COMPUTATION OF AREA

COMPUTATION OF AREA
• The main objective of the surveying is to compute the
areas and volumes.

• Generally, the lands will be of irregular shaped polygons.

• There are formulae readily available for regular polygons

like, triangle, rectangle, square and other polygons.
 COMPUTATION OF AREA
• But for determining the areas of irregular polygons, different
methods are used.

• The term area in the context of surveying refers to the area

of a tract of land projected upon the horizontal plane, and
not to the actual area of the land surface

• Area may be expressed in the following units

– Square metre
– Hectares
– Square feet
– Acres
 COMPUTATION OF AREA FROM
PLOTTED PLAN
• In this method, a large square or rectangle is formed
within the area in the plan

• Then ordinates are drawn at regular intervals from the

side of the square to the curved boundary
• The middle area is calculated according to one of the
following rules:
– The Mid-Ordinate rule
– The Average Ordinate Rule
– The Trapezoidal Rule
– Simpson’s Rule
 MID ORDINATE RULE

• The base line is divided into a number of divisions

• The ordinates are measured at the mid points of each
division
• Let  O1, O2, O3, O4……….On = ordinates at the mid points of
each division
• d= Distance of each division; n = no. of divisions
• L = length of base line = nd
• Area = dO1+dO2+dO3……+dOn = d(O1+O2+O3 …….+On
• Area= Common Distance x Sum of Mid Ordinates
 AVERAGE ORDINATE METHOD
•  

• Let, O0, O1, O2, O3….. On = Ordinates of Regular Intervals

• L = length of base line
• n= number of divisions
• n+1= number of ordinates
• Area =
 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
• While applying the trapezoidal rule, boundaries between
the ends of ordinates are assumed to be straight.

• Thus the areas enclosed between the base line and the
irregular boundary line are considered as trapezoids.
•• Let,
  O0, O1, O2, O3….. On = Ordinate at equal intervals
• d = common distance
• 1st Area =
• 2nd Area =
• 3rd Area =
• Last Area =
• Area = ( + O1 + O2 + ……+ On-1) * d
• Thus, the trapezoidal rule may be stated as follows:
• Add the average of the end ordinates to the sum of
intermediate ordinates. Multiply the total sum thus obtained
by the common distance between the ordinates to get the
required area
 SIMPSON’S ONE-THIRD RULE
•  

• In this rule, the boundaries between the ends of ordinates

are assumed to form an arc of parabola
• Hence simpson’s rule is some times called as parabolic
rule
• Total area = *[(first ordinate + last ordinate) + 4*(sum of
even ordinates) + 2*(sum of odd ordinates)
• Total area = d/3[(O0 + On) + 4*(O1 +O3 + ….+ On-1) +
2* (O2 + O4 + …..+ On-2)]
• Thus the rule may be stated as the follows

• The area is equal to the sum of the two end ordinates plus
four times the sum of even intermediate ordinates plus
twice the sum of the odd intermediate ordinates the whole
multiplied by one third the common interval between them.

• Limitation: This rule is applicable only when the number

divisions is even i.e. the number of ordinates  is odd.

• If there is an odd no. of divisions, the area of the last

division must be calculated separately
Problem 1: The following offsets were taken from a chain line to
an irregular boundary line at an interval of 10 m:
0, 2.50, 3.50, 5.00, 4.60, 3.20, 0 m
Compute the area between the chain line, the irregular boundary
line and the end of offsets by:
a) mid ordinate rule
b) the average –ordinate rule
c) the trapezoidal rule
d) Simpson’s rule
Mid-ordinate rule:

• O1 = (0+2.5)/2 = 1.25m
• O2 = (2.5 + 3.5)/2 =3.00m
• O3 = (3.5 + 5)/2 = 4.25m
• O4 = (5 + 4.6)/2 = 4.80m
• O5 = (4.6 +3.2)/2 = 3.90m
• O6 = (3.2 + 0)/2 = 1.60m
• Area = d(O1+O2+O3 …….+On
• Required area= 10(1.25+3.00+4.25+4.8+3.90+1.60)
                         = 10*18.80 = 188 m2
 
Average-ordinate rule:
• d = 10m
• n = number of divisions = 6
• n+1= number of ordinates = 7
• L = length of base line = nd = 6*10 = 60m
• Area =
• Area = 10((1.25+3.00+5.00+4.60+3.20+0)/7)
= 161.14sq.m

15
•Trapezoidal
  rule:
• Here d = 10m
• Area = ( + O1 + O2 + ……+ On-1) * d

• Area = ( * 10

= 188sq.m
Simpson’s rule:
• d=10m
• Total area = d/3[(O0 + On) + 4*(O1 +O3 + ….+ On-1) +
2* (O2 + O4 + …..+ On-2)]
• O0 = 0
• O1 = 2.5
• O2 = 3.5
• O3 = 5
• O4 = 4.6
• O5 = 3.2
• O6 = 0
• Area=10/3{0+0+4*(2.50+5.00+3.20)+2*(3.50+4.60)}
                         = 10/3{ 42.80+16.20}=10/3*59.00
                        10/3*59= 196.66m2
Problem 2: The following offsets were taken at 15 m
intervals from a survey line to an irregular boundary line
3.50,4.30, 6.75, 5.25, 7.50, 8.80, 7.90, 6.40, 4.40, 3.25 m.
Calculate the area enclosed between the survey line, the
irregular boundary line, and the offsets, by:
a) the trapezoidal rule
b) simpson’s rule

Problem 3: the following offsets are taken from a survey line

to a curves boundary line, and the first and the last offsets
by:
Chainage 0 5 10 15 20 30 40 60 80
Offsets 2.5 3.8 4.6 5.2 6.1 4.7 5.8 3.9 2.2

a) the trapezoidal rule

b) simpson’s rule
 a) Trapezoidal rule

• Area = ( + O1 + O2 + ……+ On-1) * d

• Area=15{(3.50+3.25)/2+(4.30+6.75+5.25+7.50+8.80+7.90+
6.40+4.40)} = 820.125 m2
 
b) Simpson’s rule
• If this rule is to be applied, the number of ordinates must be odd.
But here the number of  ordinate is even (ten).
• So, simpson’s rule is applied from O1 to O9  and the area between

O9 and O10  is found out by the trapezoidal rule.

• Total area = *[(first ordinate + last ordinate) + 4*(sum of even
ordinates) + 2*(sum of odd ordinates)
• Total area = d/3[(O0 + On) + 4*(O1 +O3 + ….+ On-1) +
2* (O2 + O4 + …..+ On-2)]
• A1=15/3{3.50+4.40+4(4.30+5.25+8.80+6.40)}+2(6.75+7.50+
7.90) = 756.00 m2
• A2= 15/2(4.40+3.25)=  57.38 m2

• Total area= A + A =756.00+57.38 = 813.38  m2

• Here the intervals between the offsets are not regular
through out the length.
• So, the section is divided into three compartments
•  ∆I= area of the first section

•  ∆II= area of 2nd section

• ∆III= area of 3rd section

 •Here
• d1= 5 m
• d2=10 m
• d3=20 m
a) trapezoidal rule
Area = ( + O1 + O2 + ……+ On-1) * d
• ∆I= 5{(2.50+6.10)/2+(3.80+4.60+5.20)} = 89.50 m2

• ∆II= 10{(6.10+5.80)/2+(4.70)} =106.50 m2

• ∆III= 20{(5.80+2.20)/2+(3.90)} = 158.00 m2

• Total area = 89.50+106.50+158.00 = 354.00 m2
 
b) simpson’s rule
• Total area = *[(first ordinate + last ordinate) + 4*(sum of
even ordinates) + 2*(sum of odd ordinates)
• Total area = d/3[(O0 + On) + 4*(O1 +O3 + ….+ On-1) +
2* (O2 + O4 + …..+ On-2)]
• ∆I= 5/3{2.50+6.10+4(3.8+5.20) + 2(4.60)} = 89.66 m2

• ∆II= 10/3{6.10+5.80+4(4.70)} =102.33 m2

• ∆III= 20/3{5.80+2.20+4(3.90)} = 157.33 m2

• Total area= 89.66+102.33+157.33 = 349.32 m2
THANK YOU