Automation in Agriculture

Automation in Agriculture
Seminar Project Report
By
Abhishek Sandeep Arote

[TE20-6303]
Guide
Prof. Nilesh Jadhav
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ABMSP’s
Anantrao Pawar College of Engineering & Research, Pune
SEM Ⅱ [2020-2021]
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Abhishek Sandeep Arote has
successfully completed the Report entitled “Automation in
Agriculture” under my supervision, in the partial fulfillment of
Seminar Report of Third Year Semester-2 of Bachelor Degree in
Mechanical Engineering of Savitribai Phule Pune University.
Date:
Place: APCOER, Pune
Roll No:
Prof. Nilesh Jadhav Prof. Ganesh Kondhalkar

Project guide Head of Department
Mechanical Engineering Department
External Examiner Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Anantrao Pawar College of Engineering & Research for providing me
with a platform where I can recite my success and can get acknowledge by all the fellow
technical and non technical element of society. I will always dedicate myself for the good of
this engineering community and their Development fundamentals so I can create technology
that can bring joy, life, easy at work and happiness to the human kind.
I would like to thank Prof. Chetan Kolambe sir for helping me in this distressed decision
making while selecting this topic and Prof. Sandeep Raut Sir For giving timely Update,
Guidance and Helping me improve my Presentation Skill. Prof. Nilesh Jadhav sir thank you
for guiding me through this seminar report. I am most grateful for all of you helping me
through this; I feel nothing less that gratitude for being your student and always am thankful
for your support
.
III
ABSTRACT
In conventional methodology of agriculture hard labour, lots of effort and man power with
increases in size of land use to cause a massive amount of worker force to be deployed over
various places for different work like giving water, checking plants, seeding, spraying anti-
infecting/ pesticides, putting fertilisers and calculating progress of plant and checking each
and every plant for infection and insect attacks and lots and lots of other work which was
time-consuming and a lot of manpower was required and not only manpower skilled or at
least semiskilled manpower was required and if any catastrophic hits or someone’s
negligence might became fatal for crop field and product quality so farming was a gamble of
faith and hard labour.
In this technologically advance world we can introduce some element of technology that can
give easy to all the farmers and provide them a 24/7 working force and skilled labour in the
form of different type of technological aspect and so does what was capable of being done by
human can be done with some help of technology with higher precision.
IV
INDEX
• Cover Page ………………………………………………………………….……........ Ⅰ

• Certification………………………………………………………………………...… Ⅱ
• Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………………………. Ⅲ
• Abstract……………………………………………………………………….…..…. Ⅳ
• Table of Content…………………………………………………………………....... Ⅴ
I. List of Figure……………………………………………………………….. Ⅵ
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1. Overview ……………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.2. Working Principal …………………………………………………………………... 1
1.3. Conceptual Application …………………………………………………………...… 3
1.4. Is It a Necessity …………………………………………………………………....... 6
2. Literature Review ………………………………………………………………..………. 7

2.1. History of Technology ………………………………………………………..…….. 7
2.2. Review of References …………………………………………………………...…. 8
3. Case Study …………………………………………………..…………….…...……….. 13

3.1. Problem Statement ……………………………………………………..…………. 13
3.2. Structural Interface …………………………………………………….......………. 13
3.3. Components ………………………………………………………….....………….. 15
3.4. Function ……………………………………………………………....…...……….. 15
3.5. Drone Agriculture Industry ……………………………………….……………….. 20
4. Application, Advantages/ Disadvantages …………………………………………....…. 22
5. Conclusion ………………………………………………………………...……………. 32
6. References ………………………………………………………………………..…….. 33
7. Web link ………………………………………………………………….…………….. 34
V
List of figure
Sr. No Figure Name Page No

1.2.1.1 Block Diagram of Working Process 2
1.3.1.1 Use In the Application 3
1.3.1.2 Definer Algorithm Database 4
1.3.2.1 the Field and Finding Best Route for the Process 5
1.3.2.2 Drone Sprinkling Fertilisers 5
1.3.2.3 Drone Spraying Pesticide 5
3.2.1.1 Structural interface of operation’s 13
3.2.2.1 General Body Structure for Drone 14
3.2.2.2 Schematics for Drone 14
3.4.1.1 Structure of Drone Frame 15
3.4.2.1 ECS 16
3.4.2.2 Direction controlling 16
3.4.3.1 BLDC Motor 16
3.4.4.1 Propeller 17
3.4.5.1 Microcontroller 17
3.4.6.1 Battery 18
3.4.7.1 Controller 18
3.4.8.1 Camera 18
3.4.9.1 Pump & Nozzle 19
3.4.10.1 GPS 19
4.1 NIR Growth Report 22
4.2 Crop Assessment models 23
4.3 Crop Assessment models 23
4.4 Area Mapping 23
4.5 Weed Analysis 24
4.6 Plant Health Sensor 24
4.7 Monitorial Sensor Path/ Range 24
4.8 Image Processing and Object Detection 25
4.9 Pesticide Spraying 25
4.10 Fertilizer Spraying 25
VI
4.11 Irrigation Condition Monitoring 26

4.12 Evaoptranspiration Cycle 27
4.13 Cycle 28
4.14 Seeding Process by Drone 29
4.15 Growth Surveillance Monitor 29
4.16 Drone Data Convening Method 30
4.17 Cattle Farming Method 30
VII
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
In the 21st century of Morden technology and technological advancement we have reach the
moon and trying to farm on the mars and space. We have certainly reached the skies but yet
we couldn’t reach to the places in our grasp and one of them is today’s agricultural sector.
With increasing in population with estimation of becoming 9billion by 2040 we sure are
lacking in the Morden agriculture in many ways to feed the belly’s of coming generation we
need to take the precaution and all necessecery measure now and on global scale for more
mature farming and providing all of the people of the agriculture a helping hand of
technology.
Even in this technologically advance era 70%farmars all across the world are using
conventional method of agriculture where hard labour is getting on their nerve and there is a
big gap between demand and supply and not enough food to feed 7 billion and soon we are
touching 9 billion so we need to take all the globalization in technology and help the farmers
to increase their productivity and mineralise there effort by the proportion of production.
Let alone in India 85% of farmers are not familiar with words like technology and by taking
that in consideration it’s our duty to educate them in regarding to that and so we can revolve
our research around them and still can make them took after technology for their beneficiary
purpose, as it’s their rights to be part of this technological revolution.
1.2 Working Principle

1.2.1 Working principle of drone: (sprinkling pesticide)
A UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is a flying device that can fly a pre-set course with the
help of an autopilot and GPS coordinates. The device also has normal radio controls; it can be
piloted manually. Sometimes the term UAV is used to refer to the complete system, including
ground stations and video systems, however the term is most commonly used for model
planes and helicopters with both fixed and rotary wings.
The 4 propellers of a drone or quad-copter are fixed and vertically orientated. Each propeller
has a variable and independent speed which allows a full range of movements
The signals will be sent out by the transmitter and received by the drone's receiver. The signal
is sent from the receiver to the flight controller, where it is processed. Accelerometer and
gyroscope sensors were used to process the data. The signal will be processed and delivered
to the ESC, which will allow the motor to receive a specified amount of current based on the
signal it receives. The propellers are mechanically connected to the motors and rotate to
generate thrust. The FPV camera receives power from the flight controller and records
footage. The transmitter will process the video signals, which will then be received by the
ground receiver.
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The pump uses the power from the Li-Po battery to pressurise the liquid in the storage tank,
which then travels through the pipeline and into the nozzle, where it is sprayed. The flow rate
of the pump can be controlled by varying the input current which can be controlled from the
transmitter. Camera fitted in the drone and pre programmed algorithms can be sued for
effortless working.
FIG-1.2.1.1- Block Diagram of Working Process
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1.3 Conceptual Application

Concept of using drone as an agricultural accessory is fascinating and exiting enough but there
application in different field with different purpose is even more fascinating and awesome to work on.
While there are many operation are there to work on while farming like watering, checking plants,
seeding, spraying anti-infecting/ pesticides, putting fertilisers and calculating progress of
plant and checking each and every plant for infection and insect attacks and lots and lots of
other things are there.
1.3.1 Using Drone for Arial surveillance.
The aerial images provided by the drones help a majority of the farmers in conducting assessments,
signals, warnings and measure, detect, and even respond to the variability of crops. The other uses of
drones in the agricultural sector are.
FIG-1.3.1.1- Tools Use In the Application
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• Real Time Crop Monitoring:

For ranchers who have huge terrains that is utilized for cultivating, the UAVs can furnish them with
more precise pictures and recordings of their ranches. These pictures are fundamental as far as
checking the wellbeing and progress of the harvests, help them in deciding the yield wellbeing, screen
the dirt, caution them against approaching perils like vermin and creatures, look at the harms from
cataclysmic events, and live video feeds of gatecrashers (creatures and people)
• Assessing the Crop Stage:

The ranchers can utilize the flying pictures to survey the various phases of the harvests from the
planting to the gathering time frame. In view of the advancement of the harvests, the ranchers can
adequately make arrangements according to the watering needs and pesticide application.
Notwithstanding that, a rancher's reaction to any issues that are influencing their plants will be fast on
the grounds that of the simple admittance to this data.
• Nutrient and Irrigation management:

Field analysis has been made to be extremely easier with the use of drones as input from the data
that is captured by the drones helps them to identify areas that have a scarcity of nutrients and
water. The drones are also essential in the determination of the factors that impact crop growth
and ensure that adequate corrective measures have been undertaken.
NDVI [Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index] helps define the
proper vegetation happening in the
plants and this is more efficiently
done by drone’s Arial surveillance.
FIG-1.3.1.2- NDVI Definer Algorithm Database.
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1.3.2 Using in Pesticide Sprinkling

Due to many different type of crop there are different types of pesticide and accumulating this all
things in one device is quite tricky where some crops are required to be sprinkle liquid and some need
solid pesticide or fertiliser that we can make it possible to use them as multipurpose, with different
type of fittings.
Drone has a fitting which will help it to follow different mauves as plan or as driven and nozzle with
different type of fitting to sprinkle different type of or different viscosity liquid with variation
maintain by pump how much solution is to be sprinkle.
FIG-1.3.2.1-Maping the Field and Finding Best Route for the Process
FIG-1.3.2.2-Drone Sprinkling Fertilisers
FIG-1.3.2.3-Drone Spraying Pesticide
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1.4 Is It a Necessity?
When technology was stated to move in the footsteps of the future we have been accepting it slow and
steady but we neglected the major part of our society while growing us as human self centred develop
the technology for easing the life in the urban zone and we keep a neglecting eye towards the ruler
zone. But no man/women start his life in urban state they start from the ruler zone and work his/her
way up the ladder and it may sound a little philosophical but it’s the truth. in the race of technology
our ruler sector became more and more casted away from this technological upgrade, and ones a wise
man said ” if not now then when” basically what is wanted to say that after realizing what we were
missing it’s that exact time to work on not later.
This technology which we have develop for our joy and fun can be an essential part of the agricultural
sector we never thought of it and its already helping lots and lots of farmers for their harvesting and
farming. So it’s as an engineer our responsibility for what we eat which is grown by a farmer to repay
our debts with a unique way with technology. So it’s really necessity.
1.5 Some Advance Application of Automation
In adjacent to the drone for agriculture use we can always add some extra feature or additives
of some advance technology where it will only increases the production and productivity.
Some may suggest the following:
• Use of robots for ground inspection and root level surveying.
• Rovers with robot arm and cam with NDVI Tech support can be use to check the
close-up data analysis where we can determine the no of plant by drone and by co-
ordinating with rover can justify which tree or plant has what amount of vegetation.
• Using rovers to supply root to root fertilisers supply.
• Can also use rover for insect survey and vegetation growth survey.
• IOT can be use to operate the water supply system.
• IOT can be used to justify plant growth in the terms of growth rate %.
• Mechatronic components can be used to measure the soil property and moisture.
• All the above systems can be applied and control by a web page or application by the
centralising IOT.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History of Drone Technology
Taking into account that the term 'drones' alludes to any flying gadget that is automated,
the soonest automated elevated vehicle in history was first announced in 1839 an Austrian
officer assaulted the city of Venice with automated inflatable that was loaded up with
explosives. It is essential to call attention to that the utilization of these vehicles even in
its soonest shapes was for military purposes. The Ruston Proctor Aerial Target created in
1916 was the principal pilotless winged airplane that was controlled with radio control
likewise as most of the robots that are in presence today (Herwitz et al., 2002).The Aerial
Target was worked with the expectation that it will counter the German Zeppelins that
were utilized to convey explosives during World War I. In 1917, the Americans fostered
the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane otherwise called the Kettering Bug, which despite
the fact that had amazing outcomes and could be mass delivered, its planning was a
smidgen late to be utilized in World War I and subsequently was never sent in battle.
The UAV innovation enormously improved during World War II and surprisingly the
Cold War where it is claimed that it was utilized for reconnaissance purposes specifically
taking flying photos of army installations by the US and previous USSR knowledge. In
any case, authentic reports of whether this is genuine are grouped. UAVs were broadly
utilized in advanced fighting in 1982 when Israel utilized a blend of monitored airplane
and UAVs to lead assaults against the Syrian armada with negligible misfortunes.
Specifically, the UAVs were utilized to recognize the Syrian armed force's position, jam
their correspondence lines, and go about as baits and guarantee monitored airplane
executed assaults with practically zero counters. The accomplishment by the Israeli's
military created worldwide premium in the robot innovation and prompted nations putting
a great many dollars in this area (Huang and Thomson, 2010).The first non-military
robots were sent or started to be utilized decisively in 2006 by government offices that
were answerable for calamity help, line observation, and rapidly spreading fire battling
for observation purposes. Additionally, companies started to utilize robots to examine
pipelines what’s more, splash pesticides on their ranches. It is likewise essential to bring
up that the FAA gave its first business drone grants in 2006, and for the following eight
years, it gave a normal of two allows each year. Things changed in 2013 when the
Amazon CEO Jeff Bezzos reported that the organization was thinking about utilizing
robots to convey bundles to its clients and this produced a public interest into the
utilization of robots. In 2015, the FAA gave 1,000 robot licenses and one year later gave
3,100 licenses.
And today we use this same technology for agriculture purpose, to save mankind.
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2.2 Literature Review of References
1. REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF DRONES FOR CROP HEALTH

MONITORING AND SPRAYING PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZER
Author: Dr. K. Gayathri Devi, N.Sowmiya, Dr.K.Yasoda, Dr.K.Muthulakshmi,
Mr.B.Kishore
(1.Professor, 2.PG Student, Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 3.Professor,
SNS College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu 5.Assistant Professor, Dr. Mahalingam College
of Engineering and Technology, Pollachi)
Literature Review 2.2.1: In this paper we can find spraying the pesticides and fertilizer in the
agricultural field on different crops using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in different quad copter
and it also aids to develop the precision agriculture technique in monitoring different crops using
camera mounted UAV. Overall performance of this method will increase by using quad copter which
will spray the pesticides and monitoring the crop. This method will reduce the amount of pesticides
and fertilizer used in agricultural field and also increase crop yield.
2. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN SMART AGRICULTURE:

APPLICATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES
Author: Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta, Saqib Hakak, Mamoun Alazab, Sweta Bhattacharya,
Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, Wazir Zada Khan, and Quoc-Viet Pham
(1. School of Information Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India,
2. Faculty of Computer Science, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada
3. College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
4. Faculty of CS & IT, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
5. Research Institute of Computer, Information & Communication Pusan National University, Busan,
Korea)
Literature Review 2.2.2: In this publication we analyse the requirement and challenges we face
while application of the UAV in smart agriculture. The architecture, adaption and usage of UAVs in
smart agriculture have been explored and presented. Potential case studies involving Bluetooth Smart-
enabled sensors and UAVs in smart agriculture have been discussed. Bluetooth Smart technology can
be replaced with any other technology for implementation purposes. The motivation of using
Bluetooth Smart in case-studies is the low-cost and ease of access via smart phones. We have also
explored various types of agricultural sensors such as location-based sensors, optical sensors,
temperature-based sensors, etc, and identified several applications of UAVs in smart agriculture.
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3. DRONE AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE
Author- R. B. Kalamkar, M. C. Ahire, P. A. Ghadge, S. A. Dhenge and M. S. Anarase

(Department of Extension Education, MPKV, Rahuri, India CAAST-CSAWM, MPKV, Rahuri,
India)
Literature Review 2.2.3: In this paper we understand Drones are helpful for farming
management in terms of observing, measuring, and taking action based on real-time crop and
livestock data. It erases the need for guesswork in modern farming and instead gives farmers the
ability to maximize their yields and run more efficient organizations, all while enhancing crop
production.
4. THE DRONES' IMPACT ON PRECISION AGRICULTURE
Author- Ibrahim Naji (University of Texas at El Paso)
Literature Review 2.2.4: In this Thesis written by Ibrahim Naji we studied the Impact of
drones in Precision agriculture this study is to assess the overall impact of drones in the
agricultural sector. The specific goal was to provide a drone system to ward off pestering birds
from crops to allow for better growth and an increased yield. Along with providing the user-
friendly coded drone system for farmers that is cost effective.
5. IMPACT OF DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Author- Vijay Rana and Mahima

(Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar, India Gurugram University, Noida, India)
Literature Review 2.2.5: In this journal Recent research described that exactitude farming
utilized Artificial intelligence to make precise and prohibited methods that assist present direction
& appreciative about water and nutrient executive, most favourable harvesting and planting.
These techniques formulate farming more proficient, and can assist forecast ROI on precise crops
depend on their costs and periphery within the market.
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6. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DRONE FOR SPRAYING PESTICIDES,

FERTILIZERS AND DISINFECTANTS
Author: Karan Kumar Shaw1, Vimalkumar R.
(Department of Aerospace Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu-603203, India)
Literature Review 2.2.6: The selection of material is as crucial as selection of configuration of

arms. The material plays a significant role in determining the drone’s stability and efficient
performance. The material for the arms was chosen as carbon fibre due to its properties like light
weight and higher strength- to-weight ratio. However, the radio and antenna were connected
properly to stop the radio signal interference by carbon fibers. a design of a drone mounted
spraying mechanism for Agricultural purpose and for spraying disinfectants. This method of
spraying pesticides on Agricultural fields reduces the number of labours, time, cost and the risk
involved to the personnel involved in spraying the liquids. This drone can also be used in spraying
disinfectant liquids over buildings, water bodies and highly populated areas.
7. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LIGHT WEIGHT AGRICULTURE ROBOT.
Author: Shaik Himam Saheb & Dr. G. Satish Babu (ICFAI University)
Literature Review 2.2.7: AGRICULTURE ROBOT which is an architecture based on

unmanned aerial vehicle(UAVs) and a Seeding System that can be employed to
implement a control loop for agricultural applications where AGRICULTURE ROBOT is
responsible for seed sowing. Here by we can reduce the human efforts not much but some
amount. This will be helpful in performing the seeding task done in agricultural fields in
less time. This will reduce the labour cost also and perform the work very accurate. This
is completely operated by the radio transmitter and receiver within the range of signal. If
we are getting far away within the signal range then the AGRICULTURE ROBOT will
not work properly. This system may be further developed in many ways, by replacing the
seeding system with other equipment’s or systems like if cutter is placed then it will be
used for cutting crops, if sprayer module is attached to drone then it will be used as
pesticide spraying drone, and also if provided with high equipment’s and cost then it also
performs scanning of plants, security causes, inspecting crop details with specified seeds,
fertilizers, pesticides as per soil condition suggested from scientists of agriculture on
crops. The process of application is controlled by means of the feedback from the
wireless sensors network developed aground level on the crop field
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8. DRONES FOR SMART AGRICULTURE: A TECHNICAL REPORT
Author: Swapnil Kurkute
(Sandip Foundation's sandip institute of engineering and management, Nashik, India)
Literature Review 2.2.8: In this manuscript different types of system useful for Agriculture
wonder drone system using micro-controller 8051, Agriculture wonder drone system using
Atmega 328 microcontroller and Agriculture drone system using GPS were discussed.
Mainly the paper focused on selection of best compatible design for Drone system for
Agriculture purpose. Some of the exiting implementation was discussed with their advantages
and disadvantages. Finally it is conclude that if the system design with the use of Atmega
644PA then it will be the more efficient implementation. In line to this the experimentation
and expected result also discussed for further implementation.
9. APPLICATION OF DRONE IN AGRICULTURE
Author: S. Ahirwar, Swarnkar RAGHUNANDAN Swarnkar, Bhukya Srinivas, Bhukya Srinivas
(College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra,

Gujarat, India)
Literature Review 2.2.9: The world population has increases day by day and projected to
reach 9 billion people by 2050, so that the agricultural consumption will also increase. There
is extreme need to fulfil the food demand of each and every person. Agriculture sector is the
most promising sector, dealing with the lot of problems now a day’s one of the main
problems is labour unavailability for farming. Other problems or difficulties are extreme
weather events, inadequate amount and inefficient application of fertilizer, infection, diseases,
allergies and other health problems due to chemical application (fungicide, pesticide,
insecticide etc.) or insect/ animal bite. The Use of advanced technologies such as drone in
agriculture offer potential for facing several major or minor challenges. The major
applications of drone in agriculture are irrigation, crop monitoring, soil and field analysis and
bird control.
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9. USE OF DRONE IN AGRICULTURE
Author: H Pathak, GAK Kumar, SD Mohapatra, BB Gaikwad and J Rane (ICAR)
Literature Review 2.2.10: Drone technology has got considerable potential in carrying out
several agricultural operations very efficiently. It can save labour and also accomplish the
norms of social distancing in the time of COVID 19 and national lockdown. However, high
initial cost and policy reforms are some of the challenging areas in making it popular and
farmers’ friendly. There is also a need of conducting research for optimizing operation
protocols and calibrating and validating the drone use. For example, research carried out into
the impact of the stream of air generated by drone rotors on the distribution of the liquid
revealed that the rotational speed of the drone rotors that perform spraying of the plants
influences the volume of the drops settled on the different levels of the plants. The stream of
air coming from the drone rotors can cause penetration of the stream of drops into the internal
structure of the plants. The greater the rotational speed of the rotors is; the lower location is
of water deposited on the plants. As a result of this, the rush of air may change the inequality
index of the volume of the liquid settled on the different levels of the plants. As there is no
detailed knowledge on the quality of the operations performed of depositing pesticides, the
organization of the field spraying process is not possible. There are several other issues,
which need further research and fine-tuning for effective use of drone technology in
agricultural purposes.
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3. CASE STUDY
3.1 Problem Statement

In modern day era of technological advancement we as a country still uses majority
conventional methodology of farming which cost more hard work, excess labour,
superficial costing, and still no assurance of good quality product. To overcome this state
of condition we can apply automation in the agricultural sector for the beneficial value for
farmers.
3.2 Structural Interface

3.2.1 Structural interface of model working.
FIG-3.2.1.1- Structural interface of operation’s
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3.2.2 Structural aspect of Drone.
FIG-3.2.2.1- General Body Structure for Drone
FIG-3.2.2.2- Schematics for Drone
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3.3 Components
I. Quad copter Frame
II. ECS’s
III. Brushless Motors
IV. Propeller
V. Arduino Uno Microcontroller
VI. Battery and charger
VII. Connecter’s & controllers (2.4GHz)
VIII. Camera
IX. Pump & Nozzle
X. GPS
3.4 Function
I. Quad copter Frame:
There is no such nonexclusive casing which is viewed as best Among every one
of the edges, anyway it relies upon various Factors like multi-rotor setup, pivoting
second and adjusting, application, material, solidness and segments mix. Contingent
upon size and measurements of chose electronic parts, we planned a base plate in the
shape of sporadic octagon to such an extent that all parts set on the Focus of Gravity.
FIG-3.4.1.1- Skeleton Structure of Drone Frame
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II. ECS’s:
It stands for Electronic Speed Controller and it is used to vary the Revolution per
Minute (RPM) of the motor controller An electronic speed control or ESC is an electronic
circuit with is used to control the speed of servo-motor, its direction and possibly also to act
as a dynamic brake. ESCs are often used on motors essentially providing an electronically-
generated threephase electric power low voltage source of energy for the motor. It also
allows much smoother and more precise variation of motor speed in a far more efficient
manner than the mechanical type with a resistive coil and moving arm once in common use.
FIG-3.4.2.1- ECS
FIG-3.4.2.2- Direction controlling
III. Brushless Motors:

Brushless DC electric motor (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as
electronically commutated motors (ECMs, EC motors), or synchronous DC motors,
are synchronous motors powered by DC electricity via an inverter or switching
power supply which produces an AC electric current to drive each phase of the motor
via a closed loop controller. The controller provides pulses of current to the motor
windings that control the speed and torque of the motor. The construction of a
brushless motor system is typically similar to a permanent magnet synchronous
motor (PMSM), but can also be a switched reluctance motor, or an induction
(asynchronous) motor.
FIG-3.4.3.1- BLDC Motor
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IV. Propeller:
The propeller is of desired length and has desired inches of pitch. It is made up of
carbon fibre which possesses high strength to weight ratio when compared to the
propellers made up of plastics. When BLDC Rotate Propeller is mounted on it and by
the shape of the propeller lift fire is acted on it.
FIG-3.4.4.1- Propeller
V. Arduino Uno Microcontroller:

The flight controller helps in the manoeuvring operations and also it provides
Auto level function. The accelerometer and gyroscope sensor in the Flight controller
process the signals from the receiver and gives the output to the ESC. The KK 2.1.5
Flight controller board can be used in the drone as it has inbuilt firmware. The
features of this Flight controller board are much easier for calibration. It uses
ATMEL Mega 644PA 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller with 64K of memory.
FIG-3.4.5.1- Microcontroller
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VI. Battery and charger:

The battery that can be used is a Li-Po battery of 22000mAh capacity and 22.2 V.
In this battery six Li-Po cells are connected in series (6x3.7=22.2V).
FIG-3.4.6.1-Battery
VII. Connecter’s & controllers (2.4GHz):

The Transmitter and receiver used are Fly Sky CT6B 2.4Ghz 6CH and FS-R6B
respectively. This combination provides a range of about 1000 meters. This
Transmitter and receiver provide up to 6 channel options.
FIG-3.4.7.1- Controller
VIII. Camera:
The camera that can be used is HD FPV camera 1200 TVL, it has 2.8mm
Lens, auto/color/ black & white Day and night format.TS5828 32CH mini transmitter
can be connected to the camera for transmission of video signals to receiver at
ground.
FIG-3.4.8.1-Camera
APCOER Page 18
IX. Pump & Nozzle:

To pressurize the liquid a 12 V DC water pump can be used which has 2.5
L/min capacity can be used. Then the pressurized liquid enters the nozzle and gets
sprayed. The nozzle that can be used is a flat fan type for spraying the liquid. Four
nozzles are connected
with ducts and they
are palace at 45cm
distance between each
other.
FIG-3.4.9.1-Pump & Nozzle
X. GPS:
GPS Provide accurate position which eventually help in progressing to the route
finding and route determination for various operation.
FIG-3.4.10.1-GPS
APCOER Page 19
3.5 Drone Agriculture Industry

Historically, one of the most effective ways that farmers have used or applied to meet and
overcome the constant changes and challenges that couple this sector and meet the
growing food demands as been adopting new technologies such as the Internet of Things
(IoT), Big Data and Artificial intelligence (Meivel, Dinakaran, Gandhiraj, & Srinivasan,
2016). The application of these technologies has resulted in the enhancement of new, and
at times, existing farming practices and tools that have already been deployed on the
farms. For instance, the use of connected tractors is one of the most popular new
technologies that are currently being used in the farming sector to improve yields.
Drones are currently considered a relatively recent, and even less mature tool in relation
to the new technologies that are currently being used, or applied in smart, or precision
agriculture. Currently, here are two types of drones that are used in the agricultural sector:
medium sized (which are mainly used for the analysis applications) and larger drones
(which are used for planting and praying of pesticides in the field). The first UAS in the
agricultural sector were developed in the 1980s for crop dusting purposes. Over the years,
the advancement of technology in the agricultural sector has mainly 19 been in the
following areas: the precise aerial application of pesticides and fertilizers over the
agricultural areas and aerial imaging to support both crop field mapping and growth
monitoring (Mone, Shivaji, Tanaji, & Satish, 2017).
A majority of the agricultural UAS are Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs), fixed-wing or
rotary-winged helicopters that are considered to be of low cost, low speed, low ceiling
altitude, light weight, and they have a low payload weight with short endurance period.
As a majority of the farming applications require only low-medium endurance capability,
a majority of the UAS are gasoline or methanol-fuelled or are electric-powered and
therefore use rechargeable batteries or solar power. It is important to point out that even
though the UAS (which use rechargeable batteries) are mainly for short endurance runs
whereas solar powered UAS can last for a longer endurance period. For instance, the
UAS that has been fitted with pesticide spraying has a higher payload weight requirement,
and therefore, they are able to support longer flight endurance (Pathak, Barzin, & C. Bora,
2018). The less researched area in the agricultural applications of the UAS is the aerial
application of water, fertilizer, and pesticides for small-scale farmers. The application of
water, fertilizers, and pesticides is crucial for farmers who want to increase their crop
yields. While the aerial application method has been proven to be effective for large scale
farmers, it can be an ineffective and cumbersome application method in small scale
production systems that are common in a majority of the developing countries such as
African countries. However, it is important to point out that the advantages of the UAS
over existing technologies is based on their manoeuvrability, low operation costs, safety,
and accuracy.
In 1983, Japan was the first country to attempt to use drones for the aerial application of
fertilizers with its development of the Remote-Controlled Aerial Spraying System
(RCASS) by Yamaha Motor Corporation. It contributed to Japan’s rice, soybean, and
wheat crops to increase 20 their yields as they could use drones effectively to control
pests that could have affected their overall production. In 1990, Yamaha developed the
R50UAS helicopter, which had a payload capacity of 44lb. Subsequently in 1997, the R-
APCOER Page 20
MAX (unmanned helicopter) was developed, and by 2000, it had been equipped with an
azimuth and Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) sensor system (Sadeghi,
Jones, & Philpot, 2015). Currently, in Japan, 90 percent of the crop protection is achieved
through the use of drones which have facilitated pest control in the country. The case of
Japan farms proves that drones can effectively be used for pesticide spraying and
fertilizer application for a majority of the farms in African countries. The reason for this
is that the two regions have a comparable farm size per farmer. In Japan, the average farm
size is 3.7 acres, while in Africa, it is 2 acres. The aerial application of water, fertilizers,
and pesticides is seen to be highly beneficial in farms that have
APCOER Page 21
4. APPLICATION, ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
Application:
• Crop Assessment
• Crop Nutrient Monitoring
• Counting and Accounting for Livestock in the Farm
• Monitoring for Diseases
• Crop Spraying
• Conducting Water Watch
• Irrigation
• Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture
• Aerial Planting
• Surveillance
• Cattle farming
• Crop Assessment & Crop Nutrient Monitoring:

The drone technology is used for monitoring crops and finds damage to plants
after a storm, appraise crop growth and determine areas that are being below
fertilizing and irrigated. It provides 2D and 3D images and permitting farmers to
measure plant growth, crop numbers and thickness. Evaluating the 2D/3D images
can gives valuable results on the expansion of crops and reveals fabrication
inefficiencies. Drone works with sensors system to monitor and sense reflected
Near Infra-Red (NIR) light. NIR is valuable because strong plants absorb
perceptible light and reflect NIR, while less strong plants absorb more NIR and
reflect more visible light. NIR measure provides maps information of plant health
to farmers and supervises remedies more specifically. Drone crop monitoring
facilities real time crop vegetation index monitoring via spectral examination of
high declaration satellite images for dissimilar areas and crops that permits to
monitor optimistic and pessimistic
dynamics of crop growth.
FIG-4.1 NIR Growth Report
APCOER Page 22
FIG-4.3 Crop Assessment models

FIG-4.2 Crop Assessment models
• Crop Nutrient Monitoring & Counting and Accounting

for Livestock in the Farm
FIG-4.4 Area Mapping
APCOER Page 23
FIG-4.6 Plant Health Sensor

FIG-4.5 Weed Analysis
• Monitoring for Diseases & Crop Spraying

Arial detection of different type of birds or tics with hi-resolution drone came and
image process unit with thermal and infrared sensor.
FIG-4.7 Monitorial Sensor Path/ Range
APCOER Page 24
FIG-4.8 Image Processing and Object Detection
It’s essential to assess crop health and spot bacterial or fungal infections on trees. By
scanning a crop using both visible and near-infrared light, drone carried devices can identify
which plants.
Farmers are now started using drones for pesticide spraying, Drones can lift around 15 liters
of pesticide at one time and cover a pretty large area in one go. This makes it easy for the
farmers as he just has to program the drone and left it fly over the field in predefined patterns
to cover the maximum area with pesticide this is turning out to be a very fast and efficient
way of spraying pesticides and also safe as farmer does not inhale the toxic fumes. In India as
individual farms are small and use of drones is useless there many companies have equipped
with drones.
FIG-4.9 Pesticide Spraying
FIG-4.10 Fertilizer Spraying
APCOER Page 25
• Irrigation:
Drones with hyper-spectral, multispectral, or thermal sensors can identify which
parts of a field are dry or need improvements. Additionally, once the crop is
growing, drones allow the calculation of the vegetation index, which describes the
relative density and health of the crop, and show the heat signature, the amount of
energy or heat the crop emits.
FIG-4.11 Irrigation Condition Monitoring
APCOER Page 26
• Evapotranspiration and Soil Moisture
FIG-4.12 Evaoptranspiration Cycle
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the sum of water evaporation and transpiration from a surface area
to the atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources
such as the soil, canopy interception, and water bodies. Transpiration accounts for the
movement of water within a plant and the subsequent exit of water as vapor
through stomata in its leaves in vascular plants and Phyllis in non-vascular plants. A plant
that contributes to evapotranspiration is called an evapotranspirator.
Factors that affect evapotranspiration include the plant's growth stage or level of maturity,
percentage of soil cover, solar radiation, humidity, temperature, and wind
APCOER Page 27
FIG-4.13 Cycle
• Aerial Planting
Drone planting is a newer technology and not as widely used, but some firms are
experimenting with drone planting. Essentially, manufacturers are experimenting
with custom systems that have the ability to shoot seed pods into prepared soil.
Drone startup companies have been instrumental in developing unique drone
technologies to assist with a wide range of ecological and agricultural issues. E.g.-
Drone seed. This same drone technology can be adapted and applied to a wide
range of farm types, reducing overall planting times and labor costs across the
board.
APCOER Page 28
FIG-4.14 Seeding Process by Drone
• Surveillance & Cattle farming

Arial surveillances and crop assessment are very helpful technology without using
lot of time and effort we can assess the growth and keep the surveillance up for
24/7 with no man interaction for safety and security purpose
FIG-4.15 Growth Surveillance Monitor
Areas with large no of cattle farming sure can benefit with it as each and every animal
can be tracked and guided by drone to the specific route and the threat protection from
external media like predator or etc can be avoided
APCOER Page 29
FIG-4.16 Drone Data Convening Method
FIG-4.17 Cattle Farming Method
APCOER Page 30
Advantages:
• Extra production
• Significant growth in growth rate
• Quality of production increases
• Easy to work
• Self working
• Less hard labour
• Saves a lot of money
• Large size harvesting makes easy
Disadvantages:
• Big initial investment
• Regular maintenance of all components for smooth operation
• Increases in electric consumption
• Designated setup for all the requirements
• Have to adapt to this technology
APCOER Page 31
5. CONCLUSION
In the end as we have adapted this technology as our own and we use it as
it’s a daily part of our life, we need to stretch our techno arms to the ruler
side of our country where our farmer brother and sisters are still very much
apart from it and aware them and provide them with technology for their
daily hood of agriculture. Because soon in near future we as an earth will
reach 9-billion and that many mouths needed to be feed and only person who
can do that is those farmers and helping them now will eventually help us
and making field or sector of agriculture atomize will evidently solve many
problems on many levels of the society.
5.1 Future scope
In distant future we can improvise our self and this making automation
agriculture an habitual practice where 90 % agricultural sector is under the
wings of atomisation where majority of people are getting there cultivation,
irrigation and harvesting done with various technology and this will sure be
the win for all. Just like the automation in agriculture we can impose vertical
farming in the inhabitant area where we as a human being can’t survive and
that space of the mother earth is just being there as a waste and as we pick
the grasp of tech we can sure say that such area can be use for vertical
farming and indoor farming some companies are doing this on commercial
scale and lots and lots of people are doing research on global level and we
sure can see in the future we have achieve such a great things with
technology
APCOER Page 32
REFERENCE
[1] Naji, Ibrahim, "The Drones' Impact On Precision Agriculture" (2019). Open Access Theses &
Dissertations. 2880.
[2] Kalamkar, R. B., M. C. Ahire, P. A. Ghadge, S. A. Dhenge and Anarase, M. S. 2020. Drone and its
Applications in Agriculture. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(06): 3022-3026.
[3] Shaik Himam Saheb & Dr. G. Satish Babu, Design and Analysis of Light Weight Agriculture Robot,
ICFAI University, Volume 17 Issue 6 Version 1.0 Year 2017
[4] Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta, Saqib Hakak, Mamoun Alazab, Sweta Bhattacharya, Thippa
Reddy Gadekallu, Wazir Zada Khan, and Quoc-Viet Pham, 1. School of Information Technology,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India, 2. Faculty of Computer Science, University of New
Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada 3. College of Engineering, IT and Environment, Charles Darwin
University, Casuarina, Australia 4. Faculty of CS & IT, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
5. Research Institute of Computer, Information & Communication Pusan National University, Busan,
Korea, 25 Jul 2020
[5] S., R. Swarnkar, S. Bhukya and Namwade, G. 2019. Application of Drone in Agriculture.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(01): 2500-2505.
[6] Pathak H, Kumar GAK, Mohapatra SD, Gaikwad BB and Rane J, (2020), Use of Drones in
Agriculture: Potentials, Problems and Policy Needs, Publication no. 300, ICAR-NIASM, pp 13+iv.
[7] Vijay Rana1 and Mahima. 2020. Impact of Drone Technology in Agriculture.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(01): 1613-1619
[8] Karan Kumar Shaw1 , Vimalkumar R. 2 1,2UG Students, Batch-2021, Department of Aerospace
Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil
Nadu-603203, Design and Development of a Drone for Spraying Pesticides, Fertilizers and
Disinfectants India., ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 9 Issue 05, May-2020
[9] S.R.Kurkute1, B. D. Deore2, Payal Kasar3, Megha Bhamare4, Mayuri Sahane5, 1, 2 Assistant
Professor, Department of E&TC, SIEM, Nashik, India, Drones for Smart Agriculture: A Technical
Report, 3, 4, 5 Student, Department of E&TC, SIEM, Nashik, India, ISSN: 2321-9653, Volume 6
Issue IV, April 2018.
[10] Assist. Prof. Aydoğan Y.1 Faculty of Agriculture, Adnan Menderes University1 , Turkey,
DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION, WEB ISSN 2534-8450;
PRINT ISSN 0861-9638
APCOER Page 33
WEB LINK:
1) http://www.ijcmas.com/
2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331017387
3) https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/2880?utm_source=digitalcommons.ute
p.edu%2Fopen_etd%2F2880&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPa
ges
4) https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.363
5) http://www.niam.res.in
6) http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.06.117
7) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325199681_Drones_for_Smart_Agricult
ure_A_Technical_Report?enrichId=rgreq-127643d6e6b376f8d8493b194f45e42e-
XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMyNTE5OTY4MTtBUzo3NDY0NzM
3ODQzNzMyNjdAMTU1NDk4NDYyNzUzNA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publ
icationCoverPdf
8) http://www.ijert.org/
9) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339952793_Aerial_robot_for_smart_far
ming_and_enhancing_farmers%27_net_benefit?enrichId=rgreq-
9fec83355ccc17506dda07c087a852ac-
XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMzOTk1Mjc5MztBUzo4Njk2OTY1M
zg2OTc3MzFAMTU4NDM2MzIyMTM4Nw%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=public
ationCoverPdf
APCOER Page 34

Automation in Agriculture

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Automation in Agriculture

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Automation in Agriculture

Seminar Project Report

Abhishek Sandeep Arote

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Place: APCOER, Pune

Prof. Nilesh Jadhav Prof. Ganesh Kondhalkar

External Examiner Principal

• Cover Page ………………………………………………………………….……........ Ⅰ

2. Literature Review ………………………………………………………………..………. 7

3. Case Study …………………………………………………..…………….…...……….. 13

4. Application, Advantages/ Disadvantages …………………………………………....…. 22

7. Web link ………………………………………………………………….…………….. 34

Sr. No Figure Name Page No

4.11 Irrigation Condition Monitoring 26

1.2 Working Principle

FIG-1.2.1.1- Block Diagram of Working Process

1.3 Conceptual Application

FIG-1.3.1.1- Tools Use In the Application

• Real Time Crop Monitoring:

• Assessing the Crop Stage:

• Nutrient and Irrigation management:

NDVI [Normalized Difference

FIG-1.3.1.2- NDVI Definer Algorithm Database.

1.3.2 Using in Pesticide Sprinkling

FIG-1.3.2.2-Drone Sprinkling Fertilisers

FIG-1.3.2.3-Drone Spraying Pesticide

1.5 Some Advance Application of Automation

• Using rovers to supply root to root fertilisers supply.

• IOT can be use to operate the water supply system.

2.2 Literature Review of References

1. REVIEW ON APPLICATION OF DRONES FOR CROP HEALTH

2. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN SMART AGRICULTURE:

3. DRONE AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

Author- R. B. Kalamkar, M. C. Ahire, P. A. Ghadge, S. A. Dhenge and M. S. Anarase

4. THE DRONES' IMPACT ON PRECISION AGRICULTURE

Author- Ibrahim Naji (University of Texas at El Paso)

5. IMPACT OF DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE

Author- Vijay Rana and Mahima

6. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DRONE FOR SPRAYING PESTICIDES,

Literature Review 2.2.6: The selection of material is as crucial as selection of configuration of

7. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LIGHT WEIGHT AGRICULTURE ROBOT.

Literature Review 2.2.7: AGRICULTURE ROBOT which is an architecture based on

8. DRONES FOR SMART AGRICULTURE: A TECHNICAL REPORT

Author: Swapnil Kurkute

(Sandip Foundation's sandip institute of engineering and management, Nashik, India)

9. APPLICATION OF DRONE IN AGRICULTURE

Author: S. Ahirwar, Swarnkar RAGHUNANDAN Swarnkar, Bhukya Srinivas, Bhukya Srinivas

(College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra,

9. USE OF DRONE IN AGRICULTURE

Author: H Pathak, GAK Kumar, SD Mohapatra, BB Gaikwad and J Rane (ICAR)

3.1 Problem Statement

3.2 Structural Interface

FIG-3.2.1.1- Structural interface of operation’s

3.2.2 Structural aspect of Drone.

FIG-3.2.2.1- General Body Structure for Drone

FIG-3.2.2.2- Schematics for Drone

FIG-3.4.1.1- Skeleton Structure of Drone Frame

FIG-3.4.2.2- Direction controlling

III. Brushless Motors:

FIG-3.4.3.1- BLDC Motor

V. Arduino Uno Microcontroller:

VI. Battery and charger: