Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS in Self Compacting Concrete

JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Dharmapur, Mahabubnagar – 509001

AFFILIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
Kukatpally, Hyderabad – 500072, Telangana, India.
“PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GGBS IN SELF

COMPACTING CONCRETE”
A Dissertation submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad in partial

fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
R BHASKER 17361A0105
H SAI KIRAN 17365A0151
B. SRAVAN KUMAR 17361A0159
T NAVEEN 17361A0139
Under the Guidance of
MK ANJUM
Asst Prof.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Dharmapur, Mahabubnagar (509 001), Telangana State, India.
Office: + 918886680001, +918886680012,9951946677, web: www.jpnce.ac.in
2020-2021
I
Dharmapur, Mahabubnagar – 509001
AFFILIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY,
Kukatpally, Hyderabad – 500072, Telangana, India
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the work entitled “Partial Replacement of cement with GGBS in Self
Compacting Concrete” is a bonafied work carried out by R. BHASKER (17361A0105),
H. SAIKIRAN (17361A0151), B. SRAVANKUMAR (17361A0159), T. NAVEEN
(17361A0139), in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in civil
Engineering of the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad during the year
2020-21. It is certified that all corrections / suggestions indicated for Internal assessment have
been incorporated in the Report deposited in the department library. The project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work prescribed for the
said Degree.
Guide Head of the Department

MK ANJUM Miss KHAJA BEGUM
Asst prof. Head of the Civil Engineering Department
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are many people instrumental for the successful completion of this dissertation work. First,
we owe thanks to Almighty, my parents my deepest gratitude, as nothing would have been really
possible without their constant support and encouragement.
The heights reached by the great men did not come in a single fight, but they, on their way stepped
on successes crossing all the stones of failures. Accordingly, we now take up this privilege of
remembering with gratitude those people behind the success of my project, which really pushed
me across the stones of failure.
As APJ Abdul Kalam sir has said, “A good teacher explains, a better teacher demonstrates but the
best teacher inspires”, this is how my guide Asst.Prof. MS. MK ANJUM, guided me through my
project work. We would like to thank him for permitting me to undertake the dissertation work
under his able guidance, for his / her very useful suggestions, support and guidance. They have
been pillars of strength, and their presence has inspired me to do all the better and there aren’t
enough words to describe it.
We would be failing in my duty if we don’t thank our beloved HOD Asst. Prof Miss. Khaja
Begum madam and our Principal, Mr. DR. SUJEEVAN KUMAR AGIR sir for their constant
encouragement and resolve. Lastly, we would like to thank our beloved Chairman sir Mr. K S
Ravi Kumar garu for providing all the necesseties for completion of my thesis.
We also take this opportunity in expressing my gratitude and respect to my project Coordinator
Asst prof Mr. Qayyum Md for his cooperation and support in all aspects.
We finally take this opportunity in expressing my gratitude and respect to all my department
faculty, those who have directly and indirectly helped and encouraged me during the course of
this project.
III
DECLARATION
We R.BHASKER (17361A0105), H.SAIKIRAN (17361A0151), B.SRAVAN KUMAR
(17361A0159),T.NAVEEN (17361A0135), students of 4th fourth year B.Tech in Civil
Engineering, JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, hereby declare that
under the supervision of our guide Asst prof. ISHRATH ANJUM of civil Dept., JAYAPRAKASH
NARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, have independently carried out the project titled “
Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS in Self Compacting Concrete ” and submitted it
in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering by the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad during the academic
year 2020-21.
R. BHASKER 17361A0105
H. SAIKIRAN 17361A0151
B. SRAVAN KUMAR 17361A0159
T. NAVEEN 17361A0139
Date:
Place:
IV
CONTENT
Descriptions Page Nos.
Title. I
Certificate ........................................................................................................................................ II
Acknowledgement ..........................................................................................................................III
Declaration ..................................................................................................................................... IV
Content. V&VI ..................... V
List of figures ................................................................................................................................ VII
List of tables ................................................................................................................................ VIII
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... IX
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1 - 10
1.1 General
1.2 Concrete
1.3 Self-Compacting concrete
1.4 Grade of concrete used in SCC
1.5 Objectives of present work
1.6 Scope of the resent work
1.7 Summary
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEWS 11 - 13
2.1 Published Literatures
2.2 Objective of Literature
2.3 Summary
CHAPTER-3: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 14 - 19
3.1 General
3.2 Fresh concrete proportions
3.3 Tests on fresh concrete
3.4 Summary
CHAPTER-4: DESIGN MIX 20 - 23
4.1 Material properties for SCC mix Design
4.2 Mix proportioning
4.3 Mix proportioning approach
4.4 Detail steps for SCC mix Design
4.5 Estimation of quantities for Cement, Aggregates, GGBS
4.6 Summary
V
CHAPTER-5: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 24 - 33
5.1 Batching
5.2 Mixing
5.3 Placing and Compacting
5.4 Curing
5.5 Tests on green concrete
5.6 Tests on Hardened concrete
5.7 Summary
CHAPTER-6: RESULTS AND DECISIONS 34 - 37

6.1 Slump flow test results
6.2 V-Funnel test results
6.3 L-Box test results
6.4 Compression test results
6.5 Summary
CHAPTER-7: CONCLUSION 38
CHAPTER-8: REFERENCE 39
VI
List of Figures
Sl. NO Content Page No

1.3.4 (A) Cement 4
1.3.4 (B) Sand 5
1.3.4 (C) Coarse aggregate 5
1.3.4 (D) GGBS 6
3.2.2 (1) Slump cone 15
3.2.2 (2) V-Funnel 16
3.2.2 (3) L-Box 17
3.3.1 Compression testing 18
machine
VII
List of Tables
Sl.NO Content Page No

1. Chemical composition of 6
GGBS
2. Physical properties of GGBS 7

3. Tests on self-Compacting 8
Concrete
4. Slump flow results 34

5. V-Funnel results 35
6. L-Box results 35
7. Compression test results 36
VIII
ABSTRACT
The concept of partial replacement of cement which is capable for sustainable development is
characterized by application of industrial wastes to reduce consumption of natural resources and
energy and pollution of the environment. A presently large amount of ground granulated blast
furnace slag is a by-product of manufacturing of pig iron with an important impact on environment
and humans. This research work describes the feasibility of using the GGBS in self-compacting
concrete production as partial replacement of cement. GGBS can be used as filler and helps to
reduce the total voids content in self-compacting concrete. The cement has been replaced by
GGBS accordingly in the range of 0%, 25%, 30%, and 35% by weight of cement for M-20mix.
After iterative trial mixes the water/cement ratio (w/c) was selected as 0.50. Self-compacting
Concrete mixtures produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive, split tensile strength
and flexural strength with the conventional concrete for 7,14,28 days. It is found that, 25% of
GGBS can be replaced and strength obtained is comparable to the conventional concrete.
Key Words: Self compacting concrete, Compressive Strength, GGBS, Green concrete.
IX
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GGBS IN SELF COMPACTION CONCRETE
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Green concrete is very often also cheap to produce, because, for example, waste products
are used as a partial substitute for cement, charges for the dumping of waste are avoided,
energy utilization in production is inferior, and durability is superior. Ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron
and steel making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular
product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. By well-judged use of available
materials for concrete making and their proportioning, concrete mixes are produced to have
the desired properties in the fresh and hardened states, as the situation demands. Waste can
be used to fabricate new products or can be used as admixtures so that natural sources are
used more effectiveness and the environment is sheltered from waste deposits. To avoid
the toxic waste and reprocess the waste material, the present study is carried out. As the
properties are as good as the cement and Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is
used as fine partial replacement in the cement in Self compacting concrete.
1.2 Concrete
Concrete is a composite material that consists essentially of a binding medium, which is a

mixture of Portland cement and water and within which are embedded particles or
fragments of aggregate, usually a combination of fine and coarse aggregate. Often additives
(such as pozzolans or super plasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical
properties of wet mix or the hardened concrete. In a building construction, concrete is used
for construction of foundations, columns, beams, slabs and other load bearing elements.
There are different types of binding material used other than cement such as lime for lime
concrete and bitumen for asphalt concrete which is used for road construction. Concrete is
by far the most versatile, durable, sustainable, economic and most widely used construction
material worldwide. About four tons of concrete is
Department of civil engineering JPNCE 1|Page

produced per person per year worldwide. It can be engineered to satisfy a wide range of
performance specifications, unlike other building materials, such as natural stone or steel,
which generally have to be used asthey are. Because the tensile strength of concrete is much
lower than its compressive strength, it is typically reinforced with steel bars, in which case
is known as Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC).
1.3 Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC):

With the advancement in construction technology megastructures and most complicated
structures in terms of size, shape, complexity in reinforcement and complexity in
construction are often seen now everywhere across the globe. These types of structures are
forcing in construction industry to innovate new concretes like self-compacting concrete.
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a pioneering concrete that does not involve shuddering
and compaction. Self-compacting concrete is a concrete mix which has low yield stress,
high deformation, good segregation resistance, and moderate viscosity. It is able to gush
under its own load, completely filling form work and achieve the full compaction, even in
the presence of congested reinforcement. The hardened concrete is dense, uniform and has
the same property and durability as standard vibrated concrete.
1.3.1 Backdrop Regarding Self Compacting Concrete:

SCC has been established since the mid-1990s and has subsequently undergone continued
optimization and development. Efforts to use similarly flowable concretes, mainly in
underwater structures, piling and other foundation applications, have been reported in early
1960s and were largely supported by the considerable development of chemical admixture
technology.
In an attempt to reduce dependency on workers skill, SCC was conceptualized in

1988 by prof. Okamura at Ouchy University, Japan, at a time when skilled labour was
limited supply, causing difficulties in concrete-related industries. The first generation of
SCC was used in North America was characterized by the use of relatively high content

of binder as well as high dosages of chemical admixtures, usually superplasticizers to

enhance the flowability and stability.
1.3.2 Scope for Self-Compacting Concrete:
SCC can be placed into every corner of formwork without vibration causing no
segregation. The performance evaluation method of fresh self-compacting concrete widely
depends on whether vibration is given to the concrete during placing. For this reason, the
scope of SCC is limited to where it can be placed without any external forces other than
gravity.SCC not only increases the reliability of structures but also reduces the number of
workers required at construction site and streamlines the construction. In precast product
plants as well. SCC is highly effective in increasing production and productivity.
1.3.3 Need for SCC:

There are three cases where self-compacting concrete is often used:
When the rebars are very close to one another and there is very little room for the concrete
to flow. In such cases compacting by other means is not always successful, and self-
compacting concrete is preferred because of its more liquid like way of flowing around the
rebar.
When pouring concrete underwater, SCC has excellent cohesion while falling through
water and easily mixes with water. Also, it is highly impractical to have to compact by
other means while pouring concrete underwater.
In production of prefabricated concrete, very high strength concrete is used for two
reasons:
It reaches the strength where it can be removed from the formwork much faster.
Therefore, more production can be made with a limited number of forms per unit of time.
Also, for prestressed floor elements and beams, the higher concrete strength means the
produced elements can resist higher prestressing forces and thus ultimately higher useful

loads. The very high strength concrete used in prefab-industry often exhibits self-
compacting behaviour even without much further modification. There it is thus used in
large quantities but for reasons other than being self-compacting.
1.3.4 Material of Self compaction Concrete;
A. Cement
The Ordinary Portland cement of 53-grade was used in this study conforming to IS: 12269-
1987.The specific gravity of cement is 3.15. The initial and final setting times were found
as 35 minutes and 178 minutes respectively. Standard consistency of cement was 31%.
Fig; 1.3.4 (A)

B. Fine aggregates
The river sand is used as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS: 383-1970.
Having specific gravity of 2.62 and fineness modulus of 2.86 has been used as fine
aggregate for this study.
Fig; 1.3.4 (B) Sand
C. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate obtained from local quarry units has been used for this study, conforming
to IS: 383-1970 is used. Maximum size of aggregate used is 20mm with specific gravity of
2.707.

Fig; 1.3.4 (C)
D. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), a co-product produced simultaneously
with iron, molten blast furnace slag is cooled instantaneously by quenching in large
volumes of cold water, known as granulation, to produce Granulated Blast furnace Slag.
Fig; 1.3.4 (D)

Table-1: Chemical Composition of GGBS

Content SiO2 Al2O3 Cao MgO Fe2O3 SO L.O. I
GGBS 40.00 13.50 39.20 3.60 1.80 0.20 0.00
Table-2: Physical properties of GGBS

Sl.No. Physical Properties GGBS
1 Colour White powder
2 Specific gravity 2.94
3 Specific surface (m2/kg) 430
4 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1200
E. Water
The water used for experiments was water conforming as per IS: 456-2000.
1.3.5 Properties of Self Compacting Concrete:

The requirements of Self Compacting Concrete are achieved by the properties its fresh
state. The three main properties of SCC are:

• Filling Ability: This property of the concrete is the ability to flow under its own weight
without any vibration provided intentionally.
• Passing Ability: This property is the ability of concrete maintain its homogeneity.
• Segregation Resistance: This is the resistance of the concrete not to undergo
segregation when it flows during self-compacting process.
1.3.6 Tests for Self-Compacting Concrete:

Different tests are conducted to determine the properties of SCC. The tests conducted for
SCC can be categorized into three categories:
1. Filling ability Tests
2. Passing ability Tests
3.Segregation Resistance Test.
The tests coming under the above-mentioned categories are tabulated below.
Table No. 3 Different Tests conducted on Self Compacting Concrete.
FILLING ABILITY PASSING ABILITY SEGREGATION

TESTS TESTS ABILITY TESTS
SLUMP FLOW TEST L-BOX TEST V-FUNNEL TEST T15

MINUTES
T50 SLUMP FLOW TEST J-RING TEST GTM SCREEN ABILITY
TESTS
ORIMET U-BOX TEST
V-FUNNEL TEST FILL-BOX TEST

1.3.7 Advantages of Self Compacting Concrete:

The main advantages of SCC are:
• No vibration is required.
• The permeability of the concrete structure is decreased.
• SCC enables freedom in designing.
• The SCC construction is faster.
• The problems associated with vibration is eliminated.
• The concrete is placed with ease, which results in large cost saving.
• The quality of the construction is increase.
• The durability and reliability of the concrete structure is high compared to
normal concrete structures.
• Noise from vibration is reduced. This also reduces the hand arm vibration
syndrome issues.
1.3.8 Disadvantages of Self Compacting Concrete:

SCC construction face the following limitations:
• There is no globally accepted test standard for SCC mix design.

• On the basis of manufacturing cost, SCC is about 20% costlier than the conventional
concrete of similar compressive strength which is compensated by several benefits of
using it such as saving in electricity, saving in labour cost related to compaction work,
increase in productivity.
• The use of design mix will require more trial batches and lab tests.
• The measurement and monitoring must be more precise.
• The material selection for SCC is more stringent.
• High level of skill set is required of every stage of production of SCC.

1.4 Grade of concrete used in the SCC:

The grade of concrete used in SCC is M30. M30 grade stands for its mix of concrete with
a characteristic compressive strength of 30N/mm2. The compressive strength of concrete
is given in terms of characteristic compressive strength of 150mm size cubes tested at 28
days(fck). The characteristic strength of the concrete below which not more than 5% of
the test results are expected to fall. According to the definition, 95% of the specimens
should possess a strength greater than the characteristic compressive strength.
According to IS, the target strength of concrete mixture is defined as:
Target strength= fck +1.65S
1.5. Objective of present work:
• GGBS can be an ideal choice in civil infrastructural applications.

• Cement production is highly energy intensity.
• Future scope of GGBS positive due to benefits in durability, sustainability, appearance
and strength obtain by Partial replacement of cement with GGBS in concrete.
1.6. Scope of the present work
• To collect the secondary cementitious materials from all around the Hyderabad city.
• Conducing physical tests on the material samples for physical and mechanical properties.
• Mix design for following the provision in EFNARC-2000 and IS-456.
• Casting of 150*150*150 mm cube specimens for compressive strength results and
150*300mm long cylinders for split tensile strength results.
• IS Code – 10262: 2009.
• Conducting workability test on concrete using slump cone and compaction factor
equipment.
• Testing the above specimens for compressive test and split tensile strength.
• Discussing on all the above results.
• Drawing conclusions based on discussions on test results and reporting final.
Department of civil engineering JPNCE 10 | P a g e

1.7 Summary
The development of SCC has been one of the important developments in the building
industry. The purpose of this concrete concept is to decrease the risk due to human factor.
Secondary Cementitious materials are the by-products of industries which can be used for
the concrete. Multiple Blended Self Compacting Concrete is prepared by using four
secondary cementitious materials like silica fume, fly ash, GGBS and MK. This project
work is aiming at proving the technical adequacy of using secondary cementitious materials
and comparing the strengths of different three proportions of the concrete.

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Published Literatures
• Dinakar
Aimed with producing new mix design methodology for the design of Self compacting
concrete with GGBS concrete and proposed a methodology for the strength ranges from 30
to 100 MPa at various replacements levels from 20% to 80%. The proposed mix design
consists of five steps which includes knowing efficiency (k) value fixing slag value
depending on strength required, determining water content, determining aggregate
quantities and evaluating flow-ability and passing-ability for fresh properties of SCC. It is
concluded that the mix design successfully produced the strength 90 MPa.
• Salasah Alto bat
Studied the restrained shrinkage cracking and relaxation behaviour of self – compacting
concrete (SCC) with various proportion of GGBS. The effects of GGBS proportion on
degree of restraints and curing regime are studied. The result shows that GGBS improves
the cracking resistance and relaxation behaviour of SCC relative to normal concrete mix.
Curing condition and degree of restraint play a significant role on the cracking and
relaxation behaviour of SCC and revealed that GGBS can replacement cement up to 70%
and 50% for low and high degree of restraint respectively under moist curing condition.
• Nan Su
Designed a method for self –compacting concrete (SCC). The binder design process is
to determine the amount of aggregate and binder and mixing water as well as type and
dosage of Super-plasticizer (SP). They evolved the method by considering merits and
demerits of Okamura method (1993). They examined the performance of SCC though
Slump flow, V-funnel, L-box, U-box and compressive strength tests and results

indicated that the developed method can produce SCC of high qualities successfully. The
various values proposed by them for the mix design method are range of volume of sand
to mortar is 54%-60%, the proposed water content was about 170-176 kg/m3, and value of
packing factor (PF) varied 1.12 to1.16 and coarse aggregate varied 706-743kg /m3.
• OthmaneBoukendakdj
Studied the effect of granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)and two types of
Superplasticizers on the properties of self –compacting concrete (SCC). Naphthalene
Sulphonate based Super-plasticizer concrete mixes gives more workability and higher
compressive strength, at all ages inclusion of blast furnace slag improved the workability
up to 20% of slag content. It is further noticed that workability retention about 45 min with
15% and 20% of slag content is obtained. And finally concluded that compression strength
of slag SCC and other properties were maximum @ 15% replacement of cement with slag.
• Arvind Singh Gaur
Investigated the performance of M 25 grade SCC concrete with partial replacement of

cement (OPC 43 Grade) with ground granulated blast furnaces slag (GGBS) up to 20% and
fine aggregate by marble slurry up to 40% by weight. This study investigated the
performance of concrete mixture in terms of compressive strength of cube, flexure strength
of beam and split tensile strength of cylinder for 7 days and 28 days respectively. Higher
compressive strength was found in this mix.
2.2 Objective Literature
The main objective is to characterize the design mix for M30 grade self- compacting
concrete as per European federation of national associations representing for concrete
(EFNARC)guidelines with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% replacement percentages of
GGBS and Broken tiles as a partial replacement for Portland cement and Coarse aggregate
respectively. And to find optimum proportion for satisfying the acceptance criteria for 28
days strength for the IS 456-2000 recommendations.

2.3 Summary
Researchers presented various different suggestions and all are not unique in connection
with usage of secondary cementitious materials as an alternative to cement. Most of them
investigated about the test and the mechanical properties like compressive strength and split
tensile strength of concrete with crushed sand as fine aggregate in Self Compacting
Concrete.

CHAPTER-3
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
3.1 General
This chapter presents the details of experimental investigations carried out on the test
specimens to study the strength characteristics of concrete using SF, FA, GGBS and MK
as partial cement replacement materials in different combinations.
The materials used as partial replacement of cement are called as secondary cementitious
materials. The properties of the secondary cementitious materials are studied and the
materials replacement in SCC can vary the strength of the concrete compared to the normal
concrete. The combination of cement and GGBS in percentage as follows:
3.2 Fresh Concrete Properties

3.2.1 Workability
EFNARC (2000) examined that the SCC streams alone under its dead weight up to
levelling, affectation out and combines itself subsequently with no passage of extra
compaction vitality and without a nameable isolation. Because of the high substance of
powder, SCC may indicate more plastic shrinkage or drag than conventional cement
blends. These viewpoints ought to consequently be considered amid outlining and
determining SCC.
Workability of SCC can be characterized by three parameters:
Filling ability: The ability of the fresh concrete to flow under gravitation, or under pressure
(e.g., Pumping) and totally fill form work and enclose reinforcement.
Passing ability: The ability of the fresh concrete to pass confined section of the form work,
dense reinforcement, etc.
Resistance to segregation: The ability of the fresh concrete to retain its homogeneity
during the casting process and when the concrete has come to rest.
3.2.2 Workability test methods

Existing Tests for fresh SCC Mixes:
1. Slump Flow
Test system varies from the traditional one by the way that the solid specimen put into the
mould is not rodded and when the slump cone is evacuated the sample collapses.
The measurement of the spread of the sample is measured.
The following are typical slump-flow classes for a range of applications:
SF1(550-650 mm) is appropriate for:
1. Un reinforced or slightly reinforced concrete structures that are cast from the top
with free displacement from the delivery point.
2. Casting by a pump injection system (e.g., tunnel linings).
3. Sections that are small enough to prevent long horizontal flow (e.g., piles and some
deep foundations). SF2 (660-750 mm) is suitable for many normal applications
(e.g., walls, columns).

Fig 3.2.2 (1) 15
Fig 3.2.2 (2)
2.V-funnel test
Thickness of the compacting toward oneself solid is gotten by utilizing a V-pipe

greatest total distance across is 20mm. The time for the measure of cement to move
through the opening is being measured. In the event that the solid begins traveling
through the hole, it implies that 30 anxiety is higher than the yield stress; along those
lines, this test measures an esteem that is identified with the thickness. In the event that
the solid does not move, it demonstrates that the yield anxiety is more noteworthy than
the heaviness of the volume utilized. A proportionate test utilizing littler pipes (side of
just mm) is utilized for concrete glue as an observational test to focus the impact of
concoction admixtures on the stream of bond glues. Figure has specific measurements,
in place for a given measure of cement to go through an opening (Dietz, Mama, 2000).
The measure of cement required is 12 litres.

3. L-Box:
The apparatus consists of a vertical hopper with a sliding gate at the bottom. There are
three bars representing reinforcing steel and a horizontal trough in front of the gate.
Fresh concrete is placed in the vertical hopper without consolidating. Lifting 1
the slide gate allows the concrete to flow past the bars into the horizontal trough. Final
depth of the concrete at the gate and at the end of the trough is measured and at the end
of the trough is measured and the proportional difference expressed as a blocking ratio.
Some versions of this procedure require timing the flow with a stopwatch. To access
the passing ability the ratio between the concrete height at the end of the horizontal
section, and the height of the remaining concrete in the vertical section has been
proposed (H2/H1). This is usually referred to as the blocking ratio and a minimum
value of 0.8 has been suggested.

Fig 3.2.2 (3)
3.3 Tests on fresh concrete
3.3.1 Compressive strength
The strength of hardened concrete with silica fume, fly ash, GGBS, and MK in various
proportions is to be studied at 7 & 28 days by standard compression testing machine
following the procedure as per IS:5816:1959.
3.3.2 Split tensile strength
The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties Splitting
tensile strength test on concrete cylinder is a method to determine the tensile strength
of concrete. The concrete is very weak in tension due to its brittle nature and is not
expected to resist the direct tension. Thus, it is necessary to determine the tensile
strength of concrete to determine the load at which the concrete members may crack.
The split tensile strength of hardened concrete with silica fume, fly ash, GGBS, MK
in various proportions is proposed to be studied at 7 & 28 days by using standard
compression testing machine following the procedure as per IS:
58161999.Compression testing machines are universal testing machines specially
configured to evaluate static compressive strength characteristics of cubes. Our
compression test machines measure characteristics such as ultimate compression
strength, yield strength, deflection and modulus.

Fig 3.3.1
3.4 Summary
The chapter three is based on the detailed investigation of the experimental program of the
multiple blended self-compacting concrete. In this chapter we have discussed about the
workability tests like slump cone, V-funnel, L-box and the strength tests like compressive
test and split tensile strength.

CHAPTER-4
MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE (M20)
There is no proper mix design process for Self-Compacting Concrete. The mix design is
developed based on number of trails satisfying the requirements and by experience.
Two important properties of SCC are generally attained by using high range water reducing
(HRWR) admixtures and not by adding extra mixing water. The stability or resistance to
segregation of the plastic concrete mixture is attained by increasing the total quantity of fines in
the concrete can be achieved by increasing the content of cementitious materials or by
incorporating mineral fines.
4.1 Material Properties for SCC Mix Design

The following material properties for the SCC mix design tool are to be determined as:
1. Specific gravity of cement, fly ash, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.
2. Percentage of water absorption of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.
3. Percentage of moisture content in coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.
4. Dry- rodded unit weight (DRUW) of coarse aggregate for the particular size of
coarse aggregate.
4.2 Mix Proportioning
Mix proportioning principles:
1. Lower Coarse aggregate content

2. Increased paste content
3. Low water powder ratio
4. Increased Superplasticizer, and
5. Sometimes a viscosity modifying agent

4.3 Mix proportioning approach

Laboratory trails shall be used to verify properties of the initial mix composition with respect to
the specified characteristics and classes. If necessary, adjustments to the mix composition shall be
made. Once all requirements are fulfilled, the mix shall be tested at full scale in the concrete plant
and if necessary, at site to verify both the fresh and hardened properties.
The mix design is generally based on the approach outlined below:
1. Determine the target average compressive strength

2. Select the air content based on the specified nominal maximum size of
aggregate and concrete grade.
3. Select the water-cement/cementitious material ratio.
4. Select the proportions for initial mix.
5. Select the water content and cement/ fly ash (or other supplementary
cementitious materials) content.
6. Select admixture content.
7. Select powder content and fine aggregate content.
8. Select Coarse aggregate content.
9. Calculate volume of powder content and determine water powder ratio by
volume, and make adjustments, if required.
10. Work out the mix proportions for trial 1.
11. Produce the fresh SCC in the laboratory mixer, perform the required test as per
features of fresh self-compacting concrete like filling ability, passing ability,
segregation resistance and viscosity, and make adjustments.
12. Test the properties of the SCC in the hardened state.
13. Produce the trial mixes in the plant mixer.

4.4 Detailed Steps for SCC Mix Design:

They are described as below:
1. Assume the air content by percentage of concrete volume.

2. Input the coarse aggregate blending by percentage weight of total coarse
aggregate.
3. Input the percentage of coarse aggregate in DRUW to calculate the coarse
aggregate volume in the concrete volume.
4. Adjust the percentage of fine aggregate volume in mortar.
5. Obtain the required paste volume.
6. Adopt suitable water/binder ratio by weight.
7. Input the percentage replacement of cement by cementitious material.
8. Input the dosage of SP and VMA (if required) by percentage weight of binder.
9. Adjust the binder (cementitious material) content by weight to obtain the
required paste.
4.5 Estimation of quantities for cement, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate
For square mould: 150×150×150 = 0.003375 m3
Cement:
For 1m3 =198 kg
0.003375 m3= Xc
Therefore, Xc = 0.66 kg for 6
moulds =6 X 0.66 =4.00 kg
Coarse aggregate:
For 1 m3 = 788.04 kg
0.003375 m3 = Xc

Therefore, Xc = 2.65 kgs for 6
moulds = 6 x 2.65=15.9 kgs
Fine aggregate:
For 1 m3 = 881.37 kg
0.003375= Xc
Therefore, Xc =2.97 kgs
For 6 moulds =6 X 2.97 =17.94 kgs
GGBS:
For 1 m3=67.5 kgs
0.003375= Xc
Therefore, Xc = 0.22 kgs
For 6 moulds= 0.22X6=1.36 kgs
4.6 Summary
The chapter six is focused on the mix design of the SCC which includes the selection of mix
proportions for SCC from the relevant literature and design of SCC mixes on the basis of key
proportions of the constituents of SCC. Self-Compacting Concrete mix design procedure is
developed based on the key proportions of the constituents in the accordance with EFNARC
(2000). Secondary cementitious materials like silica fume, fly ash, GGBS and MK are used for the
partial replacement of cement with different proportions of three trails.

CHAPTER - 5
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTEGATION
In this chapter preparation of high strength concrete specimen cubes and cylinder are discussed.
Various tests conducted on fresh and hardened concrete made with replacement of cement by
GGBS
5.1 Batching
Batching is the process measurement of ingredients materials for making concrete as per
mix design.
1. Volume batching
2. Weigh batching
5.1.1 Volume Batching
In volume batching the ingredients material are by volume. This is not an appropriate
method of measuring the material for concrete production.
5.1.2 Weigh Batching
The ingredients of concrete are taken by weight in the specified proportion. Weight
batching is the best method for production of good concrete strictly as per the design mix
proportion. weight batching is considered in this project.
5.2 Mixing
The material should be mixed thoroughly for making uniform concrete. After mixing; the
mass should become homogeneous paste of uniform in colour and consistency.
The concrete can be mixed by using two methods.
1. Hand mixing
2. Machine mixing

5.2.1 Hand Mixing
Method is adopted for small works of insignificant concrete work. This method produces
low quality concrete as the mixing is not thorough and efficient.
5.2.2 Machine mixing
Mixing of concrete is almost invariably carried out by machine, for reinforced concrete
work and for medium or large-scale mass concrete work. Machine mixing is economical,
when the quantity of concrete to be produced is large. Many types of mixes are available
for batch-mixers and continuous mixers.
Fig.5.2
5.3. Placing and Compacting
In this process of placing and compaction are interdependent and are carried out
simultaneously. They are most important for the purpose of ensuring the requirements of
strength, permeability and durability of hardened concrete in the actual structure. As
for as placing is concerned, the main objective is to deposit the concrete as close as possible
to its final position so that segregation is avoided and the concrete can be fully compacted.

Once the concrete has been placed, it is ready to be compacted. The purpose of compaction
is to get rid of the air voids that are trapped in loose concrete.
5.4 Curing
After casting the specimen are retained in moulds for 24 hours at room
temperature. The cube specimens are removed from the moulds and transferred into a curing tank
containing portable water and retained there in for 7, 28
days.
Fig 5.4
5.5 Tests on Green Concrete
5.5.1 Slump flow test
Workability by slump cone is determined as per IS: 1199-1959[25] for high
strength concrete. Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. The
slump flow test is used to assess the horizontal free flow of in the absence of obstructions.
It was first developed in Japan for the use of assessment of underwater concrete. T diameter
of the concrete circle is a measure for the filling ability of the concrete. It is the most

commonly used test, and gives a good assessment of filling ability. It is giving no indication
of the ability of the concrete to pass between reinforcement without booking, but may give
some indication of resistance to segregation.
Equipment:
1. Ruler mould in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200mm
diameter at the base, 100mm diameter at the top and a height of 300 mm.
2. Base plate of a stiff none absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked with
a circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a further concentric
circle of 500mm diameter.
3. Trowel
4. Scoop
5. Stopwatch(optional)
Procedure:
1. Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone, place base plate on level stable
ground and the slump cone centrally on the base plate and hold down firmly.
2. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with
the top of the cone with the trowel.
3. Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
4. Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely simultaneously,
start the stop watch and record the time taken for the concrete to reach the 500mm
circle.
5. The T50 time is secondary indication of flow. A lower time indicates greater flow
ability.
6. The researchers suggested that a time of 3-7 seconds is acceptable for civil
engineering an application, and 2-5 seconds for housing applications.

Fig 5.5.1
5.5.2 V-Funnel test
The V-funnel test is used to determine the filling ability to the concrete with a
maximum aggregate size of 12mm. The funnel is filled with about 12 litre of concrete
and the time taken for the apparatus measured. After this the funnel can be refilled with
concrete and left for 5 minutes to settle. If the concrete shows segregation, then the
time flow will increase significantly.
Equipment:
V-funnel, Bucket, Trowel, Scoop, Stop watch
Procedure:
1. About 12 litres of concrete is needed to perform the test, sample

normally.
2. Set the V-funnel on firm ground. Moisten the inside surface of the
funnel.
3. Keep the trap door to allow any surplus water to drain. Close the trap
door and place a bucket underneath.

4. Fill the apparatus completely with the concrete without compacting or

tamping, simply strike off the concrete level
5. Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to
flow out under gravity.
6. Start the stop watch when the trap door is opened, and record the time
for the complete discharge (the time flow). This is taken to be when the
light is seen from above through the funnel
5.5.3. L-Box test
The test assesses the flow of concrete and also the extent to which it is subjected to
blocking by reinforcement. The apparatus consists of rectangular section box in the shape
of an ‘L’ with a vertical and horizontal section, separated by a movable gate, in front of
which vertical length of reinforcement bar are fitted. The vertical section is fitted with
concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the
concrete flow into the horizontal section. When the flow has stopped, the height of the
concrete at the end of the horizontal section expressed as a proportion of that remaining in
the vertical section. It indicates the slope of the concrete when at rest. This is an indication
passing ability, or the degree to which the passage of concrete through the bars is restricted.
Equipment:
L box of a stiff non absorbing material, scoop, stop watch
Procedure:
1. About 14 litres of concrete needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

2. Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open
freely and then close it.
3. Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill
the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete sample. Leave it stand
for 1 minute.

4. Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal
section. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time for the
concrete to reach the concrete 200 and 400 marks.
5. When the concrete stops flowing, the distances H1 and H2 area measured.
Calculate H2/H1, the blocking ratio. The whole has tom performed within
5 minutes.
Fig 5.5.3
5.6 Tests on Hardened Concrete

5.6.1 Compressive Strength test
A compressive strength test determines the behaviour of materials under crushing loads.
The specimen is compressed and deformation at various
loads is recorded. Compression strength test on concrete cube specimen is
conducted. The compression test was conducted as per IS 516-1959. The specimens were
kept in water for curing 7 and 28 days and removed on date of testing. Test performed in
surface dry condition. The load was applied without shock and increased continuously at a
rate of approximately 5.17 KN/ sec until the resistance of the specimen to the increasing
load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to the
specimen is then recorded and the appearance of the concrete for any unusual features in

the type of failure is noted. Average of three values is taken as the representative
compressive strength for 7 and 28 days on compression testing machine.
Equipment:
Compression testing machine
Procedure:
1. Keep the specimen to be tested centrally on the clean lower platen so that small clearance
is left between the upper platen and the top the specimen under test.
2. Close the pressure release value.
3. Make the digital display to read “Zero” by adjusting the zero knob.
4. Put the display unit on “Peak Hold” mode to hold the maximum load reading.
5. Start applying the load at the specified pace rate, which could be maintained by adjusting
the slow fast knob.
6. If the pace rate is on higher side the indicator displays red colour and the pace rate is on
lower side the indicator will display yellow colour.
7. If the pace rate is exactly equal to set rate, then the indicator will display green colour.
8. As soon as sample fails, release the pressure slowly by opening valve.
9. The digital display will be holding the maximum load reading at which sample has failed.
10.Note down the pattern of failure and calculate the compressive strength in N/mm2 or
kg/cm2.
11.Pace rate for 15 cm cube is 5.15 KN/s.
12.Before starting another test, clean the lower pattern and bring the digital display to
“Zero” position by depressing the “Reset” switch.

Fig 5.6.1
5.6.2 Split tensile strength

The tensile strength of concrete is one of the basic and important properties The concrete
is very weak in tension due to its brittle nature and is not expected to resist the direct
tension. The concrete develops cracks when subjected to tensile forces. Thus, it is necessary
to determine the tensile strength of concrete to determine the load at which the concrete
members may crack.
Equipment:
Compression testing machine, two packing strips steel 30cm long and 12mm wide.
Procedure of splitting tensile test:
1. Take the wet specimen from water after 7 days of curing 2.
Wipe out water from the surface of specimen.

3. Draw diametrical lines, on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are on the
same axial place.
4. Note the weight and dimension of the specimen.
5. Set the compression testing machine for the required range.
6. Keep the plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen.
7. Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centred over the
bottom plate.
8. Place the other steel strip above the specimen.
9. Bring down the upper plate to touch the steel strip.
10.Apply the load continuously without the shock at a rate of approximately 2.12 KN/sec
11.Note down the breaking load.
Calculations:
The splitting tensile strength is calculated using the formula
Tsp= 2p/ ( x D x L)
Where: P= applied load D=
Diameter of the specimen
L= Length of the specimen.
5.7 SUMMARY:
Experimental investigation presented in chapter seven describes and discusses all the
constituents’ materials used to make SCC like cement, aggregate, water, GGBS, chemical
admixtures such as high range super plasticizer chosen for this study and test methods that
are used for testing fresh mortar and concrete, hardened properties, durability study, and
microlevel properties of SCC.

CHAPTER-6
RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

6.1 Slump flow test results
The slump flow values for three trails carried out on the self-compacting concrete using cement,
GGBS are as follows
Table No 4 Slump flow results

Mix designation Slump flow rate Recommended value
GGBS-25% 750mm 500-750mm
GGBS-30% 650mm 500-750mm
GGBS-35% 500mm 500-750mm
GGBS: Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag
From the above table it can be seen that all the trails have satisfied the recommended
slump flow values. Therefore, all the trail mixes with various combinations of GGBS are
having the filling ability which is one of the specified and desired parameters for SCC.
6.2. V-Funnel test results

This test measures the ease of flow of concrete. Shorter flow time indicates greater flow ability.
The equipment consists of V-shaped funnel section. For SCC a flow time of 12 seconds is
considered appropriate time. The V-funnel test is used to determine the filling ability (Flow
ability) of the concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 20mm.

Table No 5 V-funnel test results

Mix Designation Flow rate Recommendation value
GGBS-25% 10sec 12sec
6.3 L-Box test results
This test measures the passing ability of concrete. When the concrete flows as freely as
freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so H2/H1=1. Therefore, the
‘Blocking ratio’ is unity. The EU research team suggested a minimum acceptable value of
0.8-1
Table No 6 L-box test results

Mix Designation Blocking ratio Recommendation value
GGBS-25% 0.88 0.8-1.0
GGBS-30% 1.00 0.8-1.0
GGBS-35% 0.69 0.8-1.0
6.4. Compressive strength results
The compressive strength of various trails on self-compacting concrete cubes for 7 and 28 days.

Table No 7 Compressive strength of concrete cubes for 7 days and 28 days

Mix Designation Compressive strength Compressive strength
7days in N/mm2 28 days in N/mm2
GGBS-25% 68.84 163.46
GGBS-30% 65.36 149.53
GGBS-35% 61.96 143.76
Normal Concrete 59.78 142.45
Graph No1: Bar graph of compressive strength of various trials for 7 days, and28
days

6.5 Summary
The mix design process specified by EFNARC is giving good results in the present
experimental study
The multiple Blended Self Compacting Concrete with a combination of cement: GGBS in
the percentages of 25:30:35 is showing better flow & Self Compacting characteristics
followed by 25:30:35.
The compressive strength & split tensile strength are also seen higher in respect of Multiple
Blended Self Compacting Concrete combinations GGBS30%GGBS25%, followed by
GGBS35%

CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be drawn from the experimental investigations conducted on the
behaviour of concretes with GGBS as partial replacements for cement-
1. The partial replacement of cement with GGBS in concrete mixes has shown enhanced
performance in terms of strength and durability. This is due to the presence of reactive
silica in GGBS which offers good compatibility.
2. It is observed that there is an increase in the compressive strength for different concrete
mixes made with partial replacement of cement by GGBS. The increase in strength is
due to high reactivity of GGBS with Cement.
3. The use of GGBS as a replacement of cement helps to reduce the Energy consumption
in the manufacturing of cement.
4. It has been reported that the manufacture of one ton of Portland cement would require
about 1.5 tons of mineral extractions together with 5000 MJ of energy, and would
generate about 0.95 ton of CO2 equivalent, with replacement of GGBS we can reduce
the quantity of carbon equivalent produced with a material which is a by-product of Steel
industry and readily available.
5. Concrete with reduced permeability increases the durability of the structure.
6. Use of GGBS in the concrete generates less heat while mixing with the water as against
cement. It also helps to reduce the heat of hydration resulting less shrinkage and
temperature cracks in the concrete.
7. As we know that concrete is vulnerable to sulphate attack on account of the Presence of

Tri calcium Aluminates (C3A) in clinker. Reaction is formed with sulphate particles
present in the atmospheric moisture and natural soil water, leading to internal stress &
cracks in the Concrete. GGBS mixed cement concrete produces more resistance to
sulphate attacks.

CHAPTER -8
REFERENCES
• Ground granulated blast-furnace slag – Wikipedia.
• Shetty M. S, (2010) “concrete technology” S. Chand and company Ltd, Delhi.
• IS 8112-2013, Indian standard Ordinary Portland Cement, 43 grade –specification, Bureau
of
• Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
• 3. IS 10262- 2009, Indian Standard for Concrete Mix Proportioning –Guidelines, Bureau
of
• 4. IS 456 – 2000, Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice, Bureau
of
• 5. IS 9103:1999, Specification for Concrete Admixtures, Bureau of Indian
• IS 516 – 1959, Indian Standard Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete.
• Aveline Duquesne’s, Stephanie Statute, and Bernard Espion. (2011). “Behaviour of Slag
Cement Concrete under Restraint Conditions”. European Journal of Environmental and
Civil Engineering, 15 (5), 787-798.
• Elsayed, A.A. (2011). “Influence of Silica Fume, Fly Ash, Super Pozz and High Slag
Cement on Water Permeability and Strength of Concrete”. Jordan Journal of Civil
Engineering, 5 (2), 245-257.
• Martin O’Connell, Ciaran McNally, and Mark G. Richardson. (2012). “Performance of

Concrete Incorporating GGBS in Aggressive Wastewater.

Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS in Self Compacting Concrete

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JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Dharmapur, Mahabubnagar – 509001

“PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GGBS IN SELF

A Dissertation submitted to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad in partial

JAYAPRAKASH NARAYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Guide Head of the Department

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

CHAPTER-6: RESULTS AND DECISIONS 34 - 37

Sl. NO Content Page No

Sl.NO Content Page No

2. Physical properties of GGBS 7

4. Slump flow results 34

Concrete is a composite material that consists essentially of a binding medium, which is a

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 1|Page

1.3 Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC):

1.3.1 Backdrop Regarding Self Compacting Concrete:

In an attempt to reduce dependency on workers skill, SCC was conceptualized in

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 2|Page

of binder as well as high dosages of chemical admixtures, usually superplasticizers to

1.3.2 Scope for Self-Compacting Concrete:

1.3.3 Need for SCC:

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 3|Page

1.3.4 Material of Self compaction Concrete;

Fig; 1.3.4 (A)

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 4|Page

Fig; 1.3.4 (B) Sand

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 5|Page

Fig; 1.3.4 (C)

D. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

Fig; 1.3.4 (D)

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 6|Page

Table-1: Chemical Composition of GGBS

GGBS 40.00 13.50 39.20 3.60 1.80 0.20 0.00

Table-2: Physical properties of GGBS

1 Colour White powder

2 Specific gravity 2.94

3 Specific surface (m2/kg) 430

4 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1200

1.3.5 Properties of Self Compacting Concrete:

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 7|Page

1.3.6 Tests for Self-Compacting Concrete:

FILLING ABILITY PASSING ABILITY SEGREGATION

SLUMP FLOW TEST L-BOX TEST V-FUNNEL TEST T15

V-FUNNEL TEST FILL-BOX TEST

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 8|Page

1.3.7 Advantages of Self Compacting Concrete:

1.3.8 Disadvantages of Self Compacting Concrete:

• There is no globally accepted test standard for SCC mix design.

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 9|Page

1.4 Grade of concrete used in the SCC:

According to IS, the target strength of concrete mixture is defined as:

Target strength= fck +1.65S

1.5. Objective of present work:

• GGBS can be an ideal choice in civil infrastructural applications.

1.6. Scope of the present work

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 10 | P a g e

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 11 | P a g e

2.1 Published Literatures

• Salasah Alto bat

Department of civil engineering JPNCE 12 | P a g e

• Arvind Singh Gaur