ASSIGNMENT

Course Code MEC201A

Course Name Strength of materials
Programme Btech
Department Aerospace Engineering
Faculty FET

Name of the Student R.Vignesh

Reg. No 17ETAS012038
Semester/Year 4TH year/2ND sem
Course Leader/s Dr.B.vijay

i
<Subject Title> ii
 Declaration Sheet
Student Name R.Vignesh
Reg. No 17ETAS012038
Semester/Yea
Programme Btech 4th year/ 2nd sem
r
Course Code MEC201A
Course Title Strength of materials
Course Date 14-01-19 to 18-03-19
Course Leader Dr.B.vijay

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook.
All sections of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are
fully referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of
University regulations and will be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the
Date 18-03-19
Student
Submission date
stamp
(by Examination & Assessment
Section)
Signature of the Course Leader and date Signature of the Reviewer and date

iii
 Contents
____________________________________________________________________________

Declaration Sheet.........................................................................................................................ii
Contents.......................................................................................................................................iii
Question No. 1..............................................................................................................................4
A1 - beam and column
B1- bending moment diagram and deravation..........................................................................4
B.2-sketch of torque-variation over compound shaft ...............................................................4

Part A
as we know many structures are the ones which takes loads and give it ground

A1.1) Beam_
 Mechanism—beam is a structural element to carry the loads from the slabs to the
columns and withstand bending
 As we know Bending is due to the internal moment. The internal moment can be
considered as a compression force and a tensile force.
 Therefore, bending stress is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses due to
internal moments.which can be countered by beams
 Function — beams withstands against the bending moment so caused and the shear
force of loads
 Importance — as we know a building can stand without beam but cant stand without
columns
 Classification — they are classified as T,L or rectangular, circular types
 Beam is also called sill plate that carries loads and transmits it to walls or columns
 Its used as a support for columns and buildings so it becomes efficient
 As they are fixed against gravity so to bear the bending force ,they are usually made up
of steel aluminum
 To carry more loads and tension pre stressed concrete beams are used
 There are like—fixed beam , cantilever beam, continuous beam etc

A1.2) column –
 it’s a vertical structural element which transmits the loads acting on it through
compression. column are mainly classified as slender columns and short columns
 also referred as pillar of the building as it holds the whole load from ceiling ,beam,
roof slab and puts it up on the base of the building
 the structural elements that are subjected to compressive and axial loads and
Columns are subjected to axial loads through the centroid axis
 mechanism—column is vertical structural element attached to roofs etc , and its used
to transfer loads to base of buildings to the ground
 function---- columns affords the compression of loads

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  importance----as we know a building cant stand without column rather than beam
 classification---- they are classified as slender columns and short columns
 need--- its important for construction point of view as the weight is controlled by
beam and distributed over the ground
 the stress state will be uniform in the column member due accidental eccentricity of
the loading w.r.t its centroid and due to the residual stresses in the member cross
section due to fabrication process
 bending moments in the member can be caused if any accidental eccentricity and
member out straightness
 so members with axial compression and bending moment is called beam-columns

B1.1) to construct the bending moment diagram 1st we have to solve the given figure by
considering the free body diagram as solved in B1.2
Fig-A fig _B

Fig A depicts the bending moment variation along the beam for the given values were Wb <
Wm
Fig B depicts the bending moment variation along beam for a normal case when Wb>Wm

B1.2) the expression fro bending moment is calculated as follows

the given beam and loads acting

from the given figure , its free body diagram is as shown below –

By using the FBD as shown we get

 ∑Fx=0

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  ∑Fy=0
RA+RB=WM+2WB ---------------------------------1
 ∑MA=0
L
WB*a-WM( −a ¿+RB(L-2a)-WB(L-a)=0
2
L
RB(L-2a)=WB(L-a)-WB*a+WM( -a)
2
L
=WB(L-2a)+WM( -a)
2
WM
=WB(L-a)+ (L-2a)
2
WM
RB(L-2a)=(WB+ )(L-2a)
2
WM
RB=WB+ (eqn 2)
2
Substitute (2) in (1),we get
WM
RB= +WB---------------------------------2
2
Moment at M
l l l l wm l
−Wb
2 () ( ) () ( )
+ Ra −a =−wb
2 2
+ wb −a +
2 2 2
−a( )
wm l−2 a
¿−wb∗a+
2 ( ) 2
Moment at B
l Wm l−2 a
( )
−WB ( L−a ) + Ra ( l−2a )−Wm −a =−wb ( l−a ) +wb ( l−2 a ) +
2 2 ( ❑ )
l
−wm ( −a)
2
=−wb∗a
Moment at D
l wm wm
−wb∗L+ Ra ( l−a ) + Rb∗a−Wm
2 ()
=−wb∗l+ wb ( l−a ) +
2
(l−a ) −
2
∗L

wm
+ wb∗a+ ∗a
2
=0

Then by consider these and substituting we get ---3

shear stresses are vertical forces
 V=+WB-RA+WM-RB
dM
-V
dx =

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Therefore
L
M(x)=-WB*x + RA(x-a)-WM(x- )+RB(x-L+2a)
2
When x=0 M=0 C=0
WM L WM
M(x) = -WB*x + ( +WB)*(x-a)-WM(x- )+( WB+ )(x-L+2a) ----------------3
2 2 2
To get the bending moment expression at its center we have to 1 st we have to find w B
Were the maximum bending moment in the beam is minimum we get the w b , as we know
the reaction forces A and B and to get minimum bending moment we equate the w B*a equals
the w m(its distance till w B) then we get ,for min value at maximum moment points we get
WM L
-WB*a=-[-WB*a+ ( -a)]
2 2
WM L
WB = ( -a)-----------------------4
4a 2
On substituting the given values to the above equation we get
Given L=6m a=1.25m w m=1285N
1285 6
WB = ( -1.25)
4∗1.25 2
1285
¿ (1.25)
5
WB=449.756N
L
Put x= in the eqn 3
2
L L WM L L L WM L
M( )=-WB( )+( +WB)( -a)-WM( − )+(WB+ )( -L+2a)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
L L L L WM L L
M( ¿=WB[- + -a- +2a]+ [ -a- +2a]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
L WM
=WB[- +a]+ [a]
2 2
L WM L
M( ¿= *a-WB[ -a]
2 2 2
On substituting the given values for the above equation we get
L 1285∗1.25
M( ¿= - 449.756 (6/2 – 1.25 )
2 2
L
M( )= 16.052N/m this is the value obtained for minimal value at maximum moment points
2

B2)

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to know the torque variation along the compound shaft 1st we have to find individual
moments from A to B and B to C then by the magnitudes we sketch the torque variations

As there are 2 shafts allocated we get 2 different moments due to the twists as shown
above in figure –so we consider total moment at b due to twist as follows
 as there are two shafts between B –from A to B and one more from B to C so we get 2
moments M1 and M2 = M0
 Were M 0@ B, M 1 ¿ A ¿ B× M 2 ¿ B ¿C
 M0 – moment at B and M1 moment A --- B and rest from B---C is M2
π × d4
 J1 and J2 are the polar moment of inertia =
32
 M 0=M 1 × M 2------------------7 solved in (b2.2)
 G − rigidity modulus is same as the 2 shafts are of same material

M 1 ×l 1 M 2 ×l 2
From(A to B) ∅ 1 = and from(B to C) ∅ 2 =
G× J 1 G× J 2
M 1 ×l 1 M 2 ×l 2
G× J 1 = G× J 2
then equating ∅1 = ∅2 we get

L2 J 1
M 1= × × M2
L1 J 2
given−d 1=23 mm , d 2=33 mm , L 1=0.78 m, L2=0.96 m, M 0=1808 N /m
M 1 ×0.78 M 2 ×0.96
π ×0.023 4 = π ×0.033 4
G× G×
32 32
−7
0.96 2.7 ×10
M 1= × ×M2
0.78 1.1867 ×10−6
Put 8 in 7 we get
0.96 2.7 × 10−7
M 0= × × M2
0.78 1.1867 × 10−6
M 0=1.28144× M 2
 M 2=1808/1.28144
 M 2=1,410.96N/m
Put M2 in 7 and get M1
 M1= M 0- M 2 => M1=1808-1410.96
 M1=397.08 N/m
The torque variation along the compound shaft is as shown below

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 Fig B Fig C
 Fig B depicts torque variation ,M1 shown tells about the moment varying from A
to B in shaft and M2 is the moment variation from B to C as shown in main fig of
shaft , as at B twist is applied but end A and B are fixed so when


 Fig c depicts the torque variation along the shaft with directions

B2.2)
Consider a long solid shaft as shown in figure ,

Assumption made –
 Material is homogenous
 Its elastic and obeys hook’s law
 The circular section remains circular, stress doesn’t exceed elastic limit
As its subjected to twist ,get some deformation (θ) that’s shown when a shear force is applied
AA '
From figure tan∅ = which is AA’/L , for smaller angles tan∅ approxiemates to ∅
L

 ∅ =AA’/L but AA’ =S , which is S=R*θ

 ∅ = =R*θ/¿L -------------------1
 wkt ∅ = τ /G were τ is shear strain and G is modulus of rigidity -------2
<Subject Title> ix
 Equating 2 =1 we get
 R*θ/L = = τ /G
G∗θ τ
 L
= R -----------3
Then consider a section of the circular shaft ,were small circle called ring circle is considered
With radius x and its thickness as dx and its area as da ,were the circle has a stress τ
So similarly ring circle has a stress called τ x

 da = 2× π × x∗dx
 then its stress factor is given by τ x = (τ × x )/R
the turning force at ring is
F x =τ x ×a
 F x =¿(τ × x )/R ×= 2× π × x∗dx
2∗pi∗τ
 F x = R × x 2 . dx-----------------4
Its turning moment => Force * distance
So we have to integrate along the line to get complete torque over the shaft
R
2∗pi∗τ 2∗pi∗τ
T x= 2
× x . dx × x => ∫ × x 3.dx
R 0 R

R 4
2∗pi∗τ
∫ T . dt = ∫ 2∗pi∗τ
R
× x 3.dx => T=
R
* [ { x } ]from 0 to R
4
0
τ 2∗pi∗R 4
T== R ×= -------------------5
4
This is the equation for torque
π × d4
But w.k.t J= ,so by equating eqn 5 to get J-(polar moment of inertia) so we
32
subustitue r=d/2 in eqn 5 as shown below
We get
2∗pi∗d 4 π × d4
4 ×16
= 32 =J
T τ
 J = R ---------6
 ¿ 3 we get
T τ G∗θ
 J = R =¿ L --------------9
T G∗θ
 J= L
This above equation gives a relation between torque applied and twist angle at B

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 M 1 ×l 1
w.k.t according to the given compound shaft ∅ =G×J
as there are two shafts between B –from A to B and one more from B to C so we get 2
moments M1 and M2 = M0
M 0=M 1 × M 2------------------7
Were M 0@ B, M 1 ¿ A ¿ B× M 2 ¿ B ¿C
Similarly we get two ∅
M 1 ×l 1 M 2 ×l 2
∅1 = and ∅2 =
G× J 1 G× J 2

G× J 1 × ∅ 1 G× J 2 × ∅ 2
M 1= , M 2=
l1 l2
Then substituting in 7 WE GET

G× J 1 × ∅ 1 G × J 2 × ∅ 2
M 0= ×
l1 l2
J J
( )
M 0 = G ×∅ 1 × 2 --------------------10
L1 L2
Were G is modulus of rigidity is constant for a given material and even ∅
Eqn 9 is the general realation of twist and applied torque and eqn 10 is the moment based
relationship about the applied torque

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