DETERMINATION OF AREAS

BY:-
RAMAMOORTHY.K
FIRST YEAR-ECE
One of the main purposes for executing the land
surveys is to determine the AREA of a tract
(piece) of the main survayed. Computation of
areas is also involved the calculation of
volumes of fillings and excavations.

Units Adopted for the measurement of areas:

The square meter (sq. m.)
The are = 100 square meters.
The hectare = 100 ares = 10,000 square meters.
The square kilometer = 100 hectares = 10,000
ares = 10,00,000 square meters.
DETERMINATION OF AREA ON THE
BASIS OF FIELD MEASUREMENTS
DIRECTLY MADE AT THE SIDE.
This method is convenient for small areas of
land. The following methods are used to
determine the area of land:
By dividing the area into a number of
triangles:
The given area is divided into a number of
triangles. The area of each triangle is
determined. For finding the area of any
triangle, the sides of the triangle are
measured.
• If a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of the
triangle, the area of the triangle
CALCULATION OF AREAS BY OFFSETS
FROM A BASE LINE

SIMPSON’S
RULE

CALCULATOIN
TRAPEZOIDAL MID-ORDINATE
OF RULE
RULE
AREAS

MEAN –ORDINATE
RULE
CALCULATION OF AREAS BY OFFSETS
FROM A BASE LINE
This method is convenient to determine the
area between a base line and a long
irregular boundary.
1. Mid-Ordinate Rule.
2. Mean Ordinate Rule or Average Ordinate
Rule.
3. Trapezoidal Rule.
4. Simpson’s Rule.
 1.MID-ORDINATE RULE

• In this method, it is assumed that the

boundary between successive offsets
(ordinates) is a straight line.The base line is
divided into a number of equal divisions(n) of
length(d). Ordinates(offsets) y1,y2,y3………
yn are measured from the middle of each
division.
 2.MEAN ORDINATE RULE or AVERAGE
ORDINATE RULE
• This method makes the same assumption as
the previous method. In this method, the
ordinates (perpendicular offsets)
y0,y1,y2…….yn are drawn at each point of
the divisions of the base line.

• This above two methods are not accurate.

More accurate methods are given below.
 3.TRAPEZOIDAL RULE

• In this method, the area between the

boundary and the base line is assumed to
consist a number of trapeziums. On this
assumption, the area between the boundary
and the base line is calculated. The rule is
more accurate than the previous two rules
which are the approximate versions of the
trapezoidal rule
 SIMPSON’S RULE

• Simpson’s rule assumes that the short

lengths of the boundary between the
ordinates are curved lines and are
considered as portions of parabolic arcs.
Area between the base line AC and the
parabolic arc DQF= (Area of the trapezoidal
ACFD) + (Area of the segment between the
parabolic arc DQF and the corresponding
chord DF).
• Let y0,y1 and y2 be the three consecutive
ordinates (offsets) drawn at regular intervals
of d. Through Q draw a line PR parallel to the
chord DF to cut the ordinates y0 and y2
produced at the points P and R.