Grid Connected and Standalone PV Plant Design Using PVSYST 1621703681

COURSE : STUDENT INTERNSHIP ENRICH
REPORT : DESIGN OF GRID CONNECTED, STANDALONE AND PUMPING

PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
DESIGN OF GRID CONNECTED, STANDALONE AND PUMPING PV PLANT
Submitted by,
U.K. VAISHYAA
Student internship enrich
Power projects
Page 1 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 6
ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 7
NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................................... 7
OBJECTIVE OF SCOPE ............................................................................................................. 8
SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................................... 8
REFERENCES: ........................................................................................................................... 9
SIMULATION TOOL ................................................................................................................10
STC - Standard Test Conditions: ........................................................................................... 10

1.0 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES .................................................................................. 11
2.0 INVERTERS .............................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 1- PRELIMINARY DESIGNING .........................................................................13
3.0 SUMMARY................................................................................................................ 13
4.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 13
Data Set ................................................................................................................................ 13
Geographical site:.................................................................................................................. 13
Load data: ............................................................................................................................. 15
System Configuration: ........................................................................................................... 16
5.0 MODELLING............................................................................................................. 16
6.0 STUDIES DONE ........................................................................................................ 16
7.0 SIMULATION REPORT ............................................................................................ 21
8.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 22
CHAPTER 2- GRID CONNECTED PV POWER PLANT.....................................................24
9.0 SUMMARY................................................................................................................ 24
10.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 24
Data Set: ............................................................................................................................... 25
Geographical Data: ................................................................................................................ 25
Load Data ............................................................................................................................. 26
Page 2 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
System Configuration: ........................................................................................................... 26

11.0 MODELLING............................................................................................................. 27
12.0 ASSUMPTIONS ......................................................................................................... 28
13.0 STUDIES DONE ........................................................................................................ 28
CALCULATIONS (Formulae used) REF: THE CALCULATIONS GIVEN BELONG TO THE 2MW
INVERTER SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 30

SYSTEM LOSSES......................................................................................................................35
CHAPTER 3- STANDALONE PV PLANT .............................................................................37
16.0 SUMMARY................................................................................................................ 37
17.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 37
18.0 BATTERY .................................................................................................................. 38
CONTROLLER .................................................................................................................... 38
Data Set: ............................................................................................................................... 38
Geographical site:.................................................................................................................. 38
Load data: ............................................................................................................................. 40
System configuration:............................................................................................................ 40
19.0 MODELLING............................................................................................................. 41
20.0 ASSUMPTIONS ......................................................................................................... 43
21.0 STUDIES DONE ........................................................................................................ 43
CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................ 44
SYSTEM LOSSES......................................................................................................................49

CHAPTER 4- PUMPING SYSTEM.........................................................................................52
24.0 SUMMARY................................................................................................................ 52
25.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 52
26.0 PUMP ......................................................................................................................... 53
27.0 CONTROLLERS ........................................................................................................ 53
Data Set: ............................................................................................................................... 54
Load data: ............................................................................................................................. 55
28.0 MODELLING............................................................................................................. 56
29.0 ASSUMPTIONS ......................................................................................................... 58
Page 3 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
30.0 STUDIES DONE ........................................................................................................ 58

CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................ 58
SYSTEM LOSSES......................................................................................................................64
CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................65
Page 4 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Some manufacturers available in pvsyst (PVSyst 1978) ................................................ 10
Table 2 types of inverters .......................................................................................................... 12
Table 3 Mounting disposition: Tilted roof ................................................................................. 16
Table 4 Ventilation property: Semi-integration .......................................................................... 17
Table 5 Ventilation property: Fully insulated............................................................................. 17
Table 6 Mounting disposition: Flat roof .................................................................................... 18
Table 7 Ventilation property: Semi- integration ......................................................................... 18
Table 8 Ventilation property: Fully insulated............................................................................. 19
Table 9 Mounting disposition: Ground based ............................................................................ 19
Table 10 Ventilation property: Semi- integration ....................................................................... 20
Table 11 Ventilation property: Fully insulated ........................................................................... 20
Table 12 PV module specifications: .......................................................................................... 26
Table 13 Inverter: Model specification: ..................................................................................... 27
Table 14 Inverter 1MW ............................................................................................................. 28
Table15 Inverter 2MW .............................................................................................................. 29
Table16 Inverter 2.5MW ........................................................................................................... 29
Table 17 PV module specification: ............................................................................................ 40
Table 18 Controller Model specification: .................................................................................. 40
Table 19 Battery specifications: ............................................................................................... 41
Table 20 Controller 1100W ....................................................................................................... 43
Table 21 Controller 1000W ....................................................................................................... 43
Table 22 PV module specification: ............................................................................................ 55
Table 23 Controller model specification: ................................................................................... 56
Table 24 Pump specifications: ................................................................................................... 56
Table 25 Output ........................................................................................................................ 58
Page 5 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 sun path of coimbatore ................................................................................................ 14
Figure 2 sun path of ooty ........................................................................................................... 14
Figure 3 monthly meteonorm data ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 4 monthly meteonorm data ............................................................................................. 15
Figure 5 Coimbatore energy yield ............................................................................................. 21
Figure 6 Graphical representation .............................................................................................. 21
Figure 7 Sun path of Ahmedabad .............................................................................................. 25
Figure 8 Amount of Shading ..................................................................................................... 28
Figure 9 Inverter output and system losses ................................................................................ 31
Figure 10 Shading pattern of ahmedabad ................................................................................... 31
Figure 11 Output energy yield aster simulation ......................................................................... 32
Figure 12 Performance ratio ..................................................................................................... 32
Figure 13 Output obtained per day ............................................................................................ 33
Figure 14 System losses ............................................................................................................ 34
Figure 16 Sun path of Coimbatore ............................................................................................. 39
Figure 17 Monthly Meteonorm data .......................................................................................... 39
Figure 18 Near shading setup .................................................................................................... 42
Figure 19 Amount of shading .................................................................................................... 42
Figure 20 Near shading pattern after simulation ........................................................................ 45
Figure 21 Losses of the system with the energy supplies ........................................................... 45
Figure 22 Performance ratio ...................................................................................................... 46
Figure 23 Total energy yield ..................................................................................................... 46
Figure 24 Input output energy ................................................................................................... 47
Figure 26 Sun path of Coimbatore ............................................................................................. 54
Figure 27 Monthly meteonorm data........................................................................................... 54
Figure 28 Near shading setup .................................................................................................... 57
Figure 29 Amount of shading .................................................................................................... 57
Figure 30 Shading attained after simulation ............................................................................... 59
Figure 31 System losses and energy yield .................................................................................. 60
Figure 32 Performance ratio ...................................................................................................... 60
Figure 33 Water pumped per year ............................................................................................. 60
Figure 34 Input output energy per day ....................................................................................... 61
Page 6 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
ABBREVIATIONS
AC – Alternating current
DC – Direct Current
GINC – Global Incident Irradiation Collector
GHI – Global Horizontal Irradiation
MPPT – Maximum Power Point Tracking
PV – Photo-Voltaic
STC – Standard Test Condition
SSRN – Social Science Research Network
NOMENCLATURE
INR – International Normalized Ratio

kWh – Kilowatt hour
kWp – Kilowatt Peak
kWh/kWp/yr – Kilowatt hour per kilowatt peak per year
kWh/kWp/day – kilowatt hour per kilowatt peak per day
MWh/yr – Megawatt Hour per year
Page 7 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
OBJECTIVE OF SCOPE
Designing a grid connected PV power plant, Standalone PV plant and pumping systems at
various scenarios. Preliminary design, to decide the system comparing its energy yield. It also
validates simulation software results with manual calculations. This report helps the beginners to
compare a PV plant at different criteria and bring out a stable system. The report is divided into
four different chapters to bring in a clarity on each system worked.
EXCLUSION: The pumping is discussed only with one system. The preliminary design is
carried out only for grid connected systems.
SCOPE OF WORK
Chapter 1- Preliminary Design
▪ Two Meteo data were chosen and compared.
▪ Different technology, mounting disposition and ventilation properties were pursued and
compared to find a system that gives high energy yield and considerable investment.
Chapter 2- Grid Connected PV power plant

▪ Meteo data and orientation was chosen and system was designed.
▪ The inverters were chosen according to the module voltage and tested under different
scenarios to attain a stable system.
▪ The output inferred from the system was compared with different system outputs, to find
a suitable PV plant.
▪ Manual calculations for numbers of modules and strings.
Chapter 3- Standalone PV Plant

▪ The project settings were done according to the geographical site chosen.
▪ Orientation- tilt angle was found with respect to the collector plane and losses.
▪ User needs - to determine the annual or seasonal consumption.
▪ System, with a suitable inverter and module was found. These steps were carried out with
two different inverters to find a stable and economical system.
▪ Manual calculations for numbers of modules and strings.
Chapter 4- Pumping Systems

▪ Projects settings were given according to the location.
▪ Orientation- tilt angle was found with respect to the collector plane and losses.
▪ Water needs were given to calculate the energy requirement throughout the year.
▪ The manufacturers for panel and inverter were found with a suitable voltage so as to
satisfy the necessities.
Page 8 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
REFERENCES:
[1] “wiki”.
[2] “PVSyst,” 1978.
[3] “Silicon Solar”.
[4] “IJEAST,” pp. 47-55, 2018.
[5] SSRN eLibrary.
[6] “google map”.
[7] “world weather online”.
[8] “Meternorm 7.3,” (1981-1998).
[9] “African. J,” Basic and appl. Sci.,, 2017.
[10] “PVSyst,” 1978.
[11] Electrical India, 2015.
[12] A. M. M Chikh, Energy procedia, 2011.
[13] academic.edu, 2018.
[14] “simulation of grid tied PV system,” in European photovoltaic solar energy conference,
Marseille, 2019.
[15] “Tesla electrek,” electrek.co, US, 2016.
[16] “Solar power world,” solar power world, 2018.
[17] “silicon solar,” american institute of physics, america, 2009.
Page 9 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
SIMULATION TOOL
Photovoltaic Systems (PVSyst), PVSyst is a PV-centric simulation tool that was originally
developed at the University of Geneva but is now a standalone company. This software helps
defining the project, creating a system variant and running the simulation. This software was
found in the year 1978 and was developed in 1992.
STC - STANDARD TEST CONDITIONS: (2009) This test is issued in the form of small-scale
technology certificates. The solar panels are tested by using a fixed set of conditions. All the
solar panels can be accurately compared and rated against each other. Three standard test
conditions are,
The temperature of the solar cell is tested to have 25℃.
The solar irradiance for each panel is limited to 1000W, if exceeded the insulation of the inverter
and panel will get damaged. The amount of light energy falling on a given area at the given time
is calculated.
Mass of the air - taken as 1.5. It is nothing but the amount of light that passes through the earth’s
atmosphere before it hits the earth’s surface. The sun’s position depends on the angle of the sun
relative to the reference point on the earth. The mass of air is decreased when the sun’s position
is directly above as the light has to travel a minimum distance straight down, and increases as the
sun goes farther from the reference point and has to go to the same point to achieve the same
mass of air.
TABLE 1 SOME MANUFACTURERS AVAILABLE IN PVSYST (2019)
PV Modules Inverter Battery

Talesun solar TMEIC Panasonic
Astro power Sunways Power Brick
Jinkosolar Tenesol Samsung SDI
First solar Solarworld Sony
Telecom Solaredge Tesla
For example: (2016)

Tesla's “85” kWh pack consists of 16 modules of 444 cells for 7,104 total cells. Tesla's “60”
kWh pack consists of 14 modules of 384 cells for 5,376 total cells.
As of October 2019, the Tesla Powerwall 2 costs $14,600 for the recommended two units (plus $2,500 to
$4,500 for installation) in the US; this price does not include the cost of solar panels.
Page 10 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Some of the standards available in PV system
IEC 60904-1, 2006 Ed 2, Photovoltaic devices-Part 1: Measurements of PV current-voltage

characteristics
IEC 60904-2, 2007 Ed 2, Photovoltaic devices – Part 2: Requirements for reference solar devices
IEC 60904-3, 2008 Ed 2, Photovoltaic devices – Part 3: Measurement principles for terrestrial
photovoltaic (PV) solar devices with reference spectral irradiance data
IEC 60904-4, 2009 Ed 1, Photovoltaic devices – Part 4: Reference solar devices - Procedures for
establishing calibration traceability
1.0 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES

A PV module is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation.
They use sun-light as the source of energy and generate direct current electricity (wiki n.d.). A
collection of PV modules is called a panel and the system of panels is called an array. The array
of a PV system supply electricity. The photons are the light energy taken by the panels. Most of
the modules are crystalline silicon cells or thin films. The structural arrangement of a module can
either be single sided or double. It has the capacity to generate electricity, with the light energy
observed on both the sides of a module. The cells are connected electrically in series to the
desired voltage and then in parallel to increase the strength of an electric current. A PV junction
box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as protection for the modules from
environment. If the modules are in series, it helps boosting up the voltage whereas if in parallel,
it provides the desired current capability. At times by-pass diodes are incorporated externally, in
case of any partial module shading. The blocking diodes are mainly used to block the flow of
current from the battery to the panel because the panel may get damaged at times. The module
voltage is selected according to the maximum operating voltage. If the voltage is not chosen
properly, you can find component failures due to insulation damage, system failure and
specification failure. Hence module selection is very important.
2.0 INVERTERS
Inverters are mainly used to convert a DC source to AC that can be fed into a commercial
electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid electrical network. It acts as a balance in a system.
They have few special features especially to be used with PV panels. They can track a maximum
power point and can also give anti-islanding protection. Few inverters also have MPPT
technology which will increase the system efficiency. The MPPT’s usually have many ports,
Page 11 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
which help us connect the arrays so that the conversion is equal. The different types of inverters
taken into account in this paper includes central and string type. (wiki n.d.)
TABLE 2 TYPES OF INVERTERS
CENTRAL STRING
Large in size hence there is an increase in the Small in size and can be easily carried.
export cost.
The predominant type used in MW scale grid Smaller MW power plants have started to
connected power plants. experiment with string inverters.
Less investment compared to string type Higher cost.
overall for large utility-scale installations
because fewer are required per site. (2018)
More power is lost if one panel goes down. If one string fails, the whole array energy is not
lost, just the power from that string is lost.
It has the capacity to give the demanded power The string type has to be worked in parallel for
by the panels and are mostly preferred for grid good performance which will be tiring.
connected systems.
Comparatively more power conversion. Not They are smaller and each unit converts a
easily serviceable. much smaller amount of power than a central
inverter. Easy service
Hence the inverters are chosen considering the above criteria. The manufacturers usually
represent an inverter with grades categorised from A-D. The industrial workers choose the
inverters according to the purpose and the voltage requirement.
INFO: Results given in paper are compared wrt., the selected systems. There may be even more
efficient and economical systems (case study).
Page 12 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
CHAPTER 1- PRELIMINARY DESIGNING
3.0 SUMMARY
The demand and supply for electric power can never be met due to various reasons like the cost
generation, adequate space and transmission losses etc. To meet this need of power availability
renewable energy has been introduced. One among this is solar energy which has been gaining
its attention for last few years leading to many roof top systems ((2018). This preliminary design
will help us select a system according to the location. The remedies given in this paper will help
you find a system with certain necessities fulfilled ie., a stable system, taking the investment and
energy yield into consideration and is designed according to the location. In this paper, a
preliminary design was carried out comparing Chennai and Ooty. Based on its energy yield and
investment, the solution has been given.
4.0 INTRODUCTION
Preliminary design is the pre-sizing step of a project. It helps observe the effects on the system
performance, to optimize the desired characteristics. It helps us give one or more solutions
without necessary land and soil surveys. The views and profiles are determined on the basis of
available data including environmental impact assessments and feasibility reports. A basic
preliminary design was done to helps us reduce the total investment to be done, selection of
inverter and module, geographical site location and development. It is the pre sizing step of a
project. It is mainly done to quickly define the general features of a planned PV system. The
preliminary design helps us find the proper combination of inverter and module using PVSyst
software.
Data Set: For development of grid connected PV system, it is very important to collect important
data that effects performance of the system. There were two data set that are effective. One is
geographical and other is load data.
Geographical site: There were two locations chosen to find the right place for setting up the
solar panels.
1. Location was chosen as Coimbatore with the latitude 11.0120° N and longitude of
76.8271° E and 484m altitude (above sea level). The data were taken from (google map
n.d.) and (world weather online n.d.). The temperature source is Meternorm 7.3 (1981-
1998). Meteonorm monthly irradiance data are available for about 1’200 stations, as
average of 1960-1991. All the irradiance measurement of the main European countries
are reference in PVSyst database. Data for any other site may be obtained from the
Page 13 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
interpolation (Meternorm 7.3 ) Based on the FIGURE 3 the graph was depicted in
FIGURE1.
2. Location was chosen as Ooty with the latitude of 11.4119347° N and longitude
76.6584019° E and 2234m altitude. The data was taken from (google map n.d.) and
(world weather online n.d.). The temperature source is (Meternorm 7.3 (1981-1998))
Based on the FIGURE 4 the graph was depicted in FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 1 SUN PATH OF COIMBATORE
FIGURE 2 SUN PATH OF OOTY
Page 14 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 3 MONTHLY METEONORM DATA

REF: PVSYST SOFTWARE
Load data: The module type was set as standard for the complete preliminary design. The
technology, mounting disposition and ventilation properties were varied to find the system that is
economical and suitable with good performance and output. The tilt angle was set with respect to
the losses as 0%.
Page 15 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
System Configuration: A nominal power of 1000kW was taken into consideration and the
system was designed.
5.0 MODELLING
A solar panel tilt angle and orientation are two important factors in determining how much
electricity a solar array will generate. The azimuth angle wasn’t considered because, single fixed
plane was chosen. The single fixed plane obtain radiations from one direction. They are fixed
according to the sun’s maximum radiation throughout the year. For residential areas, single fixed
plane can be preferred, because a small power outage can be managed. But for hospitals and
other unavoidable situations they require 0% loss of load for which trackers can be used in spite
of its cost ratio. The azimuth is mainly used to adjust the position of the panel with respect to the
suns radiation from all the directions which can be so called as dual axis or a tracker (PVSyst
1978). They require huge investment to reduce the shading to the panels. Hence it depends on the
customers preference or suitable at unavoidable circumstances. The global output can also be
achieved using single fixed plane except few seasonal power output variations.
6.0 STUDIES DONE

SCENARIO 1
Table 3 Mounting disposition: Tilted roof

Ventilation property: Free air circulation
Technolo Coimbatore Ooty
gy
Area Annual Investmen Energy Area Annual Investmen Energy
energy t cost energy t cost
yield (INR/kW yield (INR/kWh
h) )
Mono 6250 1730 19.42cr 11.89 6250 1714 19.42cr 12.00
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1730 19.96cr 12.18 6667 1714 19.96cr 12.29
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1730 24.24cr 14.52 1000 1714 24.24cr 14.65
0 0
Page 16 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
SCENARIO 2
Table 4 Ventilation property: Semi-integration

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1712 19.42cr 12.01 6250 1696 19.42cr 12.13
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1712 19.96cr 12.31 6667 1696 19.96cr 12.42
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1712 24.24cr 14.67 1000 1696 24.24cr 14.81
0 0
SCENARIO 3
Table 5 Ventilation property: Fully insulated

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1676 19.42cr 12.27 6250 1660 19.42cr 12.39
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1676 19.96cr 12.57 6667 1660 19.96cr 12.69
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1676 24.24cr 14.98 1000 1660 24.24cr 15.13
0 0
Page 17 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
SCENARIO 4
Table 6 Mounting disposition: Flat roof

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1730 19.42cr 10.35 6250 1714 19.42cr 10.45
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1730 19.96cr 10.54 6667 1714 19.96cr 10.64
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1730 24.24cr 12.06 1000 1714 24.24cr 12.18
0 0
SCENARIO 5
Table 7 Ventilation property: Semi- integration

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1712 19.42cr 10.46 6250 1696 19.42cr 10.56
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1712 19.96cr 10.65 6667 1696 19.96cr 10.76
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1712 24.24cr 12.19 1000 1696 24.24cr 12.30
0 0
Page 18 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
SCENARIO 6

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1676 19.42cr 10.69 6250 1660 19.42cr 10.79
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1676 19.96cr 10.88 6667 1660 19.96cr 10.99
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1676 24.24cr 12.45 1000 1660 24.24cr 12.57
0 0
SCENARIO 7
Table 9 Mounting disposition: Ground based

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1730 19.42cr 10.13 6250 1714 19.42cr 10.23
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1730 19.96cr 10.31 6667 1714 19.96cr 10.41
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1730 24.24cr 11.71 1000 1714 24.24cr 11.82
0 0
Page 19 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
SCENARIO 8
Table 10 Ventilation property: Semi- integration

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1712 19.42cr 10.24 6250 1696 19.42cr 10.34
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1712 19.96cr 10.42 6667 1696 19.96cr 10.52
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1712 24.24cr 11.83 1000 1696 24.24cr 11.95
0 0
SCENARIO 9

gy
h) )
Mono 6250 1676 19.42cr 10.46 6250 1660 19.42cr 10.56
Crystallin
e cells
Polycrysta 6667 1676 19.96cr 10.64 6667 1660 19.96cr 10.74
lline cells
Thin film 1000 1676 24.24cr 12.09 1000 1660 24.24cr 12.20
0 0
Page 20 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
REF: THE TABLE VALUES MENTIONED IN THE SCENARIOS ARE THOSE OBTAINED FROM THE PVSYST
SOFTWARE AFTER SIMULATION.
7.0 SIMULATION REPORT
FIGURE 5 COIMBATORE ENERGY YIELD
FIGURE 5 represents the annual energy yield for the selected system and FIGURE 6 gives the
global horizontal and tilted energy obtained.
FIGURE 6 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION

Page 21 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Ref: PVSyst software
8.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on location:
It is a fact that the weather changes every day and the earth’s position towards the sun changes
throughout the year. The same panel may produce different power outputs based on the location
that is selected. The irradiance, temperature, shading, soiling and snow are the main
characteristics that has to be taken into consideration. Hence the location, which gives proper
sun’s radiation without much affect in the power output is chosen. It was found that Coimbatore
is the best location. It gives more energy yield when compared to Ooty. The investment required
is also less. With less area, it is possible to generate more energy. The sun’s radiation is found to
be more in Coimbatore and the seasonal distribution is also better compared to Ooty. Hence
Coimbatore is found to be the right choice.
Based on Mounting disposition:

There are various reasons to be considered before selecting the mounting type. The effect of an
array tilt angle on solar PV energy output may be up to 20% compared to that of flat installations
(African. J 2017). The sun will not always be directly on the top of us. Based on our location the
suns latitude varies. If the array is placed facing the sun directly, the output will be highest. Since
the sun moves throughout the day, it is not possible to directly face unless a system uses tracker.
In this case we haven’t used any tracker. But it is possible to maximize the output by tilting the
array to an optimal angle. The shading obtained due to tilt can also be rectified by varying the
pitch difference. Though all the mounting type doesn’t have a very big difference in their area,
the cost also plays a major role. Ground mounted solar panels can provide number of advantages
over standard rooftop panels. They provide extra energy which make them well worth the price.
But they can be implemented only if there are large ground place. They require more spacing to
set up the panel.
Usually ground based mounting are preferred if there is large amount of energy need. For
example if a ground based panel is to be installed near your home, It takes into consideration the
monthly power bill, total energy usage, wattage of the solar panel. Higher the wattage, fewer is
the panel need. The direct sunlight ratio is also important that depends on the location. Not all
the mountings are advantageous. Similarly flat roof, the solar panels can be fixed in any direction
you want to maximize sun exposure unlike on tilted roofs. Thus they may receive more sunlight.
But it is not practically possible to manually clean all the panels regularly which can also
increase the investment and maintenance. This goes for both ground and flat roof. The ground
based and flat roof require more area compared to tilted roof. Based on the suns direction, the tilt
Page 22 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
can be easily adjusted comparing all the temperature variations throughout the year. Also tilted
roof doesn’t require much maintenance. They easily clean the dust naturally during rain or wind.
One of the main criteria is dust. The energy yield can be reduced due to dust. A tilted plane has
the capacity to capture the suns radiation completely. A flat roof type cannot capture the
radiations completely. The panels cannot be extended accordingly. Hence even if the investment
is high compared to other mounting types, tilted roofs are much preferred, taking the energy
yield and area into consideration for Coimbatore.
Ventilation property:
From the above mentioned scenarios, free air circulation was found to be the most efficient
ventilation property. It can give increased energy yield with losses reduced. With the air
circulating all the panels, the temperature is reduced, reducing the temperature losses. The
variation between having and not having a ventilation gap can be 15 W per panel for a cold
climate, surprisingly this difference is lower in warm climates. The fact of leaving a bigger gap
will increase considerably the cost of installation because of the load. Thus the best solution will
be to leave small gap between roof and the PV installation. Though the cost is slightly more, the
energy yield can be increased along with the life of the system.
Technology:
The Mono crystalline cells are actually high of cost compared to other technologies, though the
software shows the opposite. It is because, they collect large number of solar panels at low cost.
They are very efficient when compared to poly and thin film. The area required to set up is also
less compared to others. At present, mono crystalline plays the major role in large MW panel
setup. They can also withstand large power. The technology is selected, comparing the
investment, area and efficiency. Thus mono crystalline cells are found to be the best suited
technology for Coimbatore. If there is more unused energy found in the system, the loss of load
can be increased to a certain amount. Hence the panels are also reduced, reducing the cost.
Hence based on the above criteria, it was concluded that Coimbatore is the best placed compared
to Ooty to set up a grid connected system.
System configuration: A grid connected PV system was designed for 1MW with a total area of
6250m^2. The annual energy yield will be around 1730MWh/yr.
Page 23 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
CHAPTER 2- GRID CONNECTED PV POWER PLANT
9.0 SUMMARY
In this paper, sizing and calculation of output power of grid connected PV system is done, for a
50MW system at Ahmedabad, India. In this analysis PVSyst 7.0 software is used. The system
was simulated for different converters with different power capacity sufficient enough to supply
electricity. The project settings were given based on the geographical site chosen, since
temperature of each and every location varies. Hence they were given the exact temperature
readings (world weather online n.d.). The number of modules and strings were designed after the
manual calculations. This simulation helps us analyse the performance, electricity production
according to its location, losses in the system and many more criteria. The near shading helps us
model the panel direction with respect to its tilt and azimuth angle. They are designed so as to
reduce the shading percentage on the panels, based on the buildings or any other objects nearby.
The report generated will give the complete maximum power and nominal power output of the
system, performance ratio, investment and energy yield. It helps us to find if the system has met
the necessary power for which it was designed. It helps you give the perfect vision about the
system to be implemented before investing. The system was designed and was compared
between three different scenarios ie., different inverter power. This report helps you to find the
perfect inverter for a 50MW PV system depending on the nominal power output and other pros
and cons of the system. From this simulation it was found that PVSyst is the best software that is
able to calculate the proposed output power and do accurate sizing of the system. (African. J
2017)
10.0 INTRODUCTION
The Renewable energy technologies are able to provide sustainable and clean energy from
resources. Photovoltaic system is one of the most important and promising technology that are
able to produce the electricity to meet the electricity demand of the whole world. Since the last
decade, the photovoltaic industry has grown more than 40% per year due to decrease in the PV
system cost (2017). There are two types of PV systems employed by the PV technology, first is
standalone PV system and second one is grid connected PV system. Grid connected system is
connected to the grid whereas standalone system does not connect with the grid and directly
supply to the load. In grid PV system, the PV module generate DC power which is converted to
AC by the use of inverter. AC power is fed to the grid and load is connected to the grid. The
advantages in PV systems are user friendly, less maintenance and extra electricity can be easily
sold which reduce the system running cost.
Accurate sizing of the grid connected system is very important as improper size of the system
leads to have oversizing or under sizing of the system by which system cost and system
Page 24 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
performance is affected (African. J 2017). Various size of the PV module and inverter is
available in the market, still there is difficulty faced in selecting the best combination of PV
module and inverter that meet the relative parameter. Hence a pre sizing of PV module and
inverter is very important before installation of grid connected PV system. Few surveys were
done based on sizing of system. It not only help us find the combination of inverter and module,
but also help us find the perfect location that helps us produce more electricity. Based on sunny
days, the solar panels can be designed and help us achieve the at most electricity available at that
location. For example, If the operating voltage is 1500V, then more panels and current rating can
be given that helps reducing the ohmic losses. Though there is reduction in losses, if there is
increase in the module voltage then the potential voltage increases and current leakage will be
found in the conductor that crashes from one panel to other. Hence the module voltage cannot be
increased in one strip. Thus the converter voltage is adjusted to give the required output. But at
times to achieve the demand of power during unavoidable circumstances, eg. Hospitals, then the
cost will not be considered. Hence the system is designed, taking all the criteria into
consideration.
Data Set: For development of grid connected PV system, it is very important to collect
important data that effects performance of the system. There were two data set that are effective.
One is geographical and other is load data.
Geographical Data: Location was chosen as Ahmedabad, India (google map n.d.). Figure 1
shows the map of Ahmedabad. It lies on Latitude 23.07° N and Longitude 72.63° E and 55m
altitude from sea level. The temperature data was taken from (world weather online n.d.) that
helps us give the exact solar radiation at that location. The minimum temperature faced was on
January 19.4℃ and maximum was on May with 33.4℃ with average temperature of 31℃. The
(Meternorm 7.3 (1981-1998)). FIGURE 7 shows the sun path for Ahmedabad, along with the
shading percentage for each season. The sun shine is found to be lower during winter season
comparatively.
Page 25 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Figure 7 Sun path of Ahmedabad
Load Data: Accurate sizing of the grid connected system is very important as improper size of
the system leads to have oversizing or under sizing of the system by which system cost and
system performance is affected (African. J 2017). One year load data is taken into consideration.
System Configuration: The total power of 50MW was chosen. Different case studies where
carried out with each inverter (1MW, 2MW and 2.5MW) under different operating voltage. The
albedo value was set based on the ground specification. 0.2 was the default value set by the
software. The module voltage was selected with respect to the inverter. The tilt angle was fixed
as 29.3° taking loss as 0% with respect to optimum and high global energy output. The number
of strings and modules where given based on the calculations. A pitch difference of 2.20m was
also given between the panels. THE TABLE 12 AND 13 represent the module and inverter
specifications.
TABLE 12 PV MODULE SPECIFICATIONS:

Specifications Parameter
Model SWE-M672-310
Technology Mono crystalline
Rated power 310Wp
Open circuit voltage 44.9V
Maximum voltage 36.5V
Page 26 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
TABLE 13 INVERTER : MODEL SPECIFICATION :

Specification Parameter
Rated power 1000 kW,2000 kW, 2500 kW
Output voltage 340V,550V
MPPT range 550-800V,800-1300V
Model SL-B1000,SL-B2000,PVH-L2500GR DNVGL
REF: THE TABULATED VALUES ARE TAKEN FROM THE PVSYST SOFTWARE.
11.0 MODELLING
The transposition model was chosen as Hay because, it use direct radiation from the sun which
gives the data that is economically correct. Hence always hay transposition is preferred. The near
shading construction was carried out placing octagonal prism near the panels to find its shading
property. The FIGURE 8 shown below gives the shading in terms of decimal for each angle. The
near shading can be given by adjusting the angle of the panels along with its pitch difference.
The width and length of the panels can also be adjusted according to the output required. The
field type was chosen to be fixed tilted plane. These planes are used mostly because of its
efficiency and cost. The maximum global output can be easily obtained by adjusting the tilt angle
based on the location chosen. The tilt can be adjusted taking the temperature into consideration
throughout the year. The angle where maximum irradiation is found taking all the seasonal
changes into consideration, is fixed. This process is done every year to obtain maximum global
yield. The azimuth angle works as a tracker or dual axis. It is used in unavoidable situations
where the power supply has to be given continuously, moving the panels according to the suns
direction. The loss of load has to be neglected for continuous power supply, but it will cause
increase in unused energy and system size will also be increased, increasing the investment. Thus
azimuth is not found to be the right choice for this project. The PV modules in case of large
power plants are selected based on the integration of modules, Voltage and current rating with
the inverter voltage and current rating. While selecting PV modules, it is important to negotiate
for a minimum tolerance level or at least modules with positive tolerance should be selected.
Page 27 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 8 AMOUNT OF SHADING
12.0 ASSUMPTIONS
▪ Central inverters were chosen with willings as the manufacturer (PVSyst 1978) for this
grid connected system because, the investment required is less and they have the capacity
to fulfil the required power demand even if the inverters are increased. High MW systems
generally use central inverters. Though they have few drawbacks, they are very efficient.
▪ The PV modules were chosen, with Swow energy co. Ltd as the manufacturer (PVSyst
1978). They were found to be the right choice based on the module integration with the
inverters. The tolerance level was also negotiated. They were best suited with the
inverters operating voltage and temperature.
13.0 STUDIES DONE
SECENARIO 1
Table 14 inverter 1MW
Invert System Specific Performan Normalized Array loss System loss

er producti production ce ratio production (kWh/kWp/da (kWh/kWp/da
on (kWh/kWp/ (kWh/kWp/da y) y)
(MWh/yr yr) y)
)
1MW 76452 1529 0.752 4.19 1.31 0.07
Page 28 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
No of Area No of Nominal Maximum Nominal Maximum

modules m^2 inverters PV power PV power AC power operating
(kWp) (kWDC) (kWAC) power at
STC (kW)
161291 312961 39 50002 52470 39000 48918
SCENARIO 2
Table15 inverter 2MW

(MWh/yr yr) y)
)
2MW 78984 1580 0.777 4.33 1.17 0.07

STC (kW)
161291 312961 20 50000 52470 40000 48918
SCENARIO 3
Table16 inverter 2.5MW

(MWh/yr yr) y)
)
2.5M 60041 1343 0.660 3.68 1.84 0.05
W
Page 29 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020

STC (kW)
144254 279904 16 44719 46928 40000 43751
REF: THE ABOVE MENTIONED TABLE VALUES WERE TAKEN FROM PVSYST SOFTWARE AFTER
SIMULATION.
CALCULATIONS (Formulae used) REF: THE CALCULATIONS GIVEN BELONG TO THE 2MW
INVERTER SYSTEM
1. Transposition factor = Global incident irradiation collector(GINC)/ Global horizontal
irradiation(GHI)
2. No of modules in series = Inverter voltage / module voltage
Eg: minimum no of modules = 550/36.5 (26deg) = 15
Maximum no of modules = 800/44.9 (29deg) = 17
3. Pnom ratio = installed power/ output power
Eg: pnom ratio = 50000/48918 = 1.02
4. Number of strings = Inverter power/ total panel voltage
Eg: number of strings = 2000k/6190 = 323.10
5. Vmpp-Summer maximum voltage = 19 * 44.9 = 853V
6. Vmpp- minimum voltage = 19 * 36.5 = 694V
7. The performance ratio(PR) = E_ Grid/ (GII * PnomPV)
• E_ Grid – useable energy at user end(kWh/year)
• GII – glbal inclined irradiation (kWh/m2/year)
• PnomPV – PV module installed capacity
Eg: PR = (78985 MWh/(2033.1 kWh* 50000 kWh)) *100 = 77.69%

8. Power consumed(W) = current(A) * voltage(V)
9. Efficiency of a solar panel = (amount of sunlight that hits the ground/ area of the panel)*
100
Eg : Efficiency = (48918/(2.0331*312961)) *100 = 76.8%
Page 30 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 9 INVERTER OUTPUT AND SYSTEM LOSSES
Figure 10 represents the system losses and the total energy obtained from the inverter. The PV
array losses are 1.17 kWh/kWp/day, the inverter losses are 0.07 kWh/kWp/day and the inverter
output is 4.33 kWh/kWp/day.
FIGURE 11 SHADING PATTERN OF AHMEDABAD
Page 31 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 12 OUTPUT ENERGY YIELD ASTER SIMULATION
Figure 13 shows the total energy yield of the system per day and also the annual amount
achieved. It was obtained after simulating the system.
FIGURE 14 PERFORMANCE RATIO
Page 32 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 15 OUTPUT OBTAINED PER DAY

From the TABLES 14,15,16 shown in different scenarios, taken from PVSyst software, it is very
clear and easy to decide the inverter. Two different point of view has been given on selecting the
inverters. The central inverters itself take more transportation cost. The 1MW inverter is
economical compared to 2 and 2.5MW inverter. It requires less area compared to 2MW inverter
but more than 2.5MW. It is not feasible to choose a 2.5MW inverter because, the maximum PV
power is less than the power for which the system was designed. It will also face an inverter loss
due to the voltage threshold which is not advisable. The conducting path between source and
drain terminals will be affected. Hence it is not preferred. Instead of sizing an inverter, optimizer
can also be used which sizes the system. But it is not preferred because, the numbers of strings
cannot be changed. If reducing the string increase a system performance or decrease the
investment, it cannot be done in case of an optimizer. Hence they aren’t preferred.
If 1MW inverter is chosen, there will be less investment compared to 2MW inverters. But, the
system production, performance ratio, normalized production and nominal AC power is
comparatively more for 2MW inverters. Thus 2MW is better compared to other systems. They
generate more power with the same number of modules and area along with less number of
inverters compared to 1MW inverters. The array losses are also minimized.
1MW inverters can also be chosen. Though the capacity of photovoltaic cells are less compared
to 2MW inverters, they can achieve the power output required. It is compared to the place and
Page 33 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
purpose for which the power is generated. If it is very much necessary to attain continuous power
supply with reduced losses, one can prefer 2MW inverters regardless the investment. Else, 1MW
inverters can be chosen were some outages can be managed. If there is more unused energy
found in the system, the loss of load can be increased to a certain amount (IJEAST 2018). Hence
the panels are also reduced reducing the cost. Figure 16 represents the shading achieved in
Ahmedabad according to the month. The sun’s radiation is represented as the yellow region.
FIGURE 17 SYSTEM LOSSES
The system losses are explained in Figure 18 SYSTEM LOSSES. The detailed explanation is given
below. The loss in the system is given along in detail with its total inverter output.
Page 34 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
System Configurations: Grid connected photovoltaic system for 50MW power plant is simulated
using PVSyst software. From the simulation it was found that 161291 modules and 20 inverters
with 8489 strings in parallel are required. Figure shows the block diagram of the system. A total
of 312961m^2 area is required to set up the system. The maximum current of the system will be
about 71781A. At 30℃ the system will have the maximum operating voltage of 681V and at
26℃ the maximum operating voltage will be 694V.
Energy production: A high amount of radiation of 2033.1 kWh/m2 energy is received on the PV
array in a year. By the proposed grid connected system, 80317MW electricity will be generated
out of which 78985MW of electricity is available to the grid. Thus 78985MW of electricity will
be generated throughout the year. Table shows the monthly energy production by the proposed
system. From the simulation the performance ratio of the system is 77.7%.
SYSTEM LOSSES (IJEAST 2018)
Thermal losses
The thermal behaviour of the array is computed at each simulation step, by a thermal balance.
This establishes the instantaneous operating temperature, to be used by the PV modules
modelling. The thermal balance involves the “ heat loss factor:
U = Uc + Uv wind speed [W/m2 K ]
The losses due to temperature in the system is -9.81%
Wiring losses
The wiring ohmic resistance induces losses (I2R) between the power available from the modules
and that at the terminals of the array. These losses can be characterized by just one parameter R
defined for the global array.
The wiring losses in the system is -1.04%
Module quality losses

The aim of this parameter is to reflect the confidence that the designer put in the matching of
your real module set performance, with respect to the manufacturer’s specification.
The module quality loss is +0.50%
Mismatch losses
2% power losses can be seen if the converter is MPPT. 2.5% of losses if not MPPT.
-2.10% is the mismatch loss noticed.
Page 35 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Soiling losses
It varies with location eg: desert or more sand that has to be cleaned. They are dust affected.
-3.0% is the soiling loss in the system.
IAM losses
Due to irradiation losses, the sunrays get decreased. The industries try to reduce IAM losses by
keeping uneven glass structure.
-2.23% of IAM losses is found in the system.
Page 36 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
CHAPTER 3- STANDALONE PV PLANT
16.0 SUMMARY
The major difference between a grid and standalone system is battery. The standalone systems
are usually made up of a number of individual photovoltaic modules. They are combined into a
single array to give the desired output similar to other PV plants. A standalone system produce
electric power to charge the banks of batteries during the day for use at night when there is no
source of sun’s energy (wiki n.d.). The batteries used are rechargeable that helps in storing the
energy supplied from the PV panels.
In this paper, a basic case study was done with 1.1kWh power and Coimbatore as the location.
This study helps you find a system that is economical and best suited for the location. The
comparison of the system design with different criteria has been done, which helps you give a
clarity answering the question what and how. Different converters has also been used to show the
nominal power and performance ratio variations in the system. This paper helps you give a
clarity on selecting the perfect and stable system for the location. This study is done not only to
develop a reliable system, the yearly output is also predicted. The result gives an optimal size of
SAPV system configuration. The total energy flow through the whole system is also calculated.
With this software, an energy prediction can be given based on the energy supplied to the load
for the whole year. Comparing with two different controllers give in more clarity.
17.0 INTRODUCTION
The standalone systems also known as remote area power supply is an off-grid electricity system
for places where there is no proper electricity distribution systems. They contain one or more
methods of electricity generation, energy storage and regulation. They work as a battery bank.
They are used especially for lighting as well as DC appliances. An inverter is used as usual to
general AC voltage. They don’t depend on utility grid. They may at times use diesel generator
for backup. There are two types of standalone power systems are direct- coupled system without
battery and standalone systems with batteries. In this project, a standalone system with battery is
taken into consideration. As we already know, standalone systems consists of load profile ie.,
solar panels are connected to load and not to grid. (Silicon Solar n.d.)
The energy from the panels cannot be used directly as the load demand is not the same always.
Hence battery banks are generally used. The main advantage of battery is, it can store if there is
energy in excess and can be used when needed. They provide stable voltage and current
uniformly. When there is any necessity of current to be given to the load, surge current will be
provided. Some loads cannot be used with standalone PV systems. They have stand-by modes
Page 37 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
that can be used, but it will cause wastage of energy. In this paper, a basic standalone system was
constructed, that can satisfy the electrical needs of a house. Two different controllers are taken
into consideration, which helps give a clarity on the system selected. (2015)
18.0 BATTERY
With the help of a battery, standalone systems generate only the power needed. It can also
generate extra power, but unlike grid connected systems it is not necessary to produce extra
power. The cells in a battery are always given in parallel because, it increases total current
capacity by decreasing total resistance, and it also increases overall amp-hour capacity.
All batteries in a parallel bank must have the same voltage rating. Batteries can be damaged by
excessive cycling and overcharging. Batteries are also used in tracker systems to provide stable
voltages. A PV system may have to be sized to store a sufficient amount of power in the batteries
to meet the power demand during several days of cloudy weather known as autonomy. The
batteries account over 40% of cost of the overall standalone PV system over its lifetime. The
batteries at times may cause losses in the system due to less maintenance. Hence a charge
controller was introduced to control the charging and discharging of a battery. Overcharging of a
battery also shortens the battery life.
State of charge (S0C) is the level of charge of an electric battery relative to its capacity. The
units of SOC are percentage points (0% = empty; 100% = full). The remaining capacity of a
battery can be determined using a discharge test under controlled conditions. An alternative form
of the same measure is the depth of discharge (DOD), the inverse of SOC (100% = empty; 0% =
full). The fraction or percentage of the capacity which has been removed from the fully charged
battery is DOD. They are normally expressed in percentage. (wiki n.d.)
CONTROLLER REF: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data Set: For development of standalone PV system, it is important to collect the data that
effects performance of the system. There were two data set that are effective. One is
geographical and other is load data.
Geographical site: Location was chosen as Coimbatore with the latitude 11.0120° N and
longitude of 76.8271° E and 484m altitude (above sea level). The data were taken from [8]
google map and (world weather online n.d.). The temperature source is (Meternorm 7.3 (1981-
1998)). Meteonorm monthly irradiance data are available for about 1’200 stations, as average of
1960-1991. All the irradiance measurement of the main European countries are referred from
Page 38 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
PVSyst database. Data for any other site may be obtained from the interpolation (world weather
online n.d.). Based on the Figure 19 the graph was depicted in Figure 20.
The pattern represents the radiation achieved in Coimbatore throughout the year.

Page 39 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Load data: In standalone photovoltaic systems, calculating a load data is very important to
avoid oversizing or under sizing of the system. If the system is not designed properly, it results in
increase of cost. One year load data is taken into consideration. The peak load of a house is about
1.1 kW. Hence 1.1 kW of standalone PV plant will be sufficient to provide electricity to the
house throughout the year.
System configuration: It is very important to select the best components to achieve a reliable
and cost efficient system. They are selected on the basis of their parameters and characteristics.
The albedo value was set based on the ground specification. 0.2 was the default value set by the
as 16° taking loss as 0% with respect to optimum and high global energy output. The number of
strings and modules where given based on the calculations. A pitch difference of 2.20m was also
given between the panels.
TABLE 17 PV MODULE SPECIFICATION:

Module JKM 210M-72
Rated power 210Wp
TABLE 18 CONTROLLER MODEL SPECIFICATION :

Rated power 1100W,1000W
Input maximum voltage 120V
MPPT range 14-100V
Controller power 1.10kW
Associated battery 24V
Model ProStar MPPT PS MPPT-40M
@24V,Universal controller with MPPT
converter
Page 40 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
The operating parameters of the universal controller will automatically be adjusted according to
the properties of the system.
TABLE 19 BATTERY SPECIFICATIONS:

Model Cell Li LCO UR18650ZTA
Global capacity 22V
Nominal capacity 210 Ah
Stored energy 3.7 kWh
DOD Cycle 625
19.0 MODELLING
shading construction was carried out placing an octagonal prism, and a portion of cylinder near
the panels to find its shading property. The panels were placed on the top of an octagonal prism.
The Figure 23 below gives the shading in terms of decimal for each angle. The near shading can
be given by adjusting the angle of the panels along with its pitch difference. The width and
length of the panels can also be adjusted according to the output required. The field type was
chosen to be fixed tilted plane. These planes are used mostly because of its efficiency and cost.
The maximum global output can be easily obtained by adjusting the tilt angle based on the
location chosen. The tilt can be adjusted taking the temperature into consideration throughout the
year. The angle where maximum irradiation is found taking all the seasonal changes into
consideration, is fixed.
Page 41 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 24 NEAR SHADING SETUP
This process is done every year to obtain maximum global yield (IJEAST 2018). The azimuth
angle works as a tracker or dual axis. It is used in unavoidable situations where the power supply
has to be given continuously, moving the panels according to the suns direction. The loss of load
has to be neglected for continuous power supply, but it will cause increase in unused energy and
system size will also be increased, increasing the investment. Thus azimuth is not found to be the
right choice for this project. The PV modules in case of large power plants are selected based on
the integration of modules, Voltage and current rating with the inverter voltage and current
rating. While selecting PV modules, it is important to negotiate for a minimum tolerance level or
at least modules with positive tolerance should be selected.
Page 42 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
20.0 ASSUMPTIONS
▪ Lithium-ion batteries were chosen because, it is reliable. It can charge quickly and are
also small in size.
▪ A controller should be chosen so as to manage the battery. If the voltage is less, the
consumption is reduced with its current. But the resistance is high. This remains the same
always. Generally 12V battery is taken for small systems. 1 kW-5 kW system requires
24V battery. Based on these configurations, the system and the battery are designed. Thus
a 22V battery is chosen.
21.0 STUDIES DONE
SCENARIO 1
Table 20 controller 1100W
Controller System Specific Performance ratio Normalized

production production (kWh/kWp/day) production
(MWh/yr) (kWh/kWp/yr) (kWh/kWp/day)
1100W 2022 1605 0.162 0.90
Array losses Discharging System losses Stored Maximum Array

(kWh/kWp/day) ratio (kWh/kWp/day) energy operating nominal
(kWh) power (kW) power
(kWp)
4.12 5.6% 0.50 4.4 1.5 1.3
SCENARIO 2
Table 21 controller 1000W
Controller System Specific Performance ratio Normalized

production production (kWh/kWp/day) production
(MWh/yr) (kWh/kWp/yr) (kWh/kWp/day)
1000W 1987 1577 0.498 2.75
Page 43 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Array losses Discharging System losses Maximum Stored Array

(kWh/kWp/day) ratio (kWh/kWp/day) operating energy nominal
power (kW) (kWh) power
(kWp)
2.48 10.0% 0.29 1.5 4.2 1.3
SIMULATION.
CALCULATIONS (Formulae used) REF: THE CALCULATIONS GIVEN BELONG TO THE 1000W
CONTROLLER SYSTEM
1. Daily Energy consumption = (wattage * hours used per day)/1000
Annual use = daily energy consumption * number of days the appliance is used per year
Energy cost = annual usage * energy cost
Eg: energy cost of TV
Daily consumption = 120 * 5 = .600 kWh
Annual use = .600 * 355 = 213
Energy cost = 213 * 42.19 INR/kWh = 8.98 INR
irradiation(GHI)
Eg: minimum no of modules = 50/36.9 (25deg) = 1
Maximum no of modules = 90/46.3 (30deg) = 2
Eg: pnom ratio = 1.5/1.3 = 1.15
Eg: number of strings = 1000/420 = 3
6. Vmpp-Summer maximum voltage = 2 * 46.3 = 93V
7. Vmpp- minimum voltage = 2 * 36.9 = 74V
8. The performance ratio(PR) = E_ user/ (GII * PnomPV)
• E_ user – useable energy at user end(kWh/year)
• GII – global inclined irradiation (kWh/m2/year)
100
Eg : Efficiency = (1239/(1986.9*7.7)) *100 = 80.98%
Page 44 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
11. Charging SOC = 0.96/0.80 where, 0.80 is the maximum charging

12. Discharging = 0.10/0.35 where, minimum discharge is 0.10
13. Number of cells = total battery voltage/single cell voltage
Eg: number of cells = 22/3.7 = 6
Figure 26 Near shading pattern after simulation
FIGURE 27 LOSSES OF THE SYSTEM WITH THE ENERGY SUPPLIES
Page 45 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 29 TOTAL ENERGY YIELD
Page 46 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 30 INPUT OUTPUT ENERGY
All the FIGURES mentioned gives the output energy yield and the performance. Figure 31
represents the energy output of the system per day.
Page 47 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Page 48 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Thermal losses
modelling. The thermal balance involves the “ heat loss factor:
-8.73% of thermal losses are found in the system.
Wiring losses
-2.10% is the ohmic wiring losses in the system.

+0.75% of module quality loss has been found which shows that the system is satisfied to the
extent.
Mismatch losses
The mismatch loss in the system is -2.10%.
Soiling losses
-3.0% is the soiling loss found in the system.
IAM losses
keeping uneven glass structure.
-2.69% of IAM loss is found in the system.
Page 49 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020

In TABLE 20 AND 21, the scenarios using different controller has been shown. The Figure 33
shows the performance of the system that was selected. In standalone systems, the main issues
are the global system sizing, ie., determination of the battery pack, the PV array power, as
function of the user’s needs and the meteo conditions. To get rid of the control constraints,
PVSyst introduced general purpose universal controllers with three strategies. Here MPPT
converter was taken into account. It is chosen because of its capacity to increase the efficiency of
a system. They set the wattage according to the system. Here 1000W was chosen.
The designing of the system was much easier with universal controllers. They adapt their
parameters to the system. Hence the system stay compatible with a normal behaviour without
control losses during hourly distribution. These controllers have their default values hidden in
terms of SOC. But the threshold dependency can also be changed and eventually defined in
terms of battery voltage. If you want to keep a specific configuration for further use, you can
always save this universal controller with the present parameters as well. The performance of the
system is also very good compared to 1100W system. Though the system production is more, it
has many losses. If the discharge of a battery is very less, then the life time will be reduced. Thus
the investment given for a life time of 2 years will end up less than a year. Also, if there is more
unused energy found in the system, the loss of load can be increased to a certain amount. Hence
the number of panels are reduced reducing the cost.
INFO: A DC-DC Converter with fixed input voltage are almost as efficient as MPPT converters.
Also the fixed voltages are not critical. This can lead to cheap converters without MPPT.
But in case of a non-universal controller, ie., 1100W, though the system production is good, the
performance ratio is very less. This shows that the remaining energy is lost in the system losses.
This is not advisable. With large investment, if there is no desired output it is not a feasible
decision to be taken. Thus 1100W system is not applicable.
Taking all the factors into consideration, The 1000W system with universal controller is found to
be the right choice to be setup in Coimbatore. Figure 34 shows the radiation of the sun in
Coimbatore with the shading percentage for every month.
System configuration: A standalone system for 1.1kW power plant is simulated using PVSyst
software. From the simulation it is found that a total of 6 modules with 3 strings in parallel are
required with battery pack of 6 in series and 70 in parallel. For the placement of modules 7.7m2
Page 50 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
area will be required. At the maximum, the power point current will be 20.2 A. The maximum
voltage at operating conditions will be 93V at 24°C and the minimum will be 74V at 27°C.
Energy production: Total available solar energy of about 1963.2 kWh/m2 energy is received on
the PV array in a year. By the proposed standalone system, 1296.5 kWh of energy will be needed
by the user out of which 1264.2 kWh of energy is supplied to the user. Thus 1264.2 kWh of
energy is supplied throughout the year. Table shows the monthly energy production by the
proposed system. From the simulation the performance ratio of the system is 49.85%.
Page 51 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
CHAPTER 4- PUMPING SYSTEM
24.0 SUMMARY
The pumping system in PVSyst software only concern “isolated” pumping systems, which work
according to the sun’s availability without any electrical storage (wiki n.d.). The isolated
pumping systems work in the absence of battery. The storage is indeed performed by the
accumulation of water in the tank. Hence it requires a pump that helps us operate in wide range
of power. In this paper, a pumping system was computed utilizing various internal and meteo
data. Entering (user needs, the head, water needs and the tank storage) the data, the system was
tested and the output results were further mentioned. In this paper, a system is designed to help
you find the battery power, converter voltage and module required, that gives a stable supply
throughout the year. A system was designed with Coimbatore as the location. The main purpose
of the system is to satisfy the yearly water needs required for a house. The results are tabulated
for clarity in production and generation.
25.0 INTRODUCTION
Millions of people around the world live with limited access to water. In many communities,
ground water is extracted through electric water pumps, which use diesel to fuel their systems.
However, these systems not only require costly, regular servicing and the purchasing of fuel,
they emit carbon dioxide polluting the atmosphere. Solar Water Pumping, or photovoltaic water
pumping (PVP), provides an alternative. After years of research and technological advances, it
has proven to be operationally, financially, and environmentally sustainable. In recent years, the
cost of solar technology has dropped tremendously. Prices for the solar panels used in these
systems have dropped up to 80%. In addition, these panels last around 25 years, requiring little
maintenance throughout this time. (M Chikh 2011)
Pumping stations are mainly used to remove water from a source such as river, lake, reservoir,
well or pond. The treated water will later be moved to the reservoirs. The water is circulated
through distribution systems. When sizing a PV pumping system, the basic constraints are
the availability of solar energy during the year, and the satisfaction of the user's water needs. The
problem to be solved is the optimization of the size of the photovoltaic generator and the pumps,
taking the head and the electric PV-Pump matching into account, as well as the chosen System
configuration. If the water is taken from a well, the water level during summer is reduced thus at
that time the head levels can be raised. Moreover, the sizing may be subjected to criteria which
may take on different weights depending on the use: (2018)
Page 52 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
❖ Reliability of the supply, and the consequences of no-delivery periods (may be overcome
by a back-up generator),
❖ Investment and maintenance costs, which should take into consideration the cost of the
PV generator, pump(s), regulation, and maintenance of the system. With battery buffered
systems, also the initial cost of the batteries, as well as that of their maintenance and
replacement are more.
❖ Durability: Quality of the pumps and regulators, ease of maintenance and replacement,
special wearing conditions like sands or impurities in the water, etc.
26.0 PUMP
There are different pumps that helps circulate the treated water. They are centrifugal and
displacement pumps. Centrifugal pumps work as an induction motor. They are rugged in nature
and high of cost. Usually they are less efficient. But can be increased using Variable frequency
transformer (VFT). These pumps are used for minimum head level eg: 100ft. The positive
displacement pumps are preferred for more head levels. A positive displacement pump makes a
fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and displacing that trapped volume into the discharge
pipe. Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a
decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Hence they are mostly preferred. The pump meter
should always be 4-5m near to the level of water, because cavitation may be found. Cavitation
occurs when the liquid in a pump turns to a vapor at low pressure. It occurs because there is not
enough pressure at the suction end of the pump. When cavitation takes place, air bubbles are
created at low pressure. The maintenance cost will increase because of mechanical problems
caused by cavitation. In this paper, positive displacement pumps are used. (wiki n.d.)
27.0 CONTROLLERS
The controller controls the pump speed and thus the output of the pump. The input variables are
given by various sensors, such as flow meters and level sensors. Then information triggers
the pump controller, which then adjusts the speed of the pump to the optimal. In pumping
systems, the main issues are the global system sizing, ie., determination of the pump, the PV
array power, as function of the user’s water needs and the meteo conditions. To get rid of the
control constraints, PVSyst introduced general purpose universal controllers with three
strategies. Here MPPT converter was taken into account. It was chosen because of its capacity to
increase the efficiency of a system.
Page 53 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Data Set: For development of pumping system, it is important to collect the data that effects
performance of the system. There were two data set that are effective. One is geographical and
other is load data.
Geographical site: Location was chosen as Coimbatore with the latitude 11.0120° N and
longitude of 76.8271° E and 484m altitude (above sea level). The data were taken from (google
map n.d.) and (world weather online n.d.). The temperature source is (Meternorm 7.3 (1981-
1998)). Meteonorm monthly irradiance data are available for about 1’200 stations, as average of
1960-1991. All the irradiance measurement of the main European countries are reference in
PVSyst database. Data for any other site may be obtained from the interpolation (google map
n.d.). Based on the values in Figure 35, the graph was depicted which is shown in Figure 36.
Page 54 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Load data: In pumping PV systems, calculating a load data is very important to avoid oversizing
or under sizing of the system. If the system is not designed properly, it results in increase of cost.
One year load data is taken into consideration. A volume of 20m3/day is required to satisfy the
daily needs. Hence it is sufficient if hydraulic power of 325 -330W with total system power of
1.6kWp.
Water level: -30.0m
Pump level: -32.0m
Tank volume: 15m3
Feeding altitude: 13.00m
Diameter: 1.22m
Piping length: 45m
Number of elbows: 4
Water needs: 20m3/day
Lake water needed: 30.0
m3/day
The pump and water level are negative because in PVSyst software, the reference is taken from
tank to water level.
System configuration: It is very important to select the best components to achieve a reliable
and cost efficient system. They are selected on the basis of their parameters and characteristics.
The albedo value was set based on the ground specification. 0.2 was the default value set by the
as 32.7° taking loss as 0% with respect to optimum and high global output. The number of
strings and modules where given based on the calculations. A pitch difference of 2.20m was also
given between the panels.
TABLE 22 PV MODULE SPECIFICATION:

Module TE310-72M
Rated power 310Wp
Page 55 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
TABLE 23 CONTROLLER MODEL SPECIFICATION :

Rated power 1.4kW
Input maximum voltage 300V
MPPT range 30-300V
Converter power 1400W
Configuration MPPT-DC converter
Model CU 200 SQFlex
TABLE 24 PUMP SPECIFICATIONS:

Model PS20-HR -07
Technology Progressive cavity
Maximum power 1500W
Head 5.0-40.0 meterW
Flow rate 6.12-4.84 m3/h
28.0 MODELLING
shading construction was carried out placing two octagonal prisms to the left and right of another
octagonal prism. A portion of cylinder was also placed near the panels to find its shading
property. The panels were placed on the top of an octagonal prism. The Figure 39 shown below
gives the shading in terms of decimal for each angle. The near shading can be given by adjusting
the angle of the panels along with its pitch difference. The width and length of the panels can
also be adjusted according to the output required. The field type was chosen to be fixed tilted
plane. These planes are used mostly because of its efficiency and cost. The maximum global
output can be easily obtained by adjusting the tilt angle based on the location chosen. The tilt can
be adjusted taking the temperature into consideration throughout the year. The angle where
maximum irradiation is found taking all the seasonal changes into consideration, is fixed.
Page 56 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 40 NEAR SHADING SETUP
This process is done every year to obtain maximum global yield. The azimuth angle works as a
tracker or dual axis. It is used in unavoidable situations where the power supply has to be given
continuously, moving the panels according to the suns direction. The loss of load has to be
neglected for continuous power supply, but it will cause increase in unused energy and system
size will also be increased, increasing the investment. Thus azimuth is not found to be the right
choice for this project. The PV modules in case of large power plants are selected based on the
integration of modules, Voltage and current rating with the inverter voltage and current rating.
Page 57 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
While selecting PV modules, it is important to negotiate for a minimum tolerance level or at least
modules with positive tolerance should be selected.
Pumping system parameters: Lake or river to storage
29.0 ASSUMPTIONS
▪ A progressive pump with Lorentz as the manufacturer was chosen because, the sizing of
the pump was perfect with that of the PV module. These displacement pumps have the
ability to expand and decrease the cavity easily. The cavitation problems can also be
solved. Compared to centrifugal pumps, they are efficient and economical.
▪ The converters and PV modules are chosen according to their tolerance level.
30.0 STUDIES DONE
TABLE 25 OUTPUT
Water Water Missing Energy at Specific Maximum System

pumped needs water pump energy operating efficiency
(m3/year) (m3/year) (kWh) (kWh/m3) power(kW)
5979 7300 18.1 1297 0.22 1.2 69.5
SIMULATION.
CALCULATIONS (Formulae used)

irradiation(GHI)
NOTE: The universal controllers have hidden voltage range
The pnom ratio wasn’t shown because there wasn’t any difference between operating and
nominal power
5. Vmpp-Summer maximum voltage = 4 * 44.4(30deg) = 178V
6. Vmpp- minimum voltage = 4 * 37.0 = 148V(25deg)
7. The performance ratio(PR) = W_ used/ (Globeff * PnomPV)
• W_ used – useable energy at user end(kWh/year)
Page 58 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
• Globeff – Effective global (kWh/m2/year)

100
FIGURE 42 SHADING ATTAINED AFTER SIMULATION
Page 59 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 43 SYSTEM LOSSES AND ENERGY YIELD
FIGURE 45 WATER PUMPED PER YEAR
Page 60 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
FIGURE 46 INPUT OUTPUT ENERGY PER DAY

The Table 26 shows the system configurations after simulation. It was found that the water
pumped for the house per year is 5979m3/year and the water utilized approximately by the user
is 5977.5 m3/year. The actual water needed was 7300 m3/year. The missing water percentage is
18.1% with the system efficiency of 69.5%. Though the system has more water losses, the yearly
water need for the house is satisfied and the system is much efficient. But there are nearly -
21.34% of water wastage. 81.9% of the user needs has been supplies by the system. The water
wastage of a system can be decreased by changing the wattage of the pump. But if the pump
wattage increase, then the system efficiency is decreased with its life span. An average pumping
system is expected to last for 25 years.
The controller in the system works according to the water needs of the house. The power given
to the pump varies with water necessity. But if the pump wattage is increased, the performance
ratio is also minimized. It also causes increase in unused energy, but it can be stored in batteries
if the system is constructed with a battery or backup generators can be used. The system losses
are less when compare to the system with increased pump wattage. A systems performance ratio
is also very important. The array virtual energy is drastically increased if the pump wattage is
changed. PV panels have a unique point which represents the maximum available power and that
Page 61 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
point depend on the environmental conditions such as temperature and irradiance. Thus the
efficiency of the system is more when compared to system with high pump wattage. The main
criteria in pumping system is to satisfy the daily needs of water which is both economical and
efficient. If the system is designed with different centrifugal pumps, then the investment is also
increased with increase in system size. But it is not possible to achieve a perfect system design.
Hence a system with reduced losses and good efficiency is much preferred. Figure 47 Figure 48
Figure 49 shows the suns radiation, the shading achieved and the annual energy yield of the
system selected. The Figure 50 Figure 51 shows the monthly and per day energy output that is
given to the user.
System configuration: A pumping system for 1.6 kW power plant is simulated using PVSyst
software. From the simulation it is found that a total of 1 pump in series and 6 pumps in parallel
are required. The number of modules is selected as 4 with a single string. For the placement of
modules 7.8m2 area will be required. At the maximum the power point current will be 8.9A. The
maximum voltage at operating condition will be 178V at 30°C and minimum voltage will be
148V at 25°C.
Energy production: Total available solar energy of about 1864.5 kWh/m2 is received on the PV
array in a year. By the proposed pumping system, 5979.2m3 of water will be pumped out of
which 5977.5m3 of water is drawn by the user. Thus 5977.5m3 of water will be drawn by the
user throughout the year. Table shows the monthly energy production by the proposed system.
From the simulation the performance ratio of the system is 53.5%.
Page 62 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
It is clear from the Figure 53 that the unused energy lost in the system is comparatively less.
There can’t be any system without losses. It is not practically possible. It is found that the user
need can be satisfied with respect to the pump efficiency and wattage. Selecting a system with
proper module and inverter relationship will help the user attain the maximum output from the
system which is both economical and efficient.
Page 63 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
Thermal losses
modelling. The thermal balance involves the “ heat loss factor”
It was found that there was nearly -10% of thermal loss in the system.
Wiring losses
-1.05% of wiring losses were found in the system.

-5% of quality losses were found in the system.
Mismatch losses
-2.10% was the mismatch found in the system.
Soiling losses
-3.0% of soiling losses were found in the system.
IAM losses
keeping uneven glass structure
-2.15% of IAM losses were found in the system.
Page 64 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
CONCLUSION
Grid connected, Standalone and pumping Photo-Voltaic systems with Ahmedabad as the location
for grid connected systems and Coimbatore as the location for the other two systems is designed
using the PVSyst software. With the help of PVSyst software, the PV configurations, Output
electricity, water supplied to the user, system capacity, battery life, battery configurations and
system losses are analysed. The whole study is mainly done to describe the understanding in
PVSyst software. The paper has concentrated on all the methods available in PVSyst software. It
helps the beginners to perform a basic case study on different systems. By this, accurate size of
the system is determined, which is suitable to setup a system in the above mentioned locations. A
suitable PV module and inverter for grid systems, PV module, inverter, controller and battery for
standalone systems and pump, PV module and controller for pumping systems has been selected.
It was found that for
Preliminary design:
A grid connected PV system was designed for 1MW with a total area of 6250m^2. The annual
energy yield will be around 1730MWh/yr.
Grid connected systems:

Energy production: A high amount of radiation of 2033.1 kWh/m2 energy is received on the PV
array in a year. By the proposed grid connected system, 80317MW electricity will be generated
out of which 78985MW of electricity is available to the grid. Thus 78985MW of electricity will
be generated throughout the year. Table shows the monthly energy production by the proposed
system. From the simulation the performance ratio of the system is 77.7%.
Standalone systems:
Energy production: Total available solar energy of about 1963.2 kWh/m2 energy is received on
the PV array in a year. By the proposed standalone system, 1296.5 kWh of energy will be needed
by the user out of which 1264.2 kWh of energy is supplied to the user. Thus 1264.2 kWh of
energy is supplied throughout the year. Table shows the monthly energy production by the
proposed system. From the simulation the performance ratio of the system is 49.85%.
Pumping systems:
Energy production: Total available solar energy of about 1864.5 kWh/m2 is received on the PV
array in a year. By the proposed pumping system, 5979.2m3 of water will be pumped out of
which 5977.5m3 of water is drawn by the user. Thus 5977.5m3 of water will be drawn by the
Page 65 of 66
PV PLANT
DATE : 27-07-2020 to 01-08-2020
user throughout the year. Table shows the monthly energy production by the proposed system.
From the simulation the performance ratio of the system is 53.5%.
Page 66 of 66

Grid Connected and Standalone PV Plant Design Using PVSYST 1621703681

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grid Connected and Standalone PV Plant Design Using PVSYST 1621703681

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COURSE : STUDENT INTERNSHIP ENRICH

REPORT : DESIGN OF GRID CONNECTED, STANDALONE AND PUMPING

DESIGN OF GRID CONNECTED, STANDALONE AND PUMPING PV PLANT

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... 6

OBJECTIVE OF SCOPE ............................................................................................................. 8

SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................................... 8

SIMULATION TOOL ................................................................................................................10

STC - Standard Test Conditions: ........................................................................................... 10

System Configuration: ........................................................................................................... 26

14.0 SIMULATION REPORT ............................................................................................ 31

CHAPTER 3- STANDALONE PV PLANT .............................................................................37

23.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................. 50

30.0 STUDIES DONE ........................................................................................................ 58

INR – International Normalized Ratio

Chapter 2- Grid Connected PV power plant

Chapter 3- Standalone PV Plant

Chapter 4- Pumping Systems

[2] “PVSyst,” 1978.

[3] “Silicon Solar”.

[4] “IJEAST,” pp. 47-55, 2018.

[5] SSRN eLibrary.

[6] “google map”.

[7] “world weather online”.

[8] “Meternorm 7.3,” (1981-1998).

[9] “African. J,” Basic and appl. Sci.,, 2017.

[10] “PVSyst,” 1978.

[11] Electrical India, 2015.

[12] A. M. M Chikh, Energy procedia, 2011.

[13] academic.edu, 2018.

[15] “Tesla electrek,” electrek.co, US, 2016.

[16] “Solar power world,” solar power world, 2018.

[17] “silicon solar,” american institute of physics, america, 2009.

TABLE 1 SOME MANUFACTURERS AVAILABLE IN PVSYST (2019)

PV Modules Inverter Battery

For example: (2016)

Some of the standards available in PV system

IEC 60904-1, 2006 Ed 2, Photovoltaic devices-Part 1: Measurements of PV current-voltage

1.0 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES

TABLE 2 TYPES OF INVERTERS

CHAPTER 1- PRELIMINARY DESIGNING

FIGURE 1 SUN PATH OF COIMBATORE

FIGURE 2 SUN PATH OF OOTY

FIGURE 3 MONTHLY METEONORM DATA

FIGURE 4 MONTHLY METEONORM DATA

6.0 STUDIES DONE

Table 3 Mounting disposition: Tilted roof

Table 4 Ventilation property: Semi-integration

Technolo Coimbatore Ooty

Table 5 Ventilation property: Fully insulated

Technolo Coimbatore Ooty

Table 6 Mounting disposition: Flat roof

Ventilation property: Free air circulation

Table 7 Ventilation property: Semi- integration

Technolo Coimbatore Ooty

Table 8 Ventilation property: Fully insulated

Technolo Coimbatore Ooty

Table 9 Mounting disposition: Ground based

Table 10 Ventilation property: Semi- integration

Technolo Coimbatore Ooty

Table 11 Ventilation property: Fully insulated

Technolo Coimbatore Ooty

7.0 SIMULATION REPORT

FIGURE 5 COIMBATORE ENERGY YIELD

FIGURE 6 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION