Name: Christian John R. Biol Instructor: Jessie Y.

Labaso

Year & Section: BSCE- 2A

Assessment no. 5

Area Computation

Computing the areas and volumes is one of the surveying's primary goals. The lands will often
be made up of irregularly shaped polygons. For regular polygons like triangles, rectangles, squares, and other
polygons, equations are easily accessible.

1. Methods of Determining Area

There are several analytical and graphical techniques for measuring area:

1. Simple figure division of the region (triangles, rectangles, and trapezoids)

2. Deviations in a straight line

3. Meridional double distances

4. rectangle- shaped coordinates

TRIANGULATION-BASED AREA CALCULATION

There are two widely used techniques for figuring out the area of triangles: (1) when all three sides' lengths are
known, and (2) when two sides and their connecting angle are known.

• In a normal circumstance, a combination of the two strategies is probably used.

• By using a traverse, you may determine internal angles and perimeter lengths, which will help you with the
second method's measurements.

• To make computations easier when out in the field, you can collect additional angle measurements or
additional distance measurements.
Method 1 For estimating a triangle's surface area (where the lengths of each side are known)

Calculating a triangle's area is simple if you know the lengths of all three of its sides.

where the triangle's three sides' lengths are a, b, and c, respectively, and

Method 2 For estimating a triangle's surface area (where the length of two sides and one angle are known)

If you are aware of the angles between the sides and the lengths of two sides

C is the angle formed by sides a and b. (C in radians)

A POLYGON'S AREA IS CALCULATED BY RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

• The area of every closed traverse is equal to the sum of each Y coordinate times the difference between the
two adjacent X coordinates.

• The outcome will be the same as the product of the sum of each X coordinate and the distinction between the
two neighboring Y coordinates.

Alternative Coordination Method Calculation

The X and Y coordinates of the vertices are used in a straightforward approach for calculating area.

1. List the coordinates in two columns for X and Y.

2. In the conclusion, repeat the starting point's coordinates

3. Add up the items indicated by the arrows.

 2. Double meridian distance

The total of a survey line's meridian distances at its endpoints. In actuality, assuming a closed traverse with the
meridian of reference passing through the initial station, the double meridian distance (DMD) of the first course
(line) is equal to that course's departure, and the DMD of each succeeding course (line) is equal to the double
meridian distance of the preceding course plus that course's departure plus the departure of the course itself.
When the DMD of each route is multiplied by the associated course's latitude, double areas are produced, from
which the tract's area can be calculated. Double parallel distances (DPD) can be calculated using a strictly
comparable process, substituting the latitudes of the subsequent courses for the departures, and using an east-
west line as the reference parallel.

3. Area by Offsets from a Straight Line

The area may be calculated by the rule:

*Mid-ordinate Rule

*Average ordinate Rule

*Trapezoidal rule

* Simpson’s Rule

1.The mid-ordinate rule

Area = (O1+O2+..........+on)

O1, O2 are the ordinates at each division's midpoints.

n represents the number of divisions.

L stands for the base line's length.

d = The separation between each division

2. The Average Ordinate Rule

Area equals ((O1+O2+......On)/(n+1))L

Ordinates are used at the end of each division (O1, O2,.

3. Trapezoidal Rule

Area= (((O0+On)/2)+(O0+O2+……On-1))d

4. Simpson’s Rule

Area = ((d/3) x ((O0+On+4(O1+O3+On-1)+2(O2+O4+….+On-2))

Example: 1

The following perpendicular offsets were taken at 10 meter intervals from a survey line to an irregular
boundary line.

3.15m, 4.3m, 8.2m, 5.6m, 6.85m, 7.6m, 4.2m, 5.6m, 4.3m

Calculate the area enclosed between the survey line, the irregular boundary line, and first and last offsets, by
the application of

a) Average ordinate rule

b) Trapezoidal rule

c) Simpson’s rule

Average

d = the interval between the offset = 10 m

n = number of divisions =8

n+1 = number of ordinates = 8+1 =9

L= Length of the base line = 8 x 10 = 80m

a) Average ordinate rule

Area = ((O1+O2+……On)/(n+1))L

O1, O2….= Ordinates at the end of each division

Area = (( 3.15 + 4.3 + 8.2+ 5.6 + 6.85 + 7.6 + 4.2 + 5.6 + 4.3 )/(8+1)) x 80 =442.66m2

b) Trapezoidal rule

Area= (((O0+On)/2)+(O0+O2+……On-1))d

Area = (3.725 + 42.35) x10 =460.75m2

c) Simpson’s rule

Area= 10/3(7.45 +92.4 +38.5) = 461.167m2

4. Area by Graphical Method

There are several analytical and graphical techniques for measuring area:

• Simple figure division of the region (triangles, rectangles, and trapezoids)

• Deviations in a straight line

• Meridional double distances

•Rectangle-shaped coordinates

B. Curvature and Refraction and Elevation Determination

Curvature and Refraction

The effects of the earth's curvature and the line of sight's refraction must be taken into account for
lengthy sights and precise leveling work. The points appear to be lower than they actually are due to curvature,
and higher than they truly are because to refraction. The combined effect makes the points appear lower than
they actually are because the effect of curvature is higher than the effect of refraction.

Elevation Determination

Referencing of Tide Gauges: Leveling is the process of determining the elevation of a point or the
difference between points with respect to some datum. Surveying operations are used to determine the elevation
of points or the difference in elevation of points.