STRUCTURE OF CELL

PROTOPLASM

A cell is made of life giving substance called protoplasm. The protoplasm is a highly organised
jelly like, viscous, semifluid, composed of molecules of various chemicals. Most of these are
organic molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acid etc. Protoplasm is
commonly called the ‘physical basis of life’.

A plant cell consists of a cell wall and protoplast. Cell wall is absent in animal cells. Protoplast
denotes the whole of protoplasm present in a cell. It is differentiated into plasma membrane,
nucleus and cytoplasm.

PLASMA MEMBRANE
Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable membrane. It is composed of bilayer of lipid and protein.
This is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents of the cell from its external
environment. The plasma membrane allows or permits the entry and exit of some materials in
and out of the cell. It also prevents movement of some other materials. The cell membrane,
therefore, is called a selectively permeable membrane.

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Plasma membrane selectively regulates the entry and exit of the substances into and out
ofthe cell. Therefore, it is called a selectively permeable membrane or semipermeable
membrane.

It provides an outer boundary to the cell and protects the cell from injury.

It allows the flow of materials and information between different organelles of the
samecell, as well as between the adjacent cells.
It provides some organic connections between the adjacent cells.

Q1. How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.

The cell membrane is selectively permeable and regulates themovement of substances in and out
of the cell.

Movement of CO2: CO2 is produced during cellular respiration. Therefore, it is present in high
concentrations inside the cell. This CO2 must be excreted out of the cell. In the cell’s external
environment, the concentration of CO2 is low as compared to that inside the cell. Therefore,
according to the principle of diffusion, CO2 moves from a region of higher concentration (inside
the cell) towards a region of lower concentration (outside the cell). Similarly, O 2 enters the cell
by the process of diffusion when the concentration of O 2 inside the cell is low as compared to its
surroundings.
Movement of water: Water moves from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration through the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane acts as a semi-permeable
membrane, and this movement of water is known as osmosis. However, the movement of water
across the plasma membrane of the cell is affected by the amount of substance dissolved in
water.

Q2. Why the plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane?

Answer: The cell membrane or the plasma membrane is known as a selectively permeable
membrane because it regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. This means
that the plasma membrane allows the entry of only some substances and prevents the movement
of some other materials.
CELL WALL
Cell wall is made of cellulose. Cell wall is present only in plant cells. It is a rigid protective
covering outside the plasma membrane. Presence of cell wall in plant cells distinguishes them
from animal cells. Most of the plant cell walls are made of cellulose.

The cell wall consists of three layers namely, middle lamella, primary wall and secondary wall.
The middle lamella is a thin amorphous cement like layer between two adjacent cells. Primary

wall is the first formed wall of the cell and is produced inner to the middle lamella. The
secondary wall is a thick layer found inner to the primary wall.

Functions of Cell Wall:

Cell wall gives a definite shape to the plant cells.
It provides mechanical strength to the cell.

It protects the protoplasm against injury.

It gives rigidity to the cell.
CYTOPLASM
A cell is enclosed in a membranous casing and is filled with a liquid substance which is called
the cytoplasm. There are many cell organelles in a typical cell. Some of the main structures of a
cell are as follows: The cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma membrane. It also
contains many specialised cell organelles. Each of these organelles performs a specific function
for the cell.

Functions of Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm helps in intracellular distribution of enzymes, nutrients and other

biomoleculeswithin the cell.
Synthesis of different types of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleotides, fatty acids
etc.,takes place in the cytoplasm.