catherine’s car. NOT the car of Catherine
• Use ’s or just ’ with the names ending the letter s.
Examples:
It’s James’s house. OR It’s James’ house.
This is Marcus’s coat OR This is Marcus’ coat.
• Use ’s with irregular plural people, men, women, children, people.
Examples:
That’s my children’s school. NOT That’s my childrens’ school.
This is those women’s car. NOT This is those womens’ car.
• Use ’s with regular plural people.
Examples:
They’re my parents’ friends. NOT They’re my parent’s friends.
These are my teachers’ rules. NOT These are my teacher’s rules.

COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

• There are two kinds of nouns in English, countable (C) and uncountable (U).
C = things you can count. C nouns can be singular or plural.
Examples: one apple, two apples, three apples.
U = things you can’t count. U nouns can’t be plural.
Examples: butter, meat NOT two butters, two meats
• Some nouns can be C or U but the meaning is different.
Examples: I bought a paper to read. (= a newspaper)
I need some paper to write on. (= material for writing on)
There is a hair in my soup! (= one single hair)
You have got very long hair. (= all the hair on your head)
a / an, some / any Countable Uncountable
(+) We need an apple. some butter.
some apples. some milk.
(-) We don’t need a tomato. any rice.
any tomatoes. any sugar.
(?) Do we need a tomato? any rice?
any tomatoes? any sugar?
 • Use a / an with singular C nouns.
• Use some with plural C nouns and U nouns in (+).
• Use any with plural C nouns and U nouns in (-) and (?).

NOTE: We can also use some in (?) to ask for and offer things.
Examples: Can I have some coffee?
Would you like some biscuits?
I am thirsty. Can I have some water, please?
Do you need some sugar in your tea?

Exercises
A. Underline the correct answer.
1. Would you like an / any orange? 4. You can make a / any cake.
2. There isn’t / aren’t any coffee. 5. There isn’t / aren’t any potatoes.
3. Do we have any / a cheese? 6. She needs any / some sugar.

B. Complete the sentences with “some / any / a / an”.

1. I don’t have ________ tea.
2. Do you need ________bottle of water?
3. He can have ________ apple.
4. There’s ________ orange juice in the fridge.
5. There isn’t ________spaghetti.
6. I usually have ________cereal for breakfast.
7. There is _________ hair on your coat. Do you have a cat?
8. Can you give me ________ paper, please? I am writing my reports.
THERE IS / THERE ARE

Singular Plural
(+) There’s a piano. There are some glasses in the cupboard.
(-) There isn’t a fridge. There aren’t any pictures.
(? ) (√) (x) Is there a TV. Are there any glasses?
Yes, there is. No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.

● We use there is or there are to say that something or somebody exists. We mostly give a place at the end
of the sentence to show that where they exist.
Examples: There is a pencil on the table.
There aren’t 200 students in this school.
Is there a ruler in your bag?
● We use a/an, some and any with there is / there are. But some and any are used with plural nouns.
Examples: Is there a TV in the room? Yes, there’s a TV in the room.
Are there any pens in your bag? Yes, there are some pens in my bag
No, there aren’t any pens in my bag.
● We use some with (+) sentences and any with (–) and (?)
Examples: (+) There are some cars in front of the apartment.
(- ) There aren’t any trees in our garden.
(?) Are there any mobile phones in this shop?
Exercises
A. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of “There is / There are”.
1. ____________ a lot of rooms in that hotel. (+)
2. ____________ thirty students in my class. (-)
3. ____________ animals in Africa. (+)
4. ____________ a letter for you, it is on your desk. (+)
5. ____________ any dogs in our house. (-)
6. ____________ any eggs in the fridge (?)
7. ____________ any elephants in London Zoo (-)
8. ____________ a good film on TV tonight. (+)
9. ____________ a new bookshop in Oxford Street next to Porto Restaurant. (+)
10.____________ a computer in your room (?)

HOW MUCH / HOW MANY?

Uncountable (singular) Full answers Short answers
How much water do you drink? I drink a lot of water. A lot.
I drink quite a lot of water. Quite a lot.
I don’t drink much water. Not much.
I don’t drink any water. None.
Countable (plural)
How many sweets did you eat? I ate a lot of sweets. A lot.
I ate quite a lot of sweets. Quite a lot.
I didn’t eat many sweets. Not many.
I didn’t eat any sweets. None.
Exercises
A. Underline the correct answer.
1. How many / much water do you drink in a day?
2. I don’t do much / many exercise.
3. She is a vegetarian. She doesn’t eat any / none meat.
4. Tom eats not much / quite a lot of fruit.
5. She is new in town. She doesn’t know many / much people here.
6. How many/ much sugar do you put in your tea?
COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES
Adjective Comparative
old older
cheap cheaper one-syllable adjectives: add –er
big bigger adjectives ending one vowel + one consonant:
hot hotter double consonant, add –er
healthy healthier one- or two-syllable adjectives ending consonant + y > -ier
happy happier
famous more famous two- or more syllable adjectives: more + adjective
expensive more expensive
good better irregular
bad worse
far further / farther

EXERCISES
A. Complete the sentences with the comparative forms.
1. My flat is (big) ______________ than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful)___________ than that one.
3. Magazines are (interesting) _____________ than books.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) _____________ than smokers.
5. A holiday by the sea is (good)________ than a holiday in the mountains.
6. Tokyo is (expensive) ___________ than Istanbul.
7. My grandmother is (old)_____________than my grandfather
8. The weather this winter is even (bad) _______ than last winter.
9. These trousers are (comfortable)______________than those jeans.
10. My hair is (curly)____________________than your hair.
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
• Use the + superlative adjective to say which is the (biggest, strongest, the most expensive etc.) in a
group.
Example: It’s the hottest country in the world.
The most dangerous time is the winter for a driver.
• We do not use the with the superlative if there is a possessive.
Example: His latest car is a Mercedes.
NOT His the latest car is Mercedes.
 Adjective Comparative Superlative
cold colder the coldest add -est
high higher the highest
hot hotter the hottest double consonant, add –est
big bigger the biggest
pretty prettier the prettiest y > - iest
sunny sunnier the sunniest
dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous the most + adjective
good better the best
bad worse the worst irregular
far further / farther the furthest / the farthest

Exercises
Complete the sentences with a superlative.
Example: This house is very old. This is the oldest house in the city.
1. It was a very sad day. It was_____________________________________of my life.
2. Rachel is a very beautiful girl. She is ______________________________I have ever seen.
3. My sister Allison is very tall. She is _______________________________of my family.
4. It is a very good book. It is ______________________________________I have ever read.
5. It was a very hot day. It was _____________________________________of the year.
6. He is a very famous actor. He is__________________________________in the country.
7. She is a very funny person. She is ________________________________I know.
8. He is a very clever student. He is_________________________________in the class.
9. It is a very easy lesson. It is ____________________________________at school.
10. This is a very exciting film. It is the _________________________I have ever watched.
11. Antarctica is a very cold continent. It is _________________________________continent on earth.
12. İstanbul is a big city. It is __________________________________ I have ever lived in.
13. Vertu is a very expensive mobile phone. It is ______________________of all.
14. This cake is very delicious. It is_________________________________I have ever eaten.
15. Jane’s hair is very long. She has________________________ in the class.