PARALLELISM AND PERPENDICULARITY

Have you ever wondered how carpenters, architects and

engineers design their work? What factors are being
considered in making their designs? The use of parallelism
and perpendicularity of lines in real life necessitates the
establishment of these concepts deductively.
Parallelism

• Two lines are parallel if

and only if they lie on the
same plane (coplanar) and
do not intersect.
Transversal line - a line that intersects two or more lines
at different points

Exterior Angles - angles made by a transversal that are

outside the region between the two intersected lines
example : ∠1, ∠2, ∠7 and ∠8

Interior Angles - angles made by a transversal that lie

inside the region between the two intersected lines
example : ∠3, ∠4, ∠5 and ∠6

Alternate-Exterior Angles - a pair of non-adjacent

exterior angles on opposite sides of the transversal
example : ∠1 and ∠8, ∠2 and ∠7

Alternate-Interior Angles - a pair of non-adjacent interior

angles on opposite sides of the transversal
example: ∠3 and ∠6, ∠4 and ∠5

Corresponding Angles - a pair of non-adjacent angles -

one interior, one exterior - both on the same side of the
transversal
• m || n and t is a transversal
∠6, ∠4 and ∠8
example : ∠1 and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠7, ∠2 and line
 Another Example
• ∠1 and ∠7 - alternate exterior
angles
• ∠3 and ∠5 - alternate interior
angles
• ∠4 and ∠8 - corresponding
angles
• ∠2 and ∠6 - corresponding
angles
• ∠4 and ∠6 - alternate interior
angles
• ∠2 and ∠8 - alternate exterior
angles
Proving Lines are Parallel
• If 2 coplanar lines are both
perpendicular to the same
line, then they are parallel
• CAP Theorem - If 2 lines
have transversal and a pair
of congruent corresponding
Angles, then the lines are
parallel.
• AIP Theorem - If 2 lines
have a transversal and a
pair of Alternate Interior
Angles, then the lines are
parallel.
• AEP Theorem - If 2 lines
have a transversal and a
pair of congruent Alternate
Exterior angles, then the
lines are parallel.
• If 2 lines have a
transversal and interior
angles on the same side of
the transversal are
supplementary, then the
lines are parallel.
• If 2 lines are parallel to a
third line, then they are
parallel to each other. If
a // b, and b //c, then a //c.
Perpendicularity

• Two lines that intersect to

form right angles are said
to be perpendicular.

• A perpendicular bisector of
a segment is a line or a
ray or another segment
that is perpendicular to the
segment and intersects
the segment at its
midpoint.
Proving Perpendicular lines

• If two lines are

perpendicular to each
other, then they form four
right angles.

• If m ⊥ n, then we can
conclude that ∠1, ∠2, ∠3
and ∠4 are right angles.
• If the angles in a linear
pair are congruent, then
the lines containing their
sides are perpendicular.

• If ∠1 and ∠2 form a linear

pair and ∠1 ≅ ∠2, then l1
⊥ l2.
• If two angles are adjacent
and complementary, the
non-common sides are
perpendicular.
• If ∠1 and ∠2 form a linear
pair and ∠1 ≅ ∠2, then l1 ⊥
l2.
• ∠CAR and ∠EAR are
complementary and adjacent,
then AC ⊥ AE.
Thank You For Listening