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Renewal Energy Sources

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 ISSN: 0011-9342 | Year 2021
Design Engineering Issue: 7 | Pages: 6332-6346

Renewable Energy Sources,Technologies and

Protection Challenges in Indian Context:A
Comprehensive Review
Anjan Kumar Sahoo1
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, INDIA
anjan.sahoo86@gmail.com
Girija Sankar Panigrahi1
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024, INDIA
girijapanigrahi45@gmail.com
Krushna Keshab Baral2
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751024,INDIA
krushjune1984@gmail.com
*
Sudhansu Kumar Samal3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Odisha-
752050 , INDIA.

Abstract— The prime requirement for the improvement of quality of life and the socio-
economic condition of any nation is the clean and environment friendly energy harvesting. India,
the 2nd highest populous country with a population of 1.39 billion is one of the largest consumers
of using fossil fuels in the world. Limited availability of the fossil fuels may obstruct the future
socio-economic development. Hence India government motivates the use of renewable energy
sources. The renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass etc will never diminish their
availability. Sunlight is used to meet ever increasing energy need. The literature analysis shows
that in India fossil fuels still continues to contribute 80% and renewable energy sources around
20% of the total electricity generation. It is now of prime importance to focus on the
technologies and the protection challenges of renewable energy sources in Indian context. The
author has reviewed more than 300 research articles and presented various analysis reports. This
will definitely help the researchers to find the lacuna behind less contribution of the renewable
energy sources.

Keywords: Renewable energy, wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, renewable energy
technology.

I. INTRODUCTION

The beauty of renewable energy sources is their cleanliness[1] and environment-friendly nature
[2],[3].The research and studies on renewable energy sources have increased in the last few years.
The renewable energy sources can be used for domestic energy requirements with an assurance of

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almost zero emission of different air pollutants like CO2 and green house gases etc [4] , [5].The
excessive energy demand can be fulfilled by replacing conventional fossil fuel with
RES(Renewable Energy Sources) [6].RES is having many merits over traditional fossil fuel such
as pollution free environment, energy security and socio-economic benefits[7] , [8] etc.Recently
few countries like Taiwan, South Korea, Japan etc have shown their interest in renewable energy
sources and their technologies.

The main aim of this review paper is to focus on various renewable energy sources and their
technologies being implemented in India. The author has also tried to focus various protection
challenges in RES developments. In section II, the author has made the literature survey by taking
high quality rated articles. Section III explains about implementation of the technology in India.
Section IV explains about the protection challenges associated with RES. Section V concludes the
study.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

To improve our study and knowledge on utilization of RES, the recent study deals with a
comprehensive literature review with a special focus on RES and its technologies. This study
will help in understanding the requirements of RE, RES and RET. For the ease of study, the
author has reviewed under specific below mentioned headings.

A. Need forRenewable Energy

Presently most of the energy produced is from non renewable energy sources. But these are
associated with green house gases (CO2, NOx,SOx) emissions and also responsible for global
warming [9] , [10]. Due to increase in the level of the these gases, it is quite mandatory to
determine the ways to reduce the levels of CO2 and develop the sources based on renewable
energy. As renewable energy is environment-friendly, it is expected that they can reduce energy
crisis by meeting future demand. The cleanliness and environment friendly nature , both wind
and solar energies have collected worldwide popularity. There are a lot of motivations defined in
the literature for promoting RES instead of conventional fossil fuels. Shafiullah [11] has
developed a techno-economic model that helps utilities to manage consumer load demand and
hence resolve the energy crisis issue to some extent.

In [12] the study suggests that the heavy dependency on fossil fuel produces a very high
pollution in the environment of rural areas in Iran. For the control of CO2 emissions, worldwide
many policies have been introduced promoting the use of renewable energy sources. In Table I,
the author has presented the global statistics report of total installed capacity of renewable energy
for last 10 years as prepared by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).

Table. I Global statistics report total installed capacity of renewable energy for last 10 years

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Year World India installed

installed Capacity (in
capacity(in GW)
GW)
2011 1329 58
2012 1442 60
2013 1564 63
2014 1694 71
2015 1847 78
2016 2010 90
2017 2180 105
2018 2358 118
2019 2538 128
2020 2799 134
As per the report, the renewable energy capacity continues to increase by the new installation of
solar and wind energy. The rapid growth in RE capacity ultimately helps in economic growth,
limiting carbon dioxide emission, reduction of air pollution, improvement of energy security etc.

B. Application of Renewable Energy for domestic purposes

Renewable energy especially solar energy is the most abundant type of renewable energy that
can be used both in direct and indirect form. There are vast applications of solar thermal energy
like solar cooker, solar water heater, cooling system, solar home system [13-17].These can help
people to improve the standard of life[18].Solar water heater based on solar thermal technologies
are extensively used in most of the countries.[19-20]. Renewable energy applications (Solar,
biomass) greatly help in minimizing the electricity consumption and fulfils daily energy needs of
the households [21-22]. A study on energy consumption of the household [23] says that the total
household energy consumption can be reduced by around 13% with the presence of solar water
heater. In [24], the author explains that solar photovoltaic system can be used as secondary
source by which battery charging for Home Energy Management System(HEMS) can be done.

Similarly biomass is used for heat and power generation. Wind power is used for windmill, water
pump and wind generator etc. Solar thermal technology is used for a very wide range of
applications like hot water, space cooling and heating, water desalination etc. These type of
applications are environment friendly and helps in reducing CO2.

III. IMPLEMENTATION OF RET IN INDIAN CONTEXT

Because of the cost and security purpose, people are willing to accept Renewable Energy
Technologies(RET).

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India is densely populated with high solar insolation and hence has large potential to harvest
photovoltaic radiation to generate electricity[25].The average temperature of India is 25-
45°C.This helps a lot for the use of photovoltaic cells. The south east coastal area of India which
extends from Calcutta to Chennai receives 5000 trillion KWh of solar energy annually[26].The
report of GTM research 2011 and BRIDGE TO INDIA say that India has many suitable factors to
drive photovoltaic electricity generation up to next 10 years and beyond. Due to tremendous
development in technologies in last 10 years, India has a very good growth rate in electricity
generation as shown in fig.1.Table.2 shows current solar energy installed capacity of India in the
year 2021 as prepared by IRENA. Indian government has already launched JNNSM(Jawaharlal
Nehru National Solar Mission) in the year 2009 with a target to achieve 20GW solar energy by
2022.Moreover motivations like reduction of solar energy production cost through long term
policy making and production of raw materials, components etc.

Fig.1 RE growth in INDIA over last 10 years

Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been formatted and styled. Do not
use hard tabs, and limit use of hard returns to only one return at the end of a paragraph. Do not
add any kind of pagination anywhere in the paper. Do not number text heads-the template will do
that for you.

Table. II State wise solar energy installation capacity in INDIA

States Installed capacity(in

MW)
Jammu Kashmir 20.73
Himachal Pradesh 42.73
Punjab 959.5
Haryana 407.83
Uttarpradesh 1712.5
Rajasthan 5732.58
Madhya Pradesh 2463.22

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Gujarat 4430.82
Bihar 159.51
Sikkim 0.07
West Bengal 149.84
Arunachal Pradesh 5.61
Assam 42.99
Nagaland 1.0
Manipur 6.36
Mizoram 1.53
Tripura 9.41
Meghalaya 0.12
Jharkhand 52.06
Odisha 401.72
Chhattisgarh 252.48
Maharashtra 2289.97
Karnataka 7355.17
Telengana 3953.12
Andhra Pradesh 4203
Tamil Nadu 4475.21
Kerala 257
Table. II State wise RE(solar) installed capacity in INDIA for the year 2021.To promote solar
manufacturing unit, Government of India(GOI) has implemented many solar projects. Through
"Make in India" resolution, govt. has implemented 1GW solar module manufacturing unit and 0.5
GW of cell manufacturing unit[27].India's first solar park land has been allotted in Gujarat with a
capacity of 500MW.

GOI has also given similar importance to wind energy. In India, wind energy program was
initiated around 1983 with an aim to commercialize wind energy program, develop Research &
Development programs and making awareness among people. Wind mapping and monitoring
process was started by MNRE to establish a countrywide network for the same in 25 Indian states.
Small wind energy and hybrid energy system is also implemented by state level govt.
organizations with an objective to meet the power requirements in urban, semi-urban areas. Table
III. below represents state wise wind energy installation capacity prepared by MNRE till 2021.

Table III. State wise wind energy installation capacity prepared by MNRE till 2021.

Annual wind Installation

State
in MW
Gujarat 84431.33
Rajasthan 18770.49

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Maharashtra 45394.34
Tamil Nadu 33799.65
Madhya Pradesh 10483.88
Karnataka 55857.36
Andhra Pradesh 44228.6
Kerala 1699.56
Telangana 4244.29
Odisha 3093.47
Chhattisgarh 76.59
West Bengal 2.08
Puducherry 152.83
Lakshadweep 7.67
Goa 0.84
Andaman & 8.43
Nicobar
As per the report, the leading states in wind energy potential in India are Gujarat, Maharashtra and
Tamilnadu. Gujarat is highest in harnessing of wind power with installed capacity of 84GW. As
per Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, wind energy potential in India is estimated to be
with a capacity of 20 ranges is 2006 GW with 80 meter hub height.[28]. For promotion of wind
energy, Central Govt. is providing 80% tax deduction on purchase of wind energy equipments in
1st year of operation. The contribution of wind energy in total renewable energy share is very
high but its availability is limited to only few states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat etc.

The policies and programs for bio energy was started around 1970 to emphasize energy security
in villages. The main objective was to have technological improvements in the traditional use of
biomass. The most important aspect was to collaborate with Institutions, agencies and
stakeholders for program implementation and formulation. The current status of biomass energy
prepared by MNRE as on 30th June 2021 is as follows:

• In India, total biomass energy capacity amounts to 10.17 GW including biomass and
cogenerating sectors.

• Installed capacity of biomass IPP:1836 MW.

• Installed capacity of bagasse cogeneration:7562 MW.

• Installed capacity of non-bagasse cogeneration:772 MW.

The Central Financial Assistance And Fiscal Incentives for Biomass power project and Bagasse
cogeneration project are as follows:

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Table. IV Capital subsidy of biomass projects

Project type Capital Subsidy

Biomass Bagasse Co- Rs.25 lakh X (C* MW)
generation Projects
Biomass (Non- Rs.50 lakh X (C**
Bagasse) Co-generation MW)
projects
In case of Bagasse cogeneration projects, C* refers to Surplus Exportable capacity But in 2nd
case i.e. Non-bagasse, the C** refers to installed capacity. The MNRE promotes installation of
biogas plants by implementing 2 Central Sector Schemes under Off-Grid/distributed and
decentralized Renewable Power. The two ongoing schemes are:

• New National Biogas and Organic Manure Programme (NNBOMP), for Biogas Plant size
ranging from 1 cu.m. to 25 cu.m. per day.

• Biogas Power Generation (Off-grid) and Thermal energy application Programme (BPGTP),
for setting up biogas plants in the size range of 30 m3 to 2500 m3 per day, for corresponding
power generation capacity range of 3 kW to 250 kW from biogas or raw biogas for thermal
energy /cooling applications.[29]

Table. V below mentions state/UT wise estimated potential and cumulative achievements for
small biogas plants under National Project on Biogas Development(NPBD), National Biogas and
Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) and New National Biogas and Organic Manure
Programme (NNBOMP) up to 2018-19.

Table. V State/UT wise estimated potential and cumulative achievements for small biogas plants

State/UT Estimated Cumulative

potential(no. achievements
of biogas up to 31st
plants) March
2019(no. of
biogas plants)
Andhra 1065000 555294
Pradesh
Arunachal 7500 3591
Pradesh
Assam 307000 138423

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Bihar 733000 129905

Chhattisgarh 400000 58908
Goa 8000 4226
Gujarat 554000 434995
Haryana 300000 62825
Himachal 125000 47680
Pradesh
Jammu & 128000 3195
Kashmir
Jharkhand 100000 7823
Karnataka 680000 503935
Kerala 150000 152019
Madhya 1491000 373037
Pradesh
Maharashtra 897000 918201
Manipur 38000 2128
Meghalaya 24000 10659
Mizoram 5000 5838
Nagaland 6700 7953
Odisha 605000 271656
Punjab 411000 183835
Rajasthan 915000 72132
Sikkim 7300 9044
Tamil Nadu 615000 223618
Telengana - 19694
Tripura 28000 3688
Uttar Pradesh 1938000 440385
Uttarakhand 83000 363615
West Bengal 695000 972
A&N Islands 2200 97

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Chandigarh 1400 169

Dadra & 2000 681
Nagar Haveli
Delhi 12900 578
Puducheri 4300 17541
Total 12339300 5028340
By the end of 2022,biomass energy is anticipated to increase up to 10GW[30].As per the updates
from MNRE as on 31st march 2021,the cumulative achievements of grid interactive renewable
power.

Fig.2 Contribution of different RES in INDIA.

Based on the size,hydro power is classified into small and large hydro power projects.Different
countries have different criteria to classify small and large hydro projects ranging from 10MW to
50MW.India deverloped its 1st hydro power plant in 1897 with an installed capacity of 130 kW
in West bengal.Further installation was in 1902 with an installed capacity of 4500kW[31].In
India hydro power plants are classified into following categories.

Table.VI Types of HPP with capacity range

Type of Hydro Power Capacity range

Plant
Micro HPP ≤ 100kW
Mini HPP 101kW-2MW
Small HPP 2-25MW

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The estimated potential of 21135.37 MW from 7135 sites for power generation in the country
from small / mini hydel projects is assessed by the Alternate Hydro Energy Centre (AHEC) of
IIT Roorkee in its Small Hydro Database of July 2016.[29]. The hilly States of India mainly
Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand, and constitute
around half of this potential. India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro
potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor (1,48,701 MW installed capacity).
In addition, 6782 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes
have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed
capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. However, only 27.51 % of the potential has been
harnessed so far.[29].

Geothermal energy in India is still in growing stage although it has very high potential in
generating geothermal power. It is the only renewable energy source that does not require any
storage and irrespective of day and night, it is 24x7 available. As per geological survey of India,
around 340 geothermal hot springs have potential of generating geothermal power[32]. Most of
these can be used directly due to their low temperature from 37-90°C.In India there are 7
geothermal provinces and many geothermal springs. These springs are mainly located in
Himalayan region, Sahara valley, West coast, Mahanadi basin, Godavari basin etc. A new
location such as Tattpani in Chhattisgarh is identified for geothermal power
production[33].Unlike other power projects, it is having minimum or zero negative impact on
environment.

The above explanation clearly defines the steps taken by the India Government towards the
implementation and development of variety of renewable energy sources. Still more significant
steps are required towards development of few specific renewable energy sources. Hence it is
quite mandatory to study the protection challenges and how to solve it.

IV. PROTECTION CHALLENGES

Protection scheme for a renewable integrated power system is quite important. The variability and
highly intermittent nature of renewable energy can be the cause of various fault levels. The relays
which are set for the fixed level of operation, will experience various fault level. This will
definitely disturb the coordinated protection in the relays. In this section the author will cover few
major issues associated with various renewable energy sources. There are various factors
associated with renewable energy integrated transmission line. Few major factors are presented
below:

A. Sporadic nature of Renewable energy sources

The variation in the parameter of wind greatly affect the reach of the distance relay. The wind
farm loading effect on the distance relay is having quadrilateral characteristics.[34-39].The

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fluctuation in the wind speed makes variation in the voltage levels in the local networks and hence
it ultimately affects the impedance seen in the relays.[34,36,40,41].

B. Crowbar protection

The doubly fed induction generator must be connected with grid during fault condition as it may
cause damage to the converters due to the variation in the current. The crowbar protection is used
to protect the converters by bypassing the current. DFIG offers different values of fault current
for certain periods due to the crowbar resistance.[37,42].

C. Types of Wind Generators

The wind farm based generating plants are of either induction or synchronous type. Doubly fed
induction generator and squirrel cage induction generator are two induction based generators.
Similarly Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator(PMSG) and wound rotor synchronous
generator(WRSG) are two types under synchronous based generators. The short circuit
characteristics of induction based generator is very important factor for deciding distance relay
characteristics.[43].

D. Fault Characteristics and Nature of Fault

In case of wind power integrated system, parameters like fault location, fault resistance, mutual
coupling and power swing etc also equally affect the distance relay performance. In case of 3-
phase short circuit faults, the combination of high crowbar resistance and rotor winding
resistance, makes it a high impedance fault which is very difficult for the protective relay to
detect [44-45].

V. CONCLUSION

The present paper has reflected variety of renewable energy sources, technologies and
developments in Indian context. Also the author has reflected few protection challenges in the
development of variety of renewable energy sources. The discussion on various segments has
shown that India has achieved significant developments in the solar, wind, biomass and hydro
energy sectors. However geothermal energy sector is still in growing stage. India has a target to
accomplish 175GW renewable energy by the end of t6he year 2022.This could meet the energy
demand of around 1.36 billion people. Every state is working with specific policies and SOPs to
achieve its own target. Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka are the front runners in the quicker
implementation of renewable energy sources. The author has picked up major researches over
last 10 years and reflected the gist which will greatly help the researchers to enhance their
research work in this area.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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The authors would like to thank Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Director, Principal and Colleagues of
College of Engineering Bhubaneswar for their kind support and help.

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