“AREA OF FIELD BY DIFFERENT METHODS”

(CLE-1003)

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 Vellore Institute of Technology

A Project on
“AREA OF FIELD BY DIFFERENT METHODS”

For

Winter Semester 2020-21

As a part of the Surveying Course

(CLE-1003)

Submitted By:

ABHISHEK KUMAR
REG. NO: 20BCE0210

Under the Supervision of:

MR. SAIRAM V
(SCE)
July, 2021
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 Contents

1.) Certificate
2.) Acknowledgement
3.) Introduction
4.) Theory: Area of Field by Different methods
a) Mid- Ordinate Rule
b) Average Ordinate Rule
c) Simpson’s Rule
d) Trapezoidal Rule
5.) Source Code
6.) Output Obtained
7.) Examples
8.) Limitations and Suggestions
9.) References

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 Certificate
This to certify that the Project entitled, “Area of Field by
Different methods” is a bonafide work of Mr. ABHISHEK
KUMAR (20BCE0210) persuing B.Tech in School of Computer
Science Engineering in partial fulfillment of VIT’s Winter
Semester 2020-21 and has been carried out under the supervision
and guidance of Mr. SAIRAM V (SCE).

Signature of Faculty

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my faculty
SAIRAM V for their able guidance and support in completing this project
and also our course coordinator, who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic “Area of Field by Different methods”,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know so
many new things.

I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parent’s and friends who helped
me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time.

I am taking this project not only for marks but to increase my knowledge
and explore myself.

ABHISHEK KUMAR
20BCE0210
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 INTRODUCTION

This Project is all about field traversing and area calculations by

different methods:
 MID-ORDINATE RULE
 AVERAGE ORDINATE RULE
 SIMPSON’S RULE
 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

This project is designed for Surveying (CLE-1003) course using

programming language C++. The title of the program is “Area of
Field by Different Methods”. In this project, one can solve
numericals on Simpson’s Rule, Trapezoidal Rule, Average
Ordinate Rule and Mid- Ordinate Rule of area calculation. Just
one thing he/she has to do that input the total number of
Ordinates, total Ordinates, common distance between the
Ordinates, etc. The answer (i.e. area) will be displayed in metre
square.

********
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 Theory
The main objective of the surveying is to compute the areas
and volumes.
Generally, the lands will be of irregular shaped polygons.
There are formulae readily available for regular polygons like,
triangle, rectangle, square and other polygons.
But for determining the areas of irregular polygons, different
methods are used.
Earthwork computation is involved in the excavation of
channels, digging of trenches for laying underground
pipelines, formation of bunds, earthen embankments, digging
farm ponds, land levelling and smoothening. In most of the
computation the cross sectional areas at different interval
along the length of the channels and embankments are first
calculated and the volume of the prismoids are obtained
between successive cross section either by trapezoidal or
prismoidal formula.
Calculation of area is carried out by any one of the following
methods:
a) Mid-ordinate method
b) Average ordinate method
c) Trapezoidal rule
d) Simpson’s rule

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 “AREA OF FIELD BY MID-ORDINATE RULE
USING C++”

Let O1, O2, O3, O4,……….On = ordinates at equal intervals

l = length of base line;

d= common distance between ordinates;

h1,h2,……..hn = mid-ordinates

Area = common distance* sum of mid-ordinates

Problem 1: The following offsets were taken from a chain line to an

irregular boundary line at an interval of 10 m:
0, 2.50, 3.50, 5.00, 4.60, 3.20, 0 m
Compute the area between the chain line, the irregular boundary line and
the end of offsets by Mid- Ordinate Rule.

Mid-ordinate rule:

H1 = (0+2.50)/2 = 1.25
H2 = (2.50+3.50)/2 = 3.00
H3 = (3.50+5.00)/2 = 4.25
H4 = (5.00+4.60)/2 = 4.80
H5 = (4.60+3.20)/2 = 3.90
H6 = (3.20+0.00)/2 = 1.60

Required area= 10(1.25+3.00+4.25+3.90+1.60)

= 10*18.80=188 m2
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 ///***SOURCE CODE***///

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n, d;
float ordin;
vector<float>o;
cout << "Enter total no. of ordinates:"<<endl;
cin >> n;
cout<<"Enter the common distance: "<<endl;
cin >> d;
cout<<"Enter the " << n <<" ordinates: "<<endl;
for(int i=0; i<n ; i++){
cin >> ordin;
o.push_back(ordin);
}
float height;
float hh=0;
for(int i=0; i<n-1 ; i++){
height = o[i] + o[i+1];
hh+=(height/2);
cout << "h[" << i+1 << "]: " << height/2 << endl;
}
cout << "h[" << n << "]: " << o[n-1]/2 << endl;
cout <<"Required Area: " << (hh + o[n-1]/2) * d ;

return 0;
}

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OUTPUT:

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 “AREA OF FIELD BY AVERAGE-ORDINATE
RULE USING C++”

Let O1, O2, …..On= ordinates or offsets at regular intervals

l= length of base line
n= number of divisions
n+1= number of ordinates

The rule states that (to the average of all the ordinates taken at each of
the division of equal length multiplies by baseline length divided by
number of ordinates).
Problem 2:
The following perpendicular offsets were taken at 10m interval
from a survey line to an irregular boundary line.
9, 12, 17, 15, 19, 21, 24, 22, 18
Calculate area enclosed between the survey line and irregular
boundary line.
Area = [(O1+ O2+ O3+ …. + O9)*L]/(n+1)
= [(9+12+17+15+19+21+24+22+18)*8*10]/(8+1)
= 1395.56 meter sq.

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 ///***SOURCE CODE***///

//**********AVERAGE-ORDINATE RULE***********//

#include <iostream>

#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main()

float n, d ,N;

float ordin;

vector<float>o;

cout << "Enter total no. of ordinates:"<<endl;

cin >> n;

cout<<"The required "<<n<<" ordinates are as follow: "<<endl;

//*******Displaying the Ordinates taken*******//

for(int i=0; i<n ; i++){

cin >> ordin;

o.push_back(ordin);

cout<<endl;

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 cout << "Enter number of equal parts in which base line is divided " <<
endl;

cin >> N;

cout<<"Enter the common distance: "<<endl;

cin >> d;

float baseline= N*d;

float hh=0;

for(int i=0; i<n ; i++){

cout << "o[" << i+1 <<"] : " << o[i] <<'\n';

hh += o[i];

cout << "The required lenght of baseline: " << baseline << '\n';

n=N;

cout <<"The required area of the field through Average-Ordinate rule

is: " << (hh * baseline)/(N+1) << " metre sq.";

return 0;

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OUTPUT:

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 “AREA OF FIELD BY TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
USING C++”

While applying the trapezoidal rule, boundaries between the ends of ordinates
are assumed to be straight. Thus the areas enclosed between the base line and
the irregular boundary lines are considered as trapezoids.
Let O1, O2, …..On=ordinate at equal intervals, and d= common distance
between two ordinates.

Total area=d/2{(O1+ On) + 2O2+2O3+…….+2On-1)}

Thus the trapezoidal rule may be stated as follows:

To the sum of the first and last ordinate, twice the sum of intermediate ordinates
is added. This total sum is multiplied by the common distance. Half of this
product is the required area.

Problem 3:
The following offsets were taken at 15 m intervals from a survey line
to an irregular boundary line
3.50, 4.30, 6.75, 5.25, 7.50, 8.80, 7.90, 6.40, 4.40, 3.25 m
Calculate the area enclosed between the survey line, the irregular
boundary line, and the offsets, by the trapezoidal rule.
Solution: the trapezoidal rule

Required area
=15/2{3.50+3.25+2(4.30+6.75+5.25+7.50+8.80+7.90+6.40+4
.40)}
= 15/2{6.75+102.60} = 820.125 sq. meter

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 ///***SOURCE CODE***///

//***********TRAPEZOIDAL RULE*************//
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
float n, d , nn;
float ordin;
vector<float>o;
cout << "Enter total no. of ordinates:"<<endl;
cin >> n;
//************Displaying the Ordinates*****************//

cout << "The required " << n <<" ordinates are:"<<endl;

for(int i=0; i<n ; i++){

cin >> ordin;

o.push_back(ordin);
cout<<endl;
}

cout<<"Enter the common distance: "<<endl;

cin >> d;
cout << "O[1]: "<< o[0]<<endl;
float hh=0;
for(int i=1; i<n-1 ; i++){
cout << "O["<<i<<"]: "<< o[i]<<endl;
hh += o[i];
}
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 cout << "O["<<n<<"]: "<< o[n-1]<<endl;
//*******Calculating the area using formula************//

cout <<" The required area of field using Trapezoidal Rule: "
<< (d/2)*(o[0]+o[n-1]+2*hh) << "meter sq.";

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

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“AREA OF FIELD BY SIMPSON’S RULE USING
C++”

In this rule, the boundaries between the ends of ordinates are assumed to form
an arc of parabola. Hence Simpson’s rule is sometimes called as parabolic rule.
Refer to figure:

Let
O1, O2, O3= three consecutive ordinates

d= common distance between the ordinates

area AFeDC= area of trapezium AFDC+ area of segment FeDEF

Here,

Area of segment= 2/3* area of parallelogram FfdD

= 2/3* eE*2d

= 2/3 *{ O2- O1+O3 /2 }*2d

So, the area between the first two divisions,

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 = d/3(O1+4O2+O3)

Similarly, the area of next two divisions

∆2 = d/3(O1+4O2+O3) and so on

Total area = d/3[O1+On+4(O2+O4+……) + 2(O3+O5)]

Thus the rule may be stated as the follows

To the sum of the first and the last ordinate, four times the sum of even
ordinates and twice the sum of the remaining odd ordinates are added. This total
sum is multiplied by the common distance. One third of this product is the
required area.

Problem 4:
The following offsets are taken from a chain line to an irregular boundary
towards right side of the chain line.

Common distance, d = 25m

Area = d/3[(O1+O7) + 2 (O3+O5) + 4(O2+O4+O6)]

= 25/3[(3.6 + 4.0)+2(6.5 + 7.3)+4(5.0 + 5.5+6)]

Area = 843.33 meter sq.

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 ///***SOURCE CODE***///

//***********SIMPSON'S RULE***************//

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
float n, d , nn;
float ordin;
vector<float>o;
cout << "Enter total no. of ordinates:"<<endl;
cin >> n;

//************Displaying all the Ordinates taken******************//

cout << "The required " << n <<" ordinates are:"<<endl;

for(int i=0; i<n ; i++){

cin >> ordin;

o.push_back(ordin);
cout<<endl;
}

cout<<"Enter the common distance: "<<endl;

cin >> d;

float hh=0;
float ff=0;
for(int i=1; i<n-1 ; i+=2){

hh += o[i];
}
for(int i=2; i<n-2 ; i+=2){

ff += o[i];

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 }
for(int i=0 ; i < n ; i++){
cout << "O["<<i+1<<"]: "<< o[i]<<endl;
}
//******Calculating area of field using formula************//

cout <<"The required area by Simpson's Rule: " << (d/3)*(o[0]+o[n-

1]+4*hh+2*ff) << " meter sq.";

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

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 LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

 Simpson’s rule is applicable only when the number divisions are

even i.e. the number of ordinate is odd.
 But Trapezoidal rule can be applied to any number of
ordinates.
 User should enter the exact values in the unit described.
 Program cannot execute the values of 10-6, sin60o,e5, etc. like
that. So, we have to enter calculated values of those
functions.
 User have to give detail descriptions of each executions in
the code with the help of comments.

REFERENCES:
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=128295

http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/surveying-and-levelling/different-
methods-for-the-calculation-of-areas-in-surveying/

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