08 CE 015 - Two Way Slab - Stu - 02

Principles of
Reinforced/
Prestressed
Concrete
2 ND SEMESTER (2020-2021)
Floor System:
Two-Way
Two Way Slab
Principles of Reinforced/Prestressed Concrete
Two-way Slab
Edge-Supported Slabs
o Two way slabs are called as such because the transmission of the floor loads is in two
orthogonal directions.
CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Two-way Slab
o It should be noted that only slabs with side ratios greater than 0.50 need be treated as
two-way slabs.
Moments and moment variations in uniformly loaded slab with simple supports on four sides.
Mom
Two-way Slab
o The main flexural reinforcement is placed in an orthogonal pattern with reinforcing
bars parallel and perpendicular to the supported edges.
o Because the moments in the long direction are the smaller ones, it is economical to
place the steel in that direction on top of the bars in the short direction.
Special reinforcement at exterior corners of a beam-supported two-way slab.
Two-way Slab
Column-Supported Slabs
o When two-way slabs are supported by relatively shallow, flexible beams, or if column-
line beams are omitted altogether, as for flat plates, flat slabs, or two-way
way joist systems,
then a number of new considerations are introduced.
Flat Plate Flat Slab

Two-way Slab
Moment variation in column-supported two-way slabs:
o Sum of the positive moment and average of negative
moment is equal to positive moment of simply
supported beam
Considering
riing b = l2 & length
th = l1
Considering
ng b = l1 & length = l2
l1 = span in the direction of the moment analysis

l2 = span in lateral direction measured center to center of
support
Two-way Slab
Column Strips
Short direction panel Lmax
o Strip of slab having width on
each side of the column
centerline equal to
¼ the smaller of the panel
dimensions l1 and l2
Lmin
Middle Strips
o Bounded by 2 column strips
Lmin /4 Lmin /4 Lmin /4 Lmin /4

Long direction panel
Lmin /4
Lmin /4

Lmin /4
Two-way Slab
Slab Design Method
o There are 3 approaches in designing a two-way slab:
1. Coefficient Method
2. Direct Design Method
3. Equivalent Framee Method
Coefficient Method
T w o - Wa y S l a b
o The Coefficient Method is a quick hand-method of calculating the moments in two-
way slabs supported by edge beams. The Coefficient Method was first included in
the 1963 edition of the ACI Code as a method to design two-way
-way slabs supported on
all four sides by walls, steel beams, or deep beams. The Coefficient Method is not
included in current versions of the ACI Code 318, but it can still be used for two-way
slab systems with edge beams.
o The Coefficient Method makes use of tables of moment coefficients for a variety of
slab edge conditions
conditions. The coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also include
considerations for inelastic moment redistribution.
redistribution

Coefficient Method
o The moments in the middle strips are calculated using formula (1) and (2):
Coefficient Method
o The panel must be divided into middle strips and edge strips in both the short and long
directions. The width of the middle strip in each direction is equal to ½ the clear span length.
length
The 2 edge strips are then ¼ the width of the clear span length.
o As expected in two-way
way slabs, the moments in both directions are larger in the center portion
of the slab than the edges.
edges Therefore, the middle strip must be designed for the maximum
tabulated moment. In the edge strips, the strips must be designed for 1/3 of the maximum
value of the calculated moment.
Coefficient Method
o The ACI Coefficient Tables are designed to give you appropriate coefficients based on
the edge conditions of the slab. To give you an idea of different edge conditions, see
the floor plan below:
Coefficient Method
o Table 1 gives the moment

coefficients for Negative Moments
at Continuous Edges. The coefficient
you use depends on the ratio of la/lb
and the edge conditions of the panel
in question. The maximum negative
edge moment occurs when both
panels adjacent to an edge are fully
loaded; therefore the negative
moment is computed for full Dead
and Live load. Negative moments at
discontinuous (free) edges are
assumed to be 1/3 / of the positive
moment in the same direction.
direction

Coefficient Method

coefficients for Positive Moment
due to Dead Load. Again, the
coefficient used depends on the
ratio of short span to long-span
span as
well as the edge conditions.
Coefficient Method

coefficient for Positive Moment
due to Live Load. This table is used
in the same manner as Table 2. The
reason for the separation of Dead
and Live load positive moments is
due to Live load placement to
achieve maximum effect. effect For live
load, the maximum positive
moment in the panel occurs when
the full live load is on the panel and
not on any adjacent panel. panel This
produces rotations at all
continuous edges of the panel
which require restraining
moments. Dead load across all the
panels creates rotations that cancel
each other out (or closely enough).

Coefficient Method
o Table 4 provides the coefficients for

determining shear in the slab and
loads on edge beams.
Direct Design Method

o The limitations of the applicability of the Direct Design Method in accordance
e to NSCP
2015 408.10.2
1. There shall be at least three continuous spans in each direction
2. Successive span lengths measured center-to-center

-to of supports in each direction
shall not differ by more than one-third
one the longer span.
3. Panels shall be rectangular with the ratio of longer to shorter panel dimensions,
measured center to center of supports, not exceed 2
4. Column offset shall not exceed 10% of the span in direction of offset from either axis
between centerlines of successive columns.
5. All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel.
6. Unfactored live load shall not exceed two times the unfactored dead load.

o The limitations of the applicability of the Direct Design Method in accordance
e to NSCP
2015 408.10.2
7. For a panel with beams between supports on all sides, the following conditions shall
be satisfied for beams in the two perpendicular directions
Where:
Ecb & Ecs = moduli elasticity of the

beam and slab concrete (usually the
same)
Ib & Is = moments of inertia of the

effective beam and the slab
f1 & f2 = are used to identify

computed for the directions of 1 and
2 , respectively.
Relative
tive
ve
e stiff
stiffness
ffnesss of b
beam and slab

Static Moment at Factored Loads
Total factored static moment, Mo, for a span shall be calculated for a strip bounded
laterally by the panel centerline on each side of the centerline of supports.
supports
The absolute sum of positive and average negative Mu in each direction shall be at
least:
Where:
W
n = clear span length in the direction that moments are considered, shall extend
from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets, or walls,
0.65 1
2 = if the transverse span of panels on either side of the centerline of supports varies,
2 shall be taken as the average of adjacent transverse spans.

Example
Determine the total factored static moment in a loaded span in

the equivalent rigid frame whose width is 6.1 m. LL = 5.76 kPa; Slab
thickness is 160 mm, long beam = 350 x 700 mm; short beam =
300 x 600 mm; column = 375 mm x 375 mm
Calculate Total Static Design Moment
Clear Span:

Example

300 x 600 mm; column = 375 mm x 375 mm
Clear Span:
7.6 m

Example

300 x 600 mm; column = 375 mm x 375 mm
Clear Span:
3.8 m

Moments at Critical Sections
For interior spans, the total static moment is apportioned between the critical positive
and negative bending sections according to the following ratios:
Negative Factored moment

me = 0.65 Mo
Positive Factored
ored momen
moment = 0.35 Mo
Distribution of total static moment Mo to critical sections for positive and negative bending
Dis
Moments at Critical Sections
For end spans, the total static moment shall be distributed in accordance with Table
408.10.4.2

+0.63Mo
-0.75Mo

+0.57Mo
-0.16Mo -0.70Mo

+0.52Mo
-0.26Mo
-0 -0.70Mo

+0.50Mo
-0.30Mo -0.70Mo

+0.35Mo
CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE -0.65Mo -0.65Mo

Lateral Distribution of Moments
Design moments must distribute across the critical sections
Distribution of total negative or positive moment between slab middle

dle strips, slab col.
Strips and beams depends on:
a. Ratio l2/l1
b. Relative stiffness of beam and slab
c. Degree of torsional restraint provided by the edge of beam
l1 = span in the direction

ctiion of the moment analysis
l2 = span in lateral direction
reecti measured center to center of support

Relative stiffness of beam and slab
Where:
Ecb & Ecs = moduli elasticity of the beam

and slab concrete (usually the same) Portion
ortion of the slab to be included with
th b
beam.
Ib & Is = moments of inertia of the effective
a. Symmetricic
beam and the slab
bw + 2hw bw + 8hf
f1 = , direction of l1
f2 = , direction of l2 b. One-sided
hw 4hf
Ib = based on effective cross-section
b = width bet. panel centerlines on each
side of the beam
Relative stiffness of beam and slab

Relative restraint provided by the torsional resistance of the effective transverse

edge beam
Where:
Wh
here:
Is = moment of inertia of slab spanning

in direction l1
C = torsional rigidity of the effective
transverse beam
C is larg
largest
gest of:
f:
1. Portion of slab width having equal width to that of column, bracket, or capital in the direction in
which moments are taken.
taken
2. The portion of the slab specified in 1 plus that part of any transverse beam above and below the
slab.
3. The transverse beam defines as shown in the figure.

Torsional Rigidity of the effective transverse beam
o Constant C is calculated by dividing the section into its components rectangles, each
having
x = smaller dimension
nsion
y = larger dimension
mension
and summing all the contribution

Torsional Rigidity of the effective

transverse beam
men n
ension
Note: Choose Larger

arge C

Column-strip
strip moment, portion of total moment at critical section
Note: Linear Interpolation shall

all be
made between values shown.
Note For Floor systems without

Note:
interior beams, f1 = 0
inte

Moment on beams
If a beam is present in the column strip,
The beam moment is 85% of

the column strip
The beam moment is 0%;

100% is assigned to slab
10
Interpolation shall be made

Minimum Thickness of Slabs
Slabs without Interior Beams
Note: ln = clear span in the long direction



In all cases, the minimum thickness of slabs without interior beams must not be less
than the ff:
For slabs without drop panels 5 in (125

25 mm)
For slabs
abs with d
drop panels 4 in (100
00 mm)

Slabs with Beams on All Sides
Where:
W
fm = ave. value of
fm f for all beams on the edges of
+ a given panel
ln = clear span in the long direction
+ =

Example
A two-way reinforced concrete building floor system is composed of slab panels measuring 6 m x 7.5 m in plan,
supported by shallow column-line beams cast monolithically with the slab, as shown in the figure below.
below Using
concrete f'c = 28 MPa and steel with fy = 420 MPa, design a typical exterior panel to carry a service live load of
7.0 kN/m2 in addition to the self-weight of the floor.

Choose Slab Thickness
Choose trial thickness of slab
Trial Thickness = 180 mm
Check Minimum Thickness +
Clear Spans:
+
180 > 165.98 (ok)
180 > 90 (ok)

Check if is correct.
Calculate relative stiffness of beams and slabs,

:
350 320 o Centroid:

For edge beams:
y 180
500
320
o Inertia, Ib Interior
Edge
Beam
Beam

o Centroid:

:
For interior beams:

320 320
y 180
500
320
350 Interior
o Inertia, Ibc Edge
Beam
Beam


:
3.925
For 3.925 m slab strip:
180
350 3.925


:
6.0
For 6 m width slab strip: 6000
180
320
350

7.5

:
For 7.5 m width slab strip: 7500
180
320
350


:
For edge beam: Average stiffness,
For two 7.5 m beams: (ok)
For 6.0 m beam:

Loadings
Calculate pressure loading:
7.5 m
5.65 m
For Short Span
ln = clear span length in the direction that moments Clear Span:

are considered, shall extend from face to face of
columns, capitals, brackets, or walls ( ln 0.65 l1 )
l2 = if the transverse span of panels on either side of
the centerline of supports varies, l2 shall be taken
as the average of adjacent transverse spans.

For Short Span
Distribution of Moments (Col Strips, Middle Strips, Beam)
Column
Strips
-0.65Mo
-0.6
2.25 2d 2.25
For interior span,

+ 0.35Mo
Negative Factored Moment

Positive Factored Moment
-0.65M
Column Strips 7.5

Mo
Middle
Strips

For Short Span
Column Strips
Interior Negative Moment: 1.0 1.25 2.0

0.75 x 0.45
Positive Moment:
1.0 1.25 2.0
0.75 x 0.45

For Short Span
Beam
For Beams = 0.85

For Short Span
Summary of Distribution of Moments
Column
Strips
-0.65Mo
-0.6
Negative Factored Moment 2.25 2d 2.25
Column Strips (-) Moment =
+ 0.35Mo
Column Strips (+) Moment =
Beam (-) Moment =
-0.65M
Beam (+) Moment = 7.5
Mo
Interior
nte Slab-Beam Strip (6.0 m span)
an) Middle
Strips
Beam Moment
ome Column-Strip
umn Middle Strip
Slab Moment
Mom Slab Moment
Negative
egati 184.217 kN-m
184 N-m Column Beam = 0.65Mo Column =
32.509 kN-m 101.989 kN-m
Positive 99.194 kN-m Column Beam = 0.35Mo Column =
17.505 kN-m 54.917 kN-m

For Short Span
For Short Span

5.65 m

3.925 m
columns, capitals, brackets, or walls ( ln 0
0.65 l1 )

For Short Span

Middle
Column Strips
i
Strips
-0.65Mo
-0.6
d 2.425
For interior span,
5.65 m
+ 0.35Mo
-0.65M
Column Strips 3.925 m
Mo

For Short Span
Column Strips

0.75 x 0.45
Positive Moment:
1.0 1.25 2.0
0.75 x 0.45
Beam
For Beams = 0.85

For Short Span
Summary of Distribution of Moments

Middle
Column Strips
i
Strips
-0.65Mo
-0.6
d 2.425
Column Strips (-) Moment =
5.65 m
+ 0.35Mo
Beam (-) Moment =
-0.65M
Beam (+) Moment = 3.925 m
Mo
Exterior Slab-Beam Strip (6.0 m span)
Exte an)
Beam Moment
ome Column-Strip
umn Middle Strip
Slab Moment
Mom Slab Moment
Negative
egati 96.407 kN-m
96 N-m Column Beam = 0.65Mo Column =
17.013 kN-m 53.374 kN-m
Positive 51.911 kN-m Column Beam = 0.35Mo Column =
9.161 kN-m 28.740 kN-m

For Long Span
Calculate Total Static Design Moment 6.0 m
7.15 m
columns, capitals, brackets, or walls ( ln 0
0.65 l1 )

For Long Span Middle
Strips
Distribution of Moments (Col Strips, Middle Strips, Beam) Column
Strips
1.5
For end span, 2d

6.0 m
Exterior Negative Factored Moment 1.5
7.15 m
Interior Negative Factored Moment
Column Strips
+ 0.57Mo
-0.16Mo -0.70Mo

+0.57Mo
-0.16Mo -0.70Mo

670
For Long Span
350 320
Distribution of Moments (Col Strips, Middle Strips, Beam) Case A
180
Column Strips
320
350
Relative restraint provided by the torsional resistance of the
effective transverse edge beam
For the interior 670

6.0
6 0 m width) 350 320
Torsional Rigidity of Effective Transverse Beam
Case B
180
320
350

Torsional Rigidity of the effective

transverse beam
men n
ension
Note: Choose Larger

arge C

For Long Span

Column Strips

0.90 x 0.75
Exterior Negative Moment:

Positive Moment:
0.50 1.0 0.50 0.80 1.0
0 1.00 0 1.00 0.970 x 0.925 0.50 0.80 1.0
0.754 X1 0.754 X2 0.90 x 0.75
2.5 0.90 2.5 0.75

For Long Span

Beam
For Beams = 0.85

Strips
Summary of Distribution of Moments Column
Strips
1.5
Exterior Negative Positive Interior Negative 2d

6.0 m
Moment in - 0.16 Mo 0.57 Mo - 0.70 Mo
1.5
one Panel
Column Strip 0.94 (-0.16
( Mo) 0.81 (0.57 Mo) 0.81 (-0.70
( Mo) 7.15 m
Middle Strip 0.06 (-0.16 Mo) 0.19 (0.57 Mo) 0.19 (-0.70 Mo)
Beams 0.85 [0.94(-0.16 Mo)] 0.85 [0.81 (0.57 Mo)] 0.85 [0.81 (-0.70
0.70 Mo)]
Slab (0.94 - 0.85(0.94)) (-0.16

0.16 Mo) (0.81 0.85(0.81)) (0.57 Mo) (0.81 0.85(0.81)) (-0.70 Mo) + 0.57Mo
-0.16Mo -0.70Mo

Strips
Strips
Ext. Negative Factored Moment 1.5
Int. Negative Factored Moment 2d

6.0 m
Positive Factored Moment 1.5
Column Strips Ext. ((-)) Moment =
Column Strips Int. (-) Moment = 7.15 m

Beam Ext. ((-) Moment =
Beam Int. ((-) Moment =

Beam (+) Moment = + 0.57Mo
-0.16Mo -0.70Mo

Strips
Strips
Slab-Beam Strip (7.5 m span)
1.5
Beam Moment Column-Strip M
Middle Strip
Slab Moment
S Slab Moment
S 2d
6.0 m
Exterior Negative 80.308
8 kN-m 14.172 kN-m 6.061 kN-m
1.5
Positive 246.531
531 k
kN-m 43.506 kN-m 68.033 kN-m
6
7.15 m
Interiorr Negative
ve
e 302.757
57 kN-m
kN 53.428 kN-m 83.550 kN-m
83
+ 0.57Mo
-0.16Mo -0.70Mo

Reinforcements
Column
Strips Middle
Strips
For 7.5 m span (2 half column strips - exterior negative moment)

1.5
Using 12 mm bar:
3
1.5
7.15 m
For fy = 420 MPa:

Area of reinforcements, As:
min (for actual effective depth): Using 12 mm bar:
< min (Use min)

Reinforcements
Column
Strips Middle
Strips
For 7.5 m span (2 half column strips - interior negative moment)

1.5
Using 12 mm bar:
3
1.5
7.15 m
For fy = 420 MPa:

> min (Use )


Reinforcements
Column
Strips Middle
Strips
For 7.5 m span (Middle Strips Exterior Negative Moment))

1.5
Using 12 mm bar:
3
1.5
7.15 m
For fy = 420 MPa:

< min (Use min)

Reinforcements
Middle
Strips
1.5 4.5 1.5

For 6.0 m span (Exterior half column strip Negative Moment
Moment))
Using 12 mm bar:
5.65 m
Column
Strips
For fy = 420 MPa:

< min (Use min)


Reinforcements
Middle
Strips
1.5 4.5 1.5

For 6.0 m span (Middle Strip Negative Moment))
Using 12 mm bar:
5.65 m
Choose larger Column

Strips
For fy = 420 MPa:

> min (Use )

Reinforcements
Middle
Strips
1.5 4.5 1.5

For 6.0 m span (Interior half column strip Negative Moment))
Using 12 mm bar:
5.65 m
Column
Strips
For fy = 420 MPa:

> min (Use )


Reinforcements
N o. of
o
Location Mu (kN-m) b d Rn min As (mm 2 ) 12
2 mm
bars
Exterior
7.5 m Span (2 Negative 14.172 2.65 142 0.294690456 0.000706 0.002282 858.7166 8
half- column Positive 43.506 2.65 142 0.904657282 0.0021965 0.002282 858.7166 8
strips) Interior
Negative 53.428 2.65 142 1.110973872 0.00271 0.002282 1019.773 10
Exterior
Negative 6.061 3 142 0.111327852 0.0002657 0.002282 972.132 9
7.5 m Span -
Positive 68.033 3 142 1.249623458 0.0030578 0.002282 1302.6228 12
Middle Strips
Interior
Negative 83.55 3 142 1.534638189 0.00378 0.002282 1610.28 15
6.0 m Span
(Exterior half- Negative 17.013 1.325 154 0.601562939 0.0014509 0.002104 429.3212 4
column strip Positive 9.161 1.325 154 0.323923946 0.0007766 0.002104 429.3212 4
6.0 m Span
Negative 101.989 4.5 154 1.06183459 0.0025872 0.002104 1792.9296 16
(Middle Strip)
Positive 54.917 4.5 154 0.571755485 0.0013781 0.002104 1458.072 13
6.0 m Span
(Interior half- Negative 32.509 1.325 154 1.149486251 0.0028064 0.002104 572.64592 6
column strip Positive 17.505 1.325 154 0.618959575 0.0014934 0.002104 429.3212 4

08 CE 015 - Two Way Slab - Stu - 02

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Principles of

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Special reinforcement at exterior corners of a beam-supported two-way slab.

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Flat Plate Flat Slab

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

l1 = span in the direction of the moment analysis

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Lmin /4 Lmin /4 Lmin /4 Lmin /4

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

o There are 3 approaches in designing a two-way slab:

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

o Table 1 gives the moment

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

o Table 2 gives the moment

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

o Table 3 gives the moment

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

o Table 4 provides the coefficients for

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

1. There shall be at least three continuous spans in each direction

2. Successive span lengths measured center-to-center

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Ecb & Ecs = moduli elasticity of the

Ib & Is = moments of inertia of the

f1 & f2 = are used to identify

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Determine the total factored static moment in a loaded span in

Calculate Total Static Design Moment

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

Determine the total factored static moment in a loaded span in

Calculate Total Static Design Moment

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Determine the total factored static moment in a loaded span in

Calculate Total Static Design Moment

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

Negative Factored moment

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE -0.65Mo -0.65Mo

Distribution of total negative or positive moment between slab middle

l1 = span in the direction

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method

Relative stiffness of beam and slab

Ecb & Ecs = moduli elasticity of the beam

Relative stiffness of beam and slab

CE 015 PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Direct Design Method