EL FILIBUSTERISMO

I. The novel and it’s History

II. Objectives of Dr. Jose Rizal
III. Synopsis
IV. Characters
V. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
compared
VI. Mga Pahiwatig ng bawat Kabanata.
I. The Novel
 EL FILIBUSTERISMO

• It is the second novel written by

José Rizal as the sequel to Noli
Me Tangere.
• Like Noli Me Tangere, it was
written in Spanish.
• “The reign of Greed” in English
• It consist of 38 chapters
Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo
to the three martyred priests of
Cavite mutiny. The execution of
the three priests was significant
to the title of the novel.
The title
Rizal had to define the word filibustero to his German friend
Ferdinand Blumentritt, who did not understand his use of the
word in Noli MeTangere. In a letter, Rizal explained:

"The word filibustero is little known in the Philippines. The

masses do not know it yet. I heard it for the first time in 1872
when the tragic executions took place.”
“Istill remember the panic that this word
created. Our father forbade us to utter it, as
well as the words Cavite, Burgos, etc. The
Manila newspapers and the Spaniards apply
this word to one whom they want to make are
volutionary suspect.”
“The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the
reach of the word. It does not have the meaning of
freebooters; it rather means a dangerous patriot who
will soon be hanged or well, a presumptuous man."
Jose Alejandro, one of the new Filipinos who had
been quite intimate with Rizal, said, "in writing the Noli
Rizal signed his own death warrant." Subsequent
events, after the fate of the Noli was sealed by the
Spanish authorities, prompted Rizal to write the
continuation of his first novel. He confessed, however,
that regretted very much having killed Elias instead of
Ibarra, reasoning that when he published the Noli his
health was very much broken, and was very unsure of
being able to write the continuation and speak of a
revolution.
Explaining to Marcelo H. del Pilar his inability to
contribute articles to the La Solidaridad, Rizal said
that he was haunted by certain sad presentiments,
and that he had been dreaming almost every night of
dead relatives and friends a few days before his 29th
birthday, that is why he wanted to finish the second
part of the Noli at all costs.
Consequently, as expected of a determined character,
Rizal apparently went in writing, for to his friend,
Blumentritt, he wrote on March 29, 1891: "I have
finished my book. Ah! I’ve not written it with any idea
of vengeance against my enemies, but only for the
good of those who suffer and for the rights of Tagalog
humanity, although brown and not good-looking."
To a Filipino friend in Hong Kong, Jose Basa, Rizal
likewise eagerly announced the completion of his
second novel. Having moved to Ghent to have the
book published at cheaper cost, Rizal once more
wrote his friend, Basa, in Hongkong on July 9, 1891: "I
am not sailing at once, because I am now printing the
second part of the Noli here, as you may see from the
enclosed pages. I prefer to publish it in some other
way before leaving Europe, for it seemed to me a pity
not to do so.
For the past three months I have not received a single
centavo, so I have pawned all that I have in order to
publish this book. I will continue publishing it as long
as I can; and when there is nothing to pawn I will stop
and return to be at your side."
Inevitably, Rizal’s next letter to Basa contained the
tragic news of the suspension of the printing of the
sequel to his first novel due to lack of funds, forcing
him to stop and leave the book half-way. "It is a pity,"
he wrote Basa, "because it seems to me that this
second part is more important than the first, and if I do
not finish it here, it will never be finished."
Fortunately, Rizal was not to remain in despair for
long. A compatriot, Valentin Ventura, learned of Rizal’s
predicament. He offered him financial assistance.
Even then Rizal’s was forced to shorten the novel
quite drastically, leaving only thirty-eight chapters
compared to the sixty-four chapters of the first novel.
Rizal moved to Ghent, and writes Jose Alejandro. The
sequel to Rizal’s Noli came off the press by the middle
of September, 1891.On the 18th he sent Basa two
copies, and Valentin Ventura the original manuscript
and an autographed printed copy.
Inspired by what the word filibustero connoted in
relation to the circumstances obtaining in his time, and
his spirits dampened by the tragic execution of the
three martyred priests, Rizal aptly titled the second
part of the Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo. In
veneration of the three priests, he dedicated the book
to them.
"To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez
(85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and
Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in the
Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872."

"The church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed

in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the
Government, by surrounding your trials with mystery
and shadows causes the belief that there was some
error, committed in fatal moments; and all the
Philippines, by worshipping your memory and calling
you martyrs, in no sense recognizes your culpability.
In so far, therefore, as your complicity in the Cavite
Mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or may not
have been patriots, and as you may or may not
cherished sentiments for justice and for liberty, I have
the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the
evil which I undertake to combat. And while we await
expectantly upon Spain some day to restore your
good name and cease to be answerable for your
death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried
leaves over one who without clear proofs attacks your
memory stains his hands in your blood."
Rizal’s memory seemed to have failed him, though, for
Father Gomez was then 73 not 85, Father Burgos 35
not 30 Father Zamora 37 not 35; and the date of
execution 17th not 28th.

The FOREWORD of the Fili was addressed to his

beloved countrymen, thus:

"TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE AND THEIR

GOVERNMENT“

Source: http://www.joserizal.ph/fi01.html
• Rizal took 3 years to write his second novel.

• Rizal began writing El Filibusterismo in October 1887

while he was in Calamba.

• In London (1888), he revised the plot and some

chapters. Rizal continued to work on his manuscript in
Paris.

• He later moved to Brussels where the cost of living was

cheaper and he would be less likely to be distracted by
social events so he could focus on finishing the book.
• He finally completed the book on March 29, 1891 in
Biarritz.

• September 18, 1891- the novel was published in Ghent,

partially funded by Rizal’s friend Valentin Ventura. Rizal
immediately sent on this date two printed copies to
Hong- Kong, one for Basa and other for Sixto Lopez.

• Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an

autographed printed copy to Valentin Ventura.
• Rizal sent complimentary copies to Blumentritt, Mariano
Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, T.H. Pardo de
Tavera, Juan Luna and other friends.
• The El Nuevo Regimen-liberal Madrid newspaper serialized
the novel in its issues of October 1891.
• Original manuscript of El filibusterismo in Rizal’s own
handwriting is now preserved in the Filipiniana Division of
the Bureau of Public libraries in Manila.
• • Acquired by Philippine government from Valentin Ventura
for 10,000 pesos.•
• Consists of 279 pages of long sheets paper
OBJECTIVES OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
IN WRITING THE NOVEL
 1.To defend Filipino people from foreign accusations of
foolishness and lack of knowledge.

2. To show how the Filipino people live during Spanish colonial

period and the cries and woes of his countrymen against abusive
officials.

3. To discuss what religion and belief can really do to everyday

lives.

4.To expose the cruelties, graft and corruption of the false

government and honestly show the wrong doings of Filipinos that
led to further failure.
SYNOPSIS OF
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
The book narrates the return of
the protagonist of Noli Me
Tangere, Crisostomo Ibarra,
under the disguise of a wealthy
jeweler named Simoun.
Disillusioned by the abuses of
the Spanish, Ibarra abandons
his pacifist beliefs in order to
return to the Philippines and
start a violent revolution.
Noli Me Tangere’s
Basilio, now a young
man and a skilled
medical student, is
recruited by Ibarra to aid
him in detoning a bomb
at a social gathering,
signaling the beginning
of the
revolution.
However, Basilio warns his friend Isagani. Realizing
that the woman he loves is in the building, Isagani
throws the bomb into the river, averting the explosion
and the revolution. Implicated in these matters, Simoun
commits suicide by taking poison and finds resting
place at the home of a priest, Father Florentino, who
hears his last confession and assures him that not all
hope is lost.
The priest (Father Florentino),
upon Simoun’s death, commends
the jewels into the sea, remarking
that the jewels once used to bribe
and corrupt people, would one
day be hopefully found to be used
for a meaningful purpose.
 SIMOUN - Crisostomo Ibarra in
disguise, left for dead at the end
of Noli me tangere. Ibarra has
resurfaced as the wealthy jeweler,
Simoun, sporting a beard, blue-tinted
glasses, and a revolver. Fueled by his
mistreatment at the hands of the
Spaniards and his fury at Maria
Clara's fate, Simoun secretly plans a
revolution to seek revenge against
those who wronged him..
MARIA CLARA - She is the girlfriend of Ibarra. She is the
daughter of Kapitan Tiago and Dona Pia Alba, but
biologically, her father is Padre Damaso
BASILIO - Son of Sisa and another
character from Noli Me Tangere.
After his mother's death, he became
a vagabond until Captain Tiago took
him in out of pity and hired him as
a houseboy in exchange for sending
him to school. In the events of the
book, he is a graduating medical
student who discovered Simoun's
true identity and befriended him. His
girlfriend is Juli.
 JULI – Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the
youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. To claim her father
from the bandits, she had to work as a maid under the
supervision of Hermana Penchang. Eventually, she was
freed but committed suicide after Father Camorra attempted
to rape her.
ISAGANI - Basilio's friend and one of the students who planned to set
up a new school. He is very idealistic and hopes for a better future for
the Philippines. His girlfriend was the rich and beautiful Paulita
Gomez, but they broke up once he was arrested. Despite this, his love
for her still endured. He sabotaged Simoun's plans by removing the
lamp that contained explosives and threw it in the waters.
  JUANITO PELAEZ – The son of Don Timoteo Pelaez, a
Spanish businessman, he is also one of the members of
Macaraig’s gang who wish to have the Academia de Castellano
built. He is considered by Isagani as his rival to Paulita Gomez,
the woman whom he fell in love wed in the end. Placido
Peninte considers him as a “good for nothing” classmate.
 PAULITA GOMEZ - The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece
of Dona Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off as
a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio
de Espadana. In the end, she and Juanito Pelaez are
wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that she will have
no future if she marries him.
MACARAIG – One of Isagani’s classmates at the
University of Santo Tomas. He is a rich student and
serves as the leader of the students yearning to build
the Academia de Castellano.
 FATHER CAMORRA -The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San
Diego's adjacent town who has longtime desires for
young women. He nearly raped Juli causing the latter
to commit suicide.
 BEN ZAYB - The pseudonym of Abraham Ibañez, a
journalist who believes he is the "only" one thinking in the
Philippines. Ben-Zayb is an anagram of Ybanez, an
alternate spelling of his name.
DON CUSTODIO - Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de
Monteredondo, a famous "journalist" who was asked by
the students about his decision for the Academia de
Castellano. In reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who
married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manila's
high society.
 PLACIDO PENITENTE - A student of the University of Santo
Tomas who was very intelligent and wise but did not want, if not
only by his mother's plea, to pursue his studies. He also controls
his temper against Padre Millon, his physics teacher. During his
High School days, he was an honor student hailing from
Batangas.
Kabesang Tales - Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de
barangay (barangay head) of Sagpang, a barangay in San Diego's
neighboring town Tiani, who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit
Matanglawin. He is the son of Tandang Selo, and father of Juli and Tano.

Gobernador General - The highest-ranking official in the Philippines

during the Spanish colonial period, this unnamed character pretends
that what he is doing is for the good of the Indios, the local citizens of
the country, but in reality, he prioritizes the needs of his fellow
Spaniards living in the country.

Father Florentino - Isagani's godfather, and a secular priest; was

engaged to be married, but chose to be a priest after being pressured by
his mother, the story hinting at the ambivalence of his decision as he
chooses an assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the sea.
He took in Don Tiburcio de Espandaña when he was hiding from his wife,
Donya Victorina.
Quiroga - A Chinese businessman who dreamed of being a
consul for his country in the Philippines. He hid Simoun's
weapons inside his house.

Father Fernández - The priest-friend of Isagani. He promised

to Isagani that he and the other priests will give in to the
students' demands.

Pecson - classmate who had no idea on the happenings

occurring around him. He suggested that they held the
mock celebration at the panciteria
Doña Victorina - Victorina delos Reyes de Espadaña, known in Noli Me
Tangere as Tiburcio de Espadaña's cruel wife. She is the aunt of Paulita
Gomez, and favors Juanito Pelaez over Isagani. She is searching for her
husband, who has left her and is in hiding. Although of Indio heritage, she
considers herself as one of the Peninsular.

Sandoval - The vice-leader of Macaraig's gang. A Spanish classmate

of Isagani, he coerces his classmates to lead alongside him the
opening of the Spanish language academy.

Father Bernardo Salvi- Former parish priest of San Diego in Noli Me

Tangere, now the director and chaplain of the Santa Clara convent.
Pepay - Don Custodio's supposed "girlfriend". A dancer, she
is always agitated of her "boyfriend"'s plans. She seems to
be a close friend of Macaraig.

Father Hernando de la Sibyla - A Dominican friar introduced

in Noli Me Tangere, now the vice-rector of the University of
Santo Tomas.

Father Írene - Captain Tiago's spiritual adviser. Although

reluctant, he helped the students to establish the Academia de
Castellano after being convinced by giving him a chestnut.
The only witness to Captain Tiago's death, he forged the last
will and testament of the latter so Basilio will obtain nothing
from the inheritance.
OTHER CHARACTERS:

 Hermana Penchang  Father Millon

 Tiburcio de Espadana
 Tadeo
 Don Timoteo Pelaez
 Leeds
 Tandang Selo
 Tano
 Hermana bali
Tiburcio de Espadaña - Don Tiburcio is Victorina de Espadaña's
lame husband. He is currently in hiding at Father Florentino's.

Hermana Penchang - Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She offers

Juli to be her maid so the latter can obtain money to free Kabesang
Tales. Disbelieving of Juli and her close friends, she considers
herself as an ally of the friars.

Don Timoteo Pelaez - Juanito's father. He is a rich businessmen

and arranges a wedding for his son and Paulita. He and Simoun
became business partners.

Tandang Selo - Father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of Tano

and Juli. He raised the sick and young Basilio after he left their house
in Noli me tangere. He died in an encounter on the mountains with his
son Tales, when he was killed by a battalion that included his own
grandson, Tano.
Hermana Báli - Another gambler in Tiani. She became Juli's mother-figure and
counselor; helped to release Kabesang Tales from the hands of bandits.

Father Millon - The Physics teacher of the University of Santo Tomas. He

always becomes vindictive with Placido and always taunts him during class.

Tadeo - Macaraig's classmate. He, along with the other three members of
their gang, supposedly posted the posters that "thanked" Don Custodio and
Father Irene for the opening of the Academia de Castellano.

Leeds - An American who holds stage plays starring severed heads; he is

good friends with Simoun.

Tano - Kabesang Tales's elder son after his older sister, Lucia died in
childhood. He took up the pseudonym "Carolina" after returning from exile in
the Caroline Islands, and became a civil guard. He was among the battalion
killed his grandfather, Selo, who was part of a group of an attacking rebels.
 NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL
FILIBUSTERISMO COMPARED
Noli me tangere El filibusterismo

A romantic novel A political novel

A book of the heart A work of the head

A book of feeling A book of thought

It contains bitterness,
color, humor and hatred,
It has freshness pain, violence
intelligence and sorrow

Contains 64 Contains 34
Chapters Chapters
 MGA PAHIWATIG SA
BAWAT KABANATA NG
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
KABANATA 1: SA KUBYERTA
• Ang bapor Tabo’y larawan ng ating pamahalaan, ng ating
bayan. Mahina ang pagtakbo at maraming balakid sa landas na
ang ibig sabihi’y mahina ang pag-unlad. Marami pang dapat
gawin upang sumulong ang bansa.
• Ang mga taong sakay ng bapor ay may dalawang kinalalagyan;
ang kubyerta at ang ilalim nito. Ang pamahalaan ay
nagpapalagay na may mataas at mababang uri ng tao.
• Si Simoun, ang mayamang mag-aalahas na siyang tagapayo ng
kapitan heneral, ay walang iba kundi si Ibarra.
KABANATA 2: SA ILALIM NG KUBYERTA
• Ang mga kabataan ay masigasig sa kanilang mga balak. Humahanap
sila ng mga paraan upang maisakatuparan ang kanilang mga adhika.
Lipos ng pag-asa ang mga kabataan.

• Mapupusok ang kanilang kalooban. Hayagang sinasagot nang

makahulugan si Simoun gayung ang pagkakakilala nila’y malapit sa
kapitan heneral.
• Ang pagpapari ni Pare Florentino dahil sa kagustuhan ng ina ay
nagpapakita ng kapangyarihan ng mga magulang sa anak noong
unang panahon. Anumang bagay na naisin ng magulang maging
laban man sa kalooban ng anak ay nasusunod.
KABANATA 3: ANG MGA ALAMAT
• Ayon sa alamat, Si Donya Geronima ay tumanda dahil sa
kahihintay sa kaniyang kasintahan. Ito’y nagpapahayag ng
pagkamatapat ng babaing Pilipina.
• Maalamat ang ating bansa. Hindi lamang Pasig ang mayroon.
Halos lahat ng bayan pati na ang pinagmulan ng mga bagay,
halaman o tao.
KABANATA 4: KABESANG TALES
• Ang pagkakaagaw ng Korporasyon sa lupain ni Tales ay
nagpapahiwatig ng mga kasamaang umiiral noong panahon ng
Kastila.
• Ang paghahanda ni Kabesang Tales ng baril, gulok o palakol ay
nagpapakitang handang ipakipaglaban ng mga Pilipino ang
kanilang karapatan.
• May mga Pilipino ring nagpapahirap sa kapuwa Pilipino. Nariyan
ang mga tulisang dumakip kay Kabesang Tales upang ito’y
ipatubos.
KABANATA 5: ANG NOCHE BUENA NG ISANG
KUTSERO
• Ang kaawaawang mga Pilipino’y tumatanggap ng mabigat na
parusa sa kaunting pagkukulang. Malulupit ang maraming mga
nasa tungkulin.
• Malaki ang pagnanais ni Kapitan Basiliong makasundo ang kura
at alperes. Sila ang makapangyarihan sa bayan.
KABANATA 6: SI BASILIO
• Ang pagpapaalila ni Basilio upang makapag-aral ay nagpapakita
ng pagpapahalaga ni Rizal sa Karunungan. Maging ano mang
uri ng gawain basta’t marangal ay kailangang pasukan upang
makatapos ng pag-aaral. Kailangan ang pagtitiis, pagtitiyaga at
pagsusumigasig upang matuto.
• Sa kabanatang ito’y napabulaanan ang kasabihang kung ano
ang puno’y soyang bunga. Si Basilio ay may mga mabubuting
katangiang kabaligtaran ng sa ama.
KABANATA 7: SIMOUN
• Ang lahat ng pag-uusap sa kabanatang ito’y mahalaga.
Isinisiwalat dito ang buong diwa, kaisipan, damdamin at mga
mithiin ng may akda para sa kaniyang bayan.
• Nalalarawan din dito ang dalawang pangkat ng mga Pilipino na
humihingi ng pagbabago. Ang isa’y humihiling na maging bahagi
ang Pilipinas ng Espanya at ang isa nama’y nagnanais
humiwalay upang maging ganap na malaya.
KABANATA 8: MALIGAYANG PASKO
• -Ang mga Pilipino ay mapaniwalain sa mga himala. Ang
paghahanap ni Huli ng Salaping inaasahang ibibgay ng Birhen
ay kaigsian ng pag-iisip. Ibig ipaunawa ni Rizal na nasa tao ang
gawa at nasa Diyos ang awa.
• Ang pagkapipi ni Tandang Selo Ay nagpapahiwatig ng pagkaka-
alis sa mga Pilipino ng kalayaang magpahayag ng kanilang nais
sabihin.
KABANATA 9: ANG MGA PILATO
• Masalapi at makapangyarihan ang korporasyon. Walang
Pilipinong maaaring lumaban dito noong panahong iyon.
• Si Pilato ang siyang naggawad ng hatol na si Hesus ay ipako sa
krus. Siya’y naghugas ng kamay at sinabibg siya’y walang
kasalanan.
KABANATA 10: KARANGYAAN AT KARALITAAN
• Ang isinasama ng mga mamamayan ay nasa mga taong
namamahala.
• Ang mga Pilipino’y handang magbuwis ng buhay alang-alang sa
kanilang karapatan.
KABANATA 11: LOS BANOS
• Magkasamang nagpapasiya ang mga prayle at ang
pamahalaan, karaniwang nananaig pa ang pasiya ng mga
prayle.
• Magkaiba ang pamamalakad ng mga Dominiko at mga Heswita.

• Ang panunuyo sa mga may kapangyarihan ay kaugalian nating

mga Pilipino.
KABANATA 12: SI PLACIDO PENITENTE

• Ang di pantay-pantay na pagtingin ng guro sa mag-aaral ay

hindi nararapat sapagkat ito’y nagiging dahilan ng pagkawala ng
kawilihan ng mga mag-aaral at ng di-paggalang ng mga ito sa
guro.
KABANATA 13: ANG KLASE SA PISIKA
• Ang mga mag-aaral noong panahong iyon ay hindi nasisiyahan
sa pamamalakad at pamamaraan ng pagtuturo sa pamantasan.
Sila’y naghain ng kahilingan upang magkaroon ng pagbabago.
• Ang malaking laboratoryo sa Pisika ay laging inihahanda sa
mga panauhing darating at hindi sa pag-aaral. Isa ito sa sakit ng
ating lipunan-ang pakitang tao.
KABANATA 14: SA BAHAY NG MGA MAG-AARAL
• Si Sandoval ay larawan ng mga kastilang may malasakit sa
ating bayan at pagpapahalaga sa mga Pilipino.
• Ang pagitang inilalagay ng pulitika sa mga lahi ay nawawala sa
mga paaralan, na wari’y nalulusaw sa init ng kabataan at
karunungan. Magandang halimbawa si Sandoval, isang
Kastilang naging kasama’t kamag-aral nina Isagani at Makaraig.
KABANATA 15: SI GINOONG PASTA
• Upang mailapit at makahingi ng tulong sa isang taong
makapangyarihan, kailangang hanapin muna ang kaibigan o
kinaaalang-alangan nito; isang sakit ng lipunan na ngayon ay
palasak.
• Maraming taong tumitigin sa pansariling kapakanan at
winawalng bahala ang ikabubuti ng bayan.
KABANATA 16: ANG KASAWIAN NG ISANG INTSIK
• Ang pagtanggap ng suhol ng mga nanunungkulan sa
pamahalaan at ang pagsasamantala sa mga lumalapit sa kanila
ay nakapagdaragdag ng paghihirap ng bayan. Ito ang
pinakamalubhang sakit ng lipunan sa ngayon.
KABANATA 17: ANG PERYA SA QUIAPO
• Masining ang mga Pilipino. At sa dahilang ang singing ay
kinakikitaan ng damdamin at ng iniisip ng gumagawa nito,
makikitang ang nalalarawan sa kanilang mga inukit ay ayon sa
mga pangyayari noong panahong yaon.
KABANATA 18: ANG MGA PANLILINLANG
• Ang mga bagay na nabanggit ng ulo ay tumutukoy sa
pangyayaring nagaganap noong panahon ng Kastila.
• Ang pagkatakot at tuluyang pagkakahimatay ni Pari Salvi ay
nagpapakilala ng pagtanggap ng mga prayle sa kanilang
kasamaa’t pagkakasala.
KABANATA 19: ANG MITSA
• Ang di-mabuting pagtingin ng Kastila sa mga Pilipino ay siyang
nagtataboy sa huli upang maghimagsik.
• Ang layunin ng maraming magulang sa pagpapaaral sa kanilang
anak upang maipagmalaki at masabing sila’y magulang ng
isang nakapag-aral at nagkatitulo.
KABANATA 20: ANG NAGPAPALAGAY
• Mataas ang pagpapalagay ng mga Pilipino sa mga banyaga.
Agad-agad tayong humahanga. Hindi na natin sinusuri ang
kanilang mga tunay na pagkatao at kakayahan.
• May paniniwala si Rizal na ang tao’y pantay-pantay. Walang
pagkakaiba ang puti at kayumanggi.
KABANATA 21: IBA’T IBANG ANYO NG MAYNILA
• Karaniwan sa maraming tao ang pagwawalang bahala sa
kapakanan ng kapwa at ng bayan. Walang inaalagata ang
marami kundi ang kagalingang pansarili.
KABANATA 22: ANG PALABAS
• Ang kaugaliang pagdating nang huli sa takdang oras at hindi
taal na sa atin. Ginaya lamang natin ito sa mga Kastila.
• Ang mga Pilipino’y mahilig sa mga palabas na buhat sa ibang
lupain. Maging ano mang bagay na gawa ng mga dayuhan ay
tinatangkilik at hinahangaan natin.
KABANATA 23: ISANG BANGKAY
• Ang pagbabalik at balak ni Simoung agawin si Maria Clara sa
kumbento ay nagpapatunay ng kawagasan ng pag-ibig nito; at
ang pagkamatay ng dalaga ay nagpapahiwatig ng pananatili ng
kapangyarihan ng relihiyon sa ating bansa.
KABANATA 24: MGA PANGARAP

• Ang pag-unald na nakikinikinita ni Isagani ay siyang pangarap

ng may-akda para sa kaniyang bayan.
• to’y hindi nanatiling pangarap. Ang lahat ay nagkaroon ng
katuparan.
KABANATA 25: TAWANAN AT IYAKAN
• Ang kapasiyahang ginawa ni Don Custodio tungkol sa
akademya ay isang katunayang ang kabataan ay hindi
binibigyang laya upang gumawa ng mga bagay na ikauunlad ng
sarili at ng bayan.
• Makapangyarihan ang mga prayle dito sa ating bansa. Sa
pamamagitan ng relihiyon, ng pananampalataya, ay
nangyayaring mapasunod at masakop tayo ng lubusan.
KABANATA 26: ANG MGA PASKIL
• Ang mga makapangyarihan ay nakagagawa ng mga paraan
upang masugpo ang anumang kilusang labag sa kanilang
kapakanan.
• Anumang pagsulong ay hinahadlangan nila sapagkat malaki
ang kanilang pagnanasang manatili sa Pilipinas.
KABANATA 27: ANG MGA PRAYLE AT ANG
PILIPINO
• May mga paring marunong umunawa. Hindi lahat ay may
masamang ugali at di-mabuting pagkilala sa mga Pilipino.
KABANATA 28: ANG MGA KATATAKUTAN
• Higit na nakatatakot pagkaminsan ang mga bali-balita kaysa
tunay na pangyayari. Kalimitan, pag-nagpasalin-salin, ito’y
marami nang dagdag.
• Sa kabilang dako, may mga pangyayari namang aring
pagtakpan kahit ng mga pahayagan.
KABANATA 29: MGA HULING SALITA KAY KAPITAN
TIYAGO
• Ang huling habilin ay nabago na ayon sa nais ni Pare Irene.
• Lubos ang paniniwala ng mga tao noon sa mga himala; isa sa
mga bagay na idiniin sa isipan ng mga mananampalataya.
KABANATA 30: SI JULI
• Walang sukat napuntahan ang mga taong naghahanap ng
katarungan. Ang lahat maging ang mga may tungkulin sa
pamahalaan ay nasa ilalim ng kapangyarihan ng simbahan.
• Walang natitira sa mg kawawa kundi ang mamundok at
manulisan.
• Makapangyarihan ang pag-ibig.
KABANATA 31: ANG MATAAS NA KAAWANI
• Ang pagtatanggol ng mataas na kawani kay Basilio ay isang
pagpapatunay na may ilan ding Kastilang ,ay ugaling marangal.
• Palaging api ang mga walang lakas at mga dukha. Hanggang
ngayon ay ito ang larawan ng katarungan sa ating bansa.
KABANATA 32: MGA BUNGA NG PASKIL
• Si Paulita’y larawan ng isang dalagang makabago. magkalayo
ang daigdig nila ni Isagani. Hindi siya makapaghintay sa
katuparan ng mga “pangarap” ng binata.
• Ang dalaga’y makasarili, ang binata’y makabayan.
KABANATA 33: ANG HULING MATUWID
• Si Simoun at Basilio ay kapuwa uhaw sa paghihganti. Nais
nilang maipaghiganti ang sariling kaapihan.
• Sa mga dukha at api nagsisimula ang paghihimagsik. Bihira ang
nanggagaling sa mga maruruning at mayayaman. Ito’y
pinatutunayan ng kasaysayan.
• Si Simoun ay may paniniwalang ang nilalayon ang nagbibigay
katuwiran sa pamamaraan. Hindi baling masama ang
pamamaraan, mabuti lamang ang layunin. Nalimutan niyang
ito’y labag sa alituntunin ng kagandahang-asal.
KABANATA 34: ANG KASAL NI PAULITA
• Ang kabanatang ito’y naglalarawan ng sakit ng ating lipunan:
• Sa pagpili ng ninong at ninang- Marami ang nagpapaanak sa
mataas na tao kahit ito’y di lubhang kakilala. Ikinararangal nila
iyon at ipinagmamalaki. Sa katotohanan ang mga ito ay hindi
nakagaganap sa kanilang tungkulin bilang ninong pagkat nin
hindi natatandaan ang inaanak.
• Ang paghahanda- sadyang pinagkakagastahan nang malaki ang
kasalan, binyagan at ano mang pisata dito sa Pilipinas. Inuubos
ng may handa ang kanilang makakaya. Ang iba’y kahit na
mangutang.
KABANATA 35: ANG PAGDIRIWANG
• Makahulugan ang tatlong salitang nakatitik sa papel na
nagpalipat-lipat sa mga piling panauhin. Sinasabing “Bilang na,
natimbang na, hati ang inyong kapangyarihan.”
Nangangahulugang nabibilang na ang araw ng mga
maykapangyarihan. Nalalapit na ang kanilang wakas, sapagkat
natagpuang nagkulang at nakgkasala.
• Magnum Jovem- Dakilang Jupiter. Si Jupiter ay ang Diyos ng
kalangitan, ayon sa relihiyong Romano.
KABANATA 36: KAGIPITAN NI BEN ZAYB

• Muling ipinakita ng may-akda ang walang katapatan sa

pagbabalita noong panahong iyon.
KABANATA 37: ANG HIWAGA

• Totoo ang kasabihang may pakpak ang balita at may tainga ang
lupa. Walang lihim na hindi nahahayag.
KABANATA 38: ANG KASAWIAN

• Maraming mga kawal na Pilipinong mahigpit pa sa mga Kastila.

Walang pakundangan sa kanilang mga kababayan.
KABANATA 39: ANG KATAPAUSAN
• Ang kayamanan ay malaking tukso sa buhay ng tao.
• Kailangang maging mabuti ang kaparaanan upang maging
mabuti ang wakas.
• Binibigyang diin ang katotohanang kung walang kalayaan ay
walang katarunga.
• Ang kalayaa’y maaaring makamit sa tulong ng pagpapataas ng
uri ng katuwiran at ng karangalan ng tao.
• Nasa kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan.