SFT3013

ELECTOMAGNETISM

EXPERIMENT 2
PhET SIMULATION OF DC & AC CIRCUIT

LECTURER : DR. MOHD SYAHRIMAN BIN MOHD AZMI

By

NAME STUDENT ID GROUP

MOHAMAD IZZ ISALAH BIN D20201093694 B
MOHAMAD ISA

Date and Time of Practical Class

8/12/2020, 8.00-11.00 a.m.
OBJECTIVE
1. To assemble resistors in series and in parallel circuit.
2. To state the effect of series and parallel connections of resistors to the
equivalent resistance.

APPARATUS
Simulation devise (PhET website) : https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/legacy/circuit-
construction-kit-ac

INTRODUCTION
When there are two or more electrical devices present in a circuit with an energy
source, there are a couple of basic means by which to connect them. They can
be connected in series or connected in parallel. FIGURE 2.1 displays three light
bulbs connected together in the same circuit.

If connected in series, then they are connected in such a way that an individual
charge would pass through each one of the light bulbs in consecutive fashion.
When in series, charge passes through every light bulb. If connected in parallel, a
single charge passing through the external circuit would only pass through one of
the light bulbs.

The light bulbs are placed within a separate branch line, and a charge traversing
the external circuit will pass through only one of the branches during its path back
to the low potential terminal. The means by which the resistors are connected will
have a major effect upon the overall resistance of the circuit, the total current in
the circuit, and the current in each resistor.

(a) series circuit

(b) parallel circuit
PROCEDURE
PART A- DC CIRCUIT
1. The apparatus had been set up as shown in FIGURE 2.2 by used bulb B1. The circuit will
be closed which is switched ON.

FIGURE 2.2 Circuit Diagram of a

simple DC Circuit

2. The circuit construction of PhEt interface will be snapped and inserted into report and
labelled it as CIRCUIT 1.
3. The readings of voltage, V as provided by voltmeter and current, I for the reading of the
ammeter was recorded in Table 2.1 .

PART B : Equivalent Resistance

1. The apparatus was set up as shown in FIGURE 2.4 and FIGURE 2.5 by used resistor R1,
R2 and R3. The circuit also closed into the switch ON.

FIGURE 2.4 Series

Connection
 FIGURE 2.5 Parallel Connection

2. Step 2 will be repeated as like Part A which is snapped PhEt circuit for the both of the
series and parallel connection.
3. The voltmeter and ammeter was moved to measure the readings of voltage, V and current, I
for each of the resistor. R1, R2 and R3 will be calculated based on Ohm’s Law. The readings
and calculation was recorded in Table 2.2.
4. The voltmeter and ammeter will also moved to measure the total of voltage and total
current. The readings was recorded in Table 2.3.
5. After that, the equivalent resistance for both series and parallel connection was calculated.

PART C - AC CIRCUIT
1. The apparatus had been setup as shown in FIGURE 2.2 by used resistor R1, and the baterry
was replaced wit AC source (AC voltage). The circuit was closed into the switch ON.
2. The observation was recorded in Table 2.4.

RESULTS & ANALYSIS

 Table 2.1 DC circuit
Resistor Reading
Voltage, V (±..V) Current, I (±..A)
R1 4.657 0.39

Table 2.2 Serius circuit

Resistor Reading Resistance
Voltage, V (±..V) Current, I (±..A) R = V/I (Ω)

R1 2 0.20 10
R2 3 0.20 15
R3 4 0.20 20

Table 2.2 Parallel circuit

Resistor Reading Resistance
Voltage, V (±..V) Current, I (±..A) R = V/I (Ω)

R1 8.996 0.90 9.996

R2 8.996 0.60 14.993
R3 8.996 0.45 19.991

Table 2.3 total voltage and total current both of Series circuit & Parallel circuit
Resistors Reading Equivalent Resistance,
Voltage, V (±..V) Current, I (±..A) R (Ω)

In series 9 0.20 45
In parallel 8.996 1.95 0.217

Table 2.4 AC circuit

Parameter Observation
Voltage, V Unstoppable reading or continious reading
Current, I Unstoppable reading or continious reading
 FIGURE 2.3 DC
CIRCUIT 1 of PhEt interface

FIGURE 2.4.1 Serius

Circuit of PhEt interface
 FIGURE 2.4.2 Serius
Circuit of PhEt interface

FIGURE 2.4.3 Serius

Circuit of PhEt interface
 FIGURE 2.5.1 Parallel
Circuit of PhEt interface

FIGURE 2.5.2 Parallel

Circuit of PhEt interface
 FIGURE 2.5.3 Parallel
Circuit of PhEt interface

FIGURE 2.6 AC Circuit

of PhEt interface
DISCUSSION
From this experiment, the mathematical relationship betweeen current amd resistance can be
shown based on Ohm’s law in R=V/I which is are inversely proportional. Series circuit is a
circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, where the current are still same the value at
another points, but the voltage are different values at another points. For Series circuit can be
calculated by using the total resistance of the circuit which is just add the total of resistance
value of each resistors, R= R1 + R2 + R3. In Parallel circuit, the voltage value are still the same
at another points while the current values are different at another points. The total resistance
for this circuit can be calculated like, 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3. There are many possible errors
that would occur during this experiment. For an example, personal errors which is make any
mistakes by the practical because no on his inexperience. For another possible error is wrong
connecting the circuit like as wrong connecting ammeter that can make a harmful damage to
the instrument and wrong connecting the voltmeter that can get the wrong readings. Lastly,
the systematic errors due the fault in the instrument by itself or the faults was happened
because environmental conditions. Based on the observation in Table 2.4, the conclude can be
make refers on the value of voltmeter and ammeter on DC is voltage(V), the potential energy
as the function of an electrical supply stored that formed of an electrical charge or as known
electrical voltage while current(I), as called electrical current is the flow of electrical charge
that electrons flow too from the negative(-ve) terminal to the positive(+ve) terminal in the
circuit. For the value of voltmeter and an ammeter of AC source is unstoppable reading or
continious reading because the ac voltage is as a function carrying the flow of charge that
changes direction periodically and the voltage are also reverses along with the current.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objective of this experiment that to assemble resistors in series and in
parallel circuit and, state the effect of series and parallel connections of resistors to the
equivalent resistance was successfully by following the principle.

REFERENCES
Series vs Parallel (London Jenks)[Published on Feb 22,2015]. Retrieved from :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8GgRIIB1Yc
Current, Voltage and Resistance (Humane Slaughter Association)
https://www.hsa.org.uk/electricity/current-voltage-and-resistance#:~:text=The
%20relationship%20between%20current%2C%20voltage,provided%20the%20temperature
%20remains%20constant.