PA4005- ENERGY EFFICIENT

ARCHITECTURE

BY- PROF. BINIT KUMAR

 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Syllabus
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Readings
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE
Energy is a basic requirement for the existence and development of human life.

Source- Energy Statistics 2015, Central Statistics Office, Government of India

India’s domestic energy consumption has increased from 80 TWh in 2000 to 186 TWh in 2012, and
constitutes 22% of total current electrical consumption. (Central Electricity Authority , 2013)

The energy consumption in building sector is increasing at the rate of 8% annually. (Kumar D. S., 2011)
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE
Energy consumption in U.S. In U.S. building sector accounts for 38% of annual energy consumption
and 10% of industrial energy is used in manufacturing of building
materials, so all together 48% of annual energy is used in building
sector

Source- American Institute of Architects, 2006

About one third of the energy consumption in buildings is used to

increase thermal conditions of the dwellings and for lighting. (Sousa, 2012)
Source- American Institute of Architects, 2006
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

The energy intensity per unit area of floor is increasing as a result of rising GDP and
greater affordability. (CEPT University, 2014)

Source- Energy Statistics 2015, Central Statistics Office, Government of India

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Primarily, the commercial sources such as fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas),
hydroelectric power and nuclear power provide the energy needs of a country.
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Primarily, the commercial sources such as fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas),
hydroelectric power and nuclear power provide the energy needs of a country.
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

Primarily, the commercial sources such as fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas),
hydroelectric power and nuclear power provide the energy needs of a country.
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

The fossil fuels are rapidly depleting and the era of fossil fuel is gradually coming to an
end.
^
Demand >>> Resources
^ cost of fossil fuel
acceleration depletion
^
• The combustion of fossil fuels has caused air pollution resulting in global warming and
ozone layer depletion.

• The release of harmful gases into the atmosphere is causing serious problems for living
organisms.
PROBLEMS

• The release of large amounts of waste heat from power plants to water bodies causes
water pollution.

• In case of large hydroelectric power projects, submerging of land - thereby destroying

valuable plant life and displacing inhabitants - has become a serious concern.

• The fear of release of radioactivity into the atmosphere in the event of an accident or
from nuclear waste has forced people to reconsider the use of nuclear power.
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

In view of these problems associated with conventional energy sources, the focus is now
shifting to conservation of energy, and to the search for renewable sources of energy that are
also environmentally benign.

Source- Energy Statistics 2015, Central Statistics Office, Government of India

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

“According to the 2011 Revision, it is expected that half of the population of Asia will
live in urban areas by 2020”. (Population Division, 2012)

With rapid urbanization, India expects a doubling of floor space by 2030.

(Kumar, Kapoor, Deshmukh, & Kamath, 2010)

20 billion sq. m. of new building floor area is expected by 2030. (Kumar D. S., 2011)

Increasing Floor Area Increasing Energy Intensity

(urbanization) (rising GDP and greater affordability)

Increasing energy demand in building sector

As predicted by Global Building Performance Network and Centre for Climate Change and
Sustainable Energy Policy, India may experience an increase of 700% in energy consumption
and CO2 emission by 2050 compared to 2005 level. (CEPT University, 2014)
References-
1. Bureau Of Energy Efficiency. (2011). Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide. New Delhi: Bureau Of Energy
Efficiency.

2. Central Electricity Authority. (2013). Growth of Electricity sector in India from 1947-2013. New Delhi: Ministry of Power.

3. CEPT University. (2014). Residential Building in India: Energy Use Projection and Saving Potentials. Ahmedabad: Global
Buildings Performance Network (GBPN).

4. Kumar, D. S. (2011). Energy Use in commercial buildings - Key findings from the national benchmarking study. India: USAID
ECO - III Project.

5. Kumar, S., Kapoor, R., Deshmukh, A., & Kamath, M. (2010). Total Commercial Floor Space Estimates. Energy Conservation
and Commercialization - ECO 3.

6. Nayak, J. K. and Prajapati J. A., Handbook On Energy Conscious Buildings, Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources,
Government of India, 2006

7. Population Division, D. o. (2012). World Urbanization Prospects The 2011 Revision. New York: United Nations.

8. Sousa, J. (2012). Energy Simulation Software for Buildings: Review and Comparison. Information Technology for Energy
Applications 2012 (pp. 57-68). Portugal: IT4ENERGY 2012.

9. U.S. Department of Energy, (. (n.d.). EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software. Retrieved 03 17, 2016, from Energy Efficiency
and Renewable Energy: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

• With the increase in standards of living, the consumption of energy in buildings is

progressively rising. The boom in building sector is going to create further demands,
resulting in greater pressure on the energy supply situation.

• In this context, the conservation of energy in buildings through appropriate construction,

operation and maintenance practices assume prime importance.

http://www.casasidesign.ro/files/cteh-3gupd4fzj9gn-6puxx.jpg
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

• The primary function of a building is to provide a comfortable indoor environment.

• Traditional buildings of earlier times had many built-in architectural features for achieving comfort.

• Unlike animals and birds that build their shelters intuitively and adapt themselves to
environmental changes, man has relied on various resources to build shelters for protection from
heat, cold and rain. They are shaped and planned to take maximum advantage of the climate and
surroundings.

• Gradually, as newer materials and techniques of construction developed, vernacular built forms
evolved to provide a harmonious balance between buildings, climate and people’s lifestyle.

• A number of passive solar techniques were adopted in vernacular architecture in the various
climatic zones. Control of the microclimate around the building was always an important design
consideration.

• While planning a town, care was taken to orient the streets keeping the effects of sun and wind
in mind.
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

• With technological advancement, people failed to continue the tradition of maintaining

harmonious balance between buildings, climate and their lifestyle.

• Modern architecture has become a “conquest” of nature in the sense that, environmental
conditions notwithstanding, a building could be given a sleek, clean and well proportioned
exterior façade, and the interior made as comfortable as required with the help of
artificial devices.

• However, the drawback is that, such buildings consume an enormous amount of energy.

• A growing worldwide concern for conservation of energy has reawakened interest in

ecologically sustainable materials, processes and sources of energy.

• With the availability of newer materials and techniques, and with changing demands on built
spaces, achieving thermal and visual comfort in buildings has become a design challenge for
modern architects, building engineers and scientists.
• Various analytical methods have been developed using which, the techniques evolved in the
past are now scientifically understood, appropriately quantified and improved. These have led
to the evolution of energy conscious building.
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY CONSCIOUS ARCHITECTURE

• Energy conscious building involves the use of eco-friendly and less energy intensive materials,
incorporation of passive solar techniques (including day lighting features) and integration of
renewable energy technologies.

• It also includes conservation of water and waste water recycling, rainfall harvesting and the use
of energy-efficient appliances in buildings.

• For example, in a commercial building, the cooling load can be saved by about 26% in a hot and
dry climate (like Jodhpur) by adopting appropriate design considerations and operation
strategies.

• Simple design procedures such as orientation, shading, insulation, etc. can be easily
incorporated in any building, leading to substantial benefits from the point of view of comfort
and energy savings.

• Even in conditioned buildings, where mechanical devices are used to create a comfortable
environment, the use of passive methods would help reduce the energy consumption.

• Further, the integration of photovoltaic systems as well as active systems such as hot water or
hot air systems would further reduce the consumption of conventional energy.
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING
Climate plays a pivotal role in determining the design and construction of a building.

Climate is defined by the Oxford dictionary as 'region with certain conditions of temperature, dryness, wind,
light, etc.'.
A somewhat more scientific definition is: 'an integration in time of the physical states of the atmospheric
environment, characteristic of a certain geographical location.
' As weather is the momentary state of the atmospheric environment at a certain location, climate could be
defined as 'the integration in time of weather conditions'.

FACTORS AFFECTING CLIMATE

(A) Solar radiation

(B) Ambient temperature
(C) Air humidity
(D) Precipitation
(E) Wind
(F) Sky condition
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Solar Radiation

Quality-

The spectrum of solar radiation extends from 290 to 2 300 nm (nanometre = 10–9 m).

According to human means of perception we can distinguish:

• ultra-violet radiation, 290 to 380 nm, producing photo-
chemical effects, bleaching, sunburn, etc.
• visible light, 380 (violet) to 700 nm (red).
• short infra-red radiation, 700 to 2300 nm, radiant heat with
some photochemical effects.

https://greensarawak.com/things-to-know-before-going-solar/going-
solar-chapter-2-know-your-earth/
The spectral energy distribution varies with altitude, due to the filtering effect of the atmosphere. Some of the
shorter wavelengths are absorbed by the atmosphere and reradiated at much longer wavelengths, e.g. long infra-red,
up to 10000 nm.
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Solar Radiation

Quantity-

The intensity of radiation reaching the upper surface of the atmosphere is taken as the solar constant: 1 395 W/m2, but it
may actually vary ±2% due to variations in the output of the sun itself and it varies ±3.5% due to changes in the earth–
sun distance.

http://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Solar/solar.html
http://www.greenrhinoenergy.com/solar/radiation/extraterrestrial.php
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

The earth moves around the sun in a slightly elliptical orbit. One revolution is completed in 365 days, 5 hours,
48 minutes and 46 seconds.

https://allgeographynow.wordpress.com/2016/02/22/the-earths-revolution-
around-the-sun/
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Tilt of the earth's axis

The earth rotates around its own axis, each rotation making one 24-hour day.
The axis of this rotation (the line joining the North and South Poles) is tilted to the plane of the elliptical orbit, at an
angle of 66.5° (i.e. a tilt of 23.5° from the normal) and the direction of this axis is constant.

https://allgeographynow.wordpress.com/2016/02/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit#/media/File:North_season.jpg
22/the-earths-revolution-around-the-sun/
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Maximum intensity is received on a plane normal to the direction of

radiation. If the axis of earth were rectangular to the plane of the orbit,
it would always be the equatorial regions which are normal to the
direction of solar radiation.

https://allgeographynow.wordpress.com/2016/
02/22/the-earths-revolution-around-the-sun/

Due to the tilted position, however, the area receiving

the maximum intensity moves north and south, between
the tropic of Cancer (latitude 23.5°N.) and the tropic of
Capricorn (latitude 23.5°S.).

https://allgeographynow.wordpress.com/2016/02/22/the-earths-revolution-
around-the-sun/
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

https://allgeographynow.wordpress.com/2016/02/22/the-earths-revolution-around-the-sun/
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Solar Radiation at the earth's surface

This earth–sun relationship affects the amount of radiation received at a particular point on the earth's surface three
ways:
1) The cosine law, which states that the intensity on a tilted surface equals the normal intensity times the cosine of the
angle of incidence.

https://www.itacanet.org/the-sun-as-a-source-of-energy/part-2-solar-
energy-reaching-the-earths-surface/
CLIMATE AND BUILDING
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

2) Atmospheric depletion, i.e. the absorption of radiation by ozone, vapours and dust particles in the atmosphere (a factor
of 0.2 to 0.7).
The lower the solar altitude angle, the longer the path of radiation through the atmosphere, thus a smaller part reaches the
earth's surface.

https://www.itacanet.org/the-sun-as-a-source-of-
https://shaikmohasin.wordpress.com/2012/01/01/know-solar-energy/ energy/part-2-solar-energy-reaching-the-earths-surface/
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

3) Duration of Sunshine, i.e. the length of the daylight period

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-sun- https://knowledge.autodesk.com/search-
path-illustration-image18273849 result/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/B3/ENU/Vasari-UsersGuide/files/GUID-
CA024825-3211-4354-AC06-D81751AADA1A-htm.html
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

• Rajasthan, Gujarat, west

• Over 2600 to 2800 hours of
Madhya Pradesh and north
bright sunshine are available
Maharashtra receive more than
over the rest of the country,
3000 to 3200 hours of bright
except Kerala, the north-eastern
sunshine in a year
states, and Jammu and Kashmir
where they are appreciably
lower.

• During monsoon (June –

August), a significant decrease • The north-eastern states and
in sunshine occurs over the south-east peninsula also
whole country except Jammu receive relatively less
and Kashmir where the sunshine during October and
maximum duration of November due to the north-
sunshine occurs in June and east monsoons.
July, and minimum in January
due to its location.

Distribution of annual sunshine hours

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Annual Average Solar Irradiance

http://www.inforse.org/europe/dieret/Solar/solar.html
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

• As far as the • East Bihar, north West

availability of global Bengal and the north-
solar radiation is eastern states receive
concerned, more than less than 1700
2000 kWh/m2-year are kWh/m2-year.
received over
Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Distribution of annual global solar radiation (kWh/m2-year)

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

(A) Solar radiation

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

• The availability of diffuse solar

radiation varies widely in the
country

Distribution of annual diffuse solar radiation (kWh/m2-year)

CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Maximum temperature isopleths

CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Minimum temperature isopleths

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

(B) Ambient temperature

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

(C) Air humidity

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

(D) Precipitation
CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Average rainfall and main wind direction

 https://gardendrum.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/02/Heat-and-discomfort-index.jpg

An image of weather app on Samsung

Android Phone
 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Climatic zones of India

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

(E) Wind

Factors affecting wind

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

(F) Sky condition

Effect of sky condition

 CLIMATE AND BUILDING

Weather Data

The data of all weather variables are recorded at various meteorological stations by the
Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), and are also available in a number of books.

Synthetic data for solar radiation have been generated by ISHRAE.