Wwind Mill

Development of the demonstration model of wind mill
INDEX
Chapter Title Page No

1 Introduction
1.1 Drivers Of Renewable Energy In India
1.2 Growth Of Renewable Energy In India and Need For The Study
1.3 Objective of the project
2 Types Of Wind Mills
2.1Introuduction
2.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Mills
2.3 Vertical axis Wind Mill
3 Wind Mill Parts
4 Power Generation
5 Environmental And Socio-Economic Impacts
6 Conclusions
7 References
Abstract
Satara Polytechnic Satara Page 1

India’s rising economic activities, growing population and improving living standards
have led to a steady growth in her appetite for quality and quantity of energy services. As
the economy expands the electricity demand is going to grow further. Considering the
energy security concern for and commitment to a ‘Low Carbon Growth Strategy’, the
12th Five Year plan of the country included plans to ensure sustainable development of
the power sector.
Renewable Energy (RE) solves the sustainability problem associated with
conventional fuels used for power generation as these sources are non-exhaustible and
relatively clean. Further, RE is also an economical off-grid energy solution for remote
locations. The 11th Five Year Plan realized the significant role of new and renewable
energy to enhance the domestic energy supply options as well as the need to diversify
energy sources. The 12th Five Year plan’s strategy aims to develop the RE sector through
capacity addition in wind power, small hydro power, solar power, and bio-power. Thus
the RE space in the country is going to witness a large number of RE projects in coming
years.
Due to the RE impetus an increase in the development of medium to high density
wind and solar farms in India is expected. In this scenario it becomes important and
necessary to revisit the impacts of RE projects in the neighborhood where these projects
are coming up. Thus, this study is commissioned by MNRE to assess the environmental
and socio-economic impacts of RE projects in India, particularly from solar PV and on-
shore wind farms.
Chapter 1.
Introduction

India’s rising economic activities, growing population and improving living
standards have led to a steady growth in her appetite for quality and quantity of energy
services. India’s total population grew by 190 million during 2001-20111. India’s
economy is also expanding fast (Government of India’s 12th Five Year plan for 2013-17
aims at an annual economic growth rate of around 8% (Planning Commission, 2011)) and
to sustain this level of growth India needs to quickly add energy generation capacity.
India currently is the fifth largest producer of electricity globally but is still a
power deficit state. As the economy grows in coming years the electricity demand will
further rise as there is strong correlation between rise in energy consumption and
economic growth (Figure 2). India has been putting steady efforts at increasing its energy
generation capacity. However, the demand for energy has been continuously outstripping
supply. This has strained the electricity distribution and deteriorated the level of energy
services in the country. This situation becomes worse during the periods of peak power
consumption. As per the estimates by Central Electricity Authority (CEA), average
month wise power deficit was 8.7% during year 2012-13 (Central Electricity Authority,
2013). In this scenario, renewable energy can be considered as one of the ways to
partially meet country’s growing energy demand.
Figure1: Comparison of Growth in GDP and Power Generating Capacity in India

This chapter identifies the need for the study by outlining the drivers to deploying
Renewable Energy (RE). It provides an introduction to the Terms of Reference (ToR)
provided by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for this study. It also
describes the approach employed to carry out the assignment.
1.1 DRIVERS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA
Considering the energy security concern and commitment for a ‘Low Carbon
Growth Strategy’, the 12th Five Year plan has provisions to ensure sustainable
development of the power sector. In their efforts to reduce GHG emissions, Government
is emphasizing the development of nuclear power, hydro power as well as power from
renewable sources.
Renewable energy solves the sustainability problem associated with conventional
fuels used for power generation as these sources are non-exhaustible, free and relatively
clean, hence more sustainable. In theory, these sources will be able to guarantee secure
energy supplies for generations to come .
Development of RE resources is being accorded special emphasis in view of not
just its inherent advantages of cleaner power production but also the social benefit of
providing energy access and energy security to remote areas.
The drivers identified herein for development of renewable energy in India are –
1 (i) Country’s interest in energy security;
2 (ii) High potential of wind and solar energy in India;
3 (iii) Emissions reduction by shifting from polluting sources like oil and coal;
4 (iv) Country’s interest towards clean energy options.

The renewable energy installed capacity in India is growing steadily. In March
2012, RE installed capacity stood at 24,914.24 MW which was 10.5% of the power mix
in the country (Central Statistics Office, 2013)3. Within 15 months the RE capacity in the
country has expanded by 15%, as on June 2013 this was 28708.9 MW .
Figure 2: Renewable Energy Generation in India - End of March 2012
1.2 GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA AND NEED FOR THE
STUDY
In the last few years the country’s macro level strategy for the power sector has changed.
The Eleventh Five Year Plan realized the significant role of new and renewable energy to
enhance the domestic supply options as well as the need to diversify energy sources.
The wind power potential for India has been calculated by Center for Wind Energy
Technology (CWET) to be 102,788 MW and 49,130 MW at 80m and 50m hub height
(CWET, 2005). India has vast potential for solar power generation since about 58% of the
total land area receives annual average global insolation above 5kWh/sq.m./day. The total

installed capacity of grid-interactive renewable energy in India as on March 2013 was
28,068 MW and off-grid power capacity was 882.5 MW. Of this, 68.9% comes from
Wind, while Solar PV contributed nearly 4.59% of the Renewable Energy in the country
(MNRE, 2013).
The 12th Five Year plan’s strategy for the period of 2013-17, aims to develop the
Renewable Energy (RE) sector through capacity addition in wind power, small hydro
power, solar power, and bio-power .
Figure3 : Renewable Energy Distribution in 12th Five Year Plan
The past trends and future scenario for the RE sector in the country are depicted in Figure
4. Going by the projections, the RE space in the country is going to witness a large
number of high capacity RE projects in coming years. As the most preferable and
accessible locations gets congested the new projects will have to explore the more remote
and underdeveloped regions.

Figure 4: India’s Power Generation Capacity 2008-21F
The RE projects are coming up in areas such as coastal regions, forests, rural agriculture
land, deserts and wasteland. These regions have traditionally witnessed low industrial
development. Due to the RE impetus an increase in the development of medium to high
density wind and solar farms is expected.
The fast deployment of RE projects has resulted in scrutiny of such projects for
their impact on local environment and social well being. A recent report commissioned
by MoEF (termed as WGEEP6 report) to assess the impact of developmental activities on
the ecosystem of Western Ghats notes that wind mills are being set up in large numbers
leading to substantial negative impacts on ecology and water resources. The report
further recommends a complete stoppage of large scale wind farms in the eco-sensitive
areas and a cumulative EIA for wind projects coming up in less sensitive zones.
Meanwhile, when this work was under progress another report was
commissioned. Commissioned by MoEF to scrutinize the WGEEP work, this report
critically evaluated the WGEEP report. Termed as HLWG7, it recommends for including

wind energy in EIA notification and bringing it under the purview of assessment and
clearance .
In this scenario it becomes important and necessary to revisit impacts of the
projects that may affect the locality where these projects are coming up. Hence this study
was planned to measure the environment and socio-economic impacts of the renewable
energy projects.
1.3 Objective of the project
 To know the construction and working of various part of wind mill
 Development of demonstration model of wind mill

Chapter 2.
Types of Wind Mills
2.1Introuduction
A wind mill is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy in wind into
mechanicalenergy. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine
is called a wind generator, wind mill, wind power unit (WPU), wind energy
converter (WEC), or aerogenerator.
Wind mills can be separated into two types based by the axis in which the mill
rotates.Mills that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Vertical-axis mills
are less frequently used.
2.2 HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND MILLS

Fig 5 Horizontal axis wind mill
Horizontal-axis wind Turbine (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Most have a gearbox,
which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to
drive an electrical generator.Since a tower produces turbulence behind it, the mill is
usually pointed upwind of the tower.Mill blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from
being pushed into the tower by high winds. Additionally, the blades are placed a
considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted up a small amount.
Downwind machines have been built, despite the problem of turbulence, because
they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind, and
because in high winds the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area
and thus their wind resistance.
Since cyclic (that is repetitive) turbulence may lead to fatigue failures most
HAWTs are upwind machines.

2.2.1 HAWT advantages
• Variable blade pitch, which gives the mill blades the optimum angle of attack. Allowing
the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the mill
collects the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season.
• The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear. In some
wind shear sites, every ten meters up, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power
output by 34%.
• High efficiency, since the blades always move perpendicularly to the wind, receiving
power through the whole rotation. In contrast, all vertical axis wind mills, and most
proposed airborne wind mill designs, involve various types of reciprocating actions,
requiring airfoil surfaces to backtrack against the wind for part of the cycle. Backtracking
against the wind leads to inherently lower efficiency.
2.2.2 HAWT disadvantages
• The tall towers and blades up to 90 meters long are difficult to transport. Transportation
can now cost 20% of equipment costs.
• Tall HAWTs are difficult to install, needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled
operators.
• Massive tower construction is required to support the heavy blades, gearbox, and
generator.
• Reflections from tall HAWTs may affect side lobes of radar installations creating signal
clutter, although filtering can suppress it.
• Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence when

a blade passes through the tower's wind shadow (for this reason, the majority of HAWTs
use an upwind design, with the rotor facing the wind in front of the tower).
• HAWTs require an additional yaw control mechanism to turn the blades toward the
wind.
2.3 Vertical axis Wind Mills
Fig.6 Vertical axis wind mill
Vertical-axis wind mills (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged
vertically. Key advantages of this arrangement are that the mill does not need to be
pointed into the wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind
direction is highly variable. VAWTs can utilize winds from varying directions.
With a vertical axis, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, so the
tower doesn't need to support it, and it is more accessible for maintenance. Drawbacks are

that some designs produce pulsating torque. Drag may be created when the blade rotates
into the wind.
2.3.1VAWT advantages
• A massive tower structure is less frequently used, as VAWTs are more frequently
mounted with the lower bearing mounted near the ground.
• Designs without yaw mechanisms are possible with fixed pitch rotor designs.
• A VAWT can be located nearer the ground, making it easier to maintain the moving
parts.
• VAWTs have lower wind startup speeds than HAWTs. Typically, they start creating
electricity at 6 M.P.H. (10 km/h).
• VAWTs may have a lower noise signature.
2.3.2 VAWT disadvantages
• Most VAWTs produce energy at only 50% of the efficiency of HAWTs in large part
because of the additional drag that they have as their blades rotate into the wind.
• While VAWTs' parts are located on the ground, they are also located under the weight
of the structure above it, which can make changing out parts nearly impossible without
dismantling the structure if not designed properly.

• Having rotors located close to the ground where wind speeds are lower due to wind
shear, VAWTs may not produce as much energy at a given site as a HAWT with the
same footprint or height.
• Because VAWTs are not commonly deployed due mainly to the serious disadvantages
mentioned above, they appear novel to those not familiar with the wind industry. This has
often made them the subject of wild claims and investment scams over the last 50 years.
Chapter 3.
Wind Mill Parts
Bearing for rotating the wind mill as Solar panel 20w

per wind direction
Blade
AC/D.C Generator Battery
Fig.7 Parts of a wind mill
3.1Anemometer:
Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.

3.2 Blades:
Most mills have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes
the blades to "lift" and rotate.
3.3 Brake:
A disc brake which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to
stop the rotor in emergencies.
3.4 Controller:
The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per
hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 65 mph. Mills cannot operate at wind
speeds above about 65 mph because their generators could overheat.
A wind turbine is designed to produce a maximum of power at wide spectrum of wind
speeds.
The wind turbines have three modes of operation:
• Below rated wind speed operation
• Around rated wind speed operation
• Above rated wind speed operation
If the rated wind speed is exceeded the power has to be limited. There are various ways to
achieve this.
3.4.1Stall
Stalling works by increasing the angle at which the relative wind strikes the
blades (angle of attack), and it reduces the induced drag (drag associated with lift).

Stalling is simple because it can be made to happen passively (it increases automatically
when the winds speed up), but it increases the cross-section of the blade face-on to the
wind, and thus the ordinary drag. A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat
side of the blade facing directly into the wind.
A fixed-speed HAWT inherently increases its angle of attack at higher wind speed as the
blades speed up. A natural strategy, then, is to allow the blade to stall when the wind
speed increases.
This technique was successfully used on many early HAWTs. However, on some
of these blade sets, it was observed that the degree of blade pitch tended to increase
audible noise levels.
3.4.2 Pitch control
Furling works by decreasing the angle of attack, which reduces the induced drag
from the lift of the rotor, as well as the cross-section. One major problem in designing
wind turbines is getting the blades to stall or furl quickly enough should a gust of wind
cause sudden acceleration.
A fully furled turbine blade, when stopped, has the edge of the blade facing into
the wind.Standard modern turbines all pitch the blades in high winds. Since pitching
requires acting against the torque on the blade, it requires some form of pitch angle
control. Many turbines use hydraulic systems. These systems are usually spring loaded,
so that if hydraulic power fails, the blades automatically furl. Other turbines use an
electric servomotor for every rotor blade. They have a small battery-reserve in case of an
electric-grid breakdown. Small wind turbines (under 50 kW) with variable-pitching

generally use systems operated by centrifugal force, either by flyweights or geometric
design, and employ no electric or hydraulic controls.
3.4.3 Other controls
3.4.3.1Yawing
Modern large wind turbines are typically actively controlled to face the wind
direction measured by a wind vane situated on the back of the nacelle. By minimizing the
yaw angle (the misalignment between wind and turbine pointing direction), the power
output is maximized and non-symmetrical loads minimized. However, since the wind
direction varies quickly the turbine will not strictly follow the direction and will have a
small yaw angle on average. The power output losses can simplified be approximated to
fall with cos3(yaw angle).
3.4.3.2Electrical braking
Braking of a small wind turbine can also be done by dumping energy from the
generator into a resistor bank, converting the kinetic energy of the turbine rotation into
heat. This method is useful if the kinetic load on the generator is suddenly reduced or is
too small to keep the turbine speed within its allowed limit.
Cyclically braking causes the blades to slow down, which increases the stalling effect,
reducing the efficiency of the blades. This way, the turbine's rotation can be kept at a safe
speed in faster winds while maintaining (nominal) power output. This method is usually
not applied on large grid-connected wind turbines.
3.4.3.3Mechanical braking
A mechanical drum brake or disk brake is used to hold the turbine at rest for
maintenance. Such brakes are usually applied only after blade furling and

electromagnetic braking have reduced the turbine speed, as the mechanical brakes would
wear quickly if used to stop the turbine from full speed. There can also be a stick brake.
3.5 Gear box:
Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the
rotationalspeeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1200 to 1500
rpm, the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box
is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind mill and engineers are exploring "direct-drive"
generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.
3.6 Generator:
Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60-cycle AC
electricity.
3.7 High-speed shaft:
Drives the generator. Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at
about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.
3.8 Nacelle:
The rotor attaches to the nacelle, which sits atop the tower and includes the gear
box, low- and high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake. A cover protects the
components inside the nacelle. Some nacelles are large enough for a technician to stand
inside while working.
3.9 Pitch:
Blades are turned, or pitched, out of the wind to keep the rotor from turning in
winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
3.10 Rotor:

The blades and the hub together are called the rotor.
3.11 Tower:
Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here) or steel lattice. Because wind
speed increases with height, taller towers enable mills to capture more energy and
generate more electricity.
3.12 Wind direction:
This is an "upwind" mill, so-called because it operates facing into the wind.
Other mills are designed to run "downwind", facing away from the wind.
3.13 Wind vane:
Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the mill
properly with respect to the wind.
3.14Yaw drive:
Upwind mills face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing
into the wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind mills don't require a yaw drive,
the wind blows the rotor downwind.
3.15 Yaw motor:
Powers the yaw drive.

Chapter 4.
Power Generation
Renewable Energy Sources are those energy sources which are not destroyed
when their energy is harnessed. Human use of renewable energy requires technologies
that harness natural phenomena, such as sunlight, wind, waves, water flow, and
biological processes such as anaerobic digestion, biological hydrogen production and
geothermal heat. Amongst the above mentioned sources of energy there has been a lot of
development in the technology for harnessing energy from the wind.
Wind is the motion of air masses produced by the irregular heating of the earth’s
surface by sun. These differences consequently create forces that push air masses around
for balancing the global temperature or, on a much smaller scale, the temperature
between land and sea or between mountains.
Wind energy is not a constant source of energy. It varies continuously and gives
energy in sudden bursts. About 50% of the entire energy is given out in just 15% of the
operating time.
Wind strengths vary and thus cannot guarantee continuous power. It is best used
in the context of a system that has significant reserve capacity such as hydro, or reserve

load, such as a Desalination plant, to mitigate the economic effects of resource
variability.
The power extracted from the wind can be calculated by the given formula:
PW=0.5ρπR3Vw3CP (λ,β)
Pw = extracted power from the wind,
ρ= air density, (approximately 1.2 kg/m3 at 20¤ C at sea level)
R = blade radius (in m), (it varies between 40-60 m)
Vw = wind velocity (m/s) (velocity can be controlled between 3 to 30 m/s)
Cp = the power coefficient which is a function of both tip speed ratio (λ), and blade pitch
angle, (β)(deg.)
Power coefficient (Cp) is defined as the ratio of the output power produced to the
power available in the wind.
Betz Limit:
No wind turbine could convert more than 59.3% of the kinetic energy of the wind
into mechanical energy turning a rotor. This is known as the Betz Limit, and is the
theoretical maximum coefficient of power for any wind turbine.
The maximum value of CP according to Betz limit is 59.3%. For good turbines it is in the
range of 35-45%.
The tip speed ratio (λ) for wind turbines is the ratio between the rotational speed
of the tip of a blade and the actual velocity of the wind. High efficiency 3-blade-turbines
have tip speed ratios of 6–7.
The total capacity of wind power on this earth that can be harnessed is about 72
TW. There are now many thousands of wind turbines operating in various parts of the

world, with utility companies having a total capacity of 59,322 MW. The power
generation by wind energy was about 94.1GW in 2007 which makes up nearly 1% of the
total power generated in the world.
Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be 5
times current global energy consumption or 40 times current electricity demand. This
would require covering 12.7% of all land area with wind turbines. This land would have
to be covered with 6 large wind turbines per square kilometer.
Some 80 percent of the global wind power market is now centered in just four
countries—which reflects the failure of most other nations to adopt supportive renewable
energy policies. Future market growth will depend in large measure on whether
additional countries make way for renewable energy sources as they reform their
electricity industries.
The following is a graph between Power Coefficient (CP) vs Tip Speed Ratio (λ)

Fig.8 Power coefficient vs tip speed ratio
Wind mills typically have two degrees of freedom to optimize power generation.
1. The ability to change their yaw or compass orientation by turning (using motors) the
entire nacelle unit so the rotor is pointed directly into the wind.
This process is controlled by wind direction information from nearby wind vanes
which are located to minimize the effect due to wake turbulence from the wind mills.
2. The pitch of the blades which can be changed to keep a near-constant rotation rate
under varying wind speeds, where the rotation rate is chosen to optimize the power-
generation efficiency of the mill. Another purpose of both the blade pitch control and
yaw Mechanisms is to act as a brake under extremely strong wind condition.
Cut- in speed:

The lowest wind speed at which a wind mill begins producing usable power is
called cut-in speed. It is about 3m/s.
Cut-out speed:
The highest wind speed at which a wind mill stops producing power is called cut-
out speed. It is about 30m/s.
Power Generation in Generator:
R.P.M. of Generator: 60
Voltage of Generator: 240 AC
Current of Generator: 0.1 Ampere
Chapter 5.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
This chapter captures the environmental and social impacts of the RE projects
(wind and solar) at the macro and local level. Macro level impacts of the wind and solar
projects are quantified following Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) approach and comparing the
impacts with that of other conventional energy options. Localized impacts are direct
project impacts on the environment and social attributes in and around the project sites;

local impacts have been categorized as operations externalities of the projects on the
environmental quality and social welfare of the immediate surroundings of the project.
5.1 MICRO LEVEL (SITE SPECIFC) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
IMPACTS OF WIND PROJECTS
In order to understand the impact of commissioning and operations of wind farms,
six wind project sites in two different regions namely Tirunelvelli stretch of Tamil Nadu
and the Western Ghats of Maharashtra were visited. In Tamil Nadu, three sites visited
were located in Tirunelvelli and Kanyakumari stretch. In Maharashtra, the sites were
located in Morgiri and Palashi in Satara district and Bhimashankar in Pune district. Rapid
survey technique was used to assess the environmental and social impacts from wind
farms. Summary of the findings from site visits is depicted in table below.
5.1.1 AIR POLLUTION FROM WIND FARMS
The wind farms don’t have emissions associated with operations.
5.1.2 NOISE POLLUTION FROM WIND FARMS
Wind turbine produce mechanical noise mainly from the gearbox and the
generator. In addition aerodynamic noise is arises from changes in wind speed
experiment by the blades as they pass the tower. Other moving parts of the turbines too
cause noise.
The modern turbines create very little noise. The noise created by a single turbine
at a distance of 40 meters is around 50 – 60 decibels
To put this in a perspective, the acceptable noise limits for home appliances
recommended by CPCB are much higher in comparison to the noise created by a wind
farm (with 10 turbines observed at 350m from the farm).

Possibly, for this reason, none of the people met around the sites visited
complained about the noise pollution from the wind farm.
The fact that wind turbines are not a significant cause of noise pollution is further
proved by studies carried out in Europe. A study with residents in Denmark, the
Netherlands and Germany found that 9% of the residents faced no problems due to noise
from wind turbines.
The evidences make it clear that noise pollution from wind farms is not a major issue and
the noise levels in the vicinity of the farms are quite low even in comparison to noise
levels in Indian households, hence can be ignored.
5.1.3 IMPACT OF WINDFARM ON LOCAL BIODIVERSITY
The wind farm can affect the local biodiversity in four ways:
1 1. During the construction phase vegetation is cleared
2 2. Natural habitat is disturbed because physical barriers created by wind farm
3 3. Obstruction to movement of birds and bats
4 4. Waste disposal and human activity
5 5. Noise from wind farm .
1 Vegetation clearance:
Of the four farms visited, it was observed that massive clearing of vegetation had
taken place to build access roads for the farms in Maharashtra. The clearing of trees and
movement of heavy traffic on the untarred road was leading to soil erosion which was
evident from the presence of silt in the water bodies in the vicinity. Also since the project
was located in midst of a forested patch hence there was tree felling carried out to make

way for the turbines and other infrastructure. The precise numbers of tree felled could not
be made out during the field visit, but the quantum of loss is clearly
In contrast, the remaining wind farms visited in Tamilnadu were located in
cleared agriculture land and hence the habitat loss risks associated with these farms was
minimal.
2 Obstruction to movement of birds and bats:
The moving rotor blades pose a threat to the birds and bats. Also the
infrastructure created to produce electricity, evacuate it and fencing to safeguard the
power plant has the potential to disrupt the free wildlife movement.
During the field visits to the wind farm sites, no physical evidence of damage to
the wildlife was witnessed, the locals reported loss to bird life at the farm site in
Bhimashankar (Maharashtra) but it is based on anecdotal evidences. No systematic data
collection system process at the farm site was witnessed that could capture the actual
damage to the fauna on the plant site. Further, the expertise of the researcher and duration
of stay at the farm site was not adequate to accurately comment on the richness of
biodiversity at the Bhimashankar farm sites.
At the same time, there are evidences from studies carried out internationally
establishing that likelihood of collision mortality for birds/bats is highly dependent on the
siting of wind farms and the characteristics of the relevant bird and bat species. Species
that fly at the rotor height, particularly those that tend to hover or circle, are at greater
risk than those that tend to fly below or above rotor height. Similarly, the proximity of
wind farms to feeding, foraging and breeding habitats, and whether they are located in
migration paths, will have a significant effect on the collision mortality risk. As the UK

Department of Trade and Industry has stated “…evidence to date suggests that there is
minimal risk to birds from the operation of properly sited wind turbines.”
Particular to India, relatively little research has been done on the risk of bird and
bat collisions with wind turbines making it difficult to estimate the likely number of
collision related deaths at domestic wind farms. In this context, a two year study to assess
the impact of wind farms on birds was carried out at the Bhambarwadi Plateau, northern
Western Ghats, India. The study has 10 wind turbines spread in 0.5 sq km. and the data
on bird morality collected between July 2008 and June 2010. During the two year study
Developmental Impacts and Sustainable Governance Aspects of Renewable Energy
Project period, 19 birds and mammals were found dead due to collision with the rotor
blades (n=10) or electrocution (n=9) due to contact with overhead transmission lines or
transformers. The study concluded that the yearly annual average collision rate was
1.9 birds per turbine.
Putting the bird hit numbers in perspective, a study at the Kumbhalgarh Wildlife
Sanctuary in Rajasthan affirmed that in a 55 km stretch of roads inside sanctuary, during
a four year period 228 bird mortalities (average 57 birds per annum) due to human
interferences (vehicular movement in particular) were reported (Chhangani, 2004).
5.1.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF WINDFARM
The social and economic impacts of the wind project were accessed through
interaction with the local communities. The impact of the projects was measured on four
attributes linked to community’s access to natural resources, economic benefits from
operations and safety concerns.
1 Land diversion:

Wind farms are land intensive and the land requirement theoretically depends on
the wind speed in the region, hub height and technology in use. According to the
American Wind Energy Association, wind projects on ridgelines may require as little as 2
acres/ MW (Department of Energy Resources, 2009). Wherein another estimate by World
Energy Council indicates that an average of 12 ha land for each MW required at sites
having a wind power density in excess of 250 W/m2 (at 50 m hub height) .
Mostly project developers acquire agricultural land from farmers or through
dealers or from State Forest Departments on lease.
The wind farms visited in Tamilnadu were developed on agriculture land whereas
the project sites in Maharashtra were taken on lease from state forest department. Land
diversion was not an issue in Tamilnadu as the farmers had sold the land willingly to the
project developers. In Maharashtra although the land ownership was not with the
community, but it was in close vicinity and covered with vegetation. Hence the project
development in this case has definitely reduced the quality and quantity of common
property resource available to the community.
2 Employment opportunities:
In wind farms visited in Tamilnadu non-technical jobs related to security and
gardening were offered to the local residents. There was no impact study carried out to
measure the extent of economic opportunities because of the presence of wind farms both
in Tamilnadu and at Bhimashankar (Maharashtra).
3 Access to resources:
In none of the wind farms, restrictions over access to natural resources within the
project boundary were imposed on the community. Although the wind farms had fencing

to keep the area out of bound for outsiders yet, locals have access to fodder (and fuel)
inside the farm area.
At the Vaigiakulam site in Tamilnadu, a water-body falling with the project
boundary was left unfenced (other areas were fenced) indicating access to community
was allowed. In other instances cattle presence was witnesses in farms.
At the Bhimashankar site in Maharashtra, the local community narrated that they
had access to natural resources in the wind farm area.
5.1.5 SOCIAL IMPACTS FROM WIND FARMS


Fig social impacts charts
5.2 MACRO IMPACTS OF WIND POWER PROJECTS
In comparison to conventional energy options, wind projects have relatively lower
associated emissions (except to nuclear energy). Wind projects are even cleaner to solar
projects as it can remain operational throughout the day, unlike solar which can operate

only in presence of sun. Also wind projects are normally of higher capacity in
comparison to solar projects, hence they have relatively low GHG footprint.
Fig GHG Emission
Chapter 6
Conclusion

• Variable blade pitch, which gives the mill blades the optimum angle of attack. Allowing
the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control, so the mill collects the
maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season.
• The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear. In some
wind shear sites, every ten meters up, the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power
output by 34%.
• High efficiency, since the blades always moves perpendicularly to the wind, receiving
power through the whole rotation. In contrast, all vertical axis wind mills, and most
proposed airborne wind mill designs, involve various types of reciprocating actions,
requiring airfoil surfaces to backtrack against the wind for part of the cycle. Backtracking
against the wind leads to inherently lower efficiency.
Reference

1. Yongning Chi, Yanhua Liu, Weisheng Wang, “Voltage Stability Analysis of Wind
Farm integration into Transmission Network” IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 21,
issue 1, pp. 257-264, March. 2006.
2. Poller.M.A, "Doubly-fed induction machine models for stability assessment of wind
farms," Power Tech Conference Proceedings, IEEE Bologna, Volume 3, 23-26 June 2003
Page(s):6 pp.
3. K. Nandigam, B. H. Chowdhury. "Power flow and stability models for induction
generators used in wind turbines," IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,
Vol.2, 6-10 June 2004 Page(s):2012 - 2016
4. www.windpower.org
5. www.arrc.ou.edu
6. www.scribd.com
7. www.davidarling.info/encyclopedia

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Development of the demonstration model of wind mill

Chapter Title Page No

Satara Polytechnic Satara Page 1

the power sector.

Renewable Energy (RE) solves the sustainability problem associated with

Due to the RE impetus an increase in the development of medium to high density

shore wind farms.

Satara Polytechnic Satara Page 2

India’s rising economic activities, growing population and improving living

consumption. As per the estimates by Central Electricity Authority (CEA), average

partially meet country’s growing energy demand.

Figure1: Comparison of Growth in GDP and Power Generating Capacity in India

Satara Polytechnic Satara Page 3

Renewable Energy (RE). It provides an introduction to the Terms of Reference (ToR)

describes the approach employed to carry out the assignment.

1.1 DRIVERS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA

Renewable energy solves the sustainability problem associated with conventional

energy supplies for generations to come .

Development of RE resources is being accorded special emphasis in view of not

providing energy access and energy security to remote areas.

1 (i) Country’s interest in energy security;

2 (ii) High potential of wind and solar energy in India;

4 (iv) Country’s interest towards clean energy options.

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The renewable energy installed capacity in India is growing steadily. In March

country has expanded by 15%, as on June 2013 this was 28708.9 MW .

Figure 2: Renewable Energy Generation in India - End of March 2012

1.2 GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA AND NEED FOR THE

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installed capacity of grid-interactive renewable energy in India as on March 2013 was

power, solar power, and bio-power .

Figure3 : Renewable Energy Distribution in 12th Five Year Plan

and underdeveloped regions.

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Figure 4: India’s Power Generation Capacity 2008-21F

development. Due to the RE impetus an increase in the development of medium to high

density wind and solar farms is expected.

by MoEF (termed as WGEEP6 report) to assess the impact of developmental activities on

commissioned. Commissioned by MoEF to scrutinize the WGEEP work, this report

Satara Polytechnic Satara Page 7

In this scenario it becomes important and necessary to revisit impacts of the

1.3 Objective of the project

 To know the construction and working of various part of wind mill

 Development of demonstration model of wind mill

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Types of Wind Mills

mechanicalenergy. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine

converter (WEC), or aerogenerator.

are less frequently used.

2.2 HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND MILLS

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Fig 5 Horizontal axis wind mill

and thus their wind resistance.

HAWTs are upwind machines.

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2.2.1 HAWT advantages

against the wind leads to inherently lower efficiency.

2.2.2 HAWT disadvantages

can now cost 20% of equipment costs.

clutter, although filtering can suppress it.

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2.3 Vertical axis Wind Mills

Fig.6 Vertical axis wind mill