You are on page 1of 39

:A8=6G6C<D

:AFJ>GFJ>C8=DBÖH>8D
EdgDhXVg6a[Vgd
9Z¸HZaZXX^dcZhWda^k^VcVh¹bVnd"_jc^d&.**#AVEVo¶7da^k^V'§egZb^d
8dcXjghdCVX^dcVaYZXjZcidh#B^c^hiZg^dYZ:YjXVX^‹c&.*+
6fjZa fj^gfj^cX]d k^Z_d! cVX^Yd Zc jc VgZcVa YZ Dgjgd! VXdhijbWgVWV
eVhVghZ]dgVhYZ]dgVhVXdhiVYd_jcidVjcV\g^ZiVbjh^XVaYZaVeZŠVYdcYZ
Za k^Zcid XVciVWV ZiZgcVbZciZ! aV b^hbV XdhV# :a Vc^bVa^id iZc†V jcV VÃX^‹c
bjh^XVa ^ccZ\VWaZ# 8‹bd hZ YZaZ^iVWV XjVcYd d†V XVciVg V aVh gVcVh Zc aVh
cdX]Zh YZ aajk^V# Adh eZfjZŠdh d_dh hZ aZ edc†Vc ]bZYdh YZ ZbdX^‹c n hZ
VXZgXVWV!VggVhigVcYdhjXVeVgVo‹c]VhiVZaX]VgXdYdcYZaVhkZgYZhXVciVciZh
d[gZX†VchjXdcX^Zgid#
"«6]! h^ nd ejY^ZgV XVciVg Vh†! hZg†V Za b{h [Za^o YZ aV i^ZggV"! eZchVWV Za
fj^gfj^cX]db^ZcigVhd†VZc‚miVh^h#AVhgVcVhcdhZXdcbdk†VcVciZaVYZkdiV
VYb^gVX^‹cfjZaZhiZc†VZafj^gfj^cX]d!h^cdb{hW^ZchZWjgaVWVcYZ‚a#
"6jcfjZ cdh kZc\Vh V ZhXjX]Vg idYVh aVh cdX]Zh ]VhiV Za Ãc YZ ij k^YV!
_Vb{hVegZcYZg{hcjZhigdXVcid!ejZhZgZhbjnZhie^Yd#
:aedWgZfj^gfj^cX]dfjZZgV]jb^aYZngZh^\cVYd!cdhZd[ZcY†VedgiVaZh
eVaVWgVh Y^X]Vh Zc jc idcd iVc bjh^XVa Xdbd hdad ejZYZc ]VWaVg aVh gVcVh#
:ah‹adhZYZaZ^iVWVXdcaVVgbdc†VYZaVkdoncdXdbegZcY†VZa^chjaidfjZ
ZcXZggVWVaVb^hbV#
JcY†VXgZn‹ZcadfjZXZgYZVaZ\g†VXjVcYdjcdhXVcVg^dheVhVgdcXVciVcYd
Zc jcV _VjaV fjZ aaZkVWV jc ]dbWgZ Zc jcV bVcd# «Fj‚ YZa^X^dhdh hdc^Ydh
6fjZaadheV_Vg^idhVbVg^aadhnajb^cdhdh!XdbdXV†YdhYZahda!adXdcbdk^Zgdc
]VhiVadb{h]dcYd#H^cfjZZa_VjaZgdhZY^ZgVXjZciV!adh^\j^‹!VggVhig{cYdhZ
edgaVVgZcV!YjgVciZaZ\jVhnaZ\jVh#AVhgVcVhfjZ]VW†VcZhXjX]VYdiVbW^‚c
ZbWZaZhVYVhZaXVcid!hVa^ZgdcVaVdg^aaVYZaVX]VgXVnk^ZgdcfjZgZkdadiZVWVc
ZcaVh_VjaVh#
":hidh XVcidgZh hdc YZ cjZhigV [Vb^a^V! ejZh adh XVcVg^dh hdc h‹ad hVedh
XdcVaVh"Y^_ZgdcbjnkVc^YdhVhnV\gZ\Vgdc/eZgdcdhdigVhXVciVbdhbjX]d
bZ_dg#
Nkdak^ZgdcVgZVcjYVghjXdcX^Zgid^c^ciZggjbe^Yd#
"«8]^hi:heZgZc###"Y^_djcVYZZaaVh"B^gZcVaidcidYZafj^gfj^cX]d!hZkV
igdiVcYdigVhadhXVcVg^dh#NVcdfj^ZgZZhXjX]VgcjZhigdXdgd#6]dgVeZchVg{
VegZcYZgV\dg_ZVgXdbdjcXVcVg^d_V###_V###_V#
:a fj^gfj^cX]d h^\j^‹ Xdgg^ZcYd n Xdgg^ZcYd igVh Za ]dbWgZ YZ aVh _VjaVh
]VhiVfjZaVheVi^iVhhZaZ^WVcVXVWVcYdYZiVcidgVheVgaVhZcaVVgZcV#
"«Fj‚YZh\gVX^V###CdejZYdXVb^cVgb{hnadhbh^XdhhZkVc#
"6aa†hZfjZY‹i^gVYd]VhiVfjZZaai^bd\dg_Zdb{\^XdhZeZgY^‹VadaZ_dh#
NVZgVYZcdX]ZXjVcYdgZ\gZhVWVVhjXVhV#NVaeVhVgXZgXVYZaVX]doVYZ

213
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

HZWVhi^{cBVbVc^Za]ZX]^XZgd!ijkdaV^YZVYZk^h^iVgadeVgV]VXZgaZjcZmigVŠd
eZY^Yd#
"8dbeVYgZ!ifjZidYdadejZYZh!Zch‚ŠVbZVXVciVgXdbdadh_^a\jZgdh
"aZY^_daadgVcYd#
8jVafj^ZgeZghdcVfjZcd[jZgVZa]ZX]^XZgdhZ]jW^ZgVgZ†YdVXVgXV_VYVh
YZafj^gfj^cX]d!eZgdHZWVhi^{cBVbVc^ejhdaVXVgVhZg^VngZhedcY^‹/
"NdejZYdZchZŠVgiZVXVciVgbZ_dgfjZadh_^a\jZgdh!fjZaVhgVcVhnfjZadh
\g^aadh!eZgdi^ZcZhfjZeV\VgaVZchZŠVcoV###Xdcijk^YV#
"6XZeididYd!eZgdZch‚ŠVbZVXVciVg#
"8dckZc^Yd!XVciVg{hYZhYZbVŠVcV!eZgdZhiVcdX]ZeZgYZg{haVk^YV#
"«8dbd8VciVg‚YZhej‚hYZbjZgid4
"6h†Zh#
6aY†Vh^\j^ZciZZafj^gfj^cX]dVbVcZX^‹XVciVcYdXdckdobVgVk^aadhVZc
aVhbVcdhYZabV\d#8jVcYd‚hiZeVhVWVedXdb{hiVgYZedgZaX]VgXdYZaVh
gVcVh!hZfjZYVgdcbjYVhYZVhdbWgd#
"KZc\VcVkZg«fj‚b^aV\gd:afj^gfj^cX]dVegZcY^‹VXVciVg###
"8VciVbZ_dgfjZidYVhcdhdigVh#
"NbZ_dgfjZadhe{_Vgdh###
"«:hZabZ_dgXVcidgYZabjcYd
N!bjZgiVhYZZck^Y^V!h^\j^ZgdcVhVaidhigVhZafj^gfj^cX]dfjZXdckZgi^Yd
ZcX]VgVc\d!hZYZh\gVcVWVZchdc^Ydhbjh^XVaZh#
AdfjZZaaVh^\cdgVWVcZgVfjZcjZhigdedWgZVb^\d!XdbdidYd\gVcVgi^hiV!
]VW†VYVYdhjk^YVedgZaVgiZ#
869:C69:A8=6G6C<J>HI66;DGIJC69D
whiVZhaV8VYZcVYZaV7jZcVHjZgiZ#
;jZ ZhXg^iV edg eg^bZgV kZo Za Y†V . YZ hZei^ZbWgZ YZ &.+. edg 8dXd
6gVbVnd! X]VgVc\j^hiV VjidY^YVXiV Zc ]dbZcV_Z 6A 6AB6 YZa fjZ Zc k^YV
[jZ9DCFJ>GFJ>C8=D6G:C6A:H!cVijgVaYZaVX^jYVYYZDgjgd"7da^k^V
F#:#E#9## 6XijVabZciZ eVgV Xdci^cjVg Xdc ZhiV igVY^X^‹c jhVbdh Za h^hiZbV
bdYZgcdYZ>ciZgcZi#
JhiZYYZWZji^a^oVghjXdggZdZaZXig‹c^Xd#JcVkZogZX^W^YVZhiV8VYZcVYZWZ
bVcYVgaVVadhXdggZdhYZ'%X]VgVc\j^hiVhegd[Zh^dcVaZh!kVgdcZhnbj_ZgZh!YZ
XjVafj^ZgeVgiZYZabjcYd!^cXajnZcYdVadhVegZcY^XZh!VÃX^dcVYdh!eVgVVh†
Xdci^cjVgXdcaV7jZcVHjZgiZYZa8]VgVc\j^hiV6[dgijcVYd#
8^ZgiVkZojcX]VgVc\j^hiV^cfj^Zid!XjVcYdgZX^W^‹ZhiV8VYZcV!]^odXVhd
db^hd n ad YZg^k‹ V hj XdggZd cd YZhZVYd0 YZhYZ ZcidcXZh ZhiZ X]VgVc\j^hiV
Zhi{bVaYZX^Ydnh‹adejZYZidXVg!XdcVhdbWgdhVY^\^iVX^‹c!bh^XVXa{h^XV
WVggdXVXoVgYVh!bVgX]VijgXV!h^c[dc†V)%![j\VhYZ?jVcHZWVhi^{c7VX]!ZiX#
diZbVhaVi^cdVbZg^XVcdhi^Xdi^Xdcd[jbV!WgVh^aZg^c]d!aVXdbeVgh^iV!Y^VWad

214
:A8=6G6C<D

hjZaid! igZc aZX]Zgd! e{_Vgd XVbeVcV! ZiX# VggVhigVcYd V eViVYVh adh g^ibdh
W{h^XdhWda^k^Vcdh#
6digdX]VgVc\j^hiV!XjVcYdgZX^W^‹ZhiVXVYZcVaZXVjh‹WjgaVng^hV!YZhYZ
ZcidcXZhh‹adZhi{a^b^iVYdV\gVWVg89h#ZchjXVhVh^cedYZgkZcYZgjcdh‹ad!
egZÃg^ZcYdgZ\VaVgadheVgVfjZcVY^ZadZhXjX]Z#
DigVkZo!jcX]VgVc\j^hiV[VbdhdXdbZco‹aV8VYZcVnXjVcYdaZ[VaiVWV
edXVh Y^gZXX^dcZh hZ VWjgg^‹ n aV VWVcYdc‹! YZhYZ ZcidcXZh cd Xdch^\jZ
XdcigVidhh^cfjZcVY^ZhZeVedgfjZc^YZfj‚#
:cdigVdedgijc^YVY!YdhX]VgVc\j^hiVhZcXdbeZiZcX^VgZX^W^ZgdcaV8VYZcV
nhZY^hig^WjnZgdcZcYdheVgiZheVgVaZZgaV!eg^bZgdjcdnajZ\deVgViZgb^cVgaV
Zadigd!VaedXdi^ZbedVaeg^bZgdhjbj_ZgadVWVcYdc‹nVadigdadVXjhVgdc
YZk^daVYdg#
NZcigZdigdhZ_ZbeadhYZhkZcijgVYdhiZcZbdhZaYZjccjbZgdhd\gjedYZ
X]VgVc\j^hiVh[Vbdhdh!fjZVcVa^oVgdcaV8VYZcV!aVZhijY^Vgdc!hZXdcXZcigVgdc!
ajZ\dhZXV\VgdcYZg^hV0adXjg^dhdZhfjZidYdhZhidhX]VgVc\j^hiVhVeVgZX^Zgdc
Zc:jgdeV!XdbdjcXVhi^\dYZ9DCFJ>GFJ>C8=D6G:C6A:H!h^ceVhV_Z
YZgZidgcdVhjfjZg^YVi^ZggV!k^k^ZcYdZc:jgdeVXdbd\VaadhZcXdggVaV_Zcd!
XdcjcVb^hZg^VhZmjVa\VadeVciZ!h^cedYZgXdbZg[g^XVh‚!X]jcX]ja^iVh!X]V^gd!
eaVideVXZŠd![VahdXdcZ_d!V_†YZeVeVa^oV!e^fjZbVX]d!i»^bej!lVaaVfjZ!c^
iVbedXdedYZghZgk^ghZjcWjZcbd`»dX]^cX]^dgZ[gZhXdYZe^idYZXVŠV]jVn
hdWgZidYd!h^cegdWVgX]^X]^iV[gZhXVdjcX]jÄVnXdchjbVggVfjZiV#
H^ JY# XjbeaZ Xdc ZhiV 8VYZcV YZ aV 7jZcV HjZgiZ YZa 8]VgVc\j^hiV
6[dgijcVYdZck^VcYdhV\gVYVbZciZadh'%XdggZdhZaZXig‹c^Xdh!iZcYg{bjX]Vh
[Vc{i^XVh!cjcXVhZaZfjZWgVg{chjhjŠ^iVhc^hZaZkdaVg{ZaeaZXigd!VaXVcoVg{
jcV WjZcV Y^\^iVX^‹c n Zc hjh egZhZciVX^dcZh cd hZ YZhVÃcVg{c aVh XjZgYVh
c^iZcYg{fjZjhVgVÃcVYdgZhZaZXig‹c^Xdh!cdhZYZhZcX]j[VgVZaXVWaZYZhj
X]VgVc\d! hjh eZYVaZh [jcX^dcVgVc V aV eZg[ZXX^‹c# H^ZbegZ iZcYg{ igVWV_d!
cd hZ [gVXX^dcVg{ hj Xdc_jcid! c^ iVbedXd ad ZX]Vg{c Xdbd V jc eZggd# Adh
Xd\diZgdh cd ad VhVaiVgVc edg gZheZid V hj X]VgVc\j^id# EdYg{ XdbedcZg Xdc
VWhdajiVhZ\jg^YVY!]jVnŠ^idh!WV^aZX^idh!`Vajn^idh!`»VaVbeZVY^iVhjcVndigV
Xdh^iVfjZaZhVa\VYZaXdgVo‹c#
H^JY#cdXjbeaZXdcZhiV8VYZcVYZaV7jZcVHjZgiZYZa8]VgVc\j^hiV6[dg"
ijcVYd!Vi‚c\VhZVaVhXdchZXjZcX^VhnbVaY^X^dcZhYZa9DCFJ>GFJ>C8=D
6G:C6A:H!cVijgVaYZaVX^jYVYYZDgjgd"7da^k^V#F#:#E#9##
:A8=6G6C<D=:8=>O69D
Edg ?dh‚ ;Za^eZ 8dhiV 6g\jZYVh HjeaZbZcid A^iZgVg^d! :a 9^Vg^d! * YZ
hZei^ZbWgZ&.,+/'
8]Vh`VŠVl^ZgVaV^cY^Vb{hWZaaVYZZhVgZ\^‹cfj^X]jV#Hjhd_dh^cbZchdh!
XdbdYdhajXZgdhYZaVg\VheZhiVŠVh!aZYVWVchjcdbWgZZcaVYjaXZaZc\jV#

215
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

IdbVXd!]^_dYZaXjgVXV]Zgbdhd
_dkZc!ZhiVWVegZcYVYdYZaVX]Vh`V"
ŠVl^#JcY†VWV_dZahdaVaZ\gZgdYZV"
YdedghjhbdciVŠVh!edgadhbdaaZh
cbWV\dh YZ ajo! eZg[jbVYVh aVh
VaVhYZak^ZcidedgaVhÄdgZhYZdaVaV!
n!ijgWVYdZa\gVch^aZcX^d!edgZahd"
aadodYZjcVfjZcVY^hiVciZ0adhYdh
XVbeZh^cdh]VWaVgdcYZVbdg#
"IdbVXd°h^ gdcYVgVh b^ gVcX]d
Zc aVh cdX]Zh YZ ajcV! idXVcYd Za
X]VgVc\d°nd[jZgVYZi^°
"8]Vh`VŠVl^ªEdgfj‚bZe^YZhad
fjZcjcXVedYg‚4###
HZ ^WV Za gZWVŠd hVaiVcYd jcV
e^gXV!aV^cY^Vg^ZcYd[jZhZiVbW^‚c#
NZaig^hiZVbVciZ!bVhXVcYdhjXdXV!
El Diario, La Paz 5 de septiembre 1976 hZhZci‹VaadgVg#
mmm
:aWgj_dY^XZVIdbVXd/
"=VnjcVeZŠVgd_V!YdcYZZaY^VWadZchZŠVVidXVgZaX]VgVc\d#AVhb{h
YjaXZhbZadY†Vh!]Vc^begdk^hVYdadhVbVciZhXdcZhZhdgi^aZ\^d#6Yfj^ZgZZhZ
^chigjbZcid!YZedh†iVadhdWgZaVgdXVYZHjeVn!nijnVhZg{aVb{hWZaaVbdoV
YZaVgZ\^‹c°
mmm
:hYZcdX]Z°Va\j^ZcidXVZaX]VgVc\dXdbd_Vb{hhZdn‹#K^ZcZZaVbVciZ
edgZaViV_dfjZXdcYjXZVagVcX]dYZaVX]Vh`VŠVl^#
AVhZhigZaaVhZcZa]dcYdX^Zad!h^\jZceVgeVYZVcYd#IdbVXdhZYZi^ZcZ°
B^gV]VX^VVgg^WVVajX^cVYd°6aa†Zhi{cadhd_dhYZaVX]Vh`VŠVl^#
:a^cY^dZhiVadXd°AVgVgVk^gijYYZaVeZŠVgd_VijgW‹hjgVo‹c°
N Za ai^bd VgeZ\^d hZ [jZ V aVh Ydh ZhigZaaVh! WjhXVcYd adh d_dh YZ aV
X]Vh`VŠVl^!hZŠjZadYZVbdg°
I:BEA:9:A9>67AD
EdgB^X`n?^b‚cZo#
7jZcdh6^gZh/BVndYZ&.,,=^hidg^VgZVa###
:bWdoVYVeVgVhZgXdciVYVedgZa8]VgVc\db{\^XdYZ:gcZhid8Vkdjg#

8jVcYd XdcXajn‹ hj VXijVX^‹c! BVcdad Nj_gV gZX^W^‹ jcV kZo b{h jcV
hdcdgVdkVX^‹c_Vb{hWg^cYVYVVciZhVX]VgVc\j^hiVVa\jcd#

216
:A8=6G6C<D

¸8g†i^Xdh!bh^Xdh!eWa^XdZc\ZcZgVahZ]VW†VcYZaZ^iVYdXdcjcZmXZeX^dcVa
gZX^iVa ad\gVYd Xdc Zhi^ad Y^[ZgZciZ! hjWa^bZ! XVh^ b{\^Xd! «YZbdc†VXd Edg
Xjg^dh^YVY!nh‹adedgXjg^dh^YVY!VfjZaaVcdX]ZhZ\j†Y^h^bjaVYVbZciZadheVhdh
YZa Vgi^hiV# Edg aVh igVcfj^aVh XVaaZh YZ HdedXVX]^ fjZ V ZhV ]dgV Ydgb^iVWVc
hj ^ckZgcVa cdX]Z! VggjaaVYdh edg Va\c aZ_Vcd aVYg^Yd d bVjaaVg YZ \Vidh Zc
Y^hejiV!^WVZaX]VgVc\j^hiVgjbWdVhjXVhV#:cig‹ZcZaaV#6\jVgY‚#JcVajo
hZZcXZcY^‹ZcjcV]VW^iVX^‹cYZaVeaVciVWV_V#<Vc‚jcaj\VgZhigVi‚\^Xd#BZ
VXdbdY‚XdbdejYZ#6a\dkZ†VVigVk‚hYZadhXg^hiVaZhYZaVkZciVcV#:a[g†dYZ
aVcdX]Z\daeZVWVb^gdhigd#:cXZcY†jcX^\Vgg^aad#B^Xjg^dh^YVYXgZX†Vb^cjid
Vb^cjid#=VW†VceVhVYdXZgXVYZfj^cXZb^cjidh#8aVgVbZciZejYZdWhZgkVg
fjZBVcdadhZYZhed_VWVYZaVWg^\d!YZahbd`^c\nYZaVXVb^hV#FjZY‹XdcZa
idghdYZhcjYd#HZbZX^‹adhXVWZaadhnfjZY‹hjb^YdZcegd[jcYVYZegZh^‹c#
9ZegdcidhZ^cXdgedg‹!VkVco‹YdhdigZheVhdhnb^gVcYdÃ_VbZciZjcZmigZbd
YZaV]VW^iVX^‹cY^Vad\‹XdcVa\j^ZcfjZndcdedY†VkZg"eZhZVb^hZh[jZgodh"
YZhYZb^edh^X^‹c#=VWg†V_jgVYdfjZVaa†cd]VW†VdigVeZghdcV#:hZY^{ad\d
YZa Vgi^hiV edY†V hZg jcV YZ hjh ZmXZcig^X^YVYZh/ ]VWaVg hdad# AjZ\d YZ jcdh
b^cjidh!aVajohZVeV\‹nidYdfjZY‹hjb^YdZchZejaXgVah^aZcX^d#6adaZ_dh
XgZ†ZhXjX]VgkdXZhYZ\j^iVggVYZVa\cZcVbdgVYdWg^cY{cYdhZZchZgZcViVV
hjZcVbdgVYV#Kdak†Vb^]d\Vg!eVaVYZVcYdjchVWdgVYZggdiV/cd]VW†Vk^hid
bjX]d#
6aY†Vh^\j^ZciZkdak†egZhjgdhdVaiZVigd0ZaX]VgVc\j^hiVd[gZX†VhjhZ\jcYd
gZX^iVa Zc Za IZVigd Bjc^X^eVa# :c hj eaVodaZiV hZ Xdc\gZ\VWV nV aV \ZciZ#
8jX]^X]ZVWVc!hdcgZ†Vc!\VhiVWVcWgdbVh!hZVggZbda^cVWVc#AdhgZkZcYZYdgZh
YZZcigVYVh]VX†VchjV\dhid#IdYdhVW†VVÃZhiVZheaZcYdgdhVb^ZcigVhZcaV
bVgfjZh^cV ajX†V Xdc XdadgZh Wg^aaVciZh jc gZigVid YZa bh^Xd Xg^daad n aZigVh
ZcdgbZhgZXdgYVWVchjcdbWgZ#
Ad\g‚jcVWjZcVjW^XVX^‹c#JceVaXdkZX^cdVaZhXZcVg^d#
:aiZa‹chZaZkVci‹0VeVgZX^‹Zabh^Xd!nZaeWa^XdZhiVaa‹ZcZhedci{cZd
VeaVjhd# 8jVcYd ‚hiZ XZh‹! Nj_gV ^c^X^‹ hj VXijVX^‹c# :c XVYV jcV YZ hjh
kZgh^dcZh!ZaeWa^XdYZa^gVWV!VeaVjY†VYZe^Z0¸7gVkd¹###hZZhXjX]VWVZcidYd
Za{bW^idYZaVhVaV#
:cZaigVchXjghdYZhjkZgh^‹cYZ6bdgZh6cY^cdh!XaVk‚b^k^hiVZcaVbVcd
^ofj^ZgYVYZaX]VgVc\j^hiV#EVgeVYZ‚gZ^iZgVYVbZciZeVgVVhZ\jgVgbZfjZcd
kZ†V bVa! fjZ cd ZhiVWV ^bV\^c{cYdbZ cVYV0 Nj_gV bdk†V aV bVcd! eZgd cd
VegZiVWVc^c\jcVXjZgYV0aVbVcdYZgZX]ViVbedXdidXVWVaVhXjZgYVh#Dnd
ZhiVWVk^ZcYdk^h^dcZh###«DZaX]VgVc\dhZiVŠ†Vhdad
B^g‚ZcidYVhaVhY^gZXX^dcZh#CVY^ZeVgZX†VVYkZgi^gVfjZaYZiVaaZ#
Fj^hZ ]VX‚ghZad cdiVg Va hZŠdg fjZ ZhiVWV V b^ YZgZX]V# Ejhd hj †cY^XZ
XgjoVYdhdWgZadhaVW^dhe^Y^‚cYdbZh^aZcX^d#HjejhZZcidcXZhfjZadfjZkZ†V
ZgV egdYjXid iVc h‹ad YZ b^ ^bV\^cVX^‹c! XdchZXjZcX^V YZ b^h XVk^aVX^dcZh

217
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

VciZg^dgZh# EZgd YZX^Y† kdakZg V hZ\j^g Va bh^Xd n VkZg^\jVg hjh ZmigVŠVh
VXi^ijYZhnkZgdh^b^a^ijYdcdYZb^hdWhZgkVX^dcZh#
:heZg‚bjX]dVfjZaaVcdX]Z#8jVcYdk^fjZZaVgi^hiVhVa†VegZhjgdhVbZciZV
e^Z!XdcaVhhdaVeVhYZhjVWg^\daZkVciVYVhnaaZkVcYdWV_dZaWgVodZaX]VgVc\d
Zc[jcYVYdZciZaVYZWVYVcVcZ\gV!bZVXdbdY‚VegjYZcX^VaY^hiVcX^V!nad
hZ\j†#
6eVhdÃgbZnZc‚g\^Xdidb‹aVXVaaZ>c\Vk^najZ\daVVkZc^YV6b‚g^XV!
IjbjhaV!h^ZbegZYZhjW^YV#
AVh X]^X]Zg†Vh YZ_VWVc ZhXVeVg g^hdiVYVh! bh^XV YZhVÃcVYV n \g^idh YZ
WdggVX]dhfjZY^h[gjiVWVcYZhjk^ZgcZhYZhdaiZgd#:cVa\jcVhejZgiVh!eVgZ_^iVh
YZ ZcVbdgVYdh hZ dak^YVWVc YZa bjcYd YVcYd g^ZcYV hjZaiV V hjh Vbdg†dh0
Va\jcV X]daV Zcijh^VhiV WV^aVWV hdaV Va Xdbe{h YZ hj egde^d iVgVgZd# Nd cd
eZgY†Ve^hVYVVaX]VgVc\j^hiVfjZhZY^g^\†VgZhjZaid]VhiVZaÃcVaYZaVVkZc^YV
7Vei^hiV#
AaZ\‹VaVejZgiVaViZgVaYZaXZbZciZg^d!VegdkZX]‹fjZcVY^ZaddWhZgkVWV
nigVchejhdZajbWgVa#
BZfjZY‚ZhijeZ[VXidedgjc^chiVciZ#Fj‚]Vg†VVaa†Nj_gV#AdhZ\j†#6YZcigd
aVhhdbWgVhYZaVcdX]ZadZckdak†VcidYd!eZgdVa\cgZÄZ_deZgb^i†VkZgh^ajZiVh!
nZcX^ZgidbdYdadhbdk^b^Zcidh#O^\oV\jZVcYdZcigZVa\jcVcjWZ!^ggjbe^‹
jcVe{a^YVajcV0naZY^dVaXZbZciZg^djcVheZXidbVXVWgd!YZhjhVYd#
Nj_gVhZYZijkd[gZciZVjchZejaXgd!YZhZc[jcY‹hj^chigjbZcidnadjW^X‹
hdWgZ aV [g†V adoV# Nd \Vc‚ jc eZfjZŠd gZ[j\^d# Cd bZ edY†V YZhXjWg^g# :a
X]VgVc\j^hiV hZ YZhcjY‹ Za idghd# EVgZX†V fjZ Xjbea†V jc \gdiZhXd g^ijVa# HZ
bZX^‹adhXVWZaadhnedc^‚cYdhZYZgdY^aaVhaaZk‹hjXVWZoV]VhiVZaedakdg^Zcid
e^hd#9ZegdcidY^_d/"6fj†Zhidn!]ZXjbea^Ydb^egdbZhV###"IZ[Za^X^id"Y^_d
jcVkdogdcXVYZ^cYZhX^[gVWaZVXZcid"Xjbea^hiZk^c^ZcYdVaaj\VgYZaVX^iV#
FjZY‚XaVkVYdZcb^h^i^d#IgVche^gVWVXde^dhVbZciZ#HZci†fjZb^hXVWZaadh
hZZg^oVWVc#CjcXVVciZh]VW†Vk^hidhZbZ_VciZXdhV#
:a eZghdcV_Z fjZ ]VWaVWV Xdc Nj_gV ZgV Vaid! Zhe^\VYd! idXVYd Xdc jc
hdbWgZgdYZVaVhVcX]VhnjcVcZ\gVXVeVXjWg^‚cYdaZXVh^idiVabZciZ#CdejYZ
kZgXaVgVbZciZhjgdhigd#EZgdbZad^bV\^cVWV#"ª:hi{hegZeVgVYd4"egZ\jci‹
ZaZmigVŠdhj_Zid#"H†!h†###eZgdfj^Zgd]VXZgjcgZX^iVab{h"WVaWjXZ‹ZaedWgZ
]dbWgZ#8gZ†ZhiVghdŠVcYd#BZeZaa^ofj‚gZ^iZgVYVbZciZeVgVVhZ\jgVgbZfjZ
ZhiVWV YZhe^Zgid# 6 b^h cVg^XZh aaZ\‹ jc eZcZigVciZ dadg V Voj[gZ fjZbVYd#
8dbZcX‚VhZci^gjcb^ZYd^cYZX^WaZ#"7jZcd"gZhedcY^‹Za]dbWgZYZaVXVeV
"iZYVg‚jcVdedgijc^YVYb{h0eZgdbVŠVcV###«h^c[VaiV!ij\adg^VnVhjeZg‹adh
igZhVŠdh###nhjedc\dfjZijVabVcdkVaZiVcid#
B^hiZbdgZhfjZYVgdcXdcÃgbVYdh#6eZcVhh†edY†VgZhe^gVgnaVÃZWgZhZ
]VW†V VedYZgVYd YZ b†# "BVŠVcV ij ai^bd gZX^iVa### n X]Vj" Y^_d Xdc idcd
hVgX{hi^XdZagVgd^cY^k^Yjd#

218
:A8=6G6C<D

Nj_gVaZZcigZ\‹ZaX]VgVc\d#
:a ]dbWgZ YZ aV XVeV ad idb‹ n ad ejhd hdWgZ Za e^hd# B^hiZg^dhVbZciZ
Za ^chigjbZcid XdbZco‹ V iZbeaVghZ h‹ad# :gV jc ZbWg^V\VYdg hdc^Yd! jc
^ggZh^hi^WaZi^bWgZYZZmfj^h^ididcd0Va\d^cYZhXg^ei^WaZ#
NajZ\dYZaiZbeaZdWgVYdedgZaY^VWad!hVa^‹YZaX]VgVc\djcVWZaaVbZadY†V#
>ch^hid!ZaX]VgVc\dhZidXVWVhdad#"?V!_V!_V###"g^‹ZaYZbdc^d"Vh†XjVafj^ZgV
ZhVgi^hiV!cd4EZgdcdbZcZ\Vg{hfjZ[jZjcVbVgVk^aadhVZmeZg^ZcX^V#JcV
ZmeZg^ZcX^V YZ igZh VŠdh V XVbW^d YZ ij VabV### _V! _V! _V# EZgd Za eaVod ]V
XdcXaj^Yd#BVŠVcV]VWg{iZgb^cVYdb^aVg\VZheZgV###_V!_V!_V###NY^X^ZcYd
Zhid!ZaZc^\b{i^XdeZghdcV_ZYZhVeVgZX^‹#:aX]VgVc\dZcbjYZX^‹#
Nj_gVhZk^hi^‹!\jVgY‹Za^chigjbZcidnhZVaZ_‹XdcaVXVWZoV\VX]V!ZckjZaid
h^cYjYVVa\jcV!Zcb^aegZdXjeVYdheZchVb^Zcidh#
8jVcYdbZgZejhZidb‚XdcX^ZcX^VYZidYdnaZciVbZciZYZ_‚iVbW^‚cnd
VfjZaZmigVŠdaj\Vg#
6hVaVaaZcV^ciZgegZiVWVZaX]VgVc\j^hiVaVai^bVkZgh^‹cYZaVcdX]Z#EVgZX†V
igVchÃ\jgVYd#8dcbVaY^h^bjaVYV^cfj^ZijYndhZ\j†VidYdXjVcidVXdciZX†V
ZcaVhVaVnZcZaZhXZcVg^d#
:c adh ai^bdh VXdgYZh YZ jcV Zmfj^h^iZo bjh^XVa! jcV bdgiVa eVa^YZo hZ
VedYZg‹YZaX]VgVc\j^hiV#Hjb^gVYVhZY^ajn‹ZcZakVX†dnVciZaVVc\jhi^VYV
b^gVYVYZYZXZcVhYZeZghdcVh!XVn‹k^daZciVbZciZYZWgjXZh#
=jWd\g^idh!cZgk^dh^hbd#Jcb‚Y^XdViZcY^‹VaXV†Yd!najZ\dYZZmVb^cVgad
Y^XiVb^c‹/¸6iVfjZVaXdgVo‹c¹#
Kdak†VhZci^gZaeZcZigVciZdadgVVoj[gZfjZbVYd#6a\j^ZcfjZXdcdX†VYZ
^chigjbZcidhidb‹ZaX]VgVc\dYZNj_gVnVYb^gVYdZmXaVb‹/">cXgZ†WaZ#EZchVg
fjZYZZhiZbVbVggVX]dniVcYZhVÃcVYd!ZhiZZmXZeX^dcVaVgi^hiV!VggVcXVWV
aVhb{hWZaaVhbZadY†Vh###CjcXV]VWg{digdBVcdadNj_gV#CjcXV#
8=6G6C<DH:G:C69D
:cigZk^hiVVahZŠdg:CG>FJ:8=68ÓC;#AVEVo!bVgodYZ&.-%
¸9ZcigdYZadhg^ijVaZhigVY^X^dcVaZhfjZi^ZcZZaX]VgVc\d!Zm^hiZjcdbjn
eZXja^Vg!fjZZhZaYZhZgZcVgaddZcXVciVgad!eVgVfjZZhiZhZVW^ZcVÃcVYdn
iZc\VjcVkdoeVgVZaYZaZ^iZYZadhdnZciZh#EdgZhdhZVXdhijbWgVaaZkVgVa
^chigjbZcidedgVaiVh]dgVhYZaVcdX]Z!Vaj\VgZhYZh]VW^iVYdhnZhigVi‚\^Xdh!
YdcYZhZhjedcZfjZ]VW^iVZaY^VWadeVgVfjZZhiZeZghdcV_ZhZVZaZcXVg\VYd
YZVÃcVgadnYVgaZWZaaVhZmegZh^dcZhZhi‚i^XVh¹#
¸Adh gZaVidh n aZnZcYVh fjZ XjZciVc cjZhigdh eVYgZh n VWjZadh hdc
^ccjbZgVWaZh!Zhb{h!kdnVXdciVgaZhjcXVhdfjZbZdXjgg^‹eZghdcVabZciZ
]VXZbjX]dhVŠdh!Zcb^_jkZcijY!adiZc\dbjnbZi^YdZcadhgZXjZgYdhnV
ZhZgZXjZgYdad]ZaaVbVYd¸X]VgVc\dhZgZcVYd¹#

219
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

¸:gVjcVcdX]ZYZ[ZWgZgdYZ&.))!ZcaVXjVabZY^g^\†VVb^Ydb^X^a^dYZ
aV VkZc^YV @daaVhjnd! YZhej‚h YZ VbZc^oVg jcV ÃZhiV YZ bVig^bdc^d Xdc aV
ZhijY^Vci^cVIV]jVci^chjnd!Vegdm^bVYVbZciZVaVh'YZaVbVŠVcV!ndhjW†V
aVVkZc^YV7Vei^hiVidXVcYdb^X]VgVc\dfjZ_jhiVbZciZadZhigZc‚ZhVcdX]Z#
:gVjc^chigjbZcidXdcjcVkdobjnbZadY^dhVnhZYZ_VWVidXVgXdcXVg^Šd#
NdXgjoVWVZaXZbZciZg^d!fjZZcZhV‚edXVZgVaVodcVbVg\^cVaYZaVX^jYVY!
ajZ\d ZbeZX‚ V hZci^g fjZ jcV kdo [ZbZc^cV bZ VXdbeVŠVWV! jcV kdo fjZ
Vc gZhjZcV Zc b^h d†Ydh n cjcXV edYg‚ dak^YVg# 6a eVhVg Za ejZciZ YdcYZ
VXijVabZciZZhZahjgi^YdgYZ\Vhda^cV!YZ_‚YZidXVgZaX]VgVc\dXdadX{cYdad
ZcZaVciZWgVod!\gVcYZ[jZb^hdgegZhVVahZci^gfjZZaX]VgVc\dhZ\j†VhdcVcYd
hdad!adVeg^h^dc‚[jZgiZXdcigVb^eZX]dnhZ\j†VZb^i^ZcYdaVhcdiVh!ZcidcXZh
XdbZcX‚VXdggZg]VX^VZaXVaaZ_‹cYdcYZndk^k†VncdgZXjZgYdb{h¹#######
¸HZ\c b^h [Vb^a^VgZh n Za hZŠdg <j^aaZgbd B‚cYZo! [VWg^XVciZ YZ
^chigjbZcidh!fjZk^k†VZcaVb^hbVXVhVnVYZb{hZafjZXdchigjn‹ZaX^iVYd
X]VgVc\d!bZZcXdcigVgdcZcaVejZgiVYZXVaaZhVc\gVcYdedgaVh[dhVhcVhVaZh
nZaX]VgVc\dhZ\j†VhdcVcYdZcZahjZad¹#
¸:hZ b^hbd Y†V Ydc <j^aaZgbd fjZb‹ Za ^chigjbZcid! ajZ\d ^ckZhi^\Vgdc
fjZZaXVeVgVo‹cYZabZcX^dcVYdX]VgVc\deZgiZcZX†VVjcZmb^cZgdnZhiVWV
hZgZcVYddZcXVciVYd¹#
:AFJ>GFJ>C8=DFJ:HDx676H:G8=6G6C<D#
8jZcidVaVbZbdg^VYZ9dc:YjVgYd8VaYZg‹c
Aj\dcZhnYZ9dcDhXVg6a[Vgd#
Edg:gcZhid8Vkdjg6#&.-*
=VW†VjcVkZojcfj^gfj^cX]dfjZYZhYZbjnX]^fj^i^idhZci†VjcV^cbZchV
VÃX^‹cedgaVbh^XV#
8VYV kZo fjZ eVhVWV jc XVbeZh^cd Vgg^Zgd idXVcYd hj X]VgVc\j^id hZ aZ
eVgi†VZaVabVZhXjX]VcYdVfjZaadhbZadY^dhdhgVh\jZdh#
«8j{cidYZhZVWVhZgX]VgVc\d!eVgVaaZcVgYZVaZ\g†VVidYdhadhc^ŠdhnV
adhedWgZhYZhXdchdaVYdh#FjZg†VhZgjcX]VgVc\deVgVb^i^\VgaVheZcVhYZadh
]jb^aYZhnYZhegdiZ\^Ydh°#Cd]VX^Vb{hfjZeZchVgZcZhZYZhi^cd!YZhZg
Va\cY†V/jcWdc^idX]VgVc\d#
8jVciV[jZhjZheZgVcoV!hjYZkdX^‹c!h^ceZgYZgcjcXVaV[Z#IVcidhjea^XVWV
V aV egdk^YZcX^V fjZ ‚hiV ad ZhXjX]‹ n YZX^Y^‹ hjWkZcX^dcVgaZ jc Xjghd YZ
bh^XVeVgVfjZVegZcY^ZgVVhZgX]VgVc\d#
«FjZ[Za^oZhiVWVZafj^gfj^cX]dZcZaiVaaZgYZbh^XV!XdchjhaZXX^dcZh
YZXVcidnhda[ZdAdheV_Vg^idhZgVchjhegd[ZhdgZhYZhda[Zd!fjZXjVcYdcd
bdYjaVWV hj XVcid! aZ e^XdiZVWVc# :a 7jggd! edZiV n eZchVYdg b{h Vci^\jd
YZ aV i^ZggV! aZ ZchZŠ‹ aV Ãadhd[†V YZ adh kZgYVYZgdh XVciVjidgZh0 XjVcYd hjh
eZchVb^ZcidhZgV[Vahdh!ZaWjggdaZeViZVWV#Hjegd[ZhdgVYZZhi^adZgVaVaaVbV!

220
:A8=6G6C<D

XjVcYd eaV\^VWV aZ ZhXje†V# :a egd[Zhdg YZ g^ibd ZgV Za \gVc^od fjZ XjVcYd
[VaaVWVZaXdbe{h!aZXdXVX]VWV#
NVh†!ZhijY^VcYdnZhijY^VcYdaaZ\‹ZaY†VZcfjZZafj^gfj^cX]^idhZ\gVYj‹
YZ bh^Xd egd[Zh^dcVa! YZ_VcYd Za iVaaZg YZ bh^XV XdckZgi^Yd Zc jc a^cYd
X]VgVc\d#
AVhidcVYVh!aVhbZXVeVfjZŠVh!adhig^hiZh!adhWjggd`]Vi^cVhnaVh`»VaVbeZVYVh
aZVXdbeVŠVWVc#
EdgiVcidVbdgVaVbh^XVhZ^cigdYj_diVbW^‚cZcaVWd]Zb^V!^begZ\cVcYd
ZchjhgVh\jZdhhZci^b^ZcidhVbZaVcXda†VhVWdgVX]^X]VnYZhZc\VŠdh#AadgVWV
_jcidXdcadh`VajndhnWV^aZX^idh#
IVciVk^YV!iVciViZgcjgV!iVcidVbdgVhjejZWadh^ceZY^gcjcXVgZXdb"
eZchV#
EZgdiZc†VfjZXdbZgn]VXZgYZhjVgiZjcV]ZggVb^ZciVYZigVWV_deVgVbVa
YZhjheZhVgZh!nXdbdidYdWjZcegd[Zh^dcVa!ZbeZo‹VWjhXVgigVWV_d!XdciVc
bVaVhjZgiZfjZcdedY†VZcXdcigVgc^c\jcd#
EdgÃc!VaidbVgjcXVb^cdVaZ_VYd!hZZcXdcig‹XdcjcdhVb^\dhfj^ZcZhaZ
^c[dgbVgdcfjZaVDgfjZhiVH^c[‹c^XVgZX^W†Vbh^Xdhegd[Zh^dcVaZh!nfjZV]†
edY†VigVWV_VgbjnW^ZceV\VYdnhjWkZcX^dcVYd#
:aX]VgVc\j^idXdgg^‹VaVH^c[‹c^XVnVaaaZ\VgVhjhjbWgVaZhhZhdgegZcY^‹
[gZciZV[gZciZXdcaVWVijiV!fj^ZchZfjZY‹eZig^ÃXVYVVakZgZcigVgVcjZhigd
Vb^\j^idViVc^ajhigZhVa‹c!
¸«Jc^chigjbZci^aad¹":mXaVb‹aVWVijiV"!idYdhadh^chigjbZcidhbjh^XVaZh
hZY^ZgdcaVkjZaiVVciZiVahdWgZhVaid#:cidcXZhhZZhXjX]‹aVkdoYZak^da†cfjZ
YZX†V/¶CdZhjc^chigjbZci^aad!Zhjc^cY^d!ªCdZhX^ZgidfjZZgZhjc^cY^d4:a
X]VgVc\j^idZhiVWVYZhdg^ZciVYdnXdbeaZiVbZciZbjYdYZhjhid#
"Nde^Zchdb{hW^Zc"Y^XZZak^dadcX]Zad"fjZhZigViVYZjcVc^bVa!ªcd
kZcVXVhdhjheZadh4
"«:hjc^chigjbZci^aad"^ch^hiZaVÄVjiVYjaXZ"
"cd!«ZhjcVc^bVa"^ch^hiZZak^dadcX]Zad"
"ªFj‚ fj^ZgZh Vfj†4 "aZ egZ\jciV bdaZhid Za XdcigVWV_d! fjZ eVgZX†V jc
bVhidYdciZXdce^ciVYZbVi‹c#
"7jhXdigVWV_dnfj^h^ZgVidXVgXdcjhiZYZh#
"?V! _V! _V! _V" g†Z hVgX{hi^XVbZciZ Za igdbW‹c  "ª6h† fjZ fj^ZgZh idXVg Xdc
cdhdigdh4_V!_V!_V!_V!ZhiZ^cY^dVcVa[VWZhi^VY^XZfjZfj^ZgZidXVgXdccdhdigdh!
ªnijfj‚hVWZhidXVg4¶egZ\jciV"
"NdidXdWjggd`]Vi^cVh!idcVYVh!WV^aZX^idh!XjZfj^iVh°
"ªnfj‚ZhZhd4#####CdhdigdhcdhVWZbdhidXVgZhVhXdhVh#
":cidcXZhY†\VcbZadfjZhVWZcjhiZYZheVgVfjZedYVbdhidXVg_jcidh"
"Cdhdigdh^ciZgegZiVbdhVBdoVgi####ª8dcdXZhVBdoVgi4"
"Cd!cdadXdcdoXd#
"IVakZoXdcdXZhVHigVk^ch`^4"Cd#

221
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

"ª8dcdXZhV8]de^c4
"Cd!iVbedXd#
"ª67ZZidkZc4
"Cd#
"ª«6?jVcHZWVhi^{c7VX]«4
"Cd#
###NZhV]†YdcYZhZVgb‹iVaVaWdgdid!fjZbZYVeZcVXdciVgaZhfjZg^Ydh
Vb^\j^idh! edgfjZ idYdh adh ^chigjbZcidh YZ aV H^c[‹c^XV hZ ^cY^\cVgdc YZ aV
^\cdgVcX^VnYZaVigZk^b^ZcidYZaX]VgVc\j^id!edgadfjZaZhVXVgdcVeViVYVh
YZahVa‹c#:aX]VgVc\j^idhVa^‹aadgVcYdXdciVahZci^b^ZcidfjZjcdVjcdadh
YZb{h^chigjbZcidhYZaVH^c[‹c^XVfjZYVgdcVkZg\dcoVYdhedg]VXZgaZaadgVg
ViVcX]^fj^id!Y{cYdhZXjZciVfjZZaX]VgVc\j^id]VW†ViZc^YdjcV]ZgbdhVn
YZa^XVYVkdo#
EZgd cjZhigd Vb^\j^id cd h^ZbegZ eVhVWV eZcVh! iVbW^‚c aV VaZ\g†V ad
Vc^bVWVnad^cVjY^idadVXZX]VWV#####Ad^cVjY^id###VfjZaadfjZcdedY†VXgZZg
fjZb^ZcigVh]VW†Vbh^XdhYZaejZWadfjZXdbja\VcXdcaVZhZcX^Vb^hbVYZ
aVi^ZggV!digdhYZaXVb^cdVaiZgcVWVcXdcad[dg{cZd!XdcVfjZaadfjZfj^ZgZ
YZhigj^gcdh#
N X]VgVc\jZVcYd n X]VgVc\jZVcYd ZhiZ XjZcid hZ kV iZgb^cVcYd! eZgd V
cjZhigdX]VgVc\j^id!h^ZbegZhZadkZg{eVhZVcYdedgVfj†nedgVaa{!idXVcYd
hjhidcVYVh!`»VaVbeZVYVh!]jVnŠ^idh!WV^aZX^idh!XjZfj^iVh!jcVndigVXdh^iV
fjZaZhVaZYZaVabV#
8=6G6C<DH:C:AI>C@J
:c aVh edWaVX^dcZh cdgiZ
edidh^cVh! Xdbd BVX]V! Ed"
XdViV! 8]VnVciV! Zc aV ÃZhiV
YZ aV 8gjo HVciV KZgV 8gjo
XVYV(YZbVndhZXZaZWgVZa
i^c`j ZcXjZcigd! g^ijVa Vc"
XZhigVa egVXi^XVcYd Xdbd jc
ig^WjidVaVEVX]VbVbVbV"
YgZi^ZggVeVgVaV[Zgi^a^oVX^‹c
YZaVi^ZggV#HZigViVYZjcZc"
XjZcigdYZXVbeZh^cdhfjZVa
Xdbe{hYZag^ibdYZai^c`jid"
XVchjhX]VgVc\j^idhXdbdjc
egZ{bWjadVaVajX]VXjZged
VXjZgedZcigZgZegZhZciVciZh
YZXVYVXdbjc^YVY# Yendo al encuentro. Pocoata 3 de mayo 1977

222
:A8=6G6C<D

8dcaVb^hbV[jZgoV!iVbW^‚chZejZYZVegZX^VgZhiZXZgZbdc^VaZcaV[Zhi^"
k^YVYYZaVK^g\ZcYZaGdhVg^deg^bZgYdb^c\dYZdXijWgZZc6nbVnVnZcadh
VnaajhYZaVegdk#7jhi^aad#EVgVaV:mVaiVX^‹cYZaHZŠdg&)YZHZei^ZbWgZZc
EVcV`VX]^!egdk#7jhi^aadnZcaVÃZhiVYZa8jZgedYZ8g^hed&*YZhZei^ZbWgZ
ZcHVcEZYgdYZ7jZcVK^hiVYZa9Ze#Edidh†#H^cZbWVg\d!hZXdch^YZgVVBV"
X]VXdbd¸AVXVe^iVaYZaI^c`j¹!YdcYZaV[Zhi^k^YVYVŠdigVhVŠdhZZmi^ZcYZ
edg(aVg\dhY†Vh#

En Aymaya, Prov. Bustillos Norte Potosí 1976

6egdkZX]VcYdaV[Zg^VYZaejZWadadhXVbeZh^cdhXdbegVcX]VgVc\dhWV"
gVidhnjcVkZoVYfj^g^YdhhZadXjZa\VcYZhYZZaXjZaadVaVZheVaYVndigdh
XVb^cVcigViVcYdYZVÃcVgad#:aY†VYZaVÃZhiVadhXVbeZh^cdhaaZ\VcWV^aVcYd
VaXdbe{hYZhjhoVeViZdhnidcVYVhigVY^X^dcVaZhYZcigdYZjcVXVb^cViVaaZcV
YZVa\VgVW†V!jcdhidXVcYdX]VgVc\dhndigdh_jaV_jaVhh^XjhaVg\dhn\gVcYZh
]VhiVaVh^cbZY^VX^dcZhYdcYZhZgZVa^oVg{cadhZcXjZcigdh#:hiVhWViVaaVhg^ijV"
aZh\ZcZgVabZciZi^ZcZcaj\VgZcaVheaVoVh!YdcYZhZYVcX^iVhb^aZhYZXVbeZ"
h^cdhfjZk^ZcZcYZhYZY^[ZgZciZhVnaajh!XdbVgXVhnXdbjc^YVYZheVgV^ciZg"
kZc^gZcZai^c`jZcXjZcigdZcigZYdhg^kVa^YVYZh!adhYZVgg^WVnadhYZVWV_d#
IdYdVXdciZXZZcbZY^dYZ\gVcYZhgjZYVh]jbVcVhfjZ\g^iVcnhZYZhk^kZc
Zc ZhVh Xdc[gdciVX^dcZh! adh VYkZghVg^dh hZ V\VggVc V lVgV`»Vodh ]dcYVodh!
V \daeZh n V eViVYVh Zc jcV ajX]V ZcXVgc^oVYV ]VhiV fjZ hZ YZggVbZ hVc\gZ
eVgVd[gZcYVgaZVaVeVX]VbVbV#:cVa\jcdhXVhdh!XjVcYdadhXdciZcY^ZciZh
cdad\gVcZcigZ\VghjX]VgVc\j^idVhjhbj_ZgZh!hjXdbeVŠZgdbjh^XVaYZadh
XVb^cdh! iZgb^cV ^\jVabZciZ YZhigdoVYd# :hiZ VXdciZX^b^Zcid eVgV XjVafj^Zg
dWhZgkVYdgV_ZcdVaVXjaijgVejZYZgZhjaiVgjcVXidYZhVakV_^hbd!eZgdeVgV
adhXVbeZh^cdhnYZhXZcY^ZciZhhZigViVYZjcg^ijVaYZk^YV#

223
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

:cBVX]V\ZcZgVabZciZZai^c`jXdb^ZcoVZcaVheg^bZgVh]dgVhYZaY†V!n
]VhiVZabZY^dY†VnVhZXjZciVXdcjcddYdhbjZgidhnkVg^dh]Zg^Ydh!]jWd
VŠdhZcfjZhZXdciVWV]VhiVXdc)bjZgidhedgÃZhiV!ZhidhhVXg^ÃX^dhhZg{caV
hZŠVaYZi^Zbedheg‹heZgdhnYZVWjcYVciZXdhZX]V#
JcV kZo XdcXaj^Ydh adh Zc[gZciVb^Zcidh adh XVbeZh^cdh gZidgcVc V hjh
]d\VgZhbjX]dhaaZkVcYdhjh]Zg^YdhnhjhbjZgidheZgdh^ZbegZVXdbeVŠVYdh
YZadhhdcZhYZaX]VgVc\dn_jaV_jaVh#:#8Vkdjg&.,,¶&.-%#
:A8=6G6C<D:CA6AJC6
?ja^d7Zc†iZo8VbVX]d
HjXgZ!bVgod&%YZ&.-,
:cZaVŠdYZ&.,%!Za.YZbVgod!ZagZXdgYVYdVgi^hiVBVjgdCŠZoZcigZ\‹
hj X]VgVc\d! jc WZaad ^chigjbZcid iVaaVYd! Va hZŠdg H]^gV`jhV :bWV_VYdg YZ
adh :hiVYdh Jc^Ydh YZ 6b‚g^XV edg ^ciZgbZY^d YZa Hg# DhXVg EZŠV ;gVcXd# :a
Y^eadb{i^XdgZX^W^‹ZaVgi†hi^XdegZhZciZZcXjndiVaaVYd!Xdcbdi^kdhWda^k^Vcdh!
ZhiVWVjcbZchV_ZfjZYZX†V/¸7da^k^VnhjZhe†g^ijcVi^kd]VX^VaVajcV¹#
H^bWda^oVaVVXX^‹cYZaVgi^hiVfjZXdcVabVcjZhigVhZZaZk‹ZcZaXd]ZiZ
6edadYZhYZ8VWd@ZccZYn]VhiVaVajcV!VXdbeVŠVcYdVadhVhigdcVjiVhZc
hjeZa^\gdhVb^h^‹c#
Adh VhigdcVjiVh aaZkVWVc! ZcigZ hjh ^ccjbZgVWaZh ^chigjbZcidh YZ kjZad!
jcdb{h!aVXV_VYZgZhdcVcX^VYZXjZXVh!]jVnŠdh!`VajndhnWV^aZX^idhfjZ
VeVgZX†VcVaVk^hiVYZadhk^V_ZgdhYZaZheVX^dZcjcbVgXdXde^dhdYZWaVcXVh
cjWZh!fjZ]VX†Vcb{ha^k^VcdZaaVg\dk^V_ZVaXdhbdh#
BVjgdCŠZofj^hdfjZZaX]VgVc\dWjaaVc\jZgd[jZgVZacZmdYZcjZhigV
i^ZggV Xdc Za jc^kZghd# :a egZiZcX^dhd ^chigjbZcid aaZkVWV Za gd_d ejco‹! Za
VbVg^aad {jgZd n Za kZgYZ ZhbZgVaYV! fjZ dg\jaadhVbZciZ ÄVbZV Zc aVh VaiVh
bdciVŠVhcZkVYVhYZcjZhigdXdci^cZciZ#
Jc Y†V d^gZbdh V igVk‚h YZ aVh dcYVh ajcVgZh Za igVY^X^dcVa ^chigjbZcid!
ZheVgX^ZcYdhjhcdiVhedgZaÃgbVbZcidXdcZaZhe†g^ijnaVbh^XV^cY^VfjZ
VYdg‹VaVajcVXdbdVhj9^dhVnVaVhigdgZnXdbdVhj9^dh#
Hj 9^dhV VajbWg‹ aVh cdX]Zh gdb{ci^XVh YZ Vbdg fjZ Za _dkZc fjZX]jV
iZc†VXdchj^b^aaVXjndhi†e^XdhkZghdhYZadhiVfj^hnadhVgVl^XjhiZc†Vchj
egde^Va^iZgVijgV#
BVjgd CŠZo! Za [ZXjcYd Vgi^hiV aaZk‹ Za X]VgVc\d n Za VgiZ cVX^dcVa edg
idYdZabjcYdVciZhYZeVhZVgadedgidYVaVZhigVidh[ZgV0]dnhZkVcV\adg^VZc
hjijbWVXdcZaZXdYZaVhXjZgYVhhjVkZhYZig^eVYZhjX]VgVc\d#
:aVabVYZadhfjZX]jVhZhi{ZcZaX]VgVc\dYZedh^iVYdZcaVhjeZgÃX^ZYZaV
ajcVXdchjhVXdgYZhVYdgbZX^Ydh]VhiVfjZaVbVcdYZdigdWda^k^VcdaVhkjZa"
kVV]VXZgk^WgVgVciZZabjcYdXdbdjcbZchV_ZYZ6BDG!JC>ÓCNE6O#

224
:A8=6G6C<D

ADH8=6G6C<DH86B7>6C9:I:BEA:
AVVÃcVX^‹c!YZcdb^cVYV¸Fj^bhViZbeaZ¹!
igVZXdch^\d:AEG>B:GI>C@J:CED8D6I6!
CdgiZYZEdidh†#
Edg6cYg‚h<‹bZoKZaV<VgZXV
A6G6OÓC!''YZVWg^aYZ'%%%#

6eZcVhiZgb^cVaVegdXZh^‹cYZaHVcidHZejaXgd!adh¸lVaVnX]dh¹YZXjZgYVh
YZVXZgdgdbeZcXdcZa¸iZbeaZY^VWad¹n\^gVchjhXaVk^_Vh]VX^VaVVÃcVX^‹c
fjZ aaVbV Va [g†d# 8d\Z hj X]VgVc\d YZ {gWda YZ bdaaZ n YZha^oV hjh YZYdh
YZ Vgg^WV ]VX^V VWV_d edg aVh X^cXd XjZgYVh eVgZh# AZ VggVcXV jcV bZadY†V
^bWg^XVYVZcigZZaZgdi^hbdnadaY^Xd#Hjhd†YdhYZiZXiVcfjZhj¸lVaVnX]d¹
h^\jZ VÃcVYd Zc Za ¸iZbeaZ Y^VWad¹! ZckjZaid ZcigZ hZgeZci^cVh! b^mijgVh n
idYVk†VXdcZadadgVaVX]^X]VYZbV†oYZaai^bdXVgcVkVa#
GZXdggZ hj bVcd ^ofj^ZgYV ]VX^V aVh XaVk^_Vh n aVh bjZkZ jcV edg jcV0
bZcdhZaai^bdeVg!fjZadYZhXjZa\V#AdhYZYdhYZhjbVcdYZgZX]V]VXZcjc
ejciZdbZa‹Y^Xd!{\^anZhXjX]VZag^ibdYZafj^bhViZbeaZh‹adigZheVgZhYZ
XjZgYVhnh^ZciZfjZVeZcVhdnZjcVgeZ\^daZWjaaZaVhVc\gZ!YZhViVhjXjaijgV
k^daZciVnaZedcZZcZagjZYdYZXdbWViZYZaeg^bZgi^c`jYZadhigZhfjZYZWZ
Zc[gZciVg/ZaYZK^ZgcZhHVcid!AV;^ZhiVYZaV8gjo(YZBVndnYZHVcBViZd
'&YZhZei^ZbWgZ#
H‹ad i^ZcZ &, VŠdh n hj X]VgVc\d nV aZ VXdbeVŠ‹ Zc + i^c`jh# Hj YZYd
†cY^XZ! fjZ i^ZcZ jcV jŠV X]jZXV egdYjXid YZ jc bdgY^hXd fjZ aZ ]^od jc
¸XdWVgYZ¹YZadh¸VaVhVnVh¹jceZfjZŠdVnaajg^kVaXjVcYdnVaZkZcX†V¸`»VgV

225
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

bVfj^h^ijVejŠZiZa^be^d!gZXdggZjc]^a^aadYZhVc\gZfjZhZfjZY‹\gVWVYd
ZcaVXVgVYZhj¸lVaVnX]^id¹#¸`»ZlV0Vi^eVnbVcf»Vgf_VjbVne^_VniVgfdVc!
e_ViVgeVX]^jVcbVg^X‹c!aZ]jW^ZgVkZcX^Yd!bZV\j_ZgZ‹b^XVWZoVYZjcV
eViVYV! gZXjZgYV¹# Hj bZbdg^V ]VXZ jc eVcZd YZ VfjZaaVh ZhXZcVh# IZc†V
VeZcVhfj^cXZVŠdh!eZgY^‹ZaZfj^a^Wg^dnXVn‹#8jVcYdgZXdWg‹ZahZci^Yd!k^d
aVXVgVYZhjX]VgVc\dYZgZd_dnhjhVc\gZXdV\jaVYVZcigZaVhXjZgYVh#
¸6]dgV!aZkdnVkZgdigVkZoVZhZXVgV_d!nVkZg{!`jcVcbVlVŠjX]^hV_!
hVgjhV_aZkdnVbViVg!aZkdnVe^hVg¹!idXVdigVkZohj^chigjbZcidVidcdXdc
adh¸bV_VhVnVh¹hjVnaaj#
:aiVŠ^gYZaVhXVbeVcVhYZaV^\aZh^VXdadc^VaYZEdXdViV!egdk^cX^V8]VnVciV!
Edidh†!aZVggVcXVcYZaeVhVYd#6eZcVhZhXjX]VhZVa^hiVeVgVaVegdXZh^‹cYZa
HVcidHZejaXgd#¸IVi^id!nVcVeVg^lVn9^dhb†dVnYVbZ!bjgbjgVnhZViVk†V
XdcgdeVa^k^VcV#B^gVhjbdciZgV8VhXdYZXjZgdYZkVXV!bjneVgZX^YdVaYZ
adhXdcfj^hiVYdgZhZheVŠdaZhngVh\VhjX]VgVc\dXdbdegZiZcY^ZcYdVggVcXVgaZ
jcVheVaVWgVhncdh‹adbh^XV#HVaZVaVXVaaZnhZea^Z\VVaVegdXZh^‹c#:aZkV
Va=^_dYZ9^dhjcdhX{ci^XdhndgVX^dcZh#AaZ\V]VhiVaVejZgiVYZaiZbeadnhZ
oV[VYZaVgZa^\^‹cXdadc^oVciZnVWgVoVVa8g^hid¸fjZX]j^oVYd¹#¸lVŠjhf_V¹
Zhi{bjZgid#6]dgVbZkdnVaVXVcX]VYZeZaZV!?VaaeV!aaVlVgiVbjcVchjbV_
XdhZX]VcVeV_AVi^ZggVfj^ZgZhVc\gZeVgVjcVWjZcVXdhZX]V¹!gZÄZm^dcV#
EdXdViV>\aZh^VBVX]VfVljVg^h`V!`jcVci^ZbedlVgb^hcd`»V`VlVg^h`»V
AV>\aZh^VYZEdXdViVb^gVZaejZWadYZBVX]V!aVhbj_ZgZhYZ]dnbZb^gVcV
b†!XVciVYZhVÃVciZnYZh\gVcVaVbZadY†VYZhjX]VgVc\d!fjZYjgVciZXjVigd
bZhZhaaVbVg{Va[g^‹eVgV]VXZgX]jŠdZcaVejcVaVhVaijgVh#:cEdXdViV!Za
X]VgVc\dhZXdcZXiVXdcaVcVijgVaZoV#
A:N:C969:A6K>J96
IgVY^X^dcVah^\adM>M#GZXde^aVX^‹c/:#8VkdjgVŠd&.+-
6ci^\jVbZciZ! V adh bh^Xdh  fjZ hZ gZXd\†Vc hdadh edg aV b^iVY YZ aV
cdX]Z!Va\dWdggVX]^idh!VXdbeVŠ{cYdhZXdcZahZci^b^ZcidigVhcdX]ZgdYZaV
XdcXZgi^cVdYZaX]VgVc\dhZaZhVeVgZX†VaVK^jYV!jcV]ZgbdhVX]daVkZhi^YV
YZ cZ\gd! Xjndh ZaZbZcidh XVgcVaZh XjWg†Vc adh \jhidh b{h a^W^Y^cdhdh YZ
XjVafj^Zgbh^XdigVhcdX]VYd#
6h†VXdciZX^‹XdcjcX]VgVc\j^hiVeVXZŠd#AVK^jYVhZaZVeVgZX^‹nZaX]V"
gVc\j^hiVfjZY‹ZcXVciVYdXdcZhVWZaaZoV!aVXdcfj^hi‹nhZ[jZgdcVjcVX]^"
X]Zg†VVWZWZgjcVhXde^iVh#:aX]VgVc\j^hiVhZ]VW†VZcVbdgVYdg{e^YVbZciZ
YZaV]ZgbdhVX]daV!fj^‚cYZhej‚hYZVa\jcVh]dgVhYZWg^cYVg_jcidhaZ^ck^i‹
VhjXVhV!jcVbVch^‹cWVhiVciZaj_dhVnbjnVbea^V#AdhXjVgidhajX†VcXdc
Va[dbWgVh^bedgiVYVh!bjZWaZhiVaaVYdh!kZciVcVhXdcedbedhVhXdgi^cVhYZiZg"
X^deZad!gdeZgdhZcX]VeVYdhnjcVVbea^VXVbVYdcYZhZhZci†VaV[gV\VcX^VYZ
adheZg[jbZhb{hZmfj^h^idhfjZbdgiVaVa\jcd]VW†VZmeZg^bZciVYd#AVk^jYV

226
:A8=6G6C<D

n Za X]VgVc\j^hiV hZ\j†Vc ZbWdggVX]{cYdhZ! eZgd ZhiV kZo Xdc Ãcdh a^XdgZh n
hZgk^YdhZckVhdhYZXg^hiVaZhgZajX^ZciZh#:aWdggVX]^idXdci^cjVWVidXVcYdhj
X]VgVc\j^idXdcadbZ_dgYZhjgZeZgidg^d!XdgiZ_VcYdVaVgZX^‚cXdcdX^YV#Id"
XVWV]jVnŠ^idh!`»Vajndh!XjZfj^iVh!ZcÃcidYdadfjZVaVVgY^ZciZX]daVedYg†V
\jhiVgaZ#
9Zhej‚hYZ]VWZgWZW^Ydb{hYZaVXjZciVhZ[jZgdcVaYdgb^idg^d#AVk^jYV
^ck^i‹VaWdggVX]^idVaVXVbV!ZaaVhZYZhk^hi^‹nhZVXdhi‹!‚a]^odadegde^d!
XdadX‹ hj X]VgVc\d hdWgZ jcV X‹bdYV aj_dhVbZciZ iVaaVYV! hZ fj^i‹ aV gdeV
Xda\VcYdhjeVaZi‹!eVciVa‹cnXVb^hVhdWgZjcdhXda\VYdgZhYZeaViVnh^aaVh
YZb^bWgZ!hjhoVeVidhYZcigdadhXV_dcZhYZaVX‹bdYVigVWV_VYVZcXdcX]V
YZabVgXVg^WZ#
6aVbVŠVcVh^\j^ZciZ!XdcZcdgbZhdgegZhV!ZaX]VgVc\j^hiVYZheZgi‹ZcZa
XZcigdb^hbdYZjceZhi^aZciZ¸XZc^oVa¹!gZXdhiVYdhdWgZWVhjgVnb^ZgYV#Hj
gdeVXda\VWVhdWgZXVXijh!Zhe^cdhnhdWgZXV_VhkVX†VhYZXVgidcZh#HjX]VgVc\d
cdVeVgZX†Vedgc^c\caj\Vg#
>cig^\VYd Za X]VgVc\j^hiV! [jZ V aV XVhV fjZ cdX]Z VciZh ]VW†V ZhiVYd!
b{hYZYdadgedgeZgYZgVhjX]VgVc\j^idnVaVVbVYVfjZgZX^ZciZbZciZaV
]VW†V XdcdX^Yd# <daeZ‹ aV ejZgiV YZ XVaaZ! Zc ZheZgV YZ jcV Zmea^XVX^‹c!##
CVY^ZXdciZhid#AVheZghdcVhfjZX^gXjcYVWVcaVXVhVhZZmigVŠVWVcVacdiVg
aV^ch^hiZcX^VYZa]dbWgZ!cd[VaiVcYdfj^ZchZVXZgXVgVeVgVZmea^XVgV‚hiZ!
fjZaVXVhdcVZhiVWVXZggVYV!YZh]VW^iVYVnfjZaVYjZŠV]VW†V[VaaZX^Yd]VXZ
bjX]†h^bdhVŠdh#
6aX]VgVc\j^hiVcdaZXdckZcX†VZhV]^hidg^V!VhZ\jgVWV]VWZgZhiVYdZcaV
XVhdcVcdX]ZVciZh!n]VWZgXdbeVgi^YdidYVaVcdX]ZXdcaV]ZgbdhVX]daV!
^cXajhd YVWV gZ[ZgZcX^Vh YZ aV bj_Zg fjZ Xd^cX^Y†Vc Xdc aVh eZghdcVh fjZ aV
XdcdX†Vc#
8dbd cd ZcXdcig‹ hdajX^‹c! hZ VigZk^‹ ^g V aV eda^X†V fj^‚cZh edg iVciV
^ch^hiZcX^V VXXZY^Zgdc V VWg^g aV XVhV b^hiZg^dhV aV XjVa ZhiVWV [jZgiZbZciZ
VhZ\jgVYV cdi{cYdhZ fjZ cd ]VW†V h^Yd VW^ZgiV edg bjX]dh VŠdh# JcV kZo
YZcigdaVXVhdcVZcigVgdcVaV]VW^iVX^‹cfjZcdX]ZVciZhXdW^_‹VaX]VgVc\j^hiV!
XdbegdWVcYdfjZhj^ciZg^dgZhiVWVXdbeaZiVbZciZZbedakVYd!XdciZaVhYZ
VgVŠVh!XdbdXdchZXjZcX^VYZjceVhVYda\jWgZnVWVcYdcVYd#AVhdgegZhV
nZhijedgeVgVZaX]VgVc\j^hiV!eda^X†VhndWhZgkVYdgZh[jZXjVcYdZcXdcigVgdc
VaX]VgVc\j^idhdWgZaVX‹bdYViVaaVYVZcaVb^hbVedh^X^‹cfjZcdX]ZVciZh
ad]VW†VYZ_VYd#
6868>DG:<>ÓCEDIDH>C6!9DC9:8=6G6C<J>HI6H
@»6A6BE:6CBDCI69DH68676AAD
AjX^d :X]ZkZgg†V Zh jc X]VgVc\j^hiV fjZ VbV hj VgiZ n XjVcYd ]VWaV YZ
hj 6XVX^d fjZg^Yd ad ]VXZ Xdc iVa VaZ\g†V fjZ cdh ^ck^iV V eVhVg bdbZcidh

227
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

]Zgbdhdhb^ZcigVhcdhXjZciVZaVgiZYZaX]VgVc\dZcZhVgZ\^‹cfjZeZgiZcZXZ
VaVegdk^cX^V<ZcZgVa7^aWVdYZaYZeVgiVbZcidYZEdidh†#
9dcAjX^dcdhXjZciVfjZZcaVÃZhiVYZaV8VcYZaVg^VfjZhZXZaZWgVZa'
YZ[ZWgZgd!adhX]VgVc\j^hiVhn\j^iVgg^hiVhaj\VgZŠdhidYdZaY†VkVcidXVcYd
]jVnŠ^idh n idcVYVh ¸bdciVYdh Zc hjh XVWVaadh¹ [dgbVcYd Vh† XdbeVghVh
VaZ\gZh n WjaaVc\jZgVh# Adh _^cZiZh Xdc jc bdk^b^Zcid YZ ZhejZaVh ad\gVc
fjZadhXVWVaadhh^\VcZaXdbe{hYZaVbh^XVfjZkVc^ciZgegZiVcYd#8jVcYd
hZ XVchVc kVc V jcV X]^X]Zg†V Z ^ck^iVc eg^bZgd V hjh XVWVaadh jc WVaYZ YZ
X]^X]VeVgVfjZVh†YZ_ZcYZ_VYZVgedgZaXVchVcX^dnkjZakVcVgZeZi^gaVh
VcYVcoVh#
:c aV ‚edXV YZ XVgcVkVaZh Zc 6XVX^d eVgV XVYV Y†V hZ ^ciZgegZiV jc
YZiZgb^cVYd ]jVnŠ^id! jhVcYd Za X]VgVc\d VÃcVYd Zc ¸`»^bhV iZbeaZ¹! Zc
iZbeaZXVbWgVn!ZahVaVfjZdZcVa\jcVhkVg^VX^dcZhYZaiZbeaZY^VWad#
6adhX]VgVc\j^hiVhYZZhiVgZ\^‹chZadhgZXdcdXZXdc[VX^a^YVY0Zaadhhdcadh
fjZ`»VaVceZVchjhidcVYVhji^a^oVcYd]VhiVZcZa,bd#igVhiZ#
:hiZedWaVYdZhi{bjnXZgXVYZ6coVaYd!HVcEZYgdYZ7jZcVK^hiV!NVbWViV
nIdgdidgd#
:caVÃZhiVYZaV:mVaiVX^‹c&)YZhZei^ZbWgZVeVgZXZcadhi^c`jh!YdcYZadh
aj\VgZŠdh^begdk^hVcZcXjZcigdhYZg^kVaZhZcigZadhYZakVaaZnadhYZaVejcVVa
Xdbe{hYZ_jaV_jaVhnX]VgVc\dh#AjX^d:X]ZkZgg†VZhjccdiVWaZ`»VaVbeZVYdg
YZaX]VgVc\dnb^ZbWgdYZaVHdX^ZYVY7da^k^VcVYZa8]VgVc\d#:cigZk^hiV/'
YZ[ZWgZgdYZ'%%&#
ADH?6A@»6H9:ACDGI:9:EDIDHÏNHJ8=6G6C<D
EdgHVci^V\dHVcYnG#
:caVegdk^cX^V8]VnVciVYZa9Ze#YZEdidh†!YdcYZZhi{caVhXdbjc^YVYZh
XZgXVcVh V GVkZad! Idbdnd! 6ci^gV! BVgV\jV! Vh^b^hbd Zc adh Vnaajh/ @VgV
`VgV!=jVnaaVh!@daaeV!ZiX#Zhi{cadh?Va`»VhXdckZhi^bZciVYZWVnZiVWaVcXVn
hdbWgZgdYZdkZ_V!hjXVWZaadXdcjcVhdaVigZcoVnaVhbj_ZgZhXdcVab^aaVhYZ
WVnZiVXdadgVojadcZ\gd!fjZhZY^k^ZgiZcZcaVhÃZhiVhedejaVgZhYZaVgZ\^‹c
VahdcYZaX]VgVc\dYZiVbVŠd\gVcYZ]ZX]dYZiVidbVYZgV_Va`»VX]VgVc\d
VYdgcVYdXdcZheZ_jZadh!XjZgYVhYZVXZgdniZbeaVYdXdbdaV\j^iVggV]VhiV
aVfj^ciVXjZgYV!XdcVa\jcVhYZZaaVhdXiVkVYVh#
Hjbh^XVjciVcidgZ^iZgVi^kV!XdcXZcigVWVV\gjedhYZbj_ZgZhfjZXVciVWVc
Zcfj^X]jVkZghdhe^XVgZhXdhnWV^aVWVcZcgjZYVXdcoVeViZdhV\gVX^VYdhn
VXdbeVhVYdhidYdVhjbdYd#
AVbh^XVnZaX]VgVc\dYZadh?Va`»Vh!ijk^ZgdceaZcVk^\ZcX^Vb{hdbZcdh
]VhiV aV Y‚XVYV YZ adh »+%! ajZ\d Xdc aV ^cÄjZcX^V YZ aV bdYZgc^YVY [jZgdc
gZZbeaVoVcYdiVcidhjkZhi^bZciVdg^\^cVaXdcegZcYVhYZdigd\‚cZgdniVbW^‚c
hj_Va`»VX]VgVc\dXdcZagVY^dVigVch^hidgZhd\gVWVYdgVh#AVEVo#'#%%'

228
:A8=6G6C<D

A6IDC6969:I»>BEJEJ8=JC8=D
:a bVZhigd IZb^hidXaZh ?VaY†c 6ciZoVcV! ]{W^a bVZhigd XdchigjXidg YZ adh
gVcf]VX]VgVc\dhYZaVadXVa^YVYYZGVnXVeVbeV8dX]VWVbWV!cdhXdbZci‹
fjZZci^ZbedYZaVÃZhiVYZIdYdhHVcidhXVeijgVcVadhidgdhWgVkdhnadhaaZkVc
VaedWaVYdeVgVaVXdgg^YVYZidgdh!Vgg^{cYdadhedgidYdZaXVb^cdVaXdbe{h
YZ aV idcVYV ¸i»^bej ejX]jcX]j¹ VggZVcYd adh idgdh " fjZX]jV idXVcYd Za
gVcf]VX]VgVc\d!WdbWdne^cfj^aadh!ZcjcVÃZhiVfjZYjgVjcVhZbVcV#EVgV
ZhiVÃZhiVfjZhZXZaZWgVYZbVndVhZei^ZbWgZ!egZeVgVcaVX]^X]VWgZWV_Z
Zhe^g^ijdhd!VaXdbe{hYZaVidcVYV¸bjfj]jVnŠd¹fjZX]jV2VbVhVgZabV†o
YZcigdaVWdXV!ZX]VcYdVaX{ciVgdeVgV]VXZgX]^X]V#6^fj^aZ'%%,#

:A8=6G6C<DNADH:C:B><DH9:HJ8JAIJG6

AdhZcZb^\dhYZaVXjaijgVedejaVg]VcZm^hi^Ydh^ZbegZ!nVchZXdci^cV
XdcZhZÄV\Zad#:beZoVcYdedgcjZhigVhVjidg^YVYZhnVa\jcdhhZXidgZhhdX^VaZh
YZhegdk^hidhYZhZch^W^a^YVYnhZci^b^Zcid#Adheg^bZgdh!fjZZhiVcYddWa^\VYdh
VkZaVgedgadh^ciZgZhZhYZaV8jaijgVCVX^dcVahZegZdXjeVcb{hZcVhjcidh
^gg^hdg^dhnh^cigVhXZcYZcX^V0adhhZ\jcYdhXdbd\gjedhhdX^VaZhXdciVb^cVYdh
edg XjaijgVh [dg{cZVh dg^\^cVc jcV Y^hXg^b^cVX^‹c hdX^Va ZheVcidhV! h^ijVX^‹c
edgYZb{hVaVgbVciZZccjZhigVXdcY^X^‹cYZejZWadeajg^XjaijgVanbjai^a^c\“Z#
Adhegde^dhZhXg^idgZhYZ[da`adgZnigVY^X^dcZhhZ]VXZcWjgaVYZaX]VgVc\dV
fj^ZcZhZaX]VgVc\daZhXVjhVWVg^hVnbZcdhegZX^d#AdYZhXg^W^bdhVadhaVg\d
YZZhiZigVWV_d#
:c Za hZXidg XVbeZh^cd cd ]jWd egdWaZbVh eVgV hj Y^[jh^‹c edgfjZ eVgiZ
YZ hj k^YV n Zh jcV dWa^\VX^‹c hVWZg idXVg# H^c ZbWVg\d! Xdc ¸bjX]V eZcV¹
edYZbdh VYkZgi^g fjZ Za X]VgVc\j^id XdbeVŠZgd ^chZeVgVWaZ YZa XVbeZh^cd!
ZhiV h^ZcYd gZZbeaVoVYd edg aV eZfjZŠV gVY^X^id V igVch^hidgZh0 Xdbd jcV
egjZWV b{h YZ aV ¸YZhigjXX^‹c YZkVhiVYdgV¹ fjZ cdh dg^ZciV aV hdX^ZYVY YZ
Xdchjbd!adhbZY^dhYZXdbjc^XVX^‹cbVh^kVnV]dgVaV\adWVa^oVX^‹c#
:c ad fjZ gZheZXiV Va hZXidg jgWVcd! hZ edY†V VYkZgi^g fjZ Zc aVh Y‚XVYVh
VciZg^dgZh Va º*% jcV cdiVWaZ gZh^hiZcX^V YZ adh eVYgZh eVgV VfjZaadh ]^_dh
fjZ hZci†Vc VÃX^‹c edg bh^XV! cd aZh eZgb^i†Vc VegZcYZg ^chigjbZcidh WV_d
c^c\c egZiZmid! Xdc Ydh edh^X^dcZh YZX^h^kVh/ jcV! fjZ adh ^chigjbZcidh! Zc
cjZhigdXVhdZaX]VgVc\d!aaZkVWVVaVeZgY^X^‹cVaV_jkZcijYfjZaVegVXi^XVWV!
fj^ZcZhedgXVhjVa^YVYZhVgi†hi^XVhhZg†VceZghZ\j^Ydhedgbj_ZgZhnZcigZ\VYdh
Vak^X^dYZaVaXd]danbVadhVb^\dh#NdigV/fjZVaX]VgVc\dedghjXdcY^X^‹c
YZ^chigjbZcidXVbeZh^cd!cdYZWZg†VcidXVgadadhYZgVoVWaVcXVidYdhhdbdh
bZhi^odhedghZgYZbjnbVa\jhidnVa\ddgY^cVg^d0b{hW^ZcZgVegZ[Zg^WaZ

229
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

VegZcYZgVidXVgZae^Vcd!Zak^da†cdaV\j^iVggVfjZadhY^\c^ÃXVWVZcidcXZh#
6XijVabZciZ! hZ ]Vc hjeZgVYd Zc eVgiZh Zhidh egdWaZbVh fjZ bdhigVWV Za
hZXidgjgWVcd!aaZ\VcYdVY^[jcY^ghZZa^chigjbZcidZcaVhZhXjZaVh!XdaZ\^dh!
jc^kZgh^YVYZh!ZiX#IVbW^‚ckZbdhXdcV\gVYdVahZXidg¸_V^a‹c¹fjZbdhigVcYd
VciZhgZh^hiZcX^Vedghj^\cdgVcX^V!hZ]V^Yd^YZci^ÃXVYdXdcZaX]VgVc\j^id#
AV egd]^W^X^‹c YZ adh eVYgZh eVgV egVXi^XVg aV bh^XV! hdWgZ idYd Zc adh
]d\VgZh ]jb^aYZh Zc VŠdh eVhVYdh! ]V YZW^Yd gZhedcYZg V jcV ZmeZg^ZcX^V
YZ aV ‚edXV! gVo‹c edg aV XjVa hZ ZhXjX]VWV V bZcjYd ^ch^cjVg V adh ]^_dh
XdcZhiVheVaVWgVh/"ª:aX]VgVc\diZkVVYVgYZXdbZg4!"ª:aX]VgVc\diZkV
V YVg jcV WjZcV bj_Zg4 "«:a X]VgVc\d iZ kV V aaZkVg edg bVa XVb^cd! iZ kV
V YZhigj^g«"### :h edh^WaZ fjZ Zc Zhdh VŠdh Za hZXidg jgWVcd ]jb^aYZ! edg hj
\gVYdYZhZci^bZciVa^hbd]VnVidbVYdZhidh^chigjbZcidhXdbdjcbZY^dYZ
ZhXVeZVeVh^dcVYd!XdcadhgZhjaiVYdhfjZYZWZbdhhjedcZg!ncdXdbdZc
aVVXijVa^YVY!fjZhZidbVVaX]VgVc\j^idXdbdjcV¸]ZggVb^ZciVYZigVWV_d¹!
Xdbd jcV [dgbV YZ egdbdX^dcVg Va eV†h d Xjbea^ZcYd YZ ZhiV bVcZgV jcV
[jcX^‹cYZ¸VbdgVaVbh^XV¹#
8dc gZ[ZgZcX^V V digdh ZcZb^\dh YZ aV XjaijgV cVX^dcVa! Za VŠd &.,. cdh
ZhXg^W^‹ cjZhigd Vb^\d ZXdcdb^hiV ?dh‚ ;adgZh DgdhXd ?68=6 JGJ### ¸H^
gZk^hVbdhXj^YVYdhVbZciZidYdhZhidhZhijY^dhhdWgZeaVcZhYZYZhVggdaad!XVh^
c^c\jcd! Xdc Va\jcVh ZmXZeX^dcZh! ]Vc gZVa^oVYd jc igViVb^Zcid VYZXjVYd
eVgVZahZXidg8jaijgVa!fjZedghjhXdccdiVX^dcZhi^ZcZjcV^bedgiVcX^V^\jVa
dfj^o{bVndgfjZadhhZXidgZhV\gdeZXjVg^dhd^cYjhig^VaZh¹#
¸:cdigdheV†hZh!ZahZXidgXjaijgVagZX^WZWVhiVciZViZcX^‹cdWiZc^ZcYdjc
VedndÃcVcX^ZgdWVhiVciZ]VaV\VYdg0k$\g#B‚m^Xd!:heVŠV!>iVa^V!aVgZeWa^XV
YZaEZg!ZiX#!edghZgXdch^YZgVYdjchZXidgfjZedh^W^a^iVXVbW^dh^bedgiVciZh
ZcZaYZhVggdaadYZXVYVjcdYZZaadh¹#
¸H^ZbeZoVbdhVgZk^hVgadhXjVYgdhXdbeVgVi^kdhYZVh^\cVX^dcZhÃcVc"
X^ZgVhVahZXidgXjaijgVaXdcgZaVX^‹cVaegZhjejZhidXdchda^YVYdYZaVcVX^‹c!
kZgZbdh ^cbZY^ViVbZciZ! fjZ aVh Vh^\cVX^dcZh hdc 76HI6CI: 8DCBDK:"
9DG6H¹#
¸:c &.,+! ‚hiVh VaXVcoVgdc Va %#%(* Zc gZaVX^‹c Xdc Za EgZhjejZhid
<ZcZgVa!eVgVajZ\dZc&.,-aaZ\VgVa%#%)*nZc&.,.Va%#%',#:hiVhX^[gVh
cdh]VXZceZchVgZaigVidfjZhZaZY^heZchVVahZXidgb{hY^hi^ci^kdfjZi^ZcZ
ZaeV†h!YZhej‚hYZaVb^cZg†V¹#
¸IdYdh adh Wda^k^Vcdh! "ÃcVa^oV! cjZhigd Vb^\d ?VX]V ;adgZh"! ZhiVbdh Zc
aV dWa^\VX^‹c ^cZajY^WaZ YZ YZ[ZcYZg! XdcdXZg! ZhijY^Vg! Y^[jcY^g aVh Y^kZghVh
bViZg^Vh YZa YZhVggdaad XjaijgVa! iVaZh Xdbd/ ^ckZhi^\VX^‹c YZa EVig^bdc^d
8jaijgVa!aVXdchZgkVX^‹c!XViVad\VX^‹cZ^ckZhi^\VX^‹cYZcjZhigdhkVadgZhnaV
[dgbVX^‹cYZcjZhigdhgZXjghdh]jbVcdhZcadhXVbedhYZaVXjaijgV¹#

230
:A8=6G6C<D

:cdigVdedgijc^YVY!?dh‚;adgZhDgdhXd:aVjidgYZZhiZigVWV_daZejhdZa
VedYdYZ?VX]»V2\gVcYZZcVnbVgV!bVg^YdYZcjZhigVXdbeVŠZgVXVciVciZn
X]VgVc\j^hiVAjob^aV8Vge^d!cdhZhXg^W^‹YZhYZEVg†haVbZci{cYdhZ/###¸Xdbd
iVbW^‚c iZcZbdh fjZ hj[g^g adh YZhVX^Zgidh fjZ XdbZiZc cjZhigdh V\gZ\VYdh
XjaijgVaZh¹###!XVgiV[ZX]VYVZcZabZhYZdXijWgZYZ&.,.ndigVgVi^ÃXVcYd!Za
(%YZcdk^ZbWgZYZ&.,.#AVXVgiViZmijVabZciZcdh^c[dgbV/¸:chZei^ZbWgZYZ
ZhiZVŠd&.,.ZhijkZZcEVg†h!YdcYZhZaaZk‹VXVWdjcVhZbVcVYZY^XVYVVaV
8JAIJG69:ADH6C9:H7DA>K>6CDH!egZeVgVYdedgadh\gjedh¸GJE=6N¹
n ¸7DA>K>6B6CI6¹ YdcYZ ]jWd bZhVh gZYdcYVh! Xdc[ZgZcX^Vh! egdnZXX^‹c
YZÃabZhnaVhgZheZXi^kVhVXijVX^dcZhYZZhidhXdccdiVYdh\gjedhcVX^dcVaZh!
fjZ]^X^ZgdcYZa;dgjbYZh=VaaZhjcXZcigdYZVigVXX^‹cYZaeWa^Xd[gVcX‚h#
:c jcV YZ aVh Xdc[ZgZcX^Vh! VXdbeVŠVYVh YZ jcV bZhV gZYdcYV! YdcYZ Za
Hg# BVg^d <ji^‚ggZo! ]VWa‹ hdWgZ ¸adh ^chigjbZcidh Vji‹Xidcdh YZa 6ai^eaVcd
7da^k^Vcd¹ ]VX^ZcYd jcV YZbdhigVX^‹c n YZ[ZchV YZ cjZhigdh ^chigjbZcidh n
bh^XV cVi^kV! n Zc Xjnd gZX^cid! VeVgiZ YZa eWa^Xd eVg^h^cd! hZ ZcXdcigVWV
cjZhigd6\gZ\VYd8jaijgVaXdbdiVbW^‚cZhijY^dhdhcdiVWaZhZcVcigdedad\†V!
Zicdbjh^Xdad\†V![da`adgZ![da`adg^hiVh!Y^gZXidgZhYZV\gjeVX^dcZh!ZiX#;jZV]†
YdcYZ cjZhigd gZegZhZciVciZ dÃX^Va! XdcigV idYd ad egZk^hid edg adh bjX]dh
Wda^k^VcdhfjZcdhZcXdcig{WVbdhZcZagZX^cidneVgVYZXZeX^‹ccjZhigV!Y^_d
ZcidcdXdcigVY^Xidg^dVaY^hZgiVciZ!adh^\j^ZciZ/¸AVbVndg†VYZaVedWaVX^‹cZc
7da^k^V!idXVnWV^aVVahdcYZaLVXVId`]dg^0ZhdfjZY^XZcadhGje]Vn!hZZhi{
eZgY^ZcYdnadegVXi^XVjcVb^cdg†V!VeVgiZYZhZgbh^XVYZh^beaZgZeZi^X^‹c
nbdc‹idcV!Vaa{Zm^hiZegdnZXX^‹c###¹ZiX#!gZÃg^‚cYdhZVaVoVbedŠVnVaVh
fjZcVh!fjZeVgVb†adegVXi^XVaVbVndg†VYZcjZhigVedWaVX^‹c!ZaX]VgVc\d!
fjZZcZaHjYYZa6ai^eaVcddhZVZaCdgiZnHjYYZEdidh†!edYZbdhkZgidXVg!V
b^aZhYZXVbeZh^cdh!]VhiVVaV^gZa^WgZ#:hiV^c\gViVgZVXX^‹c![jZVegdkZX]VYV
edgZhdh\gjedhfjZh^\jZch^gk^‚cYdhZYZadcjZhigd!YZhej‚hYZXVh^b{hYZ
&-VŠdhYZjhj[gjXid#Jc]ZgbVcdWda^k^Vcd!fjZhZZcXdcigVWVZcZagZX^cid
n fjZ hZ\c ‚a! i^ZcZ jcV eZgbVcZcX^V YZ b{h YZ '* VŠdh YZ gZh^YZcX^V Zc
EVg†h!Xdca{\g^bVhZcadhd_dhbZY^_d###ª]VZhXjX]VYdZhd4ZhjcVkZgYVYZgV
eZcV0 ejZh Zc idYd ZhiZ i^Zbed! cjcXV cVY^Z! aaZk‹ V XVWd jcV hZbVcV YZ
iVciVbV\c^ijYZ^bedgiVcX^VeVgV7da^k^VZcZaXVbedXjaijgVa!Xdbdad]Vc
]ZX]dZhidhbjX]VX]dh0cjcXV]ZZhXjX]VYdjcVYZ[ZchVYZadcjZhigd!W^Zc
[jcYVbZciVYV!hdWgZaVbh^XV!hdWgZaVXjaijgVnZcjcadXVaiVcX‚cig^XdYZ
EVg†h###eVgVfj‚4eVgVfjZcjZhigVkdodÃX^Va!edgYZhXdcdX^b^ZciddcdhZfjZ
digVXdhV!]VnV[VkdgZX^YdVadhigVÃXVciZhYZcjZhigVbh^XVkZgcVXjaVgfjZ
cdh]VcYZ_VYdcjZhigdhVciZeVhVYdh###EVg†h(%YZcdk^ZbWgZYZ&.,.#;^gbV/
?dh‚;adgZhDgdoXd#
6h^b^hbd fjZgZbdh ]VXZg gZ[ZgZcX^V Va Z\d†hbd ]VW^ijVa fjZ bdhigVWVc
adh¸X]VgVc\j^hiVhjgWVcdhYZVciVŠd¹fj^ZcZhhZaaZkVgdcVaVijbWVWZaaVh

231
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

gZa^fj^Vh bjh^XVaZh fjZ ]Vc k^k^Yd Zc Za ejZWad ]VhiV XVZg Zc Za gZeZgidg^d
YZ Zhidh bVadh hj_Zidh! bjX]dh YZ ‚hidh! ZgVc kVc^Ydhdh! Z\d†hiVh n bVadh!
XVg{XiZgi†e^XdfjZbVc^ÃZhiVcbh^XdhfjZVbVcbjX]dVhjVÃX^‹cYZcigd
jcVbW^ZciZVgi†hi^Xda^b^iVYdnYZbZY^dXg^YVY#6egZX^VX^dcZhZcigZadhVŠdh
YZ&.*,V'%%%#

8G::C8>6HEDEJA6G:H

 " 8jVcYdZaX]VgVc\j^idYZfj^gfj^cX]dVYdgcVaVXVhVZhh^\cdYZWjZcV
hjZgiZ!hdWgZidYdXjVcYdaZXgZXZchjheZa^idh#
 " EVgVVÃcVgZaX]VgVc\dhZVXdhijbWgVaaZkVgadedgVaiVh]dgVhYZaVcdX]Z
V jc ¸ejZciZ¹ eVgV fjZ hZVc Za Y^VWad d Za h^g^cj adh ZcXVg\VYdh YZ
VÃcVgad#
 " :cZaXVbedY^XZcfjZVaX]VgVc\j^id!eVgVfjZhZYjZgbV!hZadYZWZ
YZhVÃcVg! nV fjZ h^ hZ ad YZ_V iZbeaVYd! idXV hda^id n cd YZ_V Ydgb^g
XgZZcfjZZaY^VWadadidXV#
 " BjX]dhX]VgVc\j^idhaaZkVcZcaVXV_VYZgZhdcVcX^VZa¸kZcZcd¹YZaV
k†WdgVYZXVhXVWZa!eVgVfjZiZc\VWjZchdc^Yd#
 " DigdhX]VgVc\j^idhaaZkVcZcaVXV_V¸V_†idhiVYd¹!eVgVfjZcdhZgV_Zc^
aZYZV^gZVhjXVg^iV#
 " 8jVcYdjcVbj_ZgbVYgZkVXdchjlVl^iVXg^VijgVYZeZX]dhVa\jcdh
Y^XZc¸kVXdchjX]VgVc\j^id¹#
 " 9^XZcfjZZaX]VgVc\j^id¸XjVcidb{hk^Z_dZhi{!bZ_dghjZcV¹h^ZbegZ
fjZcdZhi‚ZcXdgkVYd#
 " IdYdhadhX]VgVc\j^hiVhh^Zhi{cig^hiZhXdcZaX]VgVc\j^idhZXdchjZaVc#
 " 8jVcYdZcjciVaaZgZa^chigjbZcidhZXVZYZedgh†!ZabVZhigdXdchigjXidg
ZmXaVbV/"hjYjZŠdnVk^ZcZVgZXd\Zgad6gbVcYdEVio^"HjXgZ#
 " HZXgZZfjZZaX]VgVc\d!kjZakZadXdhVadhX]VgVc\j^hiVh#
 " 9^XZcfjZadhX]VgVc\j^hiVhVh†Xdbdhdc/hjWa^bZh!iVbW^‚chdcjcdh
hViVcVhZh#
 " IdYdhadh_‹kZcZhXgZZcV]dgVb{hZcZaX]VgVc\d!fjZZcaV\j^iVggVd
ZcZa[jh^a#
 " 9ZadhWjZcdhX]VgVc\j^hiVhhZXgZZfjZ]VXZc¸eVXidXdcZaY^VWad¹#
 " 9^XZcfjZZaX]VgVc\j^id!h‹adh^cXjZgYVhhZXVaaV#
 " AdhfjZXdbZcedgeg^bZgVkZo¸XVgcZYZfj^gfj^cX]d¹!i^ZcZfjZeZY^g
igZhYZhZdh#FjZaZhZg{cXdcXZY^Ydh#
 " 8jVcYdjcX]VgVc\j^hiV[VbdhdkVVaVX^jYVYYZDgjgd!adhfj^gfj^cX]dh
hZZheVciVcYZhjhid#

232
:A8=6G6C<D

 " 9^XZcfjZZafj^gfj^cX]dcVXZ!XgZXZ!ZcigVVaXdchZgkVidg^dnh^i^ZcZ
WjZcVkdohZ\gVYVYZX]VgVc\d#
 " 6aX]VgVc\j^idYZfj^gfj^cX]d]ZbWgV!cdYZWZV\VggVgadc^c\jcVbj_Zg!
edgfjZhZedcZXZadhV!hZYZhiZbeaVnXjZhiVVÃcVgad#
 " :aX]VgVc\j^idYZfj^gfj^cX]dZhjcbVc_VgeVgVadhgVidcZh#
 " 9^XZcfjZVadhX]VgVc\j^hiVh!aVhX]^XVhadhaaVbVcXdchjhXVaodcZh#
 " EdgZacdgiZYZEdidh†!Va\jcdhX]VgVc\j^hiVhVYdgcVcVhjhX]VgVc\j^idh
XdcZheZ_^idh!Zhid!eVgVfjZcdhZadhaaZkZZaY^VWad#
 " 9^XZcfjZeVgVidXVgW^ZcZc¸iZbeaZY^VWad¹!]VnfjZhZgjc{c\Za#
 " Adh X]VgVc\j^hiVh Wda^k^Vcdh eZchVbdh fjZ Ydb^cVbdh Va X]VgVc\d0
eZgdadX^ZgidZhfjZZaX]VgVc\j^idcdhYdb^cVVcdhdigdh#
 " 8j{cYd Za X]VgVc\j^id \g^iV Xdc idYV hj VabV/ «K^kV 7da^k^V! k^ZcZ aV
GZciV>ciZgcVnaZXdWgV^bejZhidh#
 " 6adhcVX^YdhZcDgjgd!hZaZhY^XZ/¸fj^gfj^cX]dh¹
  GZXde^aVYVhZcigZ&.+)n&.,.#:gcZhid8Vkdjg6#

=JBDG>HBD

6A8=6G6C<J>ID
Edg:gcZhid8Vkdjg&.,-"&.,.

 :a[jiWda^hiVadV\VggVVX]jiVodh
eViVYVh#EdgfjZZaX]VgVc\j^id
ZcgZegZhZciVX^dcZhad]VXZbZ"
_dg#
 :a VWd\VYd ad ZckjZakZ n YZh"
ZckjZakZXdbdh^[jZgVlVl^iV!
eVgVajZ\dZcigZ\VgadVaV^c_jh"
i^X^V!idYdedgfjZZaX]VgVc\j^"
idZhYZgZX]d#
 :a b^a^iVg ad eaVcidcZV! ad X]d"
XdaViZV# EdgfjZ Za X]VgVc\j^id
cd hVWZ YZ bVgX]Vh c^ hjZŠV
XdcaVhZhigZaaVh#
 :aZXdcdb^hiVaZc^Z\VZaegZhj"
ejZhideVgVhjegdbdX^‹c#Edg"
fjZ Za X]VgVc\j^id Zh EVig^bd"
c^d8jaijgVaYZ7da^k^V#

233
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

 :ab‚Y^Xdfj^ZgZbViVgad#EdgfjZcdhZZc[ZgbV#
 :ajc^kZgh^iVg^dadZmeadiVZckZaVYVhYZegdnZcXdcigV#EdgfjZi^ZcZWVg"
WV#
 AVhXdaZ\^VaVh\doVcVhjXdhi^aaV#EdgfjZhjWkZcX^dcVegdbdX^dcZh#
 :a IViV 8jgV ad h^ZciZ Zc aVh X]^X]Zg†V n ad c^Z\V Zc Za eae^id# EdgfjZ Za
C^Šd9^dhZhXjX]VhjhX]jcijcfj^hnk^aaVcX^Xdh#
 AdhZcZb^\dhadbVc\jZVc#EdgfjZcdhVWZYZgZhZci^b^Zcidh#
 AdhhdgYdhZmXaVbVc/«EZgdh^ZhX]^fj^i^idEdgfjZadZhXjX]VcYZaZ_dh
 Adh Ãa‹hd[dh XjZhi^dcVc/ ªEZchVg{4 EdgfjZ i^ZcZ jcV XVWZoV fjZ hVWZ
eZchVg#
 Adh eVYgZh YZ [Vb^a^V aZ Xdch^YZgVc YZ bVaV XdbeVŠ†V# EdgfjZ Zh VaZ\gZ!
WjaaVc\jZgdnbj_Zg^Z\d#
 Adh]^e‹Xg^iVhcdadh^ZciZc#EdgfjZadhegZÃZgZXdcXVgVhYZ]^ZcVVXVgVh
YZeVcnXdgVo‹cYZe^ZYgV#
 :c¸WZcZÃXZcX^VYZYVbVh¹ZaX]VgVc\j^idZhZaWZcZ[VXidg!edgfjZ]VX^ZcYd
iVcidcdhZbVcYVaVeVgiZ#
 8jVcYdad^ck^iVcVXdbZgadZc\VŠVc!edgfjZZaX]VgVc\j^idh^ZbegZeV\V
XdchjXVcid#
 Adh ZhXg^idgZh ad aaVbVc/ «7^X]d ¶ >chZXid EdgfjZ cd Zh jc ¸gVi‹c YZ
W^Wa^diZXV¹#
 Adheda†i^XdhadbVcX]Vc#EdgfjZZha^be^ZX^id#
 AVhbj_ZgZhadbVc\jZVc#EdgfjZZhVeVh^dcVYd#
 Adhc^ŠdhWdc^idhadbVcdhZVc#EdgfjZZhi{YZbdYV#
 AdhY^eadb{i^XdhadhVWdiZVc#EdgfjZZhZabZ_dg¸:bWV_VYdgYZ7da^k^V¹#
 AdhZmigVc_ZgdhhZXdchjZaVc#EdgfjZcdZhi{XdciVb^cVYd#
 Adh gZÃcVYdh aZ Y^XZc/ «bVbVggVX]d! «VcVa[VWZhi^V EdgfjZ hj dg^\Zc Zh
cVi^kd#
 Adh\j^iVgg^hiVhhZkjZakZcX]VgVc\j^hiVh#EdgfjZhVXVYZaVcdc^bVid#
 AVheZg^dY^hiVhadZcigZk^hiVcZcX]^X]Zg†Vh#EdgfjZcdhZ¸VjidejWa^X^iV¹#
 AdhXd_dhoVeViZVcYZgVW^V#EdgfjZcdbZiZaVeViV#
 Adh[dgojYdhnbVŠjYdhhZYZhXdcigdaVc#EdgfjZZhVbW^YZmigd#
 Adhe^cidgZhnZhXjaidgZhadaaVbVc¸bVZhigd¹#Edghjh[dgbVhdg^\^cVaZh#
 Adhbh^XdhWVggdXdhaZi^ZcZcZck^Y^V#EdgfjZXdc(cdiVh]VXZWV^aVg,
Y†Vh#
 Adh bh^Xdh YZ hda[V ad YZiZhiVc# EdgfjZ eVgV Za X]VgVc\d jcV cZ\gV
kVaZ XjVigd WaVcXVh! VYZb{h i^ZcZ jcV \gVc bZbdg^V bjh^XVa n jc d†Yd
Zck^Y^VWaZ
 Adh^ciZaZXijVaZhcdaZYVcWdaV#EdgfjZi^ZcZb{hedh^W^a^YVYZh#
 AdhXZgZWgVaZhaZXgZZc^c\Zcjd#EdgfjZZhlVl^iVYZeZX]dh#

234
:A8=6G6C<D

 AdhdgVYdgZhad^chjaiVc#EdgfjZZcjcVigVXVaVYVYZ[VghVciZhhZ]VXZd†g#
 AVhgjW^VhaZYZhegZhi^\^Vc!EdgfjZVWdggZXZVaVheda^aaVh#
 Adh eVgaVbZciVg^dh XdbZciVc/ «EZgd h^ ZhiZ idcid cd hVWZ ]VWaVg! cd hVWZ
ZmegZhVghZ!Zhjc^\cdgVciZEdgfjZZaX]VgVc\j^idXdchjXVcidX]^fj^i^idn
X]^aa‹cXjbeaZXdchjejZWad#

:A8=6G6C<D:CA6ED:HÏ6

9:HJ8G:6HJ8G:
?dh‚EgjYZcX^d7jhi^aad&.''

¸AVhXjZgYVhYZb^8]VgVc\d
igVYjXZcb^hhZci^b^Zcidh
XjVcYdZhidnXdciZcidg†Zc
XjVcYdZhidnXdceZcVaadgVc¹#

886AJN:GD
AjX^Vcd9jg{c7d\Zg#EdZiVWZ"
c^Vcd Xdch^YZgVYd edg <j^aaZgbd
K^hXVggV ;VWgZ! Xdbd Za &§# EdZiV
YZadhegdaZiVg^dh:a9^Vg^d!?jZkZh
+YZV\dhidYZ&.(&#AVEVo
8]VgVc\d
XXVajnZgdYZaVi^ZggV!
XdcadhhZcYZgdh
YZaVbdciVŠVig^hiZ
naVXVbe^ŠVVaZ\gZ
]VhiZbeaVYdaVVgbdc†V
YZidYdhadheV^hV_Zh°
AVhdaZYVY
YZaVVai^eVbeV^cbZchV
YZah^aZcX^d
YZadhaaVcdhZhbZg{aY^Xdh!
ejahVg{cZcijZchjZŠd
adh]jVnŠdhkV\VWjcYdh
YZaXVb^cd!fjZe^ZchV
igVhYZjccjZkdbjcYd°

235
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

6gg^Zgdbjh^XVaV\gVg^d 8]VgVc\d
hZbWgVYdgXgZejhXjaVg =VhiZbeaVYdaVVgbdc†V
YZZheZgVcoVhXVbeZh^cVh# YZadheV^hV_ZhZhXdcY^Ydh
IdbVZaXdgYV_ZYZb^hkZcVh XdcZahdaYZjccjZkdY†V°
_jkZc^aZh
negZajY^VVa]dg^odciZ
aVkZc\VcoVYZaVgVoV

¸ANG6>C86>867DA>K>6C6¹
Eg‹ad\dYZEgZhZciVX^‹c
GZX^iVYdedg?#;Zgc{cYZo"iZcdgWda^k^Vcd"EjWa^XVYdedg¸6ciZcV¹!
HZbVcVg^dYZGVY^deVgVZa=d\Vg&.('#7jZcdh6^gZh

:a]jgVX{cVbZcVoVciZeVhVbj\^ZcYd#
HdWgZaVhgj^cVhYZjc\gVc^beZg^d
:aFjZX]jV!
NVaa{!ZcaV^cÃc^iVaZ_Vc†V!
hZdnZZabdc‹idcd\gVoc^Yd
YZaVhcdXijgcVhVkZhV\dgZgVh
fjZZcidcVcZcjcXdgd[jcZgVg^d
jcXVcidfjZeVgZXZjc]^bcdYZbjZgiZ#
6h†ZaXdgVo‹cYZa^cY^diVX^ijgcd
Zhi{XjW^ZgidedgZakZadYZaVeZcV!
nZchjbZciZ
XgjoVjcVkV\V^YZVYZaeVhVYd
VakZgZcgj^cVhZaedYZg†d^cbZchd
YZhjgVoVfjZhZe^ZgYZaZciVbZciZ
nZcZa[dcYdYZhjVabVVidgbZciVYV
dnZjcig^hiZ\Zb^gYZYZhXdchjZad#
EZgd!ªfj‚ZheZgV!Vaa{ZcaVaZ_Vc†V!
ZhXdcY^YdXdbdjcejbVZcVXZX]d4###
JcVajo!
eVgVXdciZbeaVgbVŠVcV
aVhidgkVhgZVa^YVYZhYZhjk^YV
nhVXjY^ZcYdZa[ViVa^hbdfjZaZdeg^bZ
aZkVciVg]VhiVZahdaYZjccjZkd>beZg^d
hjgVoV]ZX]VYZWgdcXZb^aZcVg^d#
:hiVcdX]ZVaXaVgZVgYZaVajoe{a^YV

236
:A8=6G6C<D

kZg‚^haVZkdXVX^‹cYZjcXjVYgd^cY†\ZcV
XdcZa^cY^dYZXVgVgZidhiVYV
edgZak^ZcidnZahdaYZa6ai^eaVcd#
=VWg‚^hYZd†g\Zb^YdhYZaV¸fjZcV¹
nZaYda^ZciZk^WgVgYZadh¸X]VgVc\dh¹
fjZigVYjXZcaVVc\jhi^Vb{hVbVg\V
nhdcaVkdoZiZgcVYZjcVgVoV#

K:GHDH9:AHJ7JG7>D
6j\jhidEVX]ZXd>ijgg^oV\V!edZiVeVXZŠd:a9^Vg^d&+YZ_ja^d&.(,#AVEVo
¸:ak^Z_dX]VgVc\dYZahjWjgW^dig^hiZ
ZcZagdcXdnWV_dgVh\jZVgYZhjhkZcVh!
XVciVaVVbVg\jgVfjZZcaVhcdX]Zhk^hiZ
WV_dZabVcidcZ\gdYZhjh]dcYVheZcVh#

B{hZcZhiZZiZgcdkV^k‚cYZadhY†Vh
cd]VncVY^ZfjZXVbW^ZZaXdbe{hYZZhiVYVcoV0
nZa]dbWgZfjZXVciVk^Z_Vh[VciVh†Vh
naVbjZgiZfjZVjaaVhjig^hiZgdbVcoV#

E^ZYVYedgadh]^_dhfjZcdi^ZcZcbVYgZ
nfjZhZVa^bZciVcXdceZcVhnVaXd]da°
edWgZh]^_dhig^hiZhYZjcVedWgZbVYgZ
fjZeZXdXdcÃVcYdZcjcgVndYZhda#

:aX]VgVc\dhjZcV#:aX]VgVc\didXV!
idXVaVVbVg\jgVYZhjedWgZhdc!
n]VnZcZahjWjgW^djcVe{a^YVadXV
fjZbjZgYZZcigZaaVcidhVhjXdgVo‹c¹#

6A8=6G6C<J>ID
IVgViZŠdGd_Vh&.(-

8]VgVc\j^id!X]VgVc\j^id :cb^hcdX]ZhYZig^hiZoV
8]VgVc\j^id7da^k^Vcd 8jVcYdjcVeZcVbZV\dW^V
8dbdiXVciVheVgVdigdh!k^Y^iV 6aZhXjX]VgndijhcdiVh
NeVgVb†h‹adaadgVh# BZVXjZgYdYZb^7da^k^V


237
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

:AFJ>GFJ>C8=D Xdchj^c\gVi^ijYZhV^b^aa^iV#
<^aWZgidGd_Vh&.)* >cY^Zh^idig^hiZ
nhjX]VgVc\j^idkVc
:afj^gfj^cX]dXjVcYdfj^ZgZ _jcidhedgaVhZcYV
YZkZgYVYfj^ZgZ eVgVcdkdakZg#
ZcDgjgdZafjZbjZgZ
edgVbdghZbjZgZ EDAA:G>I6
GVaH]VlBdgZcd&.**
B>8=6G6C<J>ID
<j^aaZgbdH{cX]Zo6giZV\V EdaaZg^iV!edaaZg^iVYZb^X]da^iV
&.)- edaaZg^iVedaaZg^iVXdadggdh^iV
fjZW^ZciZWV^aVh
8]VgVc\j^id!X]VgVc\j^id! fjZW^‚ciZXVciVh
fjZbZVXdbeVŠVhVaadgVg# Xdcb^X]VgVc\j^id#
:aY†VfjZndbZbjZgV!
Xdci^\dbZ]VcYZZciZggVg# HVgVbVcV`jiVXd_bVcVig^\deZaVXd_
AVhXjZgYVhYZb^X]VgVc\d bVcVX]jŠde»jc`^`d_
8VciVc!aadgVcnWZcY^XZc# FjZW^‚ciZXVciVhfjZW^‚ciZWV^aVh
6h†iVbW^‚cndWZcY^\d XdcijX]VgVc\j^id
aV]dgVYZ]VWZgiZfjZg^Yd# hVgVbVcV`jiV`d_!ZiX#
B^ÃZaX]Vc\j^id! N6AA:<Ó:A86GC6K6A
cdWaZX]VgVc\j^id# 6jidgVc‹c^bd&.**
:aY†VfjZndbZbjZgV!
Xdci^\dbZ]VcYZZciZggVg# NV]VaaZ\VYdZaXVgcVkVa
WV_db^edcX]db^XVciVg
EdgZhdiZfj^ZgdiVcid hZgeZci^cVhYZXdadg
edgZhdXdci^\dXVcid! eV»fjZhZVaZ\gZZaXdgVo‹c
:ci^ZcXjZcigdb^XdchjZad KZc\VcidYdhVWV^aVg
ZgZhb^k^YVnb^X^Zad# Xdcb^X]VgVc\dXVciVg‚
 ZcigZfjZcVhgZXdgYVg
:A8=6G6C<J:G>ID nb^bVX]VhX`VWV^aVg
?dg\ZOZ\VggV&.*'
:hVZhaVhjZgiZYZaX]VgVc\jZgd
:caVhdaZYVYYZaX]VgVc\jZg^id XdeVhk^ZcZcXdeVhkVc
HZdnZjcXVciVg k^kVb^hjZgiZaVaVnaVaV°
X]VgVc\jZg^idfjZig^hiZiZkVh eV»fjZhZVaZ\gZZaXdgVo‹c#
eVgVcdkdakZg#
:HI:8=6G6C<D
:caVhdaZYVYYZhjXVb^cVg GZX#I^idBdga{c&.*.
aadgVg{jcfjZgZg
:hiZ8]VgVc\dfjZidXd
iZ]VeV\VYdbVa
i^ZcZWdXVnfj^ZgZ]VWaVg

238
:A8=6G6C<D

h‹adaZ[VaiVcadhd_dh Vab^cZg^id
eVgVVnjYVgbZVaadgVg# fj^gfj^"fj^gfj†c

FJ>GFJ>C8=D 9:HE:GI6G
DhXVg6a[Vgd&.** :gcZhid8Vkdjg6#&.+)

8jVcYdbjg^‹YdcFj^gfj^cX]d 8^ZgiVkZojcfj^gfj^cX]d
AZaZ\‹hjXjZgednVabV# edgVc]ZaVciZZheZgV
8dbdegjZWVYZXVg^Šd! hZfjZY‹W^ZcYdgb^Yd/
6a^cY^dYZcjZhigVgVoV# aVXjaeV[jZYZhj^b^aaV#

:aadgZXd\^‹ZchjhbVcdh <gVcYZ[jZhjhdgegZhV
NaZY^djcVcjZkVk^YV VaYZheZgiVghZaadgVcYd
ZcaVXV_VYZjcX]VgVc\d Dibujo:
:cjcXjZgedYZX]VgVc\d Edgar Arandia
NjcVabVYZbZadY†V# XdcaVWVgg^\VkVX†V#

EdgZhdVZhiZlVaVnX]d
B6GIÏC6G:C6A:H fjZg^‚cYdadXdchdaVg
=j\dBda^cVK^VŠV&.+% WdbWdh!fjZcVn\j^iVggVh
cdadejZYZc]VXZgXVaaVg#
6gbV"VgbVY^id
6gbV"VgbVY†c! 8=6G6C<J>ID
Zab^cZg^id  :gcZhid8Vkdjg6#&.+)
fj^gfj^"fj^gfj†c# 
I^ZcZhd_dheVgVb^gVg
I^ZcZXVgZiV  dgZ_^iVheVgVZhXjX]Vg#
ZcaVXVg^iV! I^ZcZhX^cXdXjZgYVhYdWaZh
cVY^ZaZhVXV  fjZiZh^gkZceVgVaadgVg
aVbVhXVg^iV# eZgdeVgZXZcjcigjZcd
XjVcYdedgZhiZhjZad
6gbV"VgbVY^id
hZedcZcVXVciVg#
VgbV"VgbVo‹c0
i^ZcZjcVXVeV KVhXVg\VYdYZeZa^idh
XVeVgVo‹c edgZhdiZaaVbVcbja^iV
b{heVgZXZhjcaad`»Vaa^id
I^ZcZjcVXdaV
aadgVcYdedghjX]»ja^id#
i^ZcZjcXda†c!
XjVcYdadZhi^gV IjXjZgediZcYg{aV[VbV
Y^XZi^a†c# YZXdaZXX^dcVgZchjXV_V/
6gbVVgbVY^id bjX]Vh^cfj^ZiVhjŠ^iVh!
VgbVVgbVY†c! eZ^cZh!eaZXigdhnbVXVcVh

239
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

[dgbVhYZbZY^Vhajc^iVh#
8g^VYZgdYZ^b^aa^iVh
hZeVgZXZijXaVk^_Zgd!
ijY^VeVh‹cXdbVYgZ_V
Xdcfj^cXZXg†dhZcaVeVcoV#

JcVbVcdXdggZiZV
XdbdjcedigdYZhZbWdXVYd!
digVbVcdhZVhZbZ_V
Vjce^XVÄdgZcVbdgVYd#

:AFJ>GFJ>C8=D86CIDG Dibujo: Edgar Arandia 1978


:gcZhid8Vkdjg6#&.++

8]VgVc\j^idXdbeVŠZgd bZhZgk^VhYZ\VggdiZ
YZbjX]VhVkZcijgVh! diZfjZYVWVhZbeZŠVd#
XjVcYdZcigZadhWdggVX]dh
XVciVcYdiZVbVcZX†Vh# Fj^gfj^cX]^id!eVeVX^id
«8]VgVc\j^idWda^k^Vcd
KZciVcVhnb{hkZciVcVh XjVcYdZakV^k‚cYZb^bVcd
hjhe^gVcYdaVheVhVWVh! cdejZYVgVhXVgijhXjZgYVh!
«Vn«fj‚bZbdg^VhYZ_Vgdc XjVcYdnV^ci^abZciZ
ijhXjZgYVhYZhVÃcVYVh# fj^ZgVegZh^dcVgb^hnZbVh!
aaZkVg‚XdbdgZXjZgYd
IjhYdb^c^dhh^ZbegZ[jZgdc ZaajidZcb^hY^ZojŠVh#
XdcegZ[ZgZcX^VXVci^cVh!
WVgZh!Wda^X]Zh!X]^X]Zg†Vh! 8DEA6
g^cXdcZhYZeda^X†Vh# 8dXdBVcidAVEVo¶?jc^d!&.+,

6b^\dYZeVggdfj^Vcdh :gcZhid8Vkdjg8]VgVc\d
«YZadh]dbWgZhh^ceZcVX]d 8dbeV\^cVYdgYZVbdgZh#
fjZVaXdbe{hYZijgVh\jZVYd 9^dh]VW^iVZchjh&%nZbVh
hZaVeVhVWVcWdggVX]dh# 8dbd9^VWadhXdcVgYdgZh#

8jVciVhkZXZhbZhZci^hiZ 8=6G6C<D8=DAD
aadgVgedgjcV^b^aaV! :gcZhid8Vkdjg6#&.+.
b^ZcigVhWZhVWVVdigV
ZcVa\jcVX]^X]Zg†V# :a8]VgVc\dZhjcX]dad
 XdcZaVabVYZjcc^Šd!
DigVhkZXZhZcigZedcX]Zh negZÃZgZhZgigVk^Zhd
edgVcYVgh^ZbegZVegZiVd! VhZgk^Z_dnXdggdbe^Yd#

240
:A8=6G6C<D

H^fj^ZgZhiZcZgX]VgVc\d EdgXV_Vi^ZcZjcfj^gfj^cX]d
YZfj^gfj^cX]diZVXdchZ_d! fjZZcDgjgdXdchZ\j†
fj^ZcXVciVYZhej‚hYZbjZgid ZafjZjcVkZohZYjgb^‹
]VYZhZgjcWjZcXdeaZgd# nZcX]VgVc\dYZheZgi‹#

«8]VgVc\j^idaVhi^bZgd« «6n!Vn!Vn!Vn
cjcXVXVciZhZcigZgZ_Vh AadgVb^X]VgVc\j^id
fjZadh\jVgY^VcZhhdchdgYdh «6n!Vn!Vn!Vn
adhegZhdhhZVjbZciVceZcVh# hdWgZb^eVYZXZg#
H^ZbegZ[jZ
8VciVX]VgVc\j^id!XVciV! ZafjZVaZ\g‹b^k^YV
]VhiVfjZYZhejciZZaVaWV n_Vb{h
ZaeV^hVcdfjZiZZhXjX]V jcVeZcVbZY^d#
iVakZokjZakVedgaVaaV_iV#
=6HI6B>8=6G6C<DAADG6
8=6G6C<D8=6G6C<J>ID 6jidgVc‹c^bd&.,&
GZX#8dc_jcid>ci^lVgV&.+.
=VhiVb^X]VgVc\daadgV
?jci^idVb^XdgVo‹c XdchZgbVYZgdkVX†d
_jci^idVb†# X‹bdcd]ZYZaadgVgnd
8]VgVc\d!8]VgVc\j^id h^bZfj^iVcadfjZZhb†d#
YZYjaXZkdo#
B>8=6G6C<J>ID
BVŠVcVaaZ\Vg{ GZXde#<gjed>ci^lVgV&.,(
ZaW^ZcfjZnVeZgY†
VnYVbZVaadgVg 8]VgVc\j^id!X]VgVc\j^id
X]VgVc\j^id_jcidVb^# 6abVnk^YVZcZaXVgcVkVa
CdiZXVchZh!cdiZeVgZh
8dcZab^hiZg^dYZahda ncdYZ_ZhYZXVciVg#
ndaVZcXZcY†
nZaaaVcidbZadfj^i‹ 8=6G6C<J>ID
8]VgVc\j^id# GZc‚8VgZV\V#&.,(

A6H8J:G96H9:B>8=6G6C<D KdnVXVciVgVb^ejZWad
?dg\ZKVg\Vh=jYhdc&.,& kdnVXVciVgVb^hXZggdh
XdcjcX]VgVc\dZcb^hbVcdh
AVhXjZgYVhYZb^X]VgVc\d aZhY^g‚b^hhj[g^b^Zcidh#
hdcYZig^eVhYZgVi‹c
edgZhdhjZcVcVh† 8]VgVc\dih‹adhVWZh
iVcX]^fj^idnX]^aa‹c# YZb^VaZ\g†Vnb^aaVcid
X]VgVc\j^idÃZaVb^\d
fj^h^ZgVbdg^gXdci^\d#

241
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

8]Vg!8]Vg!8]Vg!8]Vg! YZaVk^YVnYZaVbjZgiZ#
8]VgVc\j^id!b^X]VgVc\j^id FjZa^cYVhjZgiZaVijnV
bZZhi{Y^X^ZcYdb^heZcVh fj^gfj^cX]^idWda^k^Vcd
>hVVXG^kVh[jZijZhigZaaV
9DC>H668 bjZgZheV»k^k^gXVciVcYd#
69dc>hVVXG^kVh!]VXZYdgYZ 
X]VgVc\dh# 6A8=6G6C<D
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6#&.,* :gcZhid8Vkdjg6#&.,*
9dc>hVVXZaX]VgVc\jZgd  > 
kVVbdaYVcYdjcfj^gfj^cX]^id!
jcVZhigZaaVZhi{VajbWgVcYd «8]VgVc\d###
edgfjZcVXZjcX]VgVc\j^id K^c^hiZVabjcYd
XjVcYdaVhhdbWgVhYZabVa
HjhXaVk^_VhhdcbVYZgdh VccdXjWg†VccjZhigdhjZad
ZhXd\^YdhedgZak^Zcid 8jVcYdhZXVciVWVVaVi^ZggV
eV»fjZhjXVcidZcidcVYd XdcZab{hejgdVc]Zad#
YjgZbjX]db{hfjZZai^Zbed# XjVcYdhZXVciVWVVahda!
VaVk^YVV\gVg^V#
HjhigVhiZhhZg{cYZ]jZhd
XjVcYdaVajcVkZaVWVZaXVcid
hVXVYdhYZjcXdcYZcVYd
YZadhkZgYVYZgdh###
eV»fjZgZXZXdchjXVcid
8jVcYdaVb^h^‹cbjh^XVa
edgaVhhdbWgVhYZjceVhVYd#
ZgV]dcgVgVadh9^dhZh/
HjejZciZhZg{ZahZcYZgd XgjZaZhnYZhe^VYVYdh
YZb^a^chdbc^dhnVc]Zadh YZaVh[jZgoVhcVijgVaZh#
fjZeVhVg{cgZheZiVcYd
:a^cY^dWda^k^VcdiZY^daVk^YV!
ZahjZŠdYZadhV_Zcdh#
hjhbVcdhXVaadhVhedgZaWVggZcd!
HjbVc\diZcYg{Zaeg^cX^e^d hjhbVcdhYjgVhedgZaVgVYd!
YZidYdigdcXdh^akZhigZ iZY^ZgdcZhiVYjaojgV!
eV»fjZ[gZciZVaZcZb^\d eVgVhdhZ\VgVaY^VWadYZahdXVk‹c
XVciZidYdadfjZh^ZciZ# dVXdgiVgadhaVg\dhXVb^cdh#
Adhg†dh!aVhaajk^Vhnadhe{_Vgdh
HjhXjZgYVhhZg{cYZig^eV iZZchZŠVgdcVXVciVg!
eV»fjZ\g^iZVadheZhVgZh AV bVYgZ i^ZggV iZ ZchZŠ‹ V
X]VgVc\j^idXjVcYdXVciZh eZchVg0
«cdiZdak^YZhYZadhedWgZh nZcigZbdciZhnhZggVc†Vh
a^cYdX]VgVc\j^idXVcidg
HjXVcidiZcYg{ZabZchV_Z
ZaeV^hVcdiZaaZkVWV
YZjck^ZcidYZhjgVcdgiZ
¸_jci^idVhjXdgVo‹c¹
YZaeV^hV_ZXdchjh]dbWgZh

242
:A8=6G6C<D

>> edgZhiVhi^ZggVhYZhdaVYVh!
XdcZaWjggdeZchVYdg!
AaZ\VhiZVaejZWadjcVcdX]Z njcVgVY^ZX^idVigVch^hidgZh
\j^VYdedgijbVaVZhigZaaV ¸?jci^idVhjXdgVo‹c¹
Za¸X]dad¹iZidb‹YZedc\d
^begZ\cVcYdZcijhgVh\jZdh 69DCB6JGD
hZci^b^ZcidhYZbZaVcXda†Vh BVi^aYZ8VhVodaVB#&.,*
hVWdgVX]^X]VnYZhZc\VŠd#
 >
=Vhk^k^YdZcig^cX]ZgVh
aZVaVcjZhigdhhdaYVYdh :hVijXVcX^‹c
ZcXV_VYZXVci^beadgV! i^ZcZcdh‚fj‚
igVhiZhYZWgVkdhZhe^cdh! i^ZcZXdbd[jZ\d
Y^VeVh‹cYZEVadHVcid fjZbZVWgVoVZaXdgVo‹c#
eVgVZcidcVgadhYZhV\gVk^dh#
:hZhj[jZ\d
:aXdgV_Zjc^kZgh^iVg^d bZbViVYZhZY
iZidb‹XdbdVgbVYZajX]V ajZ\dV\“^iV[gZhXV
edgfjZVh†XdbdYVhaVk^YV bZXdck^YVVWZWZg#
iVbW^‚ci^ZcZhhdcZhfjZbViVc#
6\jV[gZhXVZcijX]VgVc\d

[jZ\dVbVciZ
6aX]VgVc\j^hiVZcgV^oVYd
i^ZcZ9dcBVjgd#
VZhZigdkVYdgYZaejZWad
aZ]Vh]ZX]dijXdbeVŠZgd  >>
nVaXVcidYZijheVhV_Zh
h^chZgYdbZhi^XVYdh :hVijXVcX^‹c
]Vck^WgVYdaVhbjai^ijYZh# fj‚hVWg{iZcZg
 VgXd^g^hbZadY^dhd
IjXVcidgjgVa!ijXVcidjgWVcd X^Z\dXdbdZahda#
nZahZci^gYZijXVcidhjWjgWVcd
E{a^YVajcV
hZZmiZcY^‹XdbdXdeaVhXVaaZ_ZgVh
edgaVcdX]ZZh!
edgadhXjVigdejcidhXVgY^cVaZh###
a{\g^bVhYZeaViVnaajk^V

hZedcZViZ_Zg#
  >>>
EaViVnaajk^V
6]dgV!VciZZaXdgidi^Zbed ZcijX]VgVc\d
YZijaVg\digV_^cVg! hdafjZX^Z\V
fj^ZgZhkdakZgVijbjcYd i^ZcZh9dcBVjgd#
a^cYdX]VgVc\j^idXVcidg### 
B{h!ZaeV^hVcdh^\jZhj_dgcVYV

243
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

8=6G6C<J>ID 8{ciVaZgZ\^dX]VgVc\d
EZeVBVgi†cZo9Zaa^WgdYZaZXijgV bZoXaVYZ\j^iVggVn[Vc\d
;ADG:H!&.,+#AVEVo VciZfjZYVbjX]Vi^ZggV
bjX]VfjZ_VZcijhXVbedh#
8]VgVc\j^idYZeVadnfj^gfj^cX]d
ZhijaVbZcidjc_jgVbZcid ;JC968>DC9:JC68:GI:O6
hji^aeaZ\Vg^VWg^hVhdcdgV 8dXdBVcid8dcÃYZcX^VhVjc
ZceaZcVVjgdgVnVhda^iVg^V# X]VgVc\jZgd!&.-&
 >I:BEA:
8dbdhjZcVcijhi^ZgcVhZcYZX]Vh ª9Zfj‚eZcV]ZfjZYVYdeg^h^dcZgd4
nZcZaXVb^cdXVciVZaYZhi^cd ªEdgfj‚bZh^Zcidjc[j\^i^kdig^hiZ4
jcVXVcX^‹ci^ZgcVfj^bZgV 9VbZjcedXdYZa]jVnŠdfjZigV_^hiZ
\gViV^ajh^‹c# YZacdgiZedidh^cd!X]VgVc\jZgd#
Ndcdh‚h^ijk^YVZhZhZcX^V Ijbh^XVhZbZ]VXZgZfj^h^id
YZaVgVoVfjZkVXVciVg eVgVcdeVYZXZgZcZaXVb^cd
dZaaaVcidb†d]ZX]dgdX†d ZhXdbdjck^Z_dgjbWdXaVcYZhi^cd
\^bZeVhVg# edgYdcYZZhb{hXZgXVcdZa^cÃc^id#
86CI68=6G6C<D BVYgj\{cYdaZZaVaWVVacjZkdY†V!
6jidg6c‹c^bd&.,. igZeVYdVahdabVndgYZaVVaZ\g†V
fjZYVhVbVcdhaaZcVh!X]VgVc\jZgd!
8VciVX]VgVc\d
fjZiZVnjYZaVfjZcVVXVciVg KdnVVigZkZgbZX^ZgidVaVVkZcijgV
fjZhZXVaaZcadhZcVbdgVYdh YZVWVcYdcVgZhiVXdhijbWgZdhXjgV
nZag†dhZaaZkZaVeZcVVabVg# YZhZci^gbZZcb^eVig^Vjc[dgVhiZgd#
=dn]VbjZgidb^\j^iVggV >>EJCI:69D
bVŠVcVaV]ZYZZciZggVg
X{ciVaZgZ\^dX]VgVc\d IZ\jVgYd\gVi^ijYedgijXVcid
fjZbZaadgVZaXVciVg# ZhXdbdjckjZadXaVgdYZeVadbV!
Va\dfjZ]VYZkZc^g!fjZnVhZVhdbV
BjZgiVaVfjZcVXVciVWV edgZcX^bVYZabjgdYZaZheVcid#
cdbZfjZYVnVegZ\‹c 8jVcYdjcVkZoZaejZWadk^k^‹eaZcd
XVciViX]VgVc\db†d nfj^hdVWVcYdcVgZahjZŠdZmigVŠd
h^ZbegZk^WgVZaWdgY‹c# YZhZgdaVh^cbVg!i^Zbedh^cVŠd!
VeV\Vgdchj\g^idXdcjcigjZcd#
:aaViZc†VedZbVh
nXVci{WVaZVaVk^YV HjbVgi^g^d[jZ\gVcYZnaZfj^iVgdc
eZgdV]dgVZhi{Ydgb^YV aVkdoVhjeVaVWgVnVggd_Vgdc
ncdhVWZnVYZeZcVh# hj_dkZcY^\c^YVYVakZci^hfjZgd#
CdhZYZijkdZaejZWadZchjXVb^cd

244
:A8=6G6C<D

edgfjZVegZcY^‹ijXVcidbViji^cd FJ>GFJ>C8=>ID!
nXVciVnVbVnk^kZ!X]VgVc\jZgd# 8=6G6C<J>ID
<ZgVgYdÌg^VhEVo&..-
 >>>G6H<J:D
:cijXVb^cVga^\Zgd
:cZa]ZX]^odYZjc]jVnŠdZcadciVcVcoV KVhigVoVcYdb^aXVb^cdh
hZejZYZXdbegZcYZgedgfj‚hZVbV
EgdcidZcXdcigVgVhZaijnd
VZhiZejZWadk^iVafjZhZYZggVbV
Fj^gfj^cX]^idYZaVgZcVa#
ZcZa[ja\dgYZahdanaVZheZgVcoV#
Ij]^hidg^VZhaVfjZZhXg^WZh
K^ZcZZhiZejZWadYZjcVeVo^ccViV!
9ZnVgZiVnVai^eaVcd
i^ZcZjcdg\jaadfjZcjcXVhZgZYjXZ!
=jZaaVhhdcaVheVaVWgVh
XgZXZZcaVXaVg^YVYfjZaZegdYjXZ
FjZhZe^ZgYZcZcaVVgZcV#
jchdadYZX]VgVc\dZchZgZcViV#

EZgdh^hjh^YZVhhdcegd]^W^YVh NXjVcYdiZc\VhfjZYZ_Vg
nZX]VchVaVaYdadgYZhjh]Zg^YVh! AdhVgZcVaZhYZDgjgd
cdfjZYVb{h!]VnjcYZWZgXZgiZgd/ :hXjX]VgZbdhijXVcid
8dckZgi^YdZcg^hVnaaVcid#
«Bdg^gejZWadeVgVfjZZaejZWadk^kV
«6aoVijX]VgVc\d\g^idVgg^WV :hZZhijcdWaZYZhi^cd
nXVciZbdhk^Xidg^V!X]VgVc\jZgd# Fj^gfj^cX]^idYZaVgZcVa
6aVbjZgiZYZijXjZged
8=6G6C<J>ID CVXZg{ij]ZgbdhVkdo#
6cV8g^hi^cV8‚heZYZh&..)
Fj^gfj^cX]^id!X]VgVc\j^id
8]VgVc\j^idcjZkVbZciZ 8]VgVc\j^id!X]VgVc\j^id
Fj^ZgdZcigZb^hWgVodhiZcZgiZ 67da^k^VXVciVg{h
NZcijXV_^iV\jVgYVgadh :cWgVodhYZaX]VgVc\jZgd#
AdhhZXgZidhYZb^bZciZ#
NZak^ZcidYZaVhVaijgVh
IjhXjZgYVhbVaVÃcVYVh 8dgdZcoVbedŠVhiZ]Vg{#
HjZcVcZcb^XdgVo‹c
KVX†dhXdbdijXV_V :A8=6G6C<D
JcXdchjZadVb^Vbdg# ÏiVadEZYgdii^9ZhYZ8]^aZ!
:hig^W^aad &...
EdgZhV^c\gViV!edghjXVg^Šd
BZZhidnbjg^ZcYd# >chigjbZcidb{\^Xd
FjZZcXVciVadhd†Ydh
8]VgVc\j^idedgfjZXVciVh NhZYjXZaVhbVcdh!
9‚_VbZjcgVidaadgVg Ig‚bdad!gZe^fjZhnVgeZ\^dh
Fj^Zgddak^YVgb^Vc\jhi^V Xdc[dgbVchjdg^\^cVahdc^Yd
CdkdakZg‚VZcVbdgVg# aaZcdYZeZghdcVa^YVY

245
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

nYZÃc^WaZZcXjVafj^ZgXdciZmid# ZhigZaa^iVYZaVai^eaVcd
Hj]^hidg^VVci^\jV X]VgVc\j^idÃZaVbdg#
hZigVhajXZejgV!^cdXZciZ!
  >>>
nh^cegZiZch^dcZh#
8dbdjcVciZXZYZciZ[jcYVbZciVa 8]VgVc\dXVcidg
VaV]dgVYZZmeadgVg XVoVYdgYZVbdgZh
Hjh^cV\diVWaZhgZXjghdh nhjZŠdhVabVk^kVo
6ahZgk^X^dYZaVXgZVX^‹cbjh^XVa# YZb^i^ZggVnYZafj^gfj^cX]d
ZcZaVabVYZ6a[gZYd9db†c\jZo
8=6G6C<D;>:A6BDG YZBVjgdCjŠZon<^aWZgi;VkgZ#
?dh‚EZgZ^gVGd_Vh'%%%#
  >K
>
:caVbV\^VYZ8Vkdjg
:cZahjZadYZb^i^ZggV n8ZciZaaVh!VÃcVhiZijXVciVg
ejhZhZb^aaVhYZVbdg
nZcigZXVgYdh!eV_Vhnk^Zcid :A8=6G6C<D9:AB6:HIGD
cVX^‹jcX]VgVc\dXdbdÄdg 6:gcZhid8Vkdjg6\dhid'%%&
Edg/GdWZgid8j^oV!?Vk^ZgBV\cZ?VkV
>>
Z>k{c8gjoLV^`^
:cigZbdciVŠVhfjZ]^ZaVc
hZdnZijZXdXVcidg 8]VgVc\j^id
ZcaVeZcVYZjcXVbeZh^cd 8dciVYdgYZXjZcidh
b^i^\VhiZhjYdadg 9Z[VciVh†VhnYZhjZŠdh
E^XVg‹cnWjaaVc\jZgd#

8]Vc\j^id
EZi^hdnbj_Zg^Z\d
BV\d!eZcYZcX^Zgd
7d]Zb^d!aadgdcX^id!
8Vci^cZgd!

8]VgVc\j^id
8dbeVŠZgd^cXVchVWaZ
9ZVaZ\g†Vhnig^hiZoVh
;j^hiZ]ZX]dZck^Y^VWaZ
EdgaVhbVcdhYZaBVZhigd#

Recuerdo de un amigo italiano 1975

246
:A8=6G6C<D

IG>7JID9:7DA>K>66HJ8=6G6C<D
Edg8dXdBVcid?dg\ZBVcX^aaV'%%,
>
=^_dbZhi^od!ZhbVhh^ZiZbZh^cd
YZaVk^]jZaV]^heVcVZcadhhVgVdh!
ZcZa[ZWg^a[VcYVc\dYZaVg\Zcid
VkZcijgZgdZcegdYZ8VgadhFj^cid#
9ZeVgidcVijgVacVX^‹ZaX]VgVc\d
ZcVfjZaEdidh†YZadhhZ^hX^Zcidh#

=^_dYZeVYgZVc‹c^bdh^cYjYV
jcaji]^Zgedidh^cdVa\cajg^g^!
bVZhigdYZaVbVYZgVaVb^cVYV!
adWVji^o‹8]VgVc\dZcaVX]VgVc\V
XdbcnXdadc^VaYZhZgk^YjbWgZ
Va^chVX^VWaZgZ^cdYZaVeaViV# Por Alberto Martinez 1980
8]Vg"X]VgX]Vg"X]VgZcbVcdhYZaVgg^Zgd
igVhaVhbjaVhnaaVbVhXdY^X^VYVh
bVgX]‹ZaX]VgVc\dXdcaVhXVgVkVcVh
YZaeZhVYdbZiVa]VhiVadhejZgidh
eZgjVcdhnX]^aZcdhYZ^YVnkjZaiV!
b{hYZYdhh^\adhYZaVejcVVaVXdhiV
nYZabVgVaVb^cVYZadhbjZgidh°
>>
9ZVfjZaaVhigVkZh†VhXdadc^VaZh
igV_dZaX]VgVc\dZaVgeZ\^dbVg^cd
VaEdidh†WjaaZciZYZV^gZhZXd
njciVaaVYdg!Za>cY^dAj^hC^Šd!
adZiZgc^o‹Zch^gZcVhnXdgVaZh
ZcZaedgiVabVndgYZHVcAdgZcod!
iZbeaZYZaiZbeadZbeZYgVYdh^ci^Zbed#

H^gZcVhVbW^YZmigVhXdcX]VgVc\d
fjZVcZhi{cZcHVWVnVnZc8VgVc\Vh!
HVa^cVhYZNdXVaaV!ZcadhgZiVWadh
YZ?ZhhYZBVX]VXVnX^Zcaj\VgZh#
AdhX]VgVc\dhnZabVgZiZgc^oVYdh#

247
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

H^caj\VgZcaVÃZhiVkVhXdc\VYV
edghZgX]^aa‹ceZgdW^ZcVÃcVYd!
ZaX]VgVc\dgZWZaYZ[jZVaVhXVaaZh
YZaVh]jZhiZhk^XjŠVhnXVcidgVh
YZa^WZgiVYXdc6adchdYZ>W{ŠZo#
HZ]^odbVndgYZZYVYZcZadY^VYd
h^hiZbVYZaVb^iVZmeda^VYdgV#
8]VgVc\dZcaVhVcYVcoVhnZcaVVc\jhi^V!
X]VgVcYVcoViVbW^‚cX]VgVc\jhi^VYd
ejahVYdedgZacjbZcYZadh6cYZh#
;^_‹hjkdoZcHda9dB^AVB^
 °X]VgVc\dcVijgVaYZEdidh†#
>>>
AjZ\d[jZ\jZgg^aaZgdZcZa^chdbc^d
^cYZeZcY^ZciZVahjgYZa]Zgd†hbd!
VXdbeVŠVciZYZaVhXdeaVh^cY^Vh
YZ?jVcLVaaeVgg^bVX]^nYZadhX]VgXVh#
:aX]VgVc\dX]V_gVcXjYZaVX]V_gV!
X]VgVVcXjhZaZY^_d!]jZhdncZgk^d!
YZaVeVig^VWg^aaVYVZcajokdi^kV
nX]V_]jVcXdiVbW^‚cZaWjaa^X^dhd
[jcYVYdgZcV\dhidYZ7da^k^V#

BVgX‹hj^YZci^YVYVXdcigVk^Zcid
]^odhjcdbWgVY†VnWjZcV[VbV
^chXg^iVZcaVbZbdg^VYZadhi^Zbedh
XdbdZak^da†c!ZaVgeV!aV\j^iVggV#

 8deV\gVWVYVZcaV]^hidg^V
 eVgVÃ_VgeZgiZcZcX^Vh/

IZc†VaVZheVaYVeaVcV
neVgVXdeVgZaeaVcd
X‹cXVkdYZaeZciV\gVbV
hZ]^odYZjceZX]dYZ\Vaad#
>K
8]VgVc\j^idVcYVg^Z\dedidh^cd
hZY^dVZhXjX]VgedgdigdheZgdcjcXV
ejY^ZgdcVYdeiVgadYZhdhaVnd#

248
:A8=6G6C<D

8a^bViZbeaVYdZcB^AVB^9dHdaVcY^cd
aVZhigj_VYVdgVX^‹cYZadhb^iVndh
ZcaVbdciVŠVYZa]dggdghV\gVYd
nZanVgVk†eVgVZajY^gYZhi^cdh#

HZbdYja‹ZaX]VgVc\dZcadhXdbWViZh
YZYjgV[dg_VXdcigVadhi^gVcdh
VcYjkdZc\jZggVhXdcigVaVhXdcfj^hiVh
YZakZX^cYVg^dfjZcdhi^ZcZZck^Y^V
nZcWVgg^XVYVhYZ]jVnŠdnWV^aZX^id
VeVYg^c‹aVXjZXV!VaiVfj^gVg^!
hZejhdVa[gZciZYZadh]dbWgZha^WgZh
egZhjgdhdhYZ]^hidg^VhdWgZZab^id#

HZ[jZVa8]VXdZaX]VgVc\dnbdci‹\jVgY^V
_jcidVaYZhkZadeVig^dZcadhijhXVaZh
[jZ\dYZVgi^aaZg†VW^ZciZbeaVYV
Y^heVgVcYdgZXjZgYdhVa[jijgd#
K
Mario Vargas Cuellar.
=dbZcV_ZVaV\ZciZfjZadXgZV Cochabamba 1975
cjZhigdhbVZhigdhdg[ZWgZhaaVjfºZgZVcYd
ZcaVhXdcXVk^YVYZhYZaVbVgV
ZacVgVc_^aad!cV_cV!aVjgZa!fj^cXZbVYZgVh
fjZhVWZcZc6coVaYd!KVaaZ\gVcYZ!
K^aaVHZggVcd!6^fj^aZ!X]VgVc\jZgdh
YZaVhdcdgVXdcX]VYZafj^gfj^cX]d!
ZhZiVifjZnVcVX^‹VgbVY^aad
eVgVhZgZaX]VgVc\dYdb^c\jZgd#

 8de^VYZaVÃZabZbdg^V
 eVgVÃ_VgeZgiZcZcX^Vh
 :aX]VgVc\dWda^k^Vcd
 i^ZcZYZhXZcYZcX^VaaVcV
 YZaVk^]jZaVYZbVcd
 nZheg^bdYZaV\j^iVggV#
K>
GdhVg^dcVijgVahjhVcidiZbeaZ
nZcaVWVaVcoVVY_jciVZaiZbeaZY^VWad
Xdchjhi^bWgZhhVaVfjZ!VÃcVX^‹clVaVnX]d!

249
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6gVbVnd

aaVaaV\“ZŠd!igVhedgiZ!Y^VWadV\jYd!
Zafj^bhViZbeaZnhjhcjZkZkVg^VciZh
nadhX^ZcidcdhYZ^c\Zc^d]jbVcd!
kVhiVhbdYVa^YVYZhYZa^chigjbZcid
ZchjhXjcVhYZdg^\ZcVgiZhVcd/
8]VgVc\dhVXVWZŠd!gVcf]V!V^fj^aZŠd!
ÃZhiVi]VaVX]^!`]dc`]diV!jgjX]^eVnV!
gdcggdXd!_Va`]V!i^ed!edXdViZŠd°
CdhY^g†V8VkdjgfjZhdceZghdcVh
fjZhZYZ_VcidXVg!aVZmigVkV\VcX^V
Xdcd_dh!WdXV!XZ_V!WgVod!igVhiZh!
Y^VeVh‹cYZaVabV!iZchVhXjZgYVh
njcadXdXdgVo‹cYZgZhdcVcX^V#
K>>
9ZZ_ZXjiVciZhijkdidYdZai^Zbed
VX^Zcb^aZcigZhh^\adhhdhiZc^Ydh
YZhYZadhiVWjfj^aadhaZ\ZcYVg^dh
]VhiVZaXdc[†cYZabjcYdfjZZhhjeaZXigd#
6gi^hiVhWda^k^VcdhXdcjcig^cd
XdcbdkZYdgeVgVYVgX^ZcXdcX^Zgidh!
Zaegd[jcYdeV†hfjZZhi{ejahVcYd
ZaX]VgVc\j^idYZhYZhjhVcXZhigdh#

 8deaVfjZigVhX^ZcYZ\adg^V
 eVgVÃ_VgeZgiZcZcX^Vh/
 9Z7da^k^VZhZaX]VgVc\d
 YZB‚m^XdaV_VgVcV
 ZaXjVigdZhkZcZodaVcd
 nZaigZhYZ\gVX^VXjWVcV#

:hiZig^WjidfjZ]VYZhZgejciZVYd
fj^ZgZYZX^g/hdbdhcjZhigVbZbdg^V
VaoVYVZc\gVi^ijYVadhVgi^hiVh
fjZ`»VaVbeZVcadhidcdhYZagZXjZgYd#
NVfj†Zbe^ZodVZhXg^W^gaVVj\jhiVa^hiV
eVgVfjZdigdhegdh^\VcZhiV]^hidg^V/
?jVcB^\jZo!BVjgdCjŠZo!IVgViZŠd!
8Vkdjg!8ZciZaaVh!:he^cdoV!8dXV!
8VcY^V!CVk†V!8{bVgV!Idgg^Xd!

250
:A8=6G6C<D

Dgdh!DgdhXd!EdgXd!:heVYV!HjVod!
BZc\dV!=ZgbdhV!>bVŠV!AaVcdh!AVjgV!
AVkVn‚c!7dcn6aWZgid!GdXVWVYd!
OjabV!NjeVcfj^!8Vbedh!8Vaa^oVnV!
8VaaZ_Vh!<‹bZo!A^eV!<VgX†V!6a^cVh!
Ajob^aV!K{hfjZo!GVcYda[!6akVgVYd!
Bjg^aad!8VgZV\V°]VnfjZcdbWgVgVidYdh
XdcZaX]VgVc\dZcHdaYZbjX]Vh\gVX^Vh#

 KZghdhgVh\jZVYdhedg8dXdBVcidXdc
 jch^\adYZX]VgVc\dhYZ:gcZhid8Vkdjg

B>FJ:G>9D8=6G6C<J>ID
:gcZhid8Vkdjg6#AVEVo'%%,

B^fjZg^YdX]VgVc\j^id
h‹adh^cXjZgYVhiZXVaaVh#
H^cdXVciVhX]VgVc\j^id
hZbZfjZWgVciVZaVabV#

AVajcVhVaZYZcdX]Z
ZahdaVaVbVYgj\VYV
aVajcViVceVggVcYZgV
ZahdaXVa^ZciZaVXVhV#

8dgg^\^ZcYdZaZggdg!
:ahdaZhbj_ZgX^iV
AVajcVjcigVhcdX]VYdg
nijfjZg^YdX]VgVc\j^id
bZhXaVYZk^YVnVbdg#

8=6G8=6G8=6G6C<ÓC
:#8VkdjgAVEVo'%%,
Por Seymi Togo. Tokio - Japón 1999
EZe^cdX]dg^odh^cXVao‹c
H^cdi^ZcZhbViVhjZ\gV
HjZcVXdcijX]VgVc\‹c#
8]VgX]VgX]VgVc\‹c
EZe^cdh^XVao‹c#

251

You might also like