There Must Be Three or More Continuous Spans in Each Direction

Asst. Prof Dr. Hayder A.
Mehdi
Direct Design Method
Limitations of Direct Design Method
1. There must be three or more continuous spans in each direction
2. Slab panels must be rectangular with a ratio of longer to shorter span (centerline-to-centerline of
supports) not greater than 2.
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Asst. Prof Dr. Hayder A. Mehdi
3. Successive span lengths (centerline-to-centerline of supports) in each direction must not differ by
more than 1/3 of the longer span
4. Loads must be uniformly distributed, with the unfactored or service live load not more than 2 times
the unfactored or service dead load (L/D ≤ 2)
5. Columns must not be offset more than 10% of the span (in direction of offset) from either axis
between centerlines of successive columns
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6. For two-way beam-supported slabs, relative stiffness of beams in two perpendicular directions must
satisfy the minimum and maximum requirements given in 13.6.1.6
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Where (αf )1 average flexural stiffness in direction (1)

Where (αf )2 average flexural stiffness in direction (2)
7. Redistribution of negative moments by 8.4 is not permitted
Example (5):
Two way slab with beams, L.L=5.75 kN/m2, h=165mm, fʹc=21MPa, fy=420 MPa, cols.= 375x375 mm,
check the six limitations of the direct design method
Solution:
1. There are 3 continuous spans in each direction. (O.K)
2. The panel is rectangular with ratio of:
(L/S)=(7.6/6)=1.27< 2 (O.K)
3. The successive spans in each direction are equal.
Cause the difference between span’s length with
respect to the largest span in each direction equal to
zero < 0.33(L or S). (O.K)
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4. All the columns in each direction are on the same centerline. (offset=0) < 0.1(L or S) (O.K)
5. The loads are by gravity only and over an entire panel.
L. L. = 5.75 kN/m2
D. L. = (0.165x24) = 3.96 kN/m2
𝐿𝐿. 𝐿𝐿. 5.75
= = 1.45 < 2 𝑜𝑜. 𝑘𝑘.
𝐷𝐷. 𝐿𝐿. 3.96
6. If beams are used on the columns lines, the relative stiffness ratio must be between 0.2 and 5.
(Check)
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General Procedure for Design of Two Way Slab System by D.D.M
1- Transform the 3-dimensional building into simpler 2-dimensional frames by cutting the structure with
imaginary vertical planes along the centerlines of the planes (in each direction).
3-D building Interior Frame Edge or Exterior Frame

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2- Divide the slabs into panels by drawing centerlines along the columns. Check the D.D.M limitations
3- Find column strip and middle strip by dividing the panels between center lines and support, such that
the final division is become (0.25L).
4- The final part that confined with line closer to support is called column strip and other part is called
middle strip.
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l1a l1b
Column Strip in direction (1) L2a/4

l2a /4
l2a
Middle Strip in direction (1) l2a /4
l2a /4
Column Strip in direction (1)
l2b /4
l2b /4
l2b
Middle Strip in direction (1) l2b /4
l2b /4
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l2a
l2b
L1a/4 L1a/4
l1a
Middle Strip in direction (2)
L1a/4
L1a/4
L1b/4 L1b/4
l1b
Middle Strip in direction (2)

L1b/4
L1b/4

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l1a l1b
L2a/4
l2a /4
l2a
l2a /4
l2a /4
l2b /4
l2b /4
l2b
l2b /4
l2b /4
L1a/4 L1a/4 L1a/4 L1a/4 L1b/4 L1b/4 L1b/4 L1b/4

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5-For each frame calculate the total span moment (Mo) for the end and the interior spans. (13.6.2)
For uniform loading, the total design moment (Mo) for a span of the design strip is calculated by the
simple static moment expression:
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Important Notes:
l1: the span c/c in the direction of design.
l2 : the span c/c in the direction perpendicular on the direction of design. Or the width of frame.
ln : is a distance from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or walls even if beams are exist and
shall not be less than 0.65 l1
6- Division of the total panel moment Mo into negative and positive moments, and then into column
and middle strip moments, involves direct application of moment coefficients to the total moment
Mo. The moment coefficients are a function of span (interior or exterior) and slab support conditions
(type of two-way slab system).
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Total Static Moment (Mo)
Negative Moment (M-) Positive Moment (M+)
Column Column
Middle strip Middle strip
strip strip
moment moment
moment moment
Beam Slab
moment moment
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There Must Be Three or More Continuous Spans in Each Direction

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There Must Be Three or More Continuous Spans in Each Direction

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Asst. Prof Dr. Hayder A.

Where (αf )1 average flexural stiffness in direction (1)

3-D building Interior Frame Edge or Exterior Frame

Column Strip in direction (1) L2a/4

Middle Strip in direction (2)

Middle Strip in direction (2)

Column Strip in direction (2)

L1a/4 L1a/4 L1a/4 L1a/4 L1b/4 L1b/4 L1b/4 L1b/4

Total Static Moment (Mo)

Negative Moment (M-) Positive Moment (M+)

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