Mechanical Behaviour of Materials

Chapter 7
Slip and Crystallographic Textures

Dr.-Ing. 郭 瑞昭
Key points

1. Slip systems
2. Schmid’s factor and Taylor factor
3. Lattice rotation
Introduction to plastic deformation and slip

Plastic deformation of crystalline materials occurs by slip.

Slip occurs by movement of dislocations through the lattice.
slip lines on the surface of a deformed crystal

Within a crystallite the slip lines are parallel, or consist of groups of

parallel slip lines
Slip systems

Slip planes: the planes on which slip occurs

Slip directions: the directions of the shear
 Dislocations in an FCC Crystal

• {111} planes are the closed-packed

and hence the slip planes;
• The shortest vector joining equivalent
lattice positions – one half of any face
diagonal
• These vectors belong to <110> family
of directions

•The combination of a slip direction and slip plane = slip system

• There are four nonparallel {111} planes
• Each contains three nonparallel directions <110>
• Thus 12 slip systems in FCC are collectively represented as {111}<110>
 Dislocations in an BCC Crystal

There are no closed-packed planes in BCC structure!!

The planes of highest atomic density frequently observed to be a slip planes

A member of the A member of the

A member of the
{112}<111> system {123}<111> system
{110}<111> system
 Pencil glide in an BCC Crystal

{110}<111>

{123}<111>

{112}<111>
Dislocations in an HCP Crystal

Basal planes • Basal or (0001) planes represent one set

of
parallel closed-packed slip planes
• This one set contains three slip
directions
<1120> family in the “a” directions –
basal slip
• Thus there are three not intersected
slip systems in the HCP structure
Major Slip Systems in the Common
Metal Structures
Schmid’s Law

A1 = A / cos φ
P cos λ P
τnd = = cos φ cos λ
A1 A
τnd = σ x cos φ cos λ

τc = ± σ x cos φ cos λ

m = cos φ cos λ (Schmid factor)

Schmid’s law: slip begins when the shear stress on a slip system reaches a critical
value τ c , called the critical resolved shear stress.

τnd = ± τc
General stress state for yielding

τ nd = σ xx cos λ ⋅ cos φ
n d
ψ λ
τnd = lnx ldx σ xx

± τc = lnx ldx σ xx + lny ldy σ yy + + (lnx ldy + lny ldx )σ xy

σ ij = liml jnσ mn
Example 7.2
Strains by slip

Only one strain occurs dε xx = cosλ cosφ dγ = mdγ

dε xx = l xn l xd dγ
dε yy = l yn l yd dγ
dε zz = l zn l zd dγ
dγ yz = (l yn l zd + l yd l zn )dγ
dγ zx = (l zn l xd + l zd l xn )dγ
dγ xy = (l xn l yd + l xd l yn )dγ
Example 7.4
Stress-strain curve of fcc single crystal
Stress-strain curve of Al single crystal and polycrystals
Schmid factor for fcc crystals
Slip in bcc crystals
Slip in hcp crystals
Lattice rotation in Tension
Representation of the tensile axis using orientation triangle
Representation of the tensile axis using orientation triangle
Lattice rotation in Tension (fcc)
Lattice rotation in Tension (bcc)
Lattice rotation in Compression (fcc)
Lattice rotation in Compression (bcc)
Texture formation in polycrystals
Deformation of polycrystals (Taylor model)

ε xx = mxx1γ1 + mxx 2 γ 2 + mxx 3γ 3 + ......... + mxxj γ j

ε yy = m yy1γ1 + m yy 2 γ 2 + m yy 3γ 3 + ......... + m yyj γ j
ε zz = mzz1γ1 + mzz 2 γ 2 + mzz 3γ 3 + ......... + mzzj γ j
γ xy = mxy1γ1 + mxy 2 γ 2 + mxy 3γ 3 + ......... + mxyj γ j
γ yz = m yz1γ1 + m yz 2 γ 2 + m yz 3γ 3 + ......... + m yzj γ j
γ zx = mzx1γ1 + mzx 2 γ 2 + mzx 3γ 3 + ......... + mzxj γ j

Only five independent equations?

Taylor factor M

σ x dε x = τdγ
dγ σ x
M= =
dε x τ
M: Taylor factor
What is the difference between M and m?
Texture strengthening in fcc
Texture strengthening in hcp
Texture strengthening in straining path
Yield locus of textured sheet