/8&,$1&+,ù8


INTRODUCERE ÎN MASS0(',$
(GL LDD,,,D

































 

'HVFULHUHD&,3D%LEOLRWHFLL1D LRQDOHD5RPkQLHL
&KLúX/XFLDQ
Introducere în massPHGLD  &KLúX /XFLDQ  (G D ,,,D 
%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine
SFP
,6%1









©(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine









7HKQRUHGDFWRU0DUFHOD2/$58
&RSHUWD6WDQ%$521

%XQGHWLSDU&ROLWLSDU
)RUPDW×

(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine
%XOHYDUGXO7LPLúRDUDQU%XFXUHúWL6HFWRU
7HO)D[ZZZVSLUXKDUHWUR
HPDLOFRQWDFW#HGLWXUDURPDQLDGHPDLQHUR
 
 81,9(56,7$7($63,58+$5(7
)$&8/7$7($'(),/262),(ù,-851$/,60




/8&,$1&+,ù8







INTRODUCERE ÎN MASS0(',$

(GL LDD,,,D




















(',785$)81'$ ,(,ROMÂNIA DE MÂINE
%XFXUHúWL
 
 




































 
 
&835,16






,'(/$&2081,&$5(/$0$660(',$ 
,6725,$818,)(120(162&,$/……………………... 
1. Teorii despre originea omului ………………………………… 
$(YROX LDLGHLORUFUHD LRQLVWH«««««««««««« 
%6SLUDODHYROXWLY DLVWRULHLXPDQLW LLDUHRULJLQLvQGHS UWDWHúL 
incerte …………………………………………………….. 
6HPQDOúLVHPQ6HPQDOL]DUHúLYRUELUH/HJ WXUDGLQWUHOLPEDMúL 
gândire. Memoria. Limbajul abstract. Rolul gândirii în explicarea 
FRQGL LHLXPDQH«««««««««««««««««« 
3. Inventarea scrisului. Tipuri de scriere …………………………. 
/LPEDMúLFXOWXU (YROX LDWLSDUXOXL'HODFDUWHOD]LDU««« 
5. Industriile culturale ………………………………………….... 
&XOWXU úLFLYLOL]D LH'HODPDVVmedia la multimedia ………… 
 
,,0$660(',$,6725,&'(),1, ,,…………………... 
 6HQVXORULJLQDUDOWHUPHQLORUGHFRPSXQHUHDVLQWDJPHLPDVV 
media ……………………………………………………….. 
2. Canalul mediatic ……………………………………………... 
6XSRUWXOPHGLDWLF 
3HUVRDQDJUXSXOGHSHUVRDQHSRSXOD LDHWHURJHQ FDUHSULPHú 
WHLQIRUPD LLOHPHVDMXO««««««««««««««« 
0RGHOXOVFKHPDWLFDOFRPXQLF ULLHPL WRUFRGUHFHSWRU … 
 
,,,6758&785$6,67(08/8,0$660(',$………….. 
&RPXQLFDUHDPHGLDWLF SHVXSRUWGHKkUWLH«««««««« 
&RPXQLFDUHDPHGLDWLF SHVXSRUWHOHFWURQLF««««««« 
$&RPXQLFDUHDPHGLDWLF DXGLRDWHOHJUDIXOHOHFWULFEWHOHIRQXO 
FWHOHJUDILDI U ILUUDGLRXO«««««««««««««« 
%&RPXQLFDUHDSHVXSRUWDXGLRYLGHRDSURLHF LDGHLPDJLQH 
ELPDJLQLvQPLúFDUHFIRWRJUDILDGFLQHPDWRJUDIXOHWHOHYL]LXQHD 
 
  
,912,6,67(0(0$660(',$…………………………... 
1. Computerul …………………………………………………... 
2. Internet ………………………………………………………. 
$OWHIDFLOLW LPXOWLPHGLD9LGHRWH[WXO(PDLO(ERRN(]LQH 
Desktop publishing …………………………………………… 
 
96758&785,&2167,78,7(3(02'(/8/ 
&2081,&$ ,21$/…………………………………… 
5HOD LLSXEOLFH«««««««««««««««««« 
Ä5HFODPD´SXEOLFLWDU ««««««««««««««« 
 
9,,1)/8(1 (ù,'(7(50,1 5,………………………. 
3DUDGLJPHOHGRPHQLXOXL$)XQF LRQDOLVPXOVWUXFWXUDO 
%3HUVSHFWLYDHYROXWLY &&RQIOLFWXOVRFLDO',QWHUDF LRQLVPXO 
VLPEROLF(3DUDGLJPDSVLKRORJLF (3DUDGLJPDFRJQLWLY «« 
2. Controlul „filosofic” al massPHGLD6WDWXWXOH[LVWHQ LDO$0R 
GHOXODXWRULWDULVW%0RGHOXOOLEHUDO&0RGHOXOFRPXQLVW 
D) Modelul serviciului public ………………………………... 
0DVVPHGLDúLYLD DSROLWLF ««««««««««««« 
&RQWUROXOMXULGLFDOPDVVmedia ……………………………….. 
 
9,,)81& ,,/(62&,2&8/785$/($/(0$660(',$ 
 )XQF LD GH LQIRUPDUH $ ,QIRUPD LL JHQHUDOH % ,QIRUPD LL GH 
prevenire …………………………………………………….. 
)XQF LDGHLQWHUSUHWDUH«««««««««««««««« 
)XQF LDGHOHJ WXU ««««««««««««««««« 
)XQF LDGHFXOWXUDOL]DUH««««««««««««««« 
)XQF LDGHGLYHUWLVPHQW««««««««««««««« 
 
9,,,&216,'(5$ ,,),1$/(……………………………… 
%LEOLRJUDILHJHQHUDO ««««««««««««««««« 





 
 
,'(/$&2081,&$5(/$0$660(',$
,6725,$818,)(120(162&,$/





6LVWHPXOPDVVPHGLDDGHYHQLWXQFRUSXVvQWHPHLDWúWLLQ LILFvQFHSkQG
FXSULPHOHGHFHQLLGLQVHFROXODO;;OHDúLHVWHFRQVHFLQ DHYROX LHLFRQWLQXH
DVRFLHW LL,QYHVWLJDUHDDFHVWHLÄUHDOLW L´FRPSRUW U VSXQVXULODvQWUHE ULFX
PXOW PDL DPSOH DWkW vQ FH SULYHúWH FURQRORJLD FkW úL GLYHUVLILFDUHD ID  GH
WLPSXO GH FkQG vúL UHYHQGLF  H[LVWHQ D ÌQ VFRSXO vQ HOHJHULL IHQRPHQXOXL
FRPXQLF ULL WUHEXLH DYXWH vQ YHGHUH úL DOWH GRPHQLL DXWRQRPH HVHQ LDOH
SHQWUXFODULILFDUHDHOHPHQWHORUFHLQWU vQGLVFX LHSULYLQGRULJLQLOHRPHQLULL
úLHYROX LDXPDQLW LLFDúLSUH]HQWDUHDUHODWLYDP QXQ LW DDFHORUGHVFRSHULUL
úWLLQ LILFH FX WRDWH DWULEXWHOH ORU úL XOWHULRU D WLSXULORU GH UHOD LL VRFLDOH
LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWHFDUHDXFRQWULEXLWODFRQILJXUDUHDFRPXQLF ULLvQVLVWHP
&X DOWH FXYLQWH WUHEXLH O PXULW  FDSDFLWDWHD ILLQ HORU XPDQH GH D
FRPXQLFDSULQLQWHUPHGLXOOLPEDMXOXLF UXLDOLQJYLúWLLLDXGHVFULVIXQF LLOHúL
LDX HODERUDW ÄVFKHPD´ GH OXFUX $FHDVWD D IRVW SUHOXDW  GH FHUFHW WRULL
FRPXQLF ULL ILLQG DGDSWDW  DOWRU UHDOLW L GHFkW celor existente în limbaj, cu
PXOW PDL FRPSOH[H úL DUWLILFLDOL]DWH DYkQG GUHSW VFRS VDWLVIDFHUHD QRLORU
VROLFLW ULVRFLDOHúLvQWLPSvQYLQJHUHDGHVSUHFDUHQLPHQLQDUILFUH]XWF H
SRVLELO DXQRUREVWDFROHFXPVXQWVSUHH[HPSOXVSD LXOúLWLPSXO&XWRDWH
DFHVWHD ÄVFKHPD FDQRQLF  D FRPXQLF ULL´ FXP D QXPLW $EUDKDP 0ROHV
WULDGDHPL WRUFDQDOUHFHSWRUHVWHDVHP Q WRDUHPRGHOXOXLOLQJYLVWLFSURSXV
GH -DNREVRQ úL vQ SRILGD QXPHURDVHORU DG XJLUL  GDWRUDWH OXL &ODXGH
6KDQQRQ:DUHQ:HDYHU1RUEHUW:LHQHU/HYL6WUDXVV0DUVKDOO0F/XKDQ
úLDO LL–VHUHJ VHúWHHYLGHQWVLPSOLILFDWRUvQVFKL DVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLD
WLQ]kQG FRQIRUP XOWLPHORU UHYROX LL WHKQRORJLFH PXOWLPHGLD V  UHIDF 
PRGHOXOLQL LDODOFRPXQLF ULLGHWLSLQWHUSHUVRQDOvQWUXQXOODFDUHV H[LVWH
XQ DFFHV GH PDV  $úD VH H[SOLF  GH OD XQ VSHFLDOLVW OD DOWXO GLIHUHQ HOH
WHUPLQRORJLFHúLÄDFRSHULUHD´VHPDQWLF WRWDO VDXQXPDLSDU LDO DQR LXQLORU
XWLOL]DWHvQFRPXQFXúWLLQ DOLPEDMXOXL&XDFHVWHGLILFXOW LVDFRQIUXQWDWúL
FXUVXOGHID 

 
 $O L VSHFLDOLúWL EXQ RDU  $UPDQG 0DWWHODUW  FRQVLGHU  XWLOH SHQWUX
FHUFHWDUHDPDVVPHGLDúLDEDWHULOHSHDOWHWUDVHHFXVFRSXOGHDVXUSULQGHúL
FRQILUPD vQ WRDW  YHULGLFLWDWHD HL FRQFHS LD HYROX LRQLVW  DVXSUD LVWRULHL
XPDQLW LL REVHUYD LH MXVW  F UHLD QX L VD GDW FXUV vQ UHGDFWDUHD GH ID 
$FHDVW  LQWURGXFHUH vQ VLVWHPXO PDVVPHGLD VH GRUHúWH D IL R SUH]HQWDUH
VXFFLQW   vQVR LW  GH DFRODGH SULYLQG LVWRULD PDVVPHGLD  D UHSHUHORU
VWUXFWXUDOHQRWDELOHúLHVWHPHQLW DLIDPLOLDUL]DSHVWXGHQ LLDQXOXL,FXXQXO
GLQWUH IHQRPHQHOH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH úL VSHFWDFXORDVH GLQ H[LVWHQ D
FRQWHPSRUDQ 
Spre a veni în sprijinul persoanelor interesate de aprofundarea
FXQRúWLQ HORU GHVSUH PDVVPHGLD DP LQVHUDW vQ FDGUXO ILHF UXLD GLQWUH
FDSLWROHRELEOLRJUDILHSXQFWXDO FXWULPLWHUHDODSDJLQ SDJLQLSDUDJUDIVDX
FDSLWRO GH SURYHQLHQ  XQHOH GLQWUH DFHVWH UHIHULQ H QHUHJ VLQGXse în
ELEOLRJUDILD JHQHUDO  $FHVWXL FXUV LDU IL H[WUHP GH XWLO  vQVR LUHD FX XQ
GLF LRQDUGHWHUPHQLPDVVPHGLDSHFDUHvPLSURSXQV OUHDOL]H]FXDMXWRUXO
VWXGHQ LORUvQFHOPDLVFXUWWLPSSRVLELO

7HRULLGHVSUHRULJLQHDRPXOXL
$(YROX LDLGHLORUFUHD LRQLVWH
&HOHPDLvQGHS UWDWHWHRULLDVXSU RULJLQLLRPXOXLUHSUH]LQW PRGHOXO
SURSRY GXLW GH úDPDQLL FKDOGHHQL GH OD FDUH ODX SUHOXDW VH SDUH XQLL
JkQGLWRULJUHFL+HUDFOLWúL$QD[DJRUDVHF,9D&K6ROX LDSURSXV HUDF 
VXIOHWXORPXOXLHVWHXQIUDJPHQWDVWUDOFDUHF ]kQGSHS PkQWVHvQWUXSHD] 
LDUGXS GHJUDGDUHDFRUSXOXLVHUHvQWRDUFHODOXPHDDVWUDO 
,QGLHQLLFRPSOHWHD] PRGHOXOGHPDLVXVFXLGHHDUHvQFDUQ ULLSHULRGLFH
SUHOXDW  úL DFHDVWD GH YHFKLL JUHFL 6XIOHWXO F GHD vQ FHUFXUL VXFFHVLYH VSUH
S PkQW úL XUPD DFHODúL WUDVHX FX REVWDFROHOH DPLQWLWH OD vQWRDUFHUH 2
SHGHDSV SHQWUXFHLLPRUDOLRUHSUH]HQWDLDGXOSODVDWLQL LDOVXEWHUDQDSRLSH
S PkQWúLXOWHULRUvQFHUXULÌQPRQRWHLVPXOLXGHRFUHúWLQ&KULVWRVFRERDU GLQ
SOHURPDvQLDGXOS PkQWHDQVSUHDLVDOYDSHRDPHQLúLXUF VSUHFHUXULOXkQG
FXHOVXIOHWHOHYLUWXRDVH,RDQ3HWUX&XOLDQXYRUEHúWHGXS ORFDOL]DUHDLDGXOXL
vQFHUXULGHVSUHFHOHúDSWHFHUXULPDOHILFHFDUHVSUHDILWUDYHUVDWHGHVXIOHW
DYHDXQHYRLHGHIRUPXOHOHPDJLFHDOHvQY WXULLJQRVWLFH
3HQWUXFUHúWLQLRULJLQHDFUHD LRQLVW DRPXOXLDUHODED]  UkQD
2PXO D IRVW I FXW GLQ UkQ  úL GXS  PRDUWH VH vQWRDUFH vQ UkQ 
UHGHYLQH UkQ 
 
'H DOWIHO VWULFW HWLPRORJLF úL vQ PDL PLF  P VXU  VHPDQWLF KRPR úL KXPXV
DSDU LQ vQ ODWLQ  DFHOHLDúL U G FLQL 6D VSHFXODW FKLDU SH WHPD DFHDVWD D
XPLOLQ HLKXPLOLQ HL RPXOXL ODWLQ vQ FRPSDUD LH FX Y R  JUHFHVF D F UXL
HWLPRORJLHGXFHODLGHHDvQWRDUFHULLSULYLULLvQVXVF WUHFHUGHODDQDÄvQVXV´úL
WUHSRÄDvQWRDUFH´ÌQF 2YLGLXVvQDQWLFKLWDWHDODWLQ vLFHUHDRPXOXLJHQHULFV 
SULYHDVF  FHUXO VWHOHOH 2V KRPLQL VXEOLPH GHGDW HVHOXQTXH WXHUL -XVVLW HW
HUUHFWRVDGVLGHUDWROHUHYXOWXV3HSDUFXUVXOYLH LLvQF GHODQDúWHUHRPXODIRVW
VDFUDOL]DWGHVXIOXOGLYLQFXXQVXIOHWVSLULWFDUHS U VHúWHFRUSXOvQWLPSXOPRU LL
úLVHvQWRDUFHODVW SkQLLV L$FHDVW VROX LHDFUHD LHLRPXOXLGHF WUH'XPQH]HX
VW ODED]DFXOWXULLQRDVWUHDFWXDOHúLDGRPLQDWWLPSGHVHFROHJkQGLUHDFUHúWLQ 
SURPRYkQGXQFDGUXPRUDODGHFYDWUD LXQHDúLULJRDUHDORJLF (LvLGDWRUHD] 
IRDUWH PXOW PDVVPHGLD OD vQILLQ DUH úL WRW GLQ HD D DS UXW JkQGLUHD UHYROX LHL
WHKQLFH FDUH DYHD V  LPSXQ  SULQ XQLL GLQWUH RDPHQLL GH úWLLQ  DL YHDFXULORU
WUHFXWHXQQRXPRGHODFHODPDWHULDOLVWHYROX LRQLVW
*kQGLUHDH[SHULPHQWDO ORJLFGHWHUPLQLVW GHWLSúWLLQ LILFvPSUHXQ FX
JkQGLUHD SUHFUHúWLQ  GH RULJLQH JUHDF  SUHILJXUDWRDUH D PDWHULDOLVPXOXL
HPSLULFDXJHQHUDWVROX LDHYROX LRQLVW vQXUPDFRQVWDW ULORUI FXWHGHVDYDQ L
vQWUHFDUHVHQXP U -HDQ%DWLVWHGH0RQHW&DYDOHUGH/DPDUNILORVRIXOúL
PHGLFXOHQFLFORSHGLVW'HQLV'LGHURWúLELRORJXO&KDUOHV5REHUW'DUZLQ

%6SLUDODHYROXWLY DLVWRULHLXPDQLW LLDUHRULJLQLvQGHS UWDWHúLLQFHUWH
$VW ]L SDOHRDQWURSRORJLL ÄGDWHD] ´ vQ XUP  FX DSUR[LPDWLY  GH
PLOLRDQHGHDQLDSDUL LDXQHLFUHDWXULGHPLFLGLPHQVLXQLGLQFDUHGHVFLQGvQ
VHULH HYROXWLY  GU\RSLWKHFXV VWU PRú FRPXQ FX DO PDLPX HORU
UDPDSLWKHFXV XQ DQLPDO DVHP Q WRU PDLPX HORU GH DVW ]L DXVWUD
ORSLWKHFXVDIULFDQXVFHDGLQWkLSULPDW FODVLILFDELO KRPLQLGKRPRKDELOLV
FRQVLGHUDWXQVWU PRúGLUHFWKRPRHUHFWXVILLQ DXPDQ SULPLWLY KRPR
VDSLHQV QHDQGHUWKDOHQVLV RPXO GH 1HDQGHUWKDO KRPR VDSLHQV RPXO GH
&UR0DJQRQ/DvQWUHEDUHDFHUHOHYDQ DXDFHVWHLQIRUPD LLSHQWUXVWXGLXO
PDVVPHGLD U VSXQVXO H QXPDL vQ PLF  P VXU  VDWLVI F WRU FHHD FH
LQWHUHVHD]  vQ DFHDVW  H[WUHP GH OXQJ  HYROX LH UHSUH]LQW  ÄSDúLL´ ORJLFL DL
GHVFRSHULULLFRQúWLLQ HLGHVLQHDXPDQLW LL
5HYHODWRUGDF QXFKLDUVSHFWDFXORVHVWHF GLQFHOHPDLYHFKLWLSXULSkQ 
ODKRPRVDSLHQVFXFDUHVHGHVFKLGHvQXUP FXGHDQLHSRFDYRUELULLúLD
OLPEDMXOXLVDGHUXODWGLQWLPSXOH[LVWHQ LDOXPDQ5HVWXOGHGH
DQLDGLF GLQDFHVWDUHSUH]LQW LVWRULDXPDQLW LLúLVHGLYLGHvQÄHWDSH´
LVWRULFHGLQFHvQFHPDLVFXUWHDF URUGHUXODUHHVWHFDUDFWHUL]DW GHRDFFHOHUD LH
FRQWLQX ODRULJLQHDF UHLDSHQWUXXOWLPLLGHDQLVHDIO PDVVPHGLD&DV 
VHSRDW FRQVWLWXLvQVLVWHPDXIRVWQHFHVDUHúLDOWHHWDSHGHWUDQ]L LH

 6HPQDOúLVHPQ6HPQDOL]DUHúLYRUELUH
/HJ WXUDGLQWUHOLPEDMúLJkQGLUH0HPRULD
/LPEDMXODEVWUDFW
5ROXOJkQGLULLvQH[SOLFDUHDFRQGL LHLXPDQH
$QWURSRORJLLSODVHD] DSDUL LDYRUELULLFXRPDUM GHHURDUHGH
vQWUHúLGHDQLvQXUP 3ODQHWDHUDORFXLW GHKRPRVDSLHQV
QHDQGHUWKDOHQVLVúLKRPRVDSLHQVVDSLHQVRPXOGH&UR0DJQRQ&HOHGRX 
SRSXOD LLQXVDXvQFUXFLúDWSDOHRDQWURSRORJLLGHVFRSHULQGXQVLQJXUFD]GH
IDPLOLHPL[W FDUHGXS WRDWHSUREDELOLW LOHWU LVHL]RODWGHDPEHOHVSHFLL
2PXO GH 1HDQGHUWKDO FRPXQLFD SULQ VHPQH úL VHPQDOH PRGDOLW L
VLPLODUH FHORU SULQ FDUH FRPXQLF  DVW ]L DQLPDOHOH HYROXDWH DGLF  SULQ
]JRPRWH PLúF UL DOH FRUSXOXL FH FRQVWLWXLDX VHPQH úL VHPQDOH vQ HOHVH
UHFLSURF'HODXQQXP UUHODWLYPLFGHVXQHWHSHFDUHHUDXFDSDELOLV OH
SURGXF  IL]LF PkUkLWXUL PRUP LHOL LSHWH OD H[SUHVLL IDFLDOH úL ÄOLPEDMXO
FRUSXOXL´ FDUH LQFOXGHD VHPQDOH I FXWH FX PkLQLOH SUHFXP úL PLúF UL úL
SR]L LL PDL DPSOH VD DMXQV OD PRGXUL GH FRPXQLFDUH FRPSOH[H úL UHODWLY
HILFLHQWHED]DWHSHUHJXOLFRPXQHGHLQWHUSUHWDUH
'LVWLQF LD GLQWUH VHPQDO úL VHPQ HVWH IXQGDPHQWDO  SHQWUX WHRULD
FRPXQLF ULL &HOH GRX  QR LXQL VHPQLILF  GHPDUFD LD GLQWUH VSRQWDQ úL
FRQúWLHQWvQVHQVXOF VHPQDOXOSRDWHILUH]XOWDWXOXQHLUHDF LLFDUHQXLPSOLF 
SUH]HQ D JkQGLULL D MXGHF LL SH FkQG VHPQXO UHSUH]LQW  DFWXO FRQúWLHQW
GHOLEHUDWLY 'HRDUHFH vQ YRUELUH úL VFULV RDPHQLL DX IRORVLW DGHV DPELL
termeni dânduOHDFHHDúLDFFHS LXQHFDUHGHVHPQDJHVWXOFRQúWLHQWHLVXQW
lesne confundabili. „Sunetul vocDO HVWH vQF  UHDF LH QDWXUDO  IRQHPXO
OLQJYLVWLFHVWHGHMDPLMORFFXOWXUDO´ 7RWXúLRDPHQLLGH1HDQGHUWKDOQXDX
IRVW FDSDELOL V  FUHH]H OLPEDMXO GLQ FDX]  F  KRPLQL]LL UHVSHFWLYL DYHDX
ODULQJHOH DSURDSH LGHQWLF FX FHO DO PDLPX HORU FLPSDQ]HLORU úL DO DOWRU
SULPDWHGLQ]LOHOHQRDVWUH(LQXYRUEHDXILLQGF GLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LFQX
DYHDX vQ]HVWUDUHD DQDWRPLF  QHFHVDU  SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD OLPEDMXOXL DUWLFXODW
$FHúWLDQXDXSXWXWGHYHQLVWU PRúLLQRúWULGLQFDX]DVFKLPE ULORUFOLPDWHULFH
GH OD VIkUúLWXO (UHL *ODFLDUH FkQG DX GLVS UXW GXS  XQLL VSHFLDOLúWL EUXVF
GXS  DO LL vQ JHQHUD LL GLQ FH vQ FH PDL vPSX LQDWH QHSXWkQGXVH DGDSWD
FRQGL LLORUQRXOXLFOLPDWúLQHGLVSXQkQGGHUHVXUVHGHKUDQ &HLODO LVWDELOL L
+HQUL:DOG([SUHVLYLWDWHDLGHLORU(GLWXUD&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF %XFXUHúWL
S

 
vQ]RQHXQGHH[LVWDSRVLELOLWDWHDFRQVHUY ULLKUDQHLDXVXSUDYLH XLW6HSDUHF 
úDQVD GH D VXSUDYLH XL D FHOHLODOWH VSHFLL GHD GUHSWXO PLUDFXORDV  VH
GDWRUHD]  ORFDOL] ULL HL vQ ]RQHOH JHRJUDILFH DOH PLJUD LHL VRPRQXOXL ]RQH
VHPLPRQWDQHFDOFDURDVHFXQXPHURDVHGLVSXQHULVSHRORJLFH
6WUXFWXUDFUDQLDQ OLPEDúLODULQJHOHRPXOXLGH&UR0DJQRQKRPR
VDSLHQV HUDX DVHP Q WRDUH FHORU DORU QRDVWUH 2PXO GH &UR 0DJQRQ
VWU PRúXO QRVWUX ÄLPHGLDW´ D I FXW SRVLELO  WUHFHUHD GH OD VHPQDO úL VHPQ
FDUHDXMXFDWXQUROGHWHUPLQDQWSHQWUXSURFHVXOGHvQY DUHúLGREkQGLUHGH
DELOLW L OD OLPEDM FRQVWLWXLW SHQWUX vQFHSXW FD R SDUWLFLSDUH SULPLWLY  OD
sistemele locale de „vorbire” inventate de fiecare grup sau IDPLOLH)D GH
RDPHQLL GH 1HDQGHUWKDO U PDúL OD HSRFD VHPQHORU úL D VHPQDOHORU FX
OLPLW ULOH HL DIHUHQWH úL GLVS UX L VXE YLWUHJLLOH QDWXULL H IRDUWH SUREDELO F 
VDOWXOHYROXWLYDOYRUELULLODVDOYDWSHKRPRVDSLHQVGHODGLVSDUL LH
8Q URO H[WUHP GH LPSRUWDQW OD DYXW PHGLXO SULQ FDUH VD UHDOL]DW
FRPXQLFDUHD YLEUD LD DHUXOXL GLQ SO PkQL OD LHúLUHD SULQ DSDUDWXO IRQDWRU
VRQRULWDWHDVDXIRQD LDDHUXOILLQGWRWRGDW VXSRUWGHFRQVHUYDUHHIHPHU 
D VXQHWHORU 'DF  VRQRULWDWHD HVWH SULPXO PHGLX DO FRPXQLF ULL JkQGLUHD
WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW  FHO GLQWkL úL FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW LQVWUXPHQW DO HL
,QWHUDF LXQHDGLQWUHYRUELUHúLJkQGLUHOa antrenat pe om, se poate spune, în
DYHQWXUD FRQWLQX  D FXQRDúWHULL XQ DX[LOLDU DO DFHVWHLD GHYHQLQG PHPRULD
SULQFHHDFHXQLLVSHFLDOLúWLDXQXPLWÄH[SDQVLXQHDFUHLHUXOXL´
&RPXQLFDUHD XPDQ  SULQ VXQHWH DUWLFXODWH VH DGDXJ  VWULJ WHORU
QHDUWLFXODWHDOHFRPXQLF ULLSUHXPDQH&RPXQLFkQGPHPEULORUFRPXQLW LL
ceea ce este comun în lucrurile cu care au deDIDFHúLvQDWLWXGLQHDORUID GH
DFHVWHD YRUELUHD SURGXFH LQHYLWDELO LGHL ILLQG SURGXF WRDUH GH SOXV
FXQRDúWHUH&RQIRUPRSLQLLORUOXL:DOG ÄYRUELUHDVDIRUPDWQXSHQWUXD
FUHDLGHLFLSHQWUXDOHFRPXQLFD3URGXFWLYLWDWHDYRUELULLHVWHGHWHUPLQDW 
GHFHULQ HOHFRPXQLF ULL9RUELUHDQXDIRVWLQYHQWDW FDV SURGXF LGHL
GDU SURGXFH LGHL GHRDUHFH D IRVW LQYHQWDW  FD V  FRPXQLFH LQIRUPD LLOH
FDSDELOHV RUJDQL]H]HOXSWDFRPXQ FXQDWXUD3ULPRUGLDO HVWHIXQF LDGH
FRPXQLFDUH IXQF LD GH FXQRDúWHUH HVWH VHFXQGDU  GHULYDW  GHWHUPLQDQW ´
,PSOLFD LLOH FRPXQLF ULL YHUEDOH DVXSUD H[LVWHQ HL RDPHQLORU SULPLWLYL
YLH XLWRULvQUHVWUkQVHJUXSXULúLPDLDOHVDVXSUDSURFHVHORUGHJkQGLUHDXIRVW
GHFLVLYHÌPS UW úLPGRDUvQSDUWHRSLQLDOXL+HQUL:DOGH[SXV Pai înainte,
FRQVLGHUkQGF vQWUXQWLPSFHSRDWHILSUHFL]DWYRUELUHDúLJkQGLUHDDX
2SFLWSSDVVLP

 
VFKLPEDWvQWUHHOHSODQXULOHFHOVHFXQGDUUHYHQLQGYRUELULL)DFWRUXOHVHQ LDO
SHQWUX SURJUHVXO RPHQLULL úL VXSUHPD LD DFHVWHia asupra celorlalte specii îl
constituie gândirea. 
ÄÌQWRDUFHUHD´ FX ]HFL GH PLL GH DQL vQDSRL WUHEXLH V  LQ  VHDP  GH
UDSRUWXULOH GHWHUPLQDWLYH H[LVWHQWH vQWUH VSHFLD XPDQ  QDWXU  úL PDL DOHV
FHOHODOWHYLH XLWRDUH3HQWUXDFHOHWLPSXULLPHPRULDOHQXVHSRWLQYRFDOHJL
sociale, putânduVHvQVFKLPEDGPLWHH[LVWHQ DDOWRUFDWHJRULLGHIDSWHFDUH
DF LRQDXRDUHFXPOHJLF3HOkQJ OHJLOHIL]LFHLPXDELOHDOHQDWXULLVHDSOLFD
GHODVLQHÄOHJHDFHOXLPDLSXWHUQLF´DOWIHOVSXVDIRU HLFXQRVFXW DVW ]L
SHQWUXF PDLIXQF LRQHD] vQUkQGXOILLQ HORUQHFXYkQW WRDUHvQFRPXQLW LOH
QHGHPRFUDWLFHGHODSHULIHULLOHFLYLOL]D LHLvQLQWHULRUXOJUXSXULORUGHLQIUDFWRUL
úL FKLDU vQ UHOD LLOH LQWHUVWDWDOH  VXE GHQXPLUHD SHLRUDWLY  GH ÄOHJHD
pumnului”, sau cea FRPXQ SHQWUXRPúLDQLPDOHÄOHJHDMXQJOHL´ÌQFD]XO
DFHVWD vPSRWULYD DFHVWHL ÄOHJL´ DX IXQF LRQDW LQVWLQFWXO GH VXSUDYLH XLUH úL
FRQVHUYDUH D VSHFLHL *kQGLUHD XPDQ  VD GRYHGLW D IL FHD PDL UHGXWDELO 
ÄDUP ´vPSRWULYDDGYHUVDULORUPDLSXWHUQLFLGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LFúLvQ
DFHODúL WLPS VLQJXUXO SULQFLSLX GH vQ HOHJHUH RUGRQDUH RUJDQL]DUH úL
LHUDUKL]DUH D OXPLL vQFRQMXU WRUH XOWHULRU D FHOHL GLQ DúD QXPLWXO XQLYHUV
O XQWULF([FHS LRQDODLQYHQ LHLDSHUPLVRPXOXLQXQXPDLV FRPXQLFHFX
VHPHQLLFLPDLPXOWV IRU H]HSUH]HQWXOúLV  LQWHDVF DEVHQWXOÄOXPHDGH
GLQFROR´ YLLWRUXO SRVLELOXO Ä3ULQ FKHP UL vQGHPQXUL úL DYHUWLVPHQWH
VRQRULWDWHDSUH]HQW DURVWLULLSRDWHYL]DRvPSUHMXUDUHDEVHQW úLSRVLELOLWDWHD
XQHL DF LXQL YLLWRDUH DVXSUD HL 6LP XULOH QX SRW vQUHJLVWUD GHFkW SUH]HQWXO
YLLWRUXO HVWH DFFHVLELO GRDU YRUELULL 3ULQ vQV úL PHQLUHD OXL OLPEDMXO HVWH
SUHGLF LH 9L]kQG DEVHQWXO YRUELUHD L]EXWHúWH V  GHS úHDVF  RJOLQGLUHD
VHQ]RULDO  D LQGLYLGXDOXOXL úL V  vQFHDS  UHIOHFWDUHD FRQFHSWXDO  D
generalului.”*
/DvQFHSXWXULOHLVWRULHLRDPHQLORUSULPLWLYLIULFDQHSXWLQ DúLVWDGLXOGH
LJQRUDQ WRWDO vQUDSRUWFXOHJLW LOHFDUHJXYHUQDXQDWXUDVau constituit în
FRQIUXQW UL SHUPDQHQWH FX LPSUHYL]LELOD OXPH vQFRQMXU WRDUH 7RWXúL
QHFHVLWDWHDGHDJ VLRH[SOLFD LHIDSWHORUUHSHWLWLYHGLQMXUDFUHDWXQLQVWLQFW
GH FRPXQLFDUH úL vQ UDSRUWXULOH GLQWUH RDPHQL úL QDWXU  $VWIHO DX DS UXW
PDJLDúLDQLPLVPXO5HIHULQGXVHFRQVWDQWODQHFXQRVFXWVLQRQLPvQVLWXD LD
GDW FXDEVHQWXOúLDVFXQVYRUELUHDDDMXQVODXQPRPHQWGDWúLODLGHHDGH
ÄFHO ODOWW UkP´DSRLODGLYLQLWDWHúLvQFHOHGLQXUP ODWUDQVFHQGHQ 

,ELGHPS
 
 7RDWH DFHVWHD VH FLUFXPVFULX ÄLQYHQ LHL´ QXPLW  OLPEDM SH FDUH
VRFLRORJXO 7U +HUVHQL  R FRQVLGHU  FUXFLDO  Ä2SLQLD QRDVWU  vQ DFHDVW 
SUREOHP HVWHF OLPEDMXOFDDSWLWXGLQHGHDYRUELOHJDW vQSULPXOUkQGGH
FUHLHUXOXPDQHVWHXQIHQRPHQIRDUWHFRPSOH[FDUHDUHvQV RRULJLQHúLR
QDWXU ELRORJLFHGDUOLPEDSURSULX]LV VLVWHPXOGHFRPXQLFDUHSULQFXYLQWH
VDX YRUELUH VXQHWH DUWLFXODWH HVWH SH GHQWUHJXO XQ SURGXV FXOWXUDO VDX
SHQWUXDIRORVLWHUPHQXOFHOPDLDGHFYDWRLQYHQ LH&XYLQWHOHVXQWSHQWUX
spiritul omului ceea ce sunt uneltele pentru mâini. Animalele nDX WUHFXW
FHHDFHDQWURSRORJLLQXPHVFIRDUWHVXJHVWLYSHXUPHOHOXL$.HLWK
5XELFRQXOFHUHEUDO”.
&HDPDLLPSRUWDQW HWDS RFRQVWLWXLHDSURSULHUHDGHF WUHRPDOLPEDMXOXL
DEVWUDFW)DSWXODIRVWSRVLELOúLGHFXUJHGLQvQV úLHVHQ DOLPEDMXOXLDGLF GLQ
FDSDFLWDWHDDFHVWXLDGHDVHFRQYHUWLLQVWDQWDQHXvQVHPQFXYDORDUHJHQHUDO GDU
úL LQGLYLGXDO  8QLL FHUFHW WRUL FRQVLGHU  F  YRUELUHD QX VH UHIHU  QLFLRGDW  OD
LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD SUH]HQW  D XQXL DQXPLW OXFUX FL OD JHQXO GLQ FDUH IDFH SDUWH
vPSUHXQ FXWRDWHOXFUXULOHDEVHQWHGHDFHODúLJHQ5HIHUHQWXOXQXLFXYkQWQXH
QLFLRGDW  R SURSULHWDWH LQGLYLGXDO  FL XQD JHQHUDO  $XWRULL DFHVWHL RSLQLL DX
QXPDL SH MXP WDWH GUHSWDWH (L WUHEXLH V  DGPLW  FXP D REVHUYDW OLQJYLVWXO
(XJHQLR &RúHULX FD XWLOL]DUHD OLPEDMXOXL QX VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ LQYRFDUHD
WU V WXULORU JHQHUDOH FL GLPSRWULY  D FHORU SHUWLQHQWH LQGLYLGXDOH 5HIHUHQWXO
FXSULQGHLQQXFHHVHQ DJHQHUDO GDUvQDFWXOFRPXQLF ULLYRUELWRUXOVHJkQGHúWH
ODPDQLIHVWDUHDHLSULQWU V WXULOHLQGLYLGXDOHGHLFWLFHGHDFWXDOL]DUH$FHDVW 
FRQYHUWLELOLWDWH D OLPEDMXOXL GHPRQVWUHD]  VWUkQVD OHJ WXU  GLQWUH JkQGLUHD
FRQFUHW úLFHDDEVWUDFW úLWRWRGDW FRQGXFHODFRQFOX]LDF ÄUHJXOLOHGHJkQGLUH
merg în paralel cu regulile de vorbire”. **
3HQWUXDFHVWSULPSDVQHFHVDUDFKL]L LHLOLPEDMXOXLGH]YROW ULLJkQGLULL
úLPHPRULHLRPHQLULLLDXIRVWQHFHVDULDSURDSHGHDQL

,QYHQWDUHDVFULVXOXL7LSXULGHVFULHUH0DQXVFULSWXO'HODSLDWU úL
W EOL GHOXWODSDSLUXVúLKkUWLH&RQVHUYDUHDPHPRULHLSULQVFULV
8UP WRDUHDHWDS LPSRUWDQW SHQWUXSURWRLVWRULDPDVVPHGLDRFRQVWL
WXLHDSDUL LDVFULVXOXLFDPLMORFGHFRQVHUYDUHDLQIRUPD LHLúLFRPXQLF ULL

7UDLDQ+HUVHQL6RFLRORJLDOLPELL(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWLS
0HOYLQ'H)OHXU 6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
 
 
6FULHUHD HVWH UH]XOWDWXO DEVWUDFWL] ULL SULQ VHPQH D YRUELULL GHFL úL D
JkQGLULLFDUHH[SULP LGHLVHQWLPHQWHDWLWXGLQLVDXHYHQLPHQWHùLvQSULYLQ D
VFULVXOXL FDUDFWHUXO FRQFUHW D SUHYDODW DVXSUD FHOXL DEVWUDFW vQ VHQVXO F 
vQDLQWHGHDVHVFULHvQPDQLHUDvQFDUHSURFHG PDVW ]LDXH[LVWDWLQWHUYDOHGH
PLLGHDQLGHSHUIHF LRQDUHDDFHVWHLLQYHQ LL(GHSUHVXSXVF vQDLQWHGHD
VFULHRDPHQLLSUHLVWRULFLDXGHVHQDW'XS FXPUH]XOW GLQYHVWLJLLOHJ VLWHvQ
SHúWHULOH ORFXLWH GH RPXO GH &UR 0DJQRQ UHSUH]HQW ULOH SUHGLOHFWH DOH
DFHVWXLDOHFRQVWLWXLDXDQLPDOHSODQWHVDXFKLDURDPHQL&DOLWDWHDDUWLVWLF D
GHVHQHORU QX SHUPLWH R FRQFOX]LH VLJXU  vQ FH SULYHúWH LQWHQ LD RDPHQLORU
SULPLWLYL GH D VWLOL]D VDX GH D LPLWD UHDOLWDWHD vQ ÄRSHUHOH´ UXSHVWH O VDWH
6SHFLDOLúWLLvQFOLQ V FUHDG F XQHOHGLQWUHLPDJLQLDYHDXRIXQF LHULWXDOLF 
vQ WLPS FH DOWHOH ÄGHVFULDX´ vQWkPSO UL PDL GHRVHELWH GHYHQLWH DVWIHO
HYHQLPHQWH
6FULHUHD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW  D GRXD PDUH LQYHQ LH GXS  YRUELUH
&DUDFWHUXOHLUHYROX LRQDUFRQVW vQXWLOL]DUHDXQXLVLVWHPGHVHPQHJUDILFH
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH VXQHWHORUWLS GLQWUR OLPE  úL FDUH SULQ DO WXUDUH OLQHDU 
SLFWRJUDILF VDXFRPELQDWRULHIRUPHD] XQLW LVRQRUHFXYDORDUHVHPDQWLF 
$SOLFD LD ORU HVWH VXSXV  XQRU QRUPH UHJXOL JUDPDWLFDOH PRUIRORJLFH úL
VLQWDFWLFH 1XP UXO VXQHWHORUWLS IRQHPHORU HVWH GLIHULW QXPHULF GH OD R
OLPE ODDOWDFDúLVWUXFWXUDJUDPDWLFDO RULvPELQ ULOHVLQWDFWLFH'DUSkQ OD
DFHDVW  IRUP  HYROXDW  DFDGHPLF  LVWRULD VFULVXOXL D VWU E WXW QXPHURDVH
HWDSHLQWHUPHGLDUH
ÌQFHSULYHúWHFRPXQLFDUHDSULQJUDILHúLDSRUWXODFHVWHLDODHGLILFDUHD
VLVWHPXOXL PDVVmedia, scrierea este primul „mediu convertibil” al unui
mesaj sonor întrXQXOJUDILF6FULHUHDHVWHID DYL]LELO DYRUELULLRFRQYHUWLUH
a unui semnal de tip auditiv întrunul de tip vizual, deci un prim artificiu în
OXQJD VHULH FDUH GHVHPQHD]  DYDWDUXULOH OLPEDMXOXL vQ WUDVHXO V X VSUH
transformarea în instrXPHQW PHGLDWLF 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH PHGLXO VRQRU
PHVDMHOHWUDQVPLVHSULQJUDILHSRWÄFLUFXOD´vQVSD LXúLUH]LVW vQWLPSvQWUR
IRUP  QHPRGLILFDW  SH SHULRDGD FkW UH]LVW  úL VXSRUWXO GH FRQVHUYDUH ÌQ
DFHDVW ID] DHYROX LHLSURWRLVWRULFHDIHQRPHQXOXLYLWH]DGHFRPXQLFDUH
SULQFLSDOXO YHFWRU DO GH]YROW ULL VLVWHPXOXL PDVVmedia, nu poate intra în
GLVFX LH FD WHUPHQ UHDO $ DS UXW vQV  vQF  GH OD vQGHS UWDWHOH vQFHSXWXUL
SRVLELOLWDWHDLQFLSLHQW DPXOWLSOLF ULLPHVDMHORU
3kQ ODPRPHQWXOUDILQ ULLVDOHJUDIHPLFHVFULVXODFXQRVFXWYDULDQWH
GLYHUVH(JLSWHQLLIRORVHDXVLPEROXULFXYDORDUHLGHDWLF GDUQXDVHP Q WRU
 
VFULHULL FKLQH]H GH DVW ]L FXP FRQVLGHU  'H )OHXU %DOO5RNHDFK  *OLIHOH
HJLSWHQHUHSUH]HQWDXVLPEROXOXQHLDQXPLWHLGHLOXFUXVDXFRQFHSW3HQWUXD
FRPXQLFDDFHVWRUDOHDXIRVWDVRFLDWHUHJXOLSHQWUXWUDQVPLWHUHDGHVHPQLILFD LL
VWDQGDUGL]DWH DWkW SHUVRDQD FDUH VFULD FkW úL SHUVRDQD FDUH FLWHD WUHEXLQG V 
VW SkQHDVF  XQ QXP U HQRUP GH DVWIHO GH SDWWHUQXUL 0HGLXO GH WUDQVPLWHUH
IRORVHD XQ DX[LOLDU vQ FDOLWDWH GH FRQVHUYDQW JOLIHOH ILLQG V SDWH vQ SLDWU 
XOWHULRUGHVHQDWHVDXSLFWDWHSHSDSLUXVSHQWUXDVHXúXUDGHSODVDUHDORU
6FULHUHD FXQHLIRUP  HUD OD vQFHSXW LGHRJUDILF  8OWHULRU QDWXUD
PHGLXOXLGHWUDQVPLWHUHúLFRQVHUYDUHOXWXODGHWHUPLQDWVWLOL]DUHDúLLPSOLFLW
VLPSOLILFDUHDVHPQHORULGHRJUDILFH$FHVWHDDXvQFHWDWV UHSUH]LQWHQR LXQL
RELHFWHGHYHQLQGÄLPDJLQL´DOHVXQHWHORU)LHF UXLVXQHWvLFRUHVSXQGHDXQ
VHPQ JUDILF PHUHX DFHODúL LQYHQWDUXO GH VHPQH úL VXQHWH GHYHQLQG ILQLW
&RPELQ ULOHGLQWUHDFHVWHVHPQHDXFRQGXVODUHDOL]DUHDXQRUFRUSXULJUDILFH
FXYLQWHOHILHF UXLDFRUHVSXQ]kQGXLXQRELHFW$FHDVW LQRYD LHFXQRVFXW 
VXEQXPHOHGHDOIDEHWVW ODED] VFULHULLFRQWHPSRUDQH'XS FXPÄVXQ ´
GHQXPLUHDYLQHGHODYHFKLLJUHFLÌQUHDOLWDWHDFHúWLDDXSUHOXDWVLVWHPXOGHOD
VXPHULHQL FUHkQG SULQ VWDQGDUGL]DUH úL VLPSOLILFDUH DOIDEHWXO SH FDUHO
IRORVHDXSHVFDU ODUJ vQF GHODMXP WDWHDPLOHQLXOXLDOGRLOHDvQDLQWHGH
&KULVWRV9DULDQWDVLPSOLILFDW úLvPEXQ W LW FDUHVW ODRULJLQHDDOIDEHWXOXL
XWLOL]DWvQ]LOHOHQRDVWUHDIRVWSXV vQFLUFXOD LHQXGHJUHFLGHF WUHURPDQL
ÌQWUH WLPS FKHVWLXQHD VFULHULL D HYROXDW vQ GLUHF LD VLPSOLILF ULL
LQVWUXPHQWHORUGHOXFUXGHODGDOW ODVW\OXVúLDPDWHULDOHORUDFHVWHDGHYLQ
LPSOLFLW PLMORF GH FRQVHUYDUH LDU XOWHULRU úL GH U VSkQGLUH GH OD SLDWU  úL
W EOL HGHOXWDUVODSDSLUXVKkUWLH1RLOHÄFXFHULUL´vQVSHFLDOSRVLELOLWDWHDGH
DVFULHSHVXSRUWSRUWDELODXDYXWGHDVHPHQHDXQFDUDFWHUUHYROX LRQDU/D
FDS WXOXQHLHYROX LLOHQWHGHDFXPXODUHúLRSWLPL]DUHDQRLúLQRLGHSULQGHUL
FDUHDXSHUPLVVWUkQJHUHDúLS VWUDUHDFDvQWURDUKLY DLQIRUPD LLORUGHVSUHRP
úLOXPHDvQFRQMXU WRDUHDYHDV LDQDúWHUHIHQRPHQXOFXOWXUDORIRUP VFULV D
PHPRULHLXPDQLW LL3ULQLQWHUPHGLXOVFULHULORUSRSRDUHOHDQWLFHúLDXFRQVHUYDW
LVWRULDRELFHLXULOHPRUDYXULOHVSHFLILFXOVDXFXXQFXYkQWODPRG LGHQWLWDWHD
&HOHPDLYHFKLDWHVW ULDOHFRPXQLF ULLvQFROHFWLYLWDWHGHJUXSFDUHHVWHRHWDS 
LQWHUPHGLDU  D FRPXQLF ULL PHGLDWLFH SLYRWHD]  SkQ  vQ DQWLFKLWDWH 5RPDQLL
DILúDXUH]XPDWHDOHGLVFX LLORUGLQ6HQDWDúDQXPLWHOHDFWDGLXUQD

0HOYLQ'H)OHXU 6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS

 
 7LSDUXO VH SHUIHF LRQHD]  vQ SUHDMPD DQXOXL  DQXO F GHULL
&RQVWDQWLQRSROXOXLVXEWXUFL3ULPHOHFRPRULFDUHSOHDF vQJUDE GLQ%L]DQ VSUH
RFFLGHQW9HQH LDVXQWPDQXVFULVHOH&RU ELLvQWUHJLFXPDQXVFULVHVHUHIXJLD] 
OD 9HQH LD XQGH VXQW UHRUJDQL]DWH LDU DSRL WLS ULWH SULQ PXOWLSOLFDUH FXOWXUD
DQWLF VHVDOYHD] 3ULQVFULHUHDÄPDQXDO ´XQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLPDULLQYHQ LLDOH
WXWXURUWLPSXULORUXPDQLWDWHDDI FXWXQLVWRULFSDVvQDLQWHVSUHHUDFRPXQLF ULL
Un pas care a „durat” câteva milenii. Începând cu secolul al XVOHDVFULHUHD
EHQHILFLD] GHDYDQWDMXOWHKQRORJLLORULQWUkQGvQWURQRX HU FHDDWLSDUXOXL

/LPEDMúLFXOWXU (YROX LDWLSDUXOXL'HODFDUWHOD]LDU
&RQVHFLQ DGLUHFW DDSDUL LHLIRUPHLVFULVHDOLPEDMXOXLHVWHFXOWXUDWRWD
OLWDWHDYDORULORUPDWHULDOHúLVSLULWXDOHSUHFXPúLDLQVWLWX LLORUFUHDWHGHRPHQLUH
SHQWUXFRPXQLFDUHDDFHVWRUYDORUL6XP DFXQRúWLQ HORUVWRFDWHGHXPDQLWDWH
vQ FHOH PDL GLYHUVH GRPHQLL FXOWXUD D H[LVWDW úL VXE R IRUP  RUDO  HYLGHQW
UHVWUkQV 
)HQRPHQXO FDUH HVWH FX PXOW PDL FRPSOH[ D FXQRVFXW R GLQDPLF 
VXEVWDQ LDO vPEXQ W LW  R GDW  FX DSDUL LD IRUPHL VFULVH D YRUELULL JUD LH
FRQVHUY ULLVDOHúLU VSkQGLULLVHWXULORUGHLQIRUPD LLSHDSURDSHvQWUHJWHULWRULXO
HWQRJUDILF 1X VH SRDWH QHJD H[LVWHQ D XQHL FXOWXUL úL vQDLQWH GH XWLOL]DUHD
VFULVXOXL FD RJOLQG  D OLPEDMXOXL GDU VH SXQH vQWUHEDUHD vQ FH P VXU 
FRPXQLW LOHUHVSHFWLYHúLvQDFHVWFD]VHIDFHUHIHULUHODDQWLFKLWDWHDYHDX
FRQúWLLQ DPDWULFHLORUFXOWXUDOH$FHDVWDDUILIRVWUHDOL]DW SULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHL
FRPXQLF UL HILFLHQWH OD QLYHOXO FROHFWLYLW LORU úL vQ UkQGXO FkW PDL PXOWRUD
GLQWUH PHPEUL OXFUX LPSRVLELO vQ FRQGL LLOH GDWH 0DL GHJUDE  WUHEXLH V  VH
UHFXQRDVF  IDSWXO F  DFHVWH HOHPHQWH FXOWXUDOH RVPRWLFH au fost „deduse” de
SRVWHULWDWHGHFLXOWHULRUSULQHIRUWXOXQRUvQY D LFDUHVDXSUHRFXSDWGHLVWRULDúL
VSHFLILFXODFHORUSRSRDUH)RUPDORUGHFRQVWLWXLUHDIRVWHWDSL]DW vQPDQXVFULVúL
WLS ULWXU  5ROXO EHQHILF FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW vQ GH]YROWDUHD FXOWXULL  OD MXFDW
LQYHQWDUHDWLSDUXOXLFXOLWHUHPRELOHPRPHQWFUXFLDOvQHYROX LDXPDQLW LLFDUHD
GHWHUPLQDWFDV IRORVLPPHWDIRUDVRFLRORJXOXLFDQDGLDQ0DUVKDOO0F/XKDQ
DG XJDUHDODXQLYHUVXOXPDQDXQHLQRLÄJDOD[LL´QXPLW *XWHQEHUJ
/DQXPDLGRX VHFROHGHODLQYHQ LDOXL*XWHQEHUJúLvQ
PRGFHUWGDWRULW DFHVWHLD(XURSDLQWU vQID]DWHKQRORJLF DLVWRULHLVDOHvQ
FDUH VFKLPEDUHD vQV úL GHYLQH QRUP  D YLH LL VRFLDOH 7UDQVIRUP ULOH XQRU
LGHLarhetip în noi instrumente de lucru DX FUHDW SUHPLVHOH VXV LQHULL úL
GH]YROW ULL FXOWXULL GH WLS XPDQLVWLF SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO WHKQRORJLLORU FKLDU
VXERUGRQ ULL WHKQRORJLLORU ID  GH PRGHOXO XPDQLVW DO F UXL ÄGLF LRQDU
JHQHUDO´ vO SUHLDX (YROX LD VH H[WLQGH SkQ  vQ HSRFD SRVWPRGHUQ  FkQG
SUDFWLFFXOWXUDGHWLSXPDQLVWLFFHGHD] vQWkLHWDWHDFXOWXULLGHWLSWHKQLFúLvQ
VIHUD JHQHUDOXOXL $QWLFLSkQG DFHDVW  IXQGDPHQWDO  WUDQVIRUPDUH D SODVDW
 
XPDQLWDWHDSHRDOW RUELW DLF UHLYHFWRULDXSURGXVPRGLILF ULVDUSXWHD
VSXQHFKLDUEXOYHUV ULGHSODQXUL
7LSDUXOFXQRDúWHVXSUHPD LDDEVROXW SDWUXVHFROHMDORQDWHDUELWUDUGHOD
ODDQLLLQYHQ LLORUOXL*XWHQEHUJúL0HUJHQWKDOHWUHDOL]DWRUXOSULPHL
PDúLQL /LQRW\S %DOWLPRUH 68$ $YDQWDMHOH ID  GH WH[WXO PDQXVFULV VXQW
QXPHURDVH úL HYLGHQWH WLUDMXO úL IRUPDWXO F U LORU YDULD]  vQ IXQF LH GH VFRSXO
XUPDWU VSkQGLUHDFLUFXOD LDORUHVWHIDFLO FHHDFHVSRUHúWHLQWHUHVXOWRWPDL
PXOWRUSHUVRDQHSHQWUXLQIRUPDUHVDXLQVWUXLUHUHOLJLRDV RULHVWHWLF 3ULQFLSDOD
UD LXQHDWLSDUXOXLHVWHvQSULPDVDID] GHGH]YROWDUHFRQVHUYDUHDPHPRULHLúL
UHQWDELOL]DUHDLQVWUXPHQWHORUGHOXFUX0HGLXOGHWUDQVPLWHUHDLQIRUPD LHLHVWH
WH[WXOVFULHUHDLDUVXSRUWXOGHFRQVHUYDUHúLFLUFXODUHvQFHOHGLQXUP KkUWLD
(YHQLPHQWHOHDFHORUWLPSXULVXQWFXPXOWPDLFRPSOH[H&HHDFHVHRIHU DLFL
UHSUH]LQW RYL]LXQHXOWUDVLPSOLILFDW  LQWLQGGRDUV FRQWXUH]HXQIHQRPHQvQ
FRQWLQX WUDQVIRUPDUHÌQVFXUW YUHPHDSUR[LPDWLYRMXP WDWHGHVHFROWLSDUXO
PRELODS WUXQVvQ ULOHHXURSHQHvQ5RPkQLDODDYkQGRUDPLILFD LHúL
stârnind un interes care îl apropie, ca anticipare, de fenomenul industrial.
3HDFHDVW WUHDSW DGH]YROW ULLVRFLHW LLVXQWVHPQDODWHPDQLIHVW ULGLQ
FDUHVDUSXWHDUHYHQGLFDVLVWHPXOPDVVPHGLD6WDQ/H5R\:LOVRQ DILUP 
F 5HIRUPDFXUHQWLQL LDWGHF OXJ UXO0DUWLQ/XWKHUDIRVWSULPDPLúFDUHGH
PDV  LYLW  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL IRUPH GH FRPXQLFDUH /XWKHU D PRELOL]DW
SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO WLSDUXOXL UHSUH]HQWDQ L DL WXWXURU FODVHORU VRFLDOH $ WUDGXV
%LEOLD GLQ OLPED ODWLQ  FRQVLGHUDW  R OLPE  VIkQW  QXPDL FLQFL OLPEL
beneficiau de acest statut) întrR OLPE  YHUQDFXODU  LQGLJHQ  I FkQG SRVLELO 
FRPXQLFDUHDWH[WXOXLDFHVWHLDSHQWUXWRDW SRSXOD LDJHUPDQ 7UDGXFHUHD%LEOLHL
în limbile „vernaculare ” este un efect direcWDOWLS ULULLPXOWLSOLF ULLHLFUHHD] R
IXQF LHQRX DFHHDGHILORORJFLWLWRULQWHUSUHWDOWH[WXOXLVDFUX,QWHUSUHWDUHDQX
PDLHVWHUH]HUYDW ÄVILQ LORU´YH]LLFRDQHOHFXVILQ L LQkQGvQPkQ F U LGHVFKLVH
FLRULFLQHDUHWH[WXOúLFXQRDúWHOLPEDSRDWHVRH[HUFLWH7UDGXFHUHD%LEOLHL în
OLPEDURPkQ GXS vQFHUF ULGHGRX VHFROHDvQVHPQDWFXPQHVSXQH
(PLQHVFXvQ O DUHDOLPELLURPkQHODQLYHOXOOLPELORUVDFUH
8QUROHVHQ LDOvQHYROX LDVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDODFRQVWLWXLWDSDUL LD
]LDUXOXL 6WU PRúXO ]LDUXOXL FRQWHPSRUDQ HUD R IRDLH GH úWLUL SHQWUX
DFKL]L LRQDUHD F UHLD VH SO WHD R JD]HWWD PRQHG  GH PLF  YDORDUH ,GHHD
VLPSO  D XQL ]LDU D DS UXW GHVWXO GH GHYUHPH SH FRQWLQHQWXO HXURSHDQ vQ
$QJOLDúLvQ/XPHD1RX 3UHVDFRORQLDO DPHULFDQ OXDVHILLQ FXFk LYDDQL
vQDLQWHFD6WDWHOH8QLWHV VHIRUPH]HFDQD LXQHÌQUkQGXULOHHOLWHLFLUFXODX
SDPIOHWHVFULVHFXJXVWúLUDILQDPHQWVWLOLVWLFúLLGHDWLFUHGDFWDWHSHIRLYRODQWH
úLU VSkQGLWHvQPDVDHWHURJHQ DSRSXOD LHL(Oe au furnizat nucleul în jurul 

 6WDQ/H5R\:LOVRQ0DVVPHGLD0DVVFXOWXUHDQLQWURGXFWLRQ0F*URZ
+LOO,QFUGHGLWLRQS
 
F UXLD VD FRQWXUDW XQ IHO GH ]LDU YDQGDELO QX SULQ DERQDPHQW DQXDO FL OD
EXFDW 6HDGUHVDFODVHLGHPLMORFPHúWHúXJDULPHFDQLFLQHJXVWRULúLFODVHL
PXQFLWRDUHvQFUHúWHUHGLQVRFLHWDWHDXUEDQ úLLQGXVWULDO FDUHVHQ úWHD

,QGXVWULLOHFXOWXUDOH
2 GDW  FX DSDUL LD úL LPSXQHUHD SUHVHL GH PDV  ULWPXO DFWLYLW LORU
XPDQHvQGRPHQLXOFRPXQLF ULLVDDFFHOHUDW/DVIkUúLWXOVHFROXOXLDO;,;OHD
QLYHOXO GH GH]YROWDUH WHKQRORJLF  úL FXQRúWLQ HOH GREkQGLWH GHVSUH VRFLHWDWH VH
constituie întrXQ PHGLX SULHOQLF DSDUL LHL XQXL QRX VDOW FDOLWDWLY FX XULDúH
FRQVHFLQ HDVXSUDGH]YROW ULLVRFLHW LLFXDSRUWXO „instrumentelor” massPHGLD
3H OD PLMORFXO VHFROXOXL DO ;,;OHD WHOHJUDIXO GHYHQLVH R UHDOLWDWH &D
ILHFDUHQRX LQYHQ LHDFHVWDQXúLDDU WDWGHODvQFHSXWYLUWX LOHPHGLDWLFHULGLFDWH
ODVFDU GHPDV ,QWHUHVHD] GHDFHHDvQDLQWHGHXWLOLWDWHDvQDFHVWGRPHQLX
FDSDFLWDWHD GH D WUDQVIRUPD VLWXD LL FRPXQLFD LRQDOH LPSRVLELOH vQ SRVLELOH
([SHULHQ HOHFDUHSUHPHUJFLQHPDWRJUDILHLúLWHOHJUDILHLI U ILUWHOHIRQXOXLFX
DSDUL LD FHQWUDOHL WHOHIRQLFH SUHILJXUDX DSDUL LD HUHL LQGXVWULDOH PDVVPHGLD
)DSWXOHUDSRVLELOGHRDUHFHFRQIRUPOHJLORUSURJUHVXOXLILHFDUHGLQQRLOHFXFHULUL
WHKQRORJLFH SDUWLFLSDQWH OD VLVWHPXO FRPXQLFD LRQDO Vau aflat întrR UHOD LH GH
LQFOX]LXQHFXSUHFHGHQWHOHRE LQkQGXVHRGXEO GHWHUPLQDUH8QDVHGHVI úXUD
SH RUL]RQWDO  RSWLPL]kQG DSOLFD LLOH H[LVWHQWH SHQWUX VXSRUWXO UHVSHFWLY D VH
XUP ULVSUHH[HPSOXWUHFHUHDGDODLQFXQDEXOHODWLSDUXOPRELOúLDSRLODPDúLQD
WLSRJUDILF FKLDUGDF DFHVWHDQXFRQVWLWXLHXQH[HPSOXGHLQGXVWULHFXOWXUDO 
FHDODOW IXQF LRQDSHYHUWLFDO GDUvQÄMRV´vQVHQVXOF XWLOLW LOHQRLORUVWUXFWXUL
PDVVPHGLD HUDX DGDSWDWH SRUQLQG GH OD XQLFXO PRGHO FRPXQLFD LRQDO
HPL WRUFRGUHFHSWRU VHJPHQWXOXL FRUHVSXQ] WRU &HD PDL HYLGHQW  HVWH
XWLOL]DUHD UHFHQW  D FRPSXWHUHORU vQ PDVVPHGLD SH VXSRUWXUL SUHFXP FHO GH
hârtie sau electromagnetice.
,QGXVWULLOH FXOWXUDOH VH GH]YROW  FD DQVDPEOXUL GH DFWLYLW L HIHFWXDWH
SHQWUXSURGXFHUHDGHEXQXULXOWHULRUúLGHVHUYLFLLFXOWXUDOHFDUDFWHUL]DWHGH
SURFHGXUL vQ DSDUHQ  DVHP Q WRDUH FHORU GLQ LQGXVWULD PDQXIDFWXULHU 
$FHVWHWLSXULGHDFWLYLW LvQJOREDXODvQFHSXWFDUWHDúLSUHVDSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHD
F URUD DXWRUXO HGLWRUXO úL WLSRJUDIXO FRODERUDX ILHFDUH vQ PRG SURSULX OD
HODERUDUHDXQXLSURGXVGHVHULHÌQVHPQDF RUJDQL]D LLSDUWLFXODUHVDXGHVWDW
DYHDXGUHSWRELHFWLYUHDOL]DUHDvQVHULHDXQHLSURGXF LLGHFDUWHvQUHJLVWU UL
PX]LFDOH ILOPH VDX vQ XOWLPHOH GHFHQLL GH SURJUDPH WY úL HYHQLPHQWH
mediatice) supuse principiilor comerciale de organizare a muncii în care
SURGXF WRUXO úL SURGXVXO VXQW VHSDUD L GH VDUFLQL GH FUHD LH úL GH H[HFX LH
3URGXVXOHUDRPDUI FXOWXUDO IXQGDPHQWDOGHRVHELW GHFHDPDQXIDFWXULHU 
GDU VWDQGDUGL]DW  DWkW FD SURFHV GH SURGXF LH FkW úL vQ FH SULYHúWH IRUPD
DUWLVWLF  D HL FXP DYHDX V  REVHUYH 7K $GRUQR úL 0D[ +RUNKHLPHU
 
DXWRULLVLQWDJPHLÄLQGXVWULHFXOWXUDO ´(LRVFLODVHU vQWUHDRQXPLDVWIHOVDX
ÄFXOWXU GHPDV ´WHUPHQH[LVWHQWvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHGDUFRQVLGHUDW
LPSURSULXFRUHFWDUILÄFXOWXUDSHQWUXPDVH´úLFDUHGHILQHúWHFXOWXUDFHVH
DGUHVHD] XQXLPDUHQXP UGHLQGLYL]LIRUPkQGSRSXOD LDFXOWXU SURGXV vQ
VHULH úL vQ IRUPH VWDQGDUGL]DWH &XOWXUD GH PDV  FRQ LQH FXP VD VSXV R
LPSURSULHWDWH vQ WHUPHQL FDUDFWHUXO XQLF úL LQGLYLGXDO DO DFWXOXL GH FUHD LH
DUWLVWLF  H[LVWHQW úL vQ VLWXD LD DFHDVWD FRQWUDYLQH FDUDFWHUXOXL VHULDO úL
standardizat, diminuând rolul valorii estetice la adjudecarea produsului în
IDYRDUHDXQHLYDORULGHDOW QDWXU FRPHUFLDO 6XQWVDWLVI FXWHGRX FHULQ H
aparent imposibil de armonizat: cultura care îQVHDPQ HOLWLVPQLYHOvQDOWGH
FXQRúWLQ H úL PDVD HWHURJHQ  GH RDPHQL FDUH QX LDU SXWHD vQ HOHJH
VHPQLILFD LLOHSURIXQGHRSWkQGSHQWUXUHSUH]HQW ULOHDUWLVWLFHGHGLYHUWLVPHQW
IDFLOH ,QGXVWULLOH FXOWXUDOH UDGLRIRQLFH úL FLQHPDWRJUDILFH DX FXQRVFXW R
amploare cu mult peste cea a industriei presei. AdresânduVHUHFHSWRULORUGLQ
PDVVPHGLDGHVLJQD LFDRPDV HWHURJHQ GHSRSXOD LHSURGXVHOHLQGXVWULHL
FXOWXUDOHRULFDUHDUILIRVWDFHDVWDVHVLWXDXODDQWLSR]LLRSHUHLGHDUW )DSWXO
D DYXW FRQVHFLQ H WHRUHWLFH VXV LQXWH GH JUXSXO GH ILORVRIL DL ùFROLL GH OD
)UDQNIXUW FDUH DX LPSOHPHQWDW vQ DQLL ¶ WHUPHQXO ÄFXOWXU  GH PDV ´
DVRFLLQGXO FKHVWLXQLORU LYLWH GLQ ÄFRQVXPXO´ DFHVWHL FXOWXUL GLIX]DW  SULQ
PDVVPHGLD 0DL QRX VLQWDJPD HVWH IRORVLW  H[FOXVLY FX VHQVXO GH SOXUDO
GHQRWkQG R GHSODVDUH VHPDQWLF  vQVSUH LGHHD GH SOXUDOLWDWH D VHFWRDUHORU
economice, punânduVH DGLF  DFFHQW SH HOHPHQWH FXP VXQW LQYHVWL LD
SURGXF LD GLVWULEX LD DSDU LQkQG HFRQRPLHL GH SLD  ) U  D LQWUD vQ DOWH
GHWDOLLUHIHULWRDUHODWLSXULOHGHRUJDQL]DUHúLGHSXQHUHvQFLUFXOD LHDG XJ P
F  LQGXVWULDOL]DUHD FXOWXULL HVWH XQ SURFHGHX QHvQFKHLDW FDUH VH DIO  vQ
HYROX LH VXSXQkQGXVH UHJXOLORU HFRQRPLHL GH SLD  GDU S VWUkQGXúL
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHSDUWLFXODUHFHRGHRVHEHVFID GHFHOHODOWHSURGXVHLQGXVWULDOH

&XOWXU úLFLYLOL]D LH'HODPDVVPHGLDODPXOWLPHGLD
GHFXOWXULRVLQJXU FLYLOL]D LH
ÌQWUHúLJUD LHvQSULPXOUkQGLQGXVWULLORUFXOWXUDOHVLVWHPXO
PDVVPHGLDDFXQRVFXWFHDPDLHYLGHQW FULVWDOL]DUHDVD6HSRWGLVWLQJHWUHL
HWDSH FRQVXPDWH FX PDUH UDSLGLWDWH 3ULPD SODVDW  vQ MXUXO DQLORU ¶
FRQ LQHGRX VXEGLYL]LXQLXQDDSUHVHLúLIRUPHORUWRWPDLSHUIRUPDQWHGH
WLSDUFHDODOW DS WUXQGHULLvQXQLYHUVXOFRPXQLFD LRQDOQXPLWÄDXGLRvideo”.
$ GRXD HWDS  FDUH DWLQJH YkUIXO FXUEHL DVFHQGHQWH vQ DQLL µ DSDU LQH
LQGXVWULHL ILOPXOXL úL WHOHYL]LXQLL LDU XOWLPD DQLORU µ GLQ VHFROXO WUHFXW
SULOHMXLW GHDSDUL LDSHSLD DUHYROX LRQDUHORUWHKQLFLPXOWLPHGLDÌQDFHVW

 
VFXUW LQWHUYDO GH WLPS PDVVPHGLD LQWU  vQWUXQ SURFHV DFFHOHUDW GH
XSJUDGDUHVLVWHPXOIXQF LRQkQGFXXQWHUPHQvPSUXPXWDWVLPELRWLF
1XHVXUSULQ] WRUF QRXOVHFRODO;;OHDQXPLWDOÄYLWH]HL´DYHDV 
SURGXF ÄRGH]YROWDUHDWHKQLFLORUGHFRPXQLFDUHFDUHGHS úHDLPDJLQD LDFHD
PDLvQIO F UDW H[LVWHQW FXQXPDLXQVHFROvQXUP ´ 
,QVWUXPHQWHOH GH OXFUX GHYHQLWH PHGLL GH FRPXQLFDUH VXQW WRW PDL
VRILVWLFDWH VFKHPD ÄFDQRQLF ´ D FRPXQLF ULL FXSULQ]kQG HPL WRUXO
UHFHSWRUXO úL FDQDOXO FDUH IXQF LRQDX QXPDL ID  vQ ID  SH SULQFLSLXO
dialogului). DezvoltânduVH FX DMXWRUXO XQRU DX[LOLDUH PHGLLOH GH FDUH VD
DPLQWLWÄDQXOHD] ´SULQSURFHGHHUHODWLYFRPSOLFDWHVSD LXOúLWLPSXOFDUH
XQHRULGHVSDUWHPL WRUXOGHUHFHSWRUÌQWHUPHQLLFHLPDLVLPSOLúLGLUHF L
FRPXQLFDUHDDFRSHU SUDFWLFELRVIHUDúLRVWU SXQJHVSUHVSD LXOLQWHUSODQHWDU
0HGLLOH GH GLIX]DUH VH GLYHUVLILF  &XUVD DFFHOHUDW  F WUH VRFLHWDWHD PDVV
PHGLDDUHMDORDQHGLQFHvQFHPDLVFXUWHFHVHLQFOXGvQDFHHDúLSURJUHVLH
JHRPHWULF SHFDUHRFXQRDúWHILLQ DXPDQ vQSULPXOGHFHQLXILOPXOvQDO
GRLOHD GHFHQLX UDGLRXO OD VIkUúLWXO FHOXL GHDO WUHLOHD WHOHYL]RUXO FDUH VH
SHUIHF LRQHD]  FRQWLQXX UDGLRXO vQ VHQVXO PLQLDWXUL] ULL DSDUDWXOXL úL DO
acoperirii, în aria sa, de GLVWDQ HGLQFHvQFHPDLPDULWHOHYL]LXQHDGHODDOE
QHJUXODFRORUGHODDQWHQ ODFDEOXúLDSRLODVDWHOLWDSDUL LDYLGHRWH[WXOXLD
FRPSXWHUHORUSHUVRQDOHDUH HOHORU,QWHUQHWDSRúWHLHOHFWURQLFHHPDLOúL
WHOHIRQLHL PRELOH 6XSRUWXO PHGLDWLF GHYLQH XWLOL]DWRU GH EL L DFHúWLD VXQW
LQIRUPD LH SXU  úL QX DX PDV  PROHFXODU  SUHOXD L GH XQGHOH KHUW]LHQH
PDJQHWLFH úL HOHFWURQLFH vQ FDGUXO LQGXVWULLORU SHUIRUPDQWH DOH
PLFURSURFHVRDUHORU DOH FLSXULORU %DQGD PDJQHWLF  GLVFXO
YLGHRUHFRUGHUXO ID[XO úL FKLDU [HUR[XO FRPSOHWHD]  DFHDVW  ÄLPDJLQH´ GH
DQVDPEOX vQ FDUH FRPXQLFDUHD VH GHUXOHD]  FX YLWH]  I U  D VH ORYL GH
JUDQL HSROLWLFHOLQJYLVWLFHJHRJUDILFH
1HDIO PvQSOLQ HU LQIRUPDWL]DW DFRPXQLFD LLORUFkQGVHFRQVLGHU 
GXS  RSLQLD QRDVWU  vQ PRG DEX]LY F  ÄPDVVmedia au devenit, în lumea
PRGHUQ XQIHOGHFHQWUXJUDYLWD LRQDOvQUDSRUWFXFDUHVHSR]L LRQHD] WRDWH
FHOHODOWH VHJPHQWH DOH VRFLHW LL – VLVWHPXO HFRQRPLF VLVWHPXO SROLWLF
VLVWHPXO LGHRORJLF VLVWHPXO FXOWXUDO VLVWHPXO WHKQRORJLF VLVWHPHOH úL
subsistemele sociale”**.

0HOYLQ'H)OHXU 6DQGUD%XOO5RNHDFK7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
0LKDL&RPDQIntroducere în sistemul massPHGLD(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
S

 
 $FHVWHDIRUPHD] vPSUHXQDQRXDFLYLOL]D LH0LUFHD0DOL D REVHUYD
FXVXEWLOLWDWHF PDVVPHGLDDUHWHQGLQ DGHDLQWUDvQWURUHOD LHGHLQFOX]LXQH
VLQRQLPLF úLFXDOW YRFDEXO FLYLOL]D LHFHOHGRX ILLQGLQWHUGHSHQGHQWH

0LUFHD0DOL DGHFXOWXULRVLQJXU FLYLOL]D LH6SUHJHRPRGHUQL]DUHD
VHFROXOXL;;,(GLWXUD1HPLUD

1RWH
 ,QIRUPD LL VXSOLPHQWDUH GHVSUH FRQ LQXWXO WHRULLORU DFHVWRUD vQ %HUQDUG
Miege, *kQGLUHDFRPXQLFD LRQDO (GLWXUD&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF %XFXUHúWLSS

/’Invention de la communication, Editions La Decouverte, Paris, 1997.
3VLKDQRGLD(GLWXUD1HPLUD%XFXUHúWLS
'HQLV'LGHURW1784) exprimase în (OHPHQWHGHIL]LRORJLHLGHHDF 
„regnul vegetal sDUSXWHDV ILIRVWODRULJLQHDUHJQXOXi animal”. Jean Batiste Monet,
&DYDOHUGH/DPDUNÄDGHVFKLVRXú SULQFDUHVHvQWUHYHGHDRDOW OXPHD
ideilor” (François Jacob, /RJLFD YLXOXL (GLWXUD (QFLFORSHGLF  %XFXUHúWL  S
GDUQDIUXFWLILFDWLGHHD$FHVWDUHYLQHOD&K'DUZLQ 1892), în celebrul
V XVWXGLXGLQ2ULJLQHDVSHFLLORU

%LEOLRJUDILH
+HQUL%HUJVRQ(YROX LDFUHDWRDUH,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúLLQWHJUDO
0HOYLQ/'H)OHXU6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK 7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS
5REHUW(VFDUSLW&RPXQLFDUHúLFXOWXU , în 'HODVRFLRORJLDFXOWXULLODWHRULD
FRPXQLF ULL(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWLSS
7UDLDQ+HUVHQL6RFLRORJLDOLPELL(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWLSS
+RLMHU +DUU\ 7KH 2ULJLQ RI /DQJXDJH, în „Linguistics” (coordonator
$UFKLEDOG$+LOO9RLFHRI$PHULFD)RUXPOHFWXUHVSS
0LUFHD0DOL DGHFXOWXULRVLQJXU FLYLOL]D LH6SUHJHRPRGHUQL]DUHD
VHFROXOXL;;,(GLWXUD1HPLUDLQWHJUDO
%HUQDUG 0LeJH 6RFLHWDWHD FXFHULW  GH FRPXQLFDUH (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL
SS
:LOOLDP*0RXOWRQ7KH1DWXUHDQG+LVWRU\RI/LQJXLVWLFV, în „Linguistics”
FRRUGRQDWRU$UFKLEDOG$+LOO9RLFHRI$PHULFD)RUXPOHFWXUHVSS
0DUVKDOO 0F/XKDQ *DOD[LD *XWHQEHUJ (GLWXUD 3ROLWLF  %XFXUHúWL 
LQWHJUDO
0DUVKDOO 0F/XKDQ 0DVVPHGLD VDX PHGLXO LQYL]LELO (GLWXUD 1HPLUD
%XFXUHúWLSS
 
 'HQLV0F4XDLO&RPXQLFDUHD(GLWXUD,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúLSS

1RUPDQ $ 0F4XRZQ /LQJXLVWLFV DQG $QWKURSRORJ\ în „Linguistics”
FRRUGRQDWRU$UFKLEDOG$+LOO9RLFHRI$PHULFD)RUXP/HFWXUHVSS

/XFLD :DOG 3URJUHVXO vQ OLPE  VFXUW  LVWRULH D OLPEDMXOXL (GLWXUD
ùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWLSS
+HQUL:DOG,GHHDYLQHYRUELQG(GLWXUD&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF %XFXUHúWL
LQWHJUDO
+HQUL :DOG ([SUHVLYLWDWHD LGHLORU (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF  %XFXUHúWL
SS
Erwin Schrödinger, &H HVWH YLD  úL 6SLULW úL PDWHULH (GLWXUD 3ROLWLF 
%XFXUHúWLSS

























 
 ,,0$660(',$,6725,&'(),1, ,,3$5$/(/,608/
',175(02'(/8/5($/,= 5,,&2081,& 5,,
80$1(ù,)81& ,81($0$660(',$






0DVVPHGLDHVWHRH[SUHVLHIRUMDW  GHVRFLRORJLDDPHULFDQ vQDQLL
¶&DWHUPHQJHQHULFVHPQLILF RULFHPLMORDFHGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV FDUH
GHVHPQHD] vQDFHODúLWLPSXQLQWHUPHGLDUVSUHDWUDQVPLWHPHVDMHOHF WUHR
SHUVRDQ  JUXSXUL GH SHUVRDQH R PXO LPH vQ VHQVXO GH PDV  XPDQ 
HWHURJHQ GXS RVFKHP XOWHULRUVWDELOLW DFRPXQLF ULL
'HILQL LDQHFHVLW XUP WRDUHOHSUHFL] ULVHQVXOLPHGLDWRULJLQDUDO
WHUPHQLORU VLQWDJPHL úL DSRL vQ HOHVXO FRPXQ  FDQDOXO PHGLDWLF 
VXSRUWXO PHGLDWLF  SHUVRDQD JUXSXO GH SHUVRDQH SRSXOD LD HWHURJHQ 
FDUH SULPHúWH LQIRUPD LLOH úL  VWUXFWXUD VFKHPHL XOWHULRU VWDELOLWH D
FRPXQLF ULLHPL WRUFRGUHFHSWRU

6HQVXORULJLQDUDOWHUPHQLORUGHFRPSXQHUH
DVLQWDJPHLPDVVPHGLD
&RQVLGHUDWvQPHGLLOHGHVSHFLDOLWDWHVLQRQLPDOFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
„acest termen (massPHGLDVDIRUPDWSHWHUHQDQJORIRQSULQVLQWH]DFRUHFW
FRPSXQHUHD, subl. n., L.Ch.) dintre un cuvânt englez, „mass” (în realitate de
RULJLQH ODWLQ  úL SUHOXDW GLQ OLPED IUDQFH]  VXEOQ /&K FDUH WULPLWH OD
©PDVDª GH FRQVXPDWRUL DL DFHVWRU IRUPH FXOWXUDOH úL XQ FXYkQW ODWLQ
(«media»), în forma sa de plural, care se referea la suportul pe care sunt fixate
PHVDMHOHUHVSHFWLYH'DF SULPXOHOHPHQWDOFRQVWUXF LHLHVWHFODUFHOGHDO
GRLOHD UHSUH]LQW  R VXUV  GH SHUPDQHQWH DPELJXLW L FRQFHSWXDOH úL
OLQJYLVWLFH´ 7UHEXLHDU WDWF QLFLSULPXOGLQWUHWHUPHQLQXHVWHDWkWGHFODU
pe cât se crede. Raymond Williams DWUDJHDWHQ LDDVXSUDQXDQ HORUSHFDUH
OHa avut cuvântXOSkQ ODDFFHS LDVDFRQWHPSRUDQ WHUPHQXOQXHVWHGRDU
FRPXQFLúLH[WUHPGHFRPSOH[SHQWUXGHVFULHUHDVRFLDO 

 0LKDL &RPDQ Introducere în sistemul massPHGLD (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL
S

 
 $QWUHQDWvQPDULOHVFKLPE ULVRFLDOHGLQ$QJOLDVHFROHORUDO;9,OHDúL
DO;9,,OHDDFHVWDDUHIOHFWDWPHUHXDOWHUHDOLW LH[WUHPGHGLYHUVLILFDWH
$0DVVHVSURYLQHGLQODWLQ LDUFDOH[HPQHRODWLQHVWHFRQVHPQDWvQ
OLPEDIUDQFH] DVHFROXOXLDO;9OHD&KLDUúLvQOLPEDODWLQ DYHDSHOkQJ 
VHQVXO SULQFLSDO GH ÄJU PDG  GH RELHFWH´ úL vQ HOHVXO GH ÄSRSXOD LH
DPHVWHFDW SOHEHH´$YHDDúDGDUúLDFFHS LXQHDVXEFDUHVHUHJ VHúWHSULQ
ILOLHU IUDQFH] vQ$QJOLDHYXOXLPHGLXSULPLQGvQFHSULYHúWHVRUWXULOHGH
RDPHQL FRQRWD LL SHLRUDWLYH SUHFXP ÄGH MRV´ VDX ÄGH OD ED] ´ 7HUPHQXO
HYROXHD]  vQ OLPEDMXO SROLWLF VHPQLILFkQG SH UkQG ÄPXO LPH´ ÄSRSXOD LH
FRPXQ ´vQFRQWLQXDUHFXVHQVSHLRUDWLYÌQVRFLHWDWHDPRGHUQ HOVXEVWLXLH
GRX  DFFHS LXQL D PDV  ÄJORDW ´ ÄLJQRUDQW´ ÄLQVWDELO´ LDU E ÄR IRU D
VRFLDO SRWHQ LDOSR]LWLY ´&kWSULYHúWHFRPXQLFDUHDGHPDV PDVVPHGLD
WHUPHQXO VH UHIHU  OD PHPEULL UHODWLY QXPHURúL DL XQHL DXGLHQ H L]ROD L vQ
FDVHOHORUFRQVLGHUD LFDDQVDPEOXDOSRSXOD LHL
'HRDUHFH VXE GLFWDWXUD SUROHWDULDWXOXL IXQF LXQLOH PDVVPHGLD HUDX
VXERUGRQDWH XQXL PRGHO GLULMLVW GLF LRQDUHOH URPkQHúWL QX LQVLVW  DVXSUD
caracteristicilor acestui cuvânt cu trimitere la mijloacele de comunicare. Masa
HWHURJHQ  D SRSXOD LHL HUD vQORFXLW  GH VLQWDJPD ÄRSLQLD SXEOLF ´ vQWUR
DFFHS LXQHRDUHFXPGHIRUPDW $VWIHOGXS '(;HGL LDD,, a, 1996, în
OLPEDURPkQ PDV HVISURYLQHGLQIUPDVVHúLGHVHPQHD] 0XO LPH
FRPSDFW GHRDPHQLFRQVLGHUDW FDRXQLWDWHJUXSDUHPDUHGHRDPHQLFX
DQXPLWH FDUDFWHUH FRPXQH FHUFXUL ODUJL DOH SRSXOD LHL  ÌQJU P GLUH GH
HOHPHQWHGHDFHHDúLQDWXU RULGLIHULWHFDUHDOF WXLHVFvPSUHXQ XQVLQJXU
FRUS  &DQWLWDWHD GH PDWHULH D XQXL FRUS FRQVLGHUDW  FD R P ULPH
FDUDFWHULVWLF  vQ UDSRUW FX YROXPXO vQ IL]LF   7RWDOLWDWHD FUHGLWHORU VDX
GDWRULLORUXQXLIDOLWIRQGE QHVFDOXQHLVXFFHVLXQLVDXDOXQHLvQWUHSULQGHUL
lucrative (în domeniul juridic).
%. Cuvântul PHGLDSURYLQHGLQOLPEDODWLQ LDUvQHQJOH] WHUHQXOGH
IRUPDUHDOFRQFHSWXOXLúLHYROX LDVDDXIRVWXUP WRDUHOHvQFHSHV „circule”
curent în secolul al XVIOHDFXVHQVXOGHLQWHUYHQ LHRULLQWHUPHGLHUHvQWUH
DJHQ LLIL]LFLVDXVXEVWDQ HOHFKLPLFH)LORVRIXO)U%DFRQDU WDvQF 
DWXQFLFkQGVFULHVHH[SULP SULQLQWHUPHGLXOFXYLQWHORUÄ9 ]XOVROLFLW WUHL
OXFUXULRELHFWXORUJDQXOúLPHGLXO´DILUPDvQ%XUWRQ'RX VHFROHPDL
WkU]LX vQWUHEXLQ DUHD FXYkQWXOXL H DWHVWDW  vQ OHJ WXU  FX SUHVD ÄSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXO FXULRDVHORU QRDVWUH SXEOLFD LL´  LDU vQFHSkQG FX XOWLPD
MXP WDWH GH VHFRO GHYLQH ODUJ XWLOL]DW R GDW  FX DSDUL LD PLMORDFHORU GH
FRPXQLFDUHGHPDV SUHVDUDGLRXOWHOHYL]LXQHD
 
 $VW ]LPHGLDDUHWUHLDFFHS LXQLFRQVLGHUDWHDILFRQYHUJHQWHDVHQVXO
PDLYHFKLGHLQWHUYHQ LHVDXLQWHUPHGLHUHDUHDF LLORUSURGXVHGHDJHQ LRULvQWUH
VXEVWDQ HEPHGLXGHWUDQVPLWHUHvQFRPXQLFDUHDGHPDV ILHF HYRUEDGH
WLSDUVXQHWVDXLPDJLQHúLFWHUPHQXOVSHFLDOL]DWSULQFDUHXQ]LDUVDXXQSRVW
GHUDGLRWYHVWHSULYLWFDXQPHGLXSHQWUXDOWHOHFXPDUILUHFODPD([LVW úL
VHQVXOPHGLXP „mediu” (persoaQ FXFDOLW LGHRVHELWHFDUHWUDQVPLWHPHVDMH
vQúLGLQVSUHOXPHDGHGLQFRORYH]L%3+DVGHX6LFFRJLWR
Începând cu deceniul al VIOHD DO VHFROXOXL PHGLD D vQFHSXW V  ILH
XWLOL]DWúLVLQJXUFXDFHODúLvQ HOHVPDVVPHGLDPDLDOHVGHF WUHVSHFLDOLúWLL
GLQSUHVDIUDQFH] 
C. Sensul nou dobândit. În '(;SPDVVPHGLDVQSO
GHVHPQHD]  ÄWRWDOLWDWHD PLMORDFHORU GH LQIRUPDUH D PDVHORU UDGLR
WHOHYL]LXQHSUHV HWF´ÌQ'LF LRQDUGHVRFLRORJLH(GLWXUD%DEHO%XFXUHúWL
SFRRUGRQDWRUL& W OLQ=DPILUúL/D] U9O VFHDQXPDVVPHGLD
HVWH XQ ÄWHUPHQ FRQVDFUDW vQWkL vQ OLPED HQJOH]  UHIHULWRU OD PLMORDFHOH GH
FRPXQLFDUH vQ PDV  VHWXUL GH WHKQLFL úL PHWRGH GH WUDQVPLWHUH GH F WUH
IXUQL]RUL FHQWUDOL]D L D XQRU PHVDMH XQHL DXGLHQ H ODUJL HWHURJHQH úL
dispersate geografic. ÎntrR SHUVSHFWLY  LQVWLWX LRQDO  PDVVPHGLD VXQW
FRQVLGHUDWHLQVWLWX LLVRFLDOHDWkWFXOWXUDOHFkWúLHFRQRPLFH´)D GHDFHVWH
GHILQL LL UH]XPDWLYH FRQFHSWXO UH]XOWDW SULQ VLQWDJPD ÄPDVVmedia”,
FRPSRUW PDLPXOWHvQ HOHVXUL$FHVWHDUHSUH]LQW vQPDMRULWDWHDFD]XULORU
QXDQ UL DOH DXWRULORU GHILQL LHL ILHFDUH GLQWUH HL VW UXLQG DVXSUD DVSHFWHORU
vizate de unghiul de abordare. Petru Pânzaru FRQVLGHU  F  SULQFLSDOHOH
atribute ale conceptului sunt: (a) „serviciu de mediere (mediator) între
UHDOLW LOH GH JUDGXO , HYHQLPHQ LDOH úL SRSXOD LH SXEOLFXUL UHVSHFWLY FD
SURGXF WRUGHLPDJLQLGHVSUHUHDOLWDWHFDSURGXF WRUPDQLSXODWRUGHVW ULGH
VSLULWFOLPDWHVRFLDOHFXUHQWHGHRSLQLHSXEOLF úLSULQHOHFDIDFWRUSXWHUQLF
GH RULHQWDUHLQIOXHQ DUHVFKLPEDUH D FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU LQGLYLGXDOH úL
FROHFWLYH0LMORDFHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV DXFDUDFWHUDPELYDOHQWHOHQX
VXQWGRDUPLMORDFHQHXWUHGHLQIRUPDUHFLSXWHUQLFHPLMORDFHGHLQIOXHQ DUH
D WXWXURU GRPHQLLORU YLH LL VRFLDOH E LQVWUXPHQW DO JUXSXULORU GH LQWHUHVH
SROLWLFHFXOWXUDOHHFRQRPLFHGLSORPDWLFHLQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWHVDXDOIRUPHORU
RUJDQL]DWHGHUHSUH]HQWDUHDVRFLHW LLFLYLOH´S
$FHVWRUDOHDG XJ PúLDOWHRSLQLLVLQWHWL]DWHvQVWXGLXOVHPQDWGH$XUHOLDQ
%RQGUHD  GLQ FDUH UH]XP P & )ULHGPDQQ %&DWKHODW úL $ &DGHW
-%7KRPSVRQ LQVLVW DVXSUDOHJ WXULLIHQRPHQXOXLFXFLYLOL]D LDWHKQLFLVW FX
IDFWXUDVDLQGXVWULDO úLSULQDFHDVWDGHPDUHVXSUDID )ULHGPDQQ
 $XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD
)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine%XFXUHúWL

 
 3ULQ PDVVPHGLD VH LQVWDXUHD]  ÄR UHOD LH LQVWDQWDQHH FX RULFH SXQFW
GLQWLPSVDXGLQVSD LXvQFDGUXOXQXLVLVWHPFXOWXUDOGHVFKLV´%&DWKHODW
$ &DGHW VH ÄLQVWLWX LRQDOL]HD]  SURGXF LD úL JHQHUDOL]HD]  GLIX]DUHD GH
EXQXULVLPEROLFHSULQWUDQVPLWHUHDúLVWRFDUHDLQIRUPD LHL´-%7KRPVRQ
7RWDOLWDWHDPHVDMHORUFXOWXUDOHGLIX]DWHODVFDU GHPDV vQFRQGL LLOH
FLYLOL]D LHLWHKQLFLVWHIRUPHD] FRQ LQXWXOFHHDFHVHWUDQVPLWHLDUPLMORDFHOH
WHKQLFHGHFUHDUHHODERUDUHúLGLIX]DUHDOWIHOVSXVPRGXOFXPVHWUDQVPLW
DFHVWH PHVDMH FRQVWLWXLH LQVWUXPHQWHOH FRPXQLF ULL GH PDV  2ELHFWLYHOH
PDVVPHGLDSULYHVF
DDQDOL]DFRQ LQXWXOXLFHVHFRPXQLF strâns legat de modul propriu
GH RUJDQL]DUH GHWHUPLQDW GH PHGLXPXO LQVWUXPHQWXOXL GH FRPXQLFDUH
ILHF UXLFDQDOGHFRPXQLFDUHFRUHVSXQ]kQGXLXQOLPEDMSURSULXVSHFLILFE
DQDOL]D PRGXOXL FXP VH WUDQVPLWH PHVDMXO FDUH SUHVXSXQH úL DQDOL]D XQXL
DQXPLW FRQ LQXW FXOWXUDO vQWUXFkW DFHVW FRQ LQXW HVWH SUHOXFUDW vQ YLUWXWHD
GLIX] ULLOXLvQPDV ILLQGVWUXFWXUDWFRQIRUPUHVWULF LLORULPSXVHGHFRGXULOH
ILHF UXL OLPEDM GH FRPXQLFDUH vQ SDUWH F DQDOL]D ©GLPHQVLXQLL VRFLDOHª
altfel spus «scopul» pentru caUHVHDGUHVHD] úL©HIHFWXOªRE LQXWvQUkQGXO
SXEOLFXOXL´ 2 GHILQL LH UH]XPDWLY  D PDVVPHGLD VH J VHúWH úL vQ
T.O’Sullivan et al. Ä&RPXQLFDUHD GH PDV  HVWH SUDFWLFD úL SURGXVXO FDUH
RIHU  GLYHUWLVPHQW úL LQIRUPD LL XQHL DXGLHQ H IRUPDWH GLQ SHUVRDQH
QHFXQRVFXWH DFHVWH FRQ LQXWXUL WUDQVPLVH GH PHGLL WLS ULWH HOHFWURQLFH
VRQRUH VDX DXGLRYL]XDOH DX VWDWXWXO XQRU P UIXUL SURGXVH LQGXVWULDO FX
DMXWRUXO XQRU WHKQRORJLL GH XOWLP  RU  UHJXODUL]DWH GH VWDW úL ILQDQ DWH GH
SDUWLFXODUL FRQ LQXWXUL FH VXQW FRQVXPDWH vQ PRG SHUVRQDO SULYDW GH F WUH
publicul lor”**.
'LQ DFHVWH SHUVSHFWLYH HOHPHQWHOH FRPSRQHQWH DOH VLVWHPXOXL PDVV
PHGLDSRWILRUGRQDWHvQFDWHJRULLúLVXEFDWHJRULLvQIXQF LHGHXQJKLXOGH
DERUGDUH DO FRQFHSWXOXL ILHFDUH GLQWUH HOH FRQWULEXLQG OD GHILQLUHD PDL
GHJUDE  FDOHLGRVFRSLF  D PDVVPHGLD $VWIHO %HUQDUG /DPL]DW úL $KPHG
6LOHP VWDELOHVFF vQIXQF LHGHVXSRUWXOSHFDUHHVWHWUDQVPLVPHVDMXO
H[LVW PHGLDWLS ULWHF U L]LDUHUHYLVWHDILúHPHGLDHOHFWURQLFHUDGLRWY
FDOFXODWRDUHvQWLPSFHGXS PRGXOGHDFKL]L LRQDUHHOHVHvPSDUWvQD
FXPS UDWHGLUHFWF U L]LDUHUHYLVWHFDVHWHúL&'XULVDXESHQWUXFDUHVH
SO WHúWH R WD[  GH DFFHV 7HOHYL]LXQH SULQ FDEOX ,QWHUQHW HPDLO RUL F
SHQWUXFDUHQXVHSO WHúWHXQSUH GLUHFWSXEOLFLWDWHD'XS FRQ LQXWPHGLLOH
se împart în cele (a) de informare, (b) de divertisment, (c) de publicitate. 

,ELGHPS
,ELGHPS
 $SXG $XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD
(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine%XFXUHúWLS
 
 'XS P ULPHDDXGLHQ HLDFHVWHDSRWILGHPDV úLGHJUXSSUHVDúL
DILúHOHWHOHYL]LXQLOHFXFLUFXLWvQFKLVRULLQGLYLGXDOHDSDUDWXOIRWROHFWRUXO
&' FDOFXODWRUXO 'XS  FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH WHKQLFH DYHP PHGLD GH GLIX]LXQH
FDEOXXQGHKHUW]LHQHúLDXWRQRPHGHWUDQVODUHúLGHFRGLILFDUHDPHVDMHORU
UDGLRXOPRQLWRUXOWYOHFWRUXOODVHUFRQVRODGHMRFHOHFWURQLF'XS IXQF LH
HOH VDWLVIDF LQIRUPDUHD VWRFKHD]  úL SUHOXFUHD]  GDWH DVLJXU  OHFWXUD
PHVDMHORU DúDQXPLWHOH PHGLL GH UHSUH]HQWDUH VDX OH WUDQVPLW PHGLLOH GH
GLVWULEX LHÌQVIkUúLWGXS PRGXOGHFRUHODUHDFRPXQLFDWRULORUDYHPPHGLL
ÄRIIOLQH´FHFRQ LQPHVDMHSHXQVXSRUWI U DFFHVODFRPXQLFDUHDGLUHFW úL
ÄRQOLQH´FDUHOHDJ FRPXQLFDWRULLRIHULQGXOHJDPDGHVHUYLFLLSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
ÄPDJLVWUDOHORU LQIRUPD LRQDOH´ ÌQ XOWLPXO GHFHQLX DX DS UXW úL VDX LPSXV
IRUPH QRL GH FRPXQLFDUH UH]XOWDWH GLQ FRPELQD LD HOHPHQWHORU WH[WXDOH úL
JUDILFHVSHFLILFHSUHVHLVFULVHFXFHOHWLSLFHDXGLRYL]XDOXOXLVXQHWHúLLPDJLQL
vQ PLúFDUH FX LPDJLQL GH VLQWH]  úL FX IDFLOLW LOH WHKQRORJLFH RIHULWH GH
FDOFXODWRDUH 'HQXPLUHD ORU JHQHULF  HVWH PXOWLPHGLD 'H DFHHD HVWH UHODWLY
JUHXGHDUPRQL]DWWRDWHDFHVWHGHWHUPLQD LLDIODWHFXPVHSRDWHOHVQHREVHUYD
întrR ]RQ  GH LQWHUIHUHQ H PXOWLSOH úL GLQ DOH F URU SHUVSHFWLYH VH GHWDúHD] 
H[FOXVLYDYDQWDMHOHÌQUHDOLWDWHH[LVW úLQXPHURDVHGH]DYDQWDMHDOHQRXOXLWLS
GH FLYLOL]D LH FDUHL SUHRFXS  SH VSHFLDOLúWL &HO PDL JUDY GLQWUH DFHVWHD vO
UHSUH]LQW GHSODVDUHDDWHQ LHLGHODIRQGF WUHIRUP FRQWDFWXOLQWLPFXYHFKLOH
VWUXFWXUL DOH PDVVPHGLD vQ VSHFLDO FDUWHD úL ]LDUXO GXFkQG OD GH]YROWDUHD
LQGLYLGXDOLVPXOXL DFWLY vQ WLPS FH ÄFRQHFWDUHD´ LQGLYLGXOXL OD R UH HD vO
WUDQVIRUP SHDFHVWDvQWUXQVLPSOXFRQVXPDWRUSDVLY
2 GHVFULHUH FRPSUHKHQVLY  GHúL SH SDJLQL SX LQH D VLVWHPXOXL
PDVVPHGLDIDFH-HDQ1RHO-HDQQHQH\ 
0DL PXOW GHFkW DO L FHUFHW WRUL DXWRUXO VW UXLH DVXSUD DVSHFWHORU
YXOQHUDELOHDOHVLVWHPXOXLFDUHFRH[LVW FXDYDQWDMHOHDFHVWXLD$VWIHOWLSXOXLGH
GLVFXUV XQLODWHUDO GDF  QX FXPYD WULXPIDOLVW SUDFWLFDW GH XQLL FHUFHW WRUL DL
PDVVPHGLD F URUD UHOD LLOH GH UXGHQLH FX GRPHQLXO OH vQFH RúHD] 
RELHFWLYLWDWHDLVDUSXWHDRSXQHGHPHUVXORELHFWLYDOFXQRVFXWXOXLFHUFHW WRU
IUDQFH] GLQ DO F UXL FRQ LQXW LQVHU P XUP WRDUHOH RSLQLL Ä,PDJLQHD SH FDUH
GLIHULWHVRFLHW LúLDXI FXWRGHVSUHHOHúLGHVSUHDOWHOHSUHFXPúLPXOWLWXGLQHD
HIRUWXULORU GHSXVH GH SURWDJRQLúWLL MRFXOXL SHQWUX D PRGLILFD DFHDVW 
reprezentare, în fXQF LHGHSURSULLOHLQWHUHVHLQWHUVHFWHD] WRDWHGRPHQLLOHGH
FHUFHWDUHúLSULYHúWHPDMRULWDWHDDFWLYLW LORUXPDQHSXEOLFHVDXSULYDWHS


* Jean Nöel Jeanneney, 2 LVWRULH D PLMORDFHORU GH FRPXQLFDUH (GLWXUD
,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúL
 
 &DQWLWDWHD LPHQV  GH ]LDUH úL UHYLVWH GH WRDWH FDWHJRULLOH úL
GLPHQVLXQLOHQXP UXODSURDSHGHVFXUDMDQWGHPDUHDODJHQ LLORUGHSUHV DO
SRVWXULORU GH UDGLR úL WHOHYL]LXQH ILH HOH SULQ FDEOX VDX XQGH KHUW]LHQH
FUHHD] SHULFROXOGLVSHUV ULLDFHVWHLDvQWURLPDJLQHDPHQLQ WRDUHLPSRVLELO
de definit întrXQ FRQFHSW XQLF úL FODU ,QGXVWULD PDVVPHGLD SURGXFH
HIHPHUXO UHDOLWDWHD VFKLPE WRDUH GH OD R FOLS  OD DOWD UHFUHHD]  FX DOWH
FXYLQWH IOXLGXO H[LVWHQ HL PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH DFHVW WLS GH LQIRUPD LH QX VH
DUKLYHD] VDXPDLH[DFWVSXVQXLVHDFRUG LPSRUWDQ FDXQRUGRFXPHQWH
GHPQH GH HWHUQL]DUH -HDQ1RHO -HDQQHQH\ GHSOkQJH vQ DFHVW VHQV V U FLD
DUKLYHORUFDUHSHUPLWGHVFULHUHDLQVWLWX LHLXQXL]LDUXQXLSRVWGHUDGLRVDXGH
WHOHYL]LXQH1LPLFVSHFWDFXORVEDFKLDUPDLPXOWVHFRQVWDW RDVHP QDUH
L]ELWRDUHvQWUHDFHVWHDUKLYHFDUHSHUPLWGHVFULHUHDLQVWLWX LHLFXDFHHDDXQXL
IDEULFLGHI LQ VSUHH[HPSOXFXWRDWHF SURGXVHOHVXQWFXWRWXODOWHOH
$FFHS LXQHDFHDPDLUHFHQW GDW WHUPHQXOXLPDVVPHGLDHVWHDFHHDGH
VXSRUWXULWHKQLFHFHVHUYHVFODWUDQVPLWHUHDPHVDMHORUF WUHXQDQVDPEOXGH
LQGLYL]LVHSDUD L6HSXQHDFFHQWXOSHDSRUWXOPDúLQLORULQWURGXVHvQSURFHVXO
GHFRPXQLFDUHSHQWUXDUHSURGXFHVFULVXOWLSRJUDILDVDXSHQWUXDSUHOXQJL
VLP XO Y ]XOXL úL DX]XOXL WHOHYL]LXQHD UDGLRXO ILOPXO HWF 'XS  5pP\
5LHIIHO  PDVVPHGLD SRW IL UHSDUWL]DWH vQ WUHL FDWHJRULL PLMORDFH WLS ULWH
F U L ]LDUH UHYLVWH DILúH PLMORDFH ED]DWH SH ILOP IRWRJUDILD úL
FLQHPDWRJUDILD PLMORDFH HOHFWURQLFH UDGLR WHOHYL]LXQH WHOHIRQ
YLGHRFDVHWRIRQYLGHRWH[WID[FDOFXODWRU&'520HWF
6HREVHUY F GHILQL LDFRQFHSXW ODMXP WDWHDVHFROXOXLDO;;OHDQX
PDL DFRSHU  vQ WRWDOLWDWH UHDOLW LOH FRQWHPSRUDQH PLMORDFHOH HOHFWURQLFLL úL
LQIRUPDWLFLLUHSUH]HQWkQGFHOHPDLUHFHQWHSDUWLFLS ULODIHQRPHQXOSHFDUH
Oau înrâurit semnificativ.

&DQDOXOPHGLDWLF
ÌQWUH FDQDOXO PHGLDWLF úL VXSRUWXO PHGLDWLF VH IDFH XQHRUL FRQIX]LH
$FHDVWD VH GDWRUHD]  OLSVHL XQXL GLF LRQDU DGHFYDW GLQ FDUH PRWLY XQLL
FHUFHW WRULDXXWLOL]DWDFHODúLWHUPHQSHQWUXDGHQXPLUHDOLW LIRDUWHDSURSLDWH
dar diferite. Mesajele create în sistemul massPHGLD VXQW GLVWULEXLWH FX
DMXWRUXOXQRUWHKQRORJLLVRILVWLFDWHODDF URURSWLP IXQF LRQDUHFRQWULEXLH
LQVWLWX LL VSHFLDOL]DWH DX[LOLDUH 2U WRDWH VXQW FXSULQVH VXE GHQXPLUHD
JHQHULF  GH PHGLL ÌQ DFHHDúL RUGLQH GH LGHL úL VXSRUWXO PHGLDWLF SRDWH IL

 
LQFOXVDLFLGDW ILLQGVWUkQVDOXLUHOD LHGHWLSXOIRUP úLFRQ LQXWFXFDQDOXO
PDLDOHVF IRUPDHVWHGHWHUPLQDQW SHQWUXFRQ LQXW
3HQWUX D H[SOLFD IXQF LXQHD FDQDOXOXL PHGLDWLF XQLL DXWRUL XWLOL]HD] 
SULQWUH DUJXPHQWH FRPSDUDUHD FX VLVWHPXO FRPXQLF ULL LQWHUSHUVRQDOH FDUH
QXDUHvQV FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHPDVVPHGLD6LQJXUDDVHP QDUHGLQWUHFHOHGRX 
WLSXUL GH FRPXQLFDUH FRQVW  vQ H[SOLFDUHD IXQF LXQLL ORU SULQWUun „model”,
UHODWLY DSURSLDW vQ DPEHOH VLWXD LL DO UHDOL] ULL FRPXQLF ULL $OWH ÄOHJ WXUL´
vQWUHFHOHGRX WLSXULGHFRPXQLFDUHQXH[LVW FKLDUGDF ILQDOPHQWHPDVV
PHGLDSULQFHOHPDLUHFHQWHIRUPHGHPDQLIHVWDUHPXOWLPHGLDWLQGHVSUHXQ
FDUDFWHU LQWHUSHUVRQDO QXPLW LQWHUDFWLY 3HQWUX DúL UHDOL]D VFRSXO
FRPXQLFDUHDGHPDV DSHOHD] ODQXPHURDVHDUWLILFLLvQDEVHQ DF URUDQXDU
IL UHDOL]DELO  1X vPS UW úLP RSLQLD OXL 0LKDL &RPDQ FDUH VSUH D UHOHYD
LPSRUWDQ DFDQDOXOXLDILUP F ÄRYHVWHWUDQVPLV SULQYLXJUDLGLQRPvQ
RPHVWHVXSXV YLFLVLWXGLQLORUOHJDWHGHFRQGL LLOHFRQFUHWHDOHILHF UXLDFWGH
FRPXQLFDUHvQSOXVLQIRUPD LDFLUFXO RGDW FXVXSRUWXOHLIL]LFRPXOFDUHR
SRDUW  FX YLWH]D VSHFLILF  GHSODV ULL DFHVWHLD 'H vQGDW  FH LQIRUPD LD VH
GHVSULQGHGHVXSRUWXOXPDQúLVHIL[HD] SHDOWVXSRUWPDWHULDOW EOL GHOXW
SDSLUXVKkUWLHHDSRDWHILPDQLSXODW FXPDLPXOW XúXULQ úLQXPDLHVWH
DIHFWDW  GH DFFLGHQWHOH LQHUHQWH DFWHORU GH FRPXQLFDUH GLUHFW  XLWDUH
UHFRQVWUXF LHPHWDIRUL]DUHHWF´ 
7UHEXLHREVHUYDWF vQDFHVWH[HPSOXFDPPHWDIRULFQXDYHPGHDIDFH
FHO SX LQ SHQWUX SULPD SDUWH GDF  QX FXPYD úL SHQWUX D GRXD  FX R
FRPXQLFDUH GH WLS PDVVPHGLD FL FX H[WUDSRODUHD PRdelului de „canal” din
FRPXQLFDUHDLQWHUSHUVRQDO vQFHDPHGLDWLF 'LIHUHQ HOHVXQWGLVSURSRU LRQDW
GHPDULFRQWUDYHQLQGVHQVXOXLQXDQ DWDOGHILQL LHL$XWRUXOVFRDWHvQHYLGHQ 
vQVXúLULOH PDL H[DFW VSXV GLIHUHQ HOH HIHPHULWDWH VWDELOLWDWH LQGLYLGXDO
FROHFWLYOHQWRDUHUDSLGLWDWHQXPRGXOGHIXQF LXQHDFRQFHSWXOXLvQGLVFX LH
$FHDVWDDUSXWHDGHYHQLRFRPXQLFDUHPDVVPHGLDGLQPRPHQWXOÄIL[ ULL´SH
XQVXSRUWPHGLDWLFSRUWDELO]LDUXOGHH[HPSOXFRQ LQXWXOPHVDMXOXLU PkQkQG
QHVFKLPEDW 0HVDMXO UHSUH]LQW  XQ WH[W ILQLW úL XQ XQLYHUV vQFKLV 2ULFH
VFKLPEDUH vQ LQWHULRUXO DFHVWXLD R YLUJXO  VSUH H[HPSOX DU SXWHD GXFH OD
GLVWUXJHUHD LQVWDQWDQHH D FDUDFWHUXOXL ILQLW DO PHVDMXOXL OLQJYLúWLL DILUP  OD
GLVSDUL LDVD0HVDMXOvQV SRDWHILLQWHUSUHWDWGLIHULWGHODXQLQGLYLGODDOWXO
GDU IDSWXO QX vQVHDPQ  F  DYHP XQ PHVDM ÄGHVFKLV´ FL R UHSUH]HQWDUH
SHUVRQDOL]DW LQGLYLGXDOL]DW GHODXQUHFHSWRUODDOWXOODLQWHUSUHWDUHDSRVLELO
GLIHULW  D PHVDMXOXL FRQWULEXLQG IDFWRUL GH HGXFD LH FXOWXU  PHQWDOLWDWH
FRQYLQJHULHWLFHúLPRUDOHVWDUHDIL]LF úLSVLKLF GHPRPHQW

0LKDL&RPDQRSFLWS

 
 În Dictionnaire des MédiasVXEGLUHF LDOXL)UDQFLV%DOOH/DURXVVH
%RUGDVSDXWRULLGLVWLQJWUHLWLSXULGHFDQDOHPHGLDWLFHQXPLWHGH
DFHúWLDVLPSOXPHGLD
$>FDQDOH@PHGLDDXWRQRPHF U L]LDUHDILúHDQXQ XULúLÄUHFODPH´
SXEOLFLWDUH 5DSRUWXO GLQWUH PHVDM úL VXSRUW HVWH XQXO GH WLSXO IRUP  úL
FRQ LQXW)HQRPHQXOGHGHFRGLILFDUHHVWHLQVWDQWDQHXúLDFFHVLELOGLUHFWFX
FRQGL LDVW SkQLULLFRGXOXLOLQJYLVWLFUHVSHFWLY
% >FDQDOH@ PHGLD GH GLIX]DUH UDGLRXO WHOHYL]LXQHD SUHVXSXQ
H[LVWHQ D XQRU RUJDQL]D LL LQVWLWX LRQDOH FDUH GLIX]HD]  PHVDMH UHFHSWDWH OD
GLVWDQ 3HQWUXUHDOL]DUHDFRPXQLF ULLHVWHQHYRLHGHXQFDQDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHD
LQIRUPD LHL FX PXOW PDL FRPSOLFDW GHFkW vQ FD]XO $ 'HRVHELUHD ID  GH
FDQDOHOHPHGLDDXWRQRPHFRQVW vQIDSWXOF vQWUHFDQDOúLPHVDMQXPDLH[LVW 
OHJ WXUD GLQWUH IRUP  úL FRQ LQXW FL DUH ORF R PHWDPRUIR]  PHVDMXO HVWH
FRQYHUWLWúLFRGLILFDWvQIOX[HOHFWURPDJQHWLFVDXXQG KHUW]LDQ FDUHODILQDO
SULQWUXQSURFHVLQYHUVUHGHYLQHPHVDMXOLQL LDO3HQWUXDFHDVWDHQHFHVDUFDOD
H[WUHPLWDWHDFHDODOW DODQ XOXLHPL WRUPHVDMFRGFDQDOUHFHSWRUV H[LVWHXQ
DX[LOLDUFDUHV GHFRGLILFHPHVDMXO6FKHPDFRPSOHW DUILHPL DWRUWYPHVDM
YHUEDOFRGOLPEDURPkQ FDQDOFRGLILFDW>FRQYHUWLUHDFRGXOXLLQL LDOFDUH
GHYLQHúLVXSRUWDOPHVDMXOXLvQXQGHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHVDXKHUW]LHQH@UHFHSWRU
DSDUDWWYVDXUDGLR>UHFRQYHUWLUHDXQGHORUHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHúLKHUW]LHQHvQ
FRGXOLQL LDO@FDQDOLQL LDOPHVDMYHUEDO
& >FDQDOH@ PHGLD GH FRPXQLFDUH WHOHIRQLD WHOHID[XO LQWHUQHWXO
WHOH[XO WHOHJUDILD SRúWD HOHFWURQLF  $FHVWHD UHIDF FRPXQLFDUHD GLUHFW 
GLDORJDW vQWUHSHUVRDQHVDXJUXSXULGHSHUVRDQHGHVS U LWHGHGLVWDQ HPDUL
5HDOL]DUHD HVWH SRVLELO  SULQ PHWDPRUIR]D H[SOLFDW  DQWHULRU FDUH DVLJXU 
ÄWUDQVSRUWXO´ FRQ LQXWXOXL ÌQ SOXV SHQWUX DPEHOH VLWXD LL % úL & VXQW
QHFHVDUH FDEOXUL HOHFWULFH UHOHH úL DQWHQH WHUHVWUH VDX VDWHOLW FDSDELOH V 
SUHLDV DPSOLILFHVHPQDOXOúLV OUHWUDQVPLW DSDUDWHSHQWUXGHFRGLILFDUH
7RDWHDFHVWHDIXQF LRQHD] DúDGDUFDDX[LOLDUHDOHFDQDOHORUPHGLDúLDXUROXO
GH D ÄFRPSULPD´ VSD LXO úL GH D UHODWLYL]D WLPSXO I FkQG SRVLELO  WUDQV
PLWHUHDFRPXQLFDUHDLQVWDQWDQHHODGLVWDQ HIRDUWHPDULÌQDFHDVW VLWXD LH
LPHGLDW FH D IRVW HPLV PHVDMXO HVWH FRQYHUWLW GLQ IRUPD VD LQL LDO  úL DSRL
UHI FXWSULQLQWHUPHGLXODOWRULQVWUXPHQWHDX[LOLDUHVSUHDUHGHYHQLDFHODúL
Mihai Coman, în lucrareD DPLQWLW  IDFH R WUHFHUH vQ UHYLVW  úL D DOWRU
DFFHS LXQLSURYHQLWHvQOLWHUDWXULOHGHVSHFLDOLWDWHGLQOLPELOHIUDQFH] úLHQJOH] 
'LQDFHVWHDQRW PÄ'XS <YHV/DYRLQHFDUHDXUP ULWGLYHUVHOHDFFHS LLSH
FDUHOHDUHDFHVWFRQFHSW©PHGLDªVHUHIHU VLPXOWDQODPDLPXOWHOXFUXULGLIHULWH
 
 − RWHKQLF VDXXQDQVDPEOXGHWHKQLFLGHDSURGXFHUHDPHVDMHORUúL
GHIDEULFDUHDXQRUVXSRUWXULPDQHYUDELOHFHHDFHLPSOLF XQDQXPHWLSGH
WUDQVSRUW E  WUDQVPLWHUH LQVWDQWDQHH D PHVDMHORU SULQWUXQ FDQDO DQXPH
XQGHKHUW]LHQHFDEOXF WUHXQWHUPLQDOUHFHSWRUPRQLWRU
− DQVDPEOXOPHVDMHORUFUHDWHFXDMXWRUXODFHVWRUWHKQLFL
− DQVDPEOXORUJDQL]D LLORUFDUHSURGXFVDXWUDWHD] DFHVWHPHVDMH
La rândul lor, autorii 'LF LRQDUXOXL PDVVPHGLD VXV LQ F  WHUPHQXO
©PHGLDª VH UHIHU  VLPXOWDQ OD R WHKQLF  DQXPH OD XQ PRG GH IRORVLUH D
DFHVWHL WHKQLFL OD XQ SXEOLF GHWHUPLQDW OD LQVWLWX LL VSHFLILFH úL OD DQXPH
genuri sau forme de exprimare” (p. 19).

6XSRUWXOPHGLDWLF
6LQWDJPDVXSRUWPHGLDWLFHVWHvQ HOHDV vQVHQVUHVWULFWLYFDHOHPHQWSH
ÄVXSUDID D´ F UXLD VH WUDQVPLWH LQIRUPD LD (O QX HVWH QLFL FRG FRQWH[W
DUELWUDUFUHDWRUGHLQWHOLJLELOLWDWHúLQLFLFDQDOPHGLXDFHVWHDILLQGDX[LOLDUH
DOH VDOH úL DYkQG vQWUR VLQJXU  VLWXD LH LVWRULF  GDW  DGLF atunci când sD
LQYHQWDW OLPEDMXO UROXO VLPXOWDQ GH FDQDO úL VXSRUW $FHDVW  ÄFDOLWDWH´ úLR
S VWUHD]  vQ FDGUXO FRPXQLF ULL RUDOH vQ FDUH DHUXO YLEUkQG VRQRU HVWH
GHRSRWULY FDQDOPHGLXGHGLIX]LXQHDPHVDMXOXLGDUúLVXSRUWXOHIHPHUDO
DFHVWXLD'HDLFLVHREVHUY F RLPSRUWDQW FDOLWDWHDVXSRUWXOXLPHGLDWLFR
UHSUH]LQW UROXOGHFRQVHUYDUHúLVWRFDUHDLQIRUPD LHL3HGHDOW SDUWHQXHVWH
PDLSX LQDGHY UDWF vQVLWXD LDFRPXQLF ULLRUDOHREOLJDWLYLWDWHDSUH]HQ HL
VLPXOWDQH D HPL WRUXOXL úL UHFHSWRUXOXL GHYLQH R UHJXO  VLQH TXD QRQ
$EVHQ D UHFHSWRUXOXL vQ FRPXQLFDUHD PDVVPHGLD GLQ PRWLYH FH QX YRU IL
LQYRFDWH DFXP FUHHD]  LPSHUDWLYXO FRQVHUY ULL PHVDMXOXL GH UHJXO  SULQ
SURFHGHHDUWLILFLDOHFRPSOH[HFDUHDF LRQHD] FDDX[LOLDUHPHQLWHDLDVLJXUD
SURWHF LD6XSRUWXOLQIRUPD LHLHVWHOLPEDMXORUDOVDXVFULV'DUvQWUXFkWFRGXO
IXQF LRQHD] vQVLVWHPXOPDVVPHGLDúLSULQDUWLILFLDOL] ULPHQLWHDDMXWDOD
WUDQVPLWHUHDPHVDMXOXLXQLLFHUFHW WRULvODVLPLOHD] LGHLLGHVXSRUWPHGLDWLF
SHUVSHFWLY GLQFDUHDXSURSXVFULWHULLGHGHSDUWDMDUHvQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLÌQ
UHDOLWDWHDFHVWFULWHULXHVWHúWLLQ LILFYRUELQGJHQHUDWRUGHDPELJXLWDWHGDU
SUH]LQW WRWXúLDYDQWDMXOF HYLGHQ LD] vQDFHODúLWLPSHYROX LDVDLVWRULF 
$O WXUL GH DHU FD SULP VXSRUW DO OLPEDMXOXL SULYDWLY GH
VWRFDUHFRQVHUYDUHFHO ODOWVXSRUWDOFRPXQLF ULLvOFRQVWLWXLHJUDILDVFULHUHD
vQ VHQV PDL ODUJ FDUH EHQHILFLD]  GH QXPHURDVH ÄFRGXUL´ GH WUDQVPLWHUH
XQHOHH[WUHPGHVRILVWLFDWHDOHOLPEDMHORUQDWXUDOHRULDUWLILFLDOH'HDOXQJXO
 
LVWRULHL FLYLOL]D LHL XPDQLWDWHD D F XWDW QXPHURDVH PHWRGH GH FRQYHUWLUH D
PHVDMHORUSHXQXOGLQFHOHGRX VXSRUWXULUHXúLQGSULQLQWHUPHGLXOFHORUPDL
SHUIRUPDQWHúLVWRFDUHDFRQVHUYDUHDLQIRUPD LHL$FHVWHDDXIRVWvQRUGLQH
SLDWUD W EOL D GH OXW DUV SDSLUXVXO SHUJDPHQWXO KkUWLD WRDWH XWLOL]kQG FD
PHGLX GH WUDQVPLWHUH JUDILD 3RVLELOLW LOH ORU GH VWRFDUHFRQVHUYDUH HUDX
GHWHUPLQDWHGHÄFDOLWDWHD´vQGRLHOQLF DVXSRUWXOXLGDUQXWUHEXLHQHJOLMDWF 
HOHVHPQLILF XQLPSRUWDQWSDVvQDLQWHI FXWGHFLYLOL]D LH
7UDQVPLWHUHD PDVDMHORU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FDEOXULORU úL UH HOHORU GH
FXUHQWHOHFWULFúLDODQWHQHORUSHQWUXXQGHOHKHUW]LHQHDI FXWV VHYRUEHDVF 
GHVSUH DX[LOLDUHOH vQWUHEXLQ DWH VXE GHQXPLUHD GH VXSRUW PHGLDWLF 'LQ
SXQFWXOQRVWUXGHYHGHUHVXSRUWXOPHGLDWLFQXSRDWHDYHDDOWHUHSUH]HQW UL
GHFkW FHO VRQRU DFXVWLF úL YL]XDO JUDILF 3HQWUX vQYLQJHUHD GLVWDQ HORU úL
UHIDFHUHD ÄDSURSLHULL´ GLQWUH HPL WRU úL UHFHSWRU VD DSHODW OD LQVWUXPHQWH
PHGLDWLFH GH HPLWHUH úL UHFHS LH úL FRQVHUYDUH D LQIRUPD LHL FXP DX IRVW
WHOHJUDIXO úL XOWHULRU WHOH[XO WHOHIRQXO úL XOWHULRU WHOHID[XO UDGLRXO
PDJQHWRIRQXOúLSLNXSXODSDUDWXOGHILOPDWWHOHYL]RUXOúLYLGHRUHFRUGHUXO
LDU UHFHQW UH HOHOH GH ,QWHUQHW úL H PDLO DOH PLMORDFHORU FRPSXWHUL]DWH
&RQFRPLWHQW FX HYROX LD ORU DX IRVW FUHDWH úL DOWH PLMORDFH GH VWRFDUH D
PHVDMHORU GLVFXO úL FRPSDFWGLVFXO HOHFWURQLF GLVFKHWD LQIRUPDWLF  úL
FRPSDFWGLVFXOYLGHRúLLQIRUPDWLF

3HUVRDQDJUXSXOGHSHUVRDQHSRSXOD LDHWHURJHQ 
FDUHSULPHúWHLQIRUPD LLOHPHVDMXO
0HVDMHOHPDVVPHGLDVXQWDGUHVDWHXQXLQXP UYDULDELOGHSHUVRDQH
1XP UXOGLIHU GHODRVWUXFWXU ODDOWDDVLVWHPXOXLPDVVmedia, putând fi
FXDQWLILFDWúLGHVFULVFDU VSkQGLUHJHRJUDILF GHúLDFHVWHHOHPHQWHQXVXQW
WRFPDL FHOH HVHQ LDOH &DUDFWHUXO XQLGLUHF LRQDO DO FRPXQLF ULL GH PDV 
FUHHD] LQFRQYHQLHQWXOF UHFHSWRULLQXSRWOXDOHJ WXUDFXHPL WRULLúLQXOH
SRWFRPXQLFDLPSUHVLLOHORUFXDOWHFXYLQWHQXLSRWLQIOXHQ D3ULQXUPDUH
H[LVW  ULVFXO IRDUWH ULGLFDW FD vQWUH HPL WRU úL UHFHSWRU V  QX VH UHDOL]H]H
QLYHOXOGHFRPXQLFDUHXUP ULW
3HGHDOW SDUWHUHFHSWRULLQXVXQWOHJD LvQWUHHLSULQWUXQVLVWHPGH
FRPXQLFDUHFRPSOH[SRVLELOLW LOHGHLQWHUDF LXQHILLQGFYDVLQXOH
&KHVWLXQLOHYLWDOHSHQWUXPDQDJHULLGLQVLVWHPXOPDVVPHGLDVXQWDOWHOH
úLDQXPHIDSWXOF VHDGUHVHD] XQXLSXEOLFHWHURJHQFXHGXFD LHFXOWXU 
KREE\XUL FRQYLQJHUL úL PRWLYD LL H[WUHP GH GLIHULWH FDUH vQ SOXV DUH
 
QXPHURDVH DOWH RS LXQL UHIHULWRU OD JHVWLRQDUHD timpului disponibil, fie în
LQWHULRUXOVLVWHPXOXLILHDOWXQGHYD
'HDFHHDPHVDMHOHVHDGUHVHD] XQXLDJUHJDWGHWHOHVSHFWDWRULFLWLWRUL
DVFXOW WRULVDXSULYLWRUL LQkQGXVHFRQWGHHWHURJHQLWDWHDVRFLDO PHVDMHOH
PDVVPHGLDVXQWRULHQWDWHVSUH]RQHOHFRPXQHGHLQWHUHVúLIDFSHUPDQHQW
FRQFHVLLSULYLQGQLYHOXOORUFDOLWDWLYVSUHDFkúWLJDVXEDVSHFWXODFFHVLELOLW LL
6H PL]HD]  GH DVHPHQHD SH FDUDFWHUXO VSHFWDFXODU SH DWUDFWLYLWDWH SH
GRULQ D GH LQHGLW D SXEOLFXOXL UHFHSWRU 6FRSXO FODU HQXQ DW HVWH UHDOL]DUHD
DFHORU SURGXVH PHGLDWLFH FDSDELOH V  VWkUQHDVF  vQ FHD PDL vQDOW  P VXU 
LQWHUHVXO SXEOLFXOXL (VWH úWLXW F  GRULQ D RDPHQLORU GH D IL LQIRUPD L VH
PDQLIHVW vQSULPXOUkQGFXSULOHMXOXQRUHYHQLPHQWHQHRELúQXLWHFRPSDUDWLY
FXUXWLQDH[LVWHQ HLÌQDFHVWRUL]RQWGHDúWHSWDUHVHLQFOXGDWkWHYHQLPHQWH
LPSUHYL]LELOHFkWúLDOWHOHSURJUDPDWHVDXXQHRULFUHDWHvQPRGLQWHQ LRQDW
0 &RPDQ  UHG  R LQIRUPD LH GXS  FDUH FRQFHUWXO Ä/LYH $LG´ GLQ
 RUJDQL]DW GH XQ JUXS GH FkQW UH L URFN GHVI úXUDW VLPXOWDQ SH
VWDGLRDQHOH :HPEOH\ /RQGUD úL -).HQHG\ 3KLOLDGHOSKLD 68$ D IRVW
WUDQVPLVÄOLYH´vQ ULúLVDEXFXUDWGHRDXGLHQ GHSHVWHPLOLDUGH
GH WHOHVSHFWDWRUL )HQRPHQXO D LQWUDW GHMD vQ UXWLQ  vQWUH HYHQLPHQWHOH
GHYHQLWH GH LQWHUHV JHQHUDO QXP UkQGXVH (FOLSVD GH VRDUH GLQ  úL
Jocurile Olimpice din Australia. În ultimele decenii, massPHGLD GLQ DUD
QRDVWU  vQ VSH  WHOHYL]LXQHD D FDSWDW DWHQ LD OD VFDU  QD LRQDO  úL
LQWHUQD LRQDO  SULQ HYHQLPHQWH SUHFXP 5HYROX LD URPkQ  GLQ GHFHPEULH
úLUHSHWDWHOHÄPLQHULDGH´7RDWHDFHVWHDQDUILIRVWSRVLELOHvQDEVHQ D
PDVVPHGLD
8QLL FHUFHW WRUL IRORVHVF SHQWUX D GHQXPL DFHVWH JUXSXUL PDUL GH
persoane instituite în receptori massPHGLD WHUPHQXO GH RSLQLH SXEOLF 
)DSWXOGHULY GLQDFFHS LXQHDFDUHVHG VLQWDJPHLGHILQLW GH-HDQQHQH\FX
XUP WRDUHOH DWULEXWH ÄRSLQLD SXEOLF   R QR LXQH HVHQ LDO  SHQWUX FHO FDUH
VWXGLD] LVWRULDPDVVPHGLDvQV JUHXGHDERUGDWGRDUDSDUHQWFODU úLFDUH
VFDS DGHVHDSULQWUHGHJHWHFKLDUDWXQFLFkQGFUH]LF DLSULQVR,QYHQWDUXO
DGMHFWLYHORUSHFDUHLVWRULFLLOHDVRFLD] GHRELFHLQR LXQLLGHRSLQLHSXEOLF 
LPSHUFHSWLELO  LQFRQVHFYHQW  IUDJLO  YHUVDWLO  DPELJX  VFKLPE WRDUH
LQFRHUHQW DPQH]LF ´ 


0LKDL&RPDQRSFLWS
** Jean Nöel Jeanneney, RSFLWS
 
 0RGHOXOVFKHPDWLFDOFRPXQLF ULLHPL WRUFRGUHFHSWRU
3DUDOHOLVPXOIRUPDOGLQWUHFHOHGRX WLSXULGHFRPXQLFDUH
LQWHUSHUVRQDO úLGHPDV 
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
Ä6FKHPD´FRPXQLF ULLGHPDV HVWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIRUPDOIRDUWH
DVHP Q WRDUH FHOHL GLQ FRPXQLFDUHD OLQJYLVWLF  ÌQ SRILGD LGHQWLW LL ORU
VWUXFWXUDOHvQWUHFHOHGRX WLSXULGHFRPXQLFDUHH[LVW GLIHUHQ HIRDUWHPDUL
'HúLDPEHOHVXQWFRQGL LRQDWHGHH[LVWHQ DPHVDMXOXLFDre, spre a fi pus în act,
QHFHVLW XQHPL WRUúLXQUHFHSWRUWHUPHQLLVXQ ODIHOGDUQXGHVHPQHD] 
DFHHDúLUHDOLWDWH7RWDVWIHOVHSUH]LQW IDSWHOHPDLGHSDUWHÌQVFKHP VXQW
LQFOXúL FRGXO úL FDQDOXO ÄPHGLXO´ GH WUDQVPLWHUH D PHVDMXOXL HPL WRUXO
ILLQG WRWRGDW  GH LQ WRUXO FRGXOXL vQ VHQVXO F  DFHVWD LPSXQH SHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHDFRPXQLF ULLYDULDQWDVRQRU VDXJUDILF 1LFLLGHQWLW LOHDFHVWHDQX
GHS úHVFVWDGLXOGHDSDUHQ vQSOXVWHRUHWLFLHQLLQHSXQkQGXVHGHDFRUGQLFL
vQ SULYLQ D XQRUD GLQWUH FRPSRQHQWHOH LQWHUQH DOH ILHF UXL VLVWHP vQ SDUWH
&DQDOXO VSUH H[HPSOX HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQHRUL FKLDU GH F WUH VSHFLDOLúWL úL
VXSRUW DO FRPXQLF ULL &DQDOXO VH FRQIXQG  FX VXSRUWXO QXPDL vQ FDGUXO
FRPXQLF ULLRUDOH([LVW DúDGDUFDQDOúLFRG&DQDOXODUHPHUHXOHJ WXU FX
JkQGLUHDúLVXSRUWXOPHVDMHORUHPLVHFRGXOFXFRPSHWHQ DÄJUDPDWLFDO ´GH
WUDQVPLWHUHúLUHFHSWDUHDPHVDMXOXL&HOHGRX vúLDXU G FLQLOHDGkQFvQILSWH
vQJkQGLUHFXSUHFL]DUHDF QXWRWFHJkQGLPSRDWHILWUDGXVvQFXYLQWHÌQ
JHQHUDOJkQGLUHDFDUHWUHEXLHWUDWDW FDRQHFXQRVFXW HVWHSULQFLSDODUHVXUV 
XPDQ  DOH F UHL QXDQ H OLPEDMXO OH SRDWH UHGD QXPDL vQ PLF  P VXU 
,QFRQYHQLHQWXO SRUQHúWH GH OD IDSWXO F  RDPHQLL IRORVHVF FXYLQWHOH vQ
JHQHUDOLWDWHD ORU GDU FX VHQV LQGLYLGXDOL]DQW *kQGLUHD HVWH FRQVHFLQ D
deosebirilor fundamentale, adesea incredibil de mari, între indivizii care la
SULPDYHGHUHVXQWLGHQWLFL
3HQWUXF WRWXúLRH[SOLFD LHSHQWUXDFHDVW DILQLWDWHH[LVW YRPDSHOD
mai întâi la câteva dintre schemele coPXQLF ULLOLQJYLVWLFHvQFHSkQGFXFHDD
OXLK. Bühler FDUHDGHGXVSULQFLSDOHOHIXQF LXQLDOHOLPEDMXOXLGLQS U LOH
FRPSRQHQWH DOH YRUELULL PHVDMXOXL vQ QXP U GH WUHL VXELHFW YRUELWRU
GHVWLQDWDU úL FRPXQLFDUH ÌQ ILHFDUH DFW OLQJYLVWLF DFHVWH FRPSRQHQWH VH
UHIOHFW vQWUun anumit fel, putând fi scoase în relief întrun mod particular. În
UDSRUW FX VXELHFWXO YRUELWRU HPL WRUXO YRUELUHD SRDWH IL FRQFHSXW  FD
„expresie”, în raport cu destinatarul (receptorul) ca „apel”, în raport cu
mesajul ca „rHSUH]HQWDUH´&HOHWUHLIXQF LLVXQW
 
 (PL WRU 0HVDM 5HFHSWRU
([SUHVLY  5HSUH]HQWDWLY  $SHODWLY 

5RPDQ -DNREVRQ VWDELOHúWH XUP WRDUHD FRQILJXUDUH IXQF LRQDO  D
OLPEDMXOXL
 &RQWH[W 
(PL WRU 0HVDM 5HFHSWRU
 &RG 
 &RQWDFW 

&HOFDUHVHDGUHVHD] HPL WRUXOWUDQVPLWHXQPHVDMFDUHSHQWUXDúL
vQGHSOLQLIXQF LXQHDDUHQHYRLHGHXQFRQWH[WODFDUHVHUHIHU 5HFHSWRUXOOD
UkQGXO V X SHQWUX D SXWHD SHUFHSH PHVDMXO HVWH REOLJDWRULX V  VH DIOH vQ
FRQWDFWFXHPL WRUXOLDUDFHVWDSHQWUXDvQ HOHJHPHVDMXOWUHEXLHV GH LQ 
FRGXOGHWUDQVPLWHUHQRUPHOHJUDPDWLFDOHúLGDF HVWHVFULVRUWRJUDILFHDOH
OLPELL)LHFDUHGLQWUHDFHVWHUHSUH]HQW ULVXUSULQGHRDOW IXQF LXQHDOLPELL
úLDQXPH

 5HIHUHQ LDO  
(PRWLY  3RHWLF  &RQDWLY 
 )DWLF  
 0HWDOLQJXDO  

3ULQIXQF LDQXPLW HPRWLY VDXH[SUHVLY HPL WRUXOvúLH[WHULRUL]HD] 
HPR LLOH LGHLOH GRULQ HOH ,QWHQ LD GH D RIHUL LQGLFD LL DVXSUD XQHL VW UL GH
OXFUXUL GHYLQH IXQF LH UHIHUHQ LDO  3RVLELOLWDWHD GH D DF LRQD SULQ PHVDM
DVXSUD UHFHSWRUXOXL UHSUH]LQW  IXQF LD FRQDWLY  GLQ ODW FRQDUL „a
vQWUHSULQGH´ ÄD vQFHUFD´ )XQF LD SRHWLF  HVWH FHQWUDW  DVXSUD FDOLW LORU
LQWHUQH DOH PHVDMXOXL LQGHSHQGHQW GH FHOHODOWH VFRSXUL DUH R GRPLQDQW 
OLWHUDU I U DILVWU LQ DQVDPEOXOXLGHDFWLYLW LYHUEDOH)XQF LDIDWLF MRDF 
UROXO GH UHJXODUL]DUH D FRQWDFWXOXL GLQWUH HPL WRU úL UHFHSWRU vQ VHQVXO
DVLJXU ULLEXQHLIXQF LXQLDFDQDOXOXLúLFRGXOXL2UHJ VLPH[SOLFLWFXSULOHMXO
ILHF UHL FRQYRUELUL WHOHIRQLFH vQ FDUH LQWHUMHF LD DOR GH LQH DFHVW URO GH
DVLJXUDUHDFRQWDFWXOXLÌQVIkUúLWIXQF LDPHWDOLQJXDO VHRULHQWHD] DVXSUD
YDORULLLQWULQVHFLDOLPEDMXOXLILLQGXQGLVFXUVGHVSUHRUJDQL]DUHDDFHVWXLD
( GH OD VLQH vQ HOHV F  LQYHQWDUHD OLPEDMXOXL FX PLOLRDQH GH DQL vQ
XUP DLPSXVDWXQFLXQVLQJXUWLSGHFRPXQLFDUHVRQRU WUHFHUHDGHOD
 
DVSHFWXOVRQRUODFHOVLPEROL]DWJUDILFI FkQGXVHPXOWWLPSGXS DFHHDFD
XUPDUHDGRULQ HLRDPHQLORUGHDVWRFDLQIRUPD LLOHPHVDMHOH6LPEROL]DUHD
JUDILF  D VXQHWHORU HPLVH PDL SUHFLV D IRQHPHORU HPLVLL GH VXQHWH FDUH
FRPELQDWH vQWUH HOH DX GDW QDúWHUH FXYLQWHORU D FRQVWLWXLW VLVWHPXO GH
FRQVHUYDUH D LQIRUPD LHL 3H GXUDWD GHVI úXU ULL FRPXQLF ULL OLQJYLVWLFH
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHVHSURGXFHXQDFWGHVLPXOWDQHLWDWHvQWUHHPL WRUFRGFDQDO
úL UHFHSWRU 'DF  DFHDVWD QX H DVLJXUDW  SH vQWUHJXO FLUFXLW DGLF  GH OD
HPL WRU OD UHFHSWRU PHVDMXO QXúL DWLQJH VFRSXO UHVSHFWLY vQ HOHVXO 8Q
PHVDM VRQRU vQ OLPED MDSRQH]  VSUH H[HPSOX SRDWH IL SHUFHSXW FD PHVDM
DúDGDUFDQDOXOHVWHIXQF LRQDOGDUI U DSXWHDILvQ HOHVGDF UHFHSWRUXOQX
FXQRDúWH OLPED UHVSHFWLY  &KHVWLXQHD FRGXULORU D DS UXW SH P VXU  FH
OLPEDMXOúLDIXUQL]DWSURSULLOHUHJXOLVHPDQWLFHRUWRHSLFHDSRLRUWRJUDILFHúL
JUDPDWLFDOH IXQF LRQkQG vQ GXEOX VHQV FD LQVWUXPHQW GH vQ HOHJHUH vQWUH
XWLOL]DWRULL DFHOXLDúL FRG GDU úL FD REVWDFRO QDWXUDO vQ FRPXQLFDUHD GLQWUH
SHUVRDQHOH FDUH QX DSDU LQHDX DFHOXLDúL JUXS HWQLF úL XOWHULRU FD REVWDFRO
LQWHQ LRQDOGHVHFUHWL]DUHúLGHREVWUXF LRQDUHDDFFHVXOXLODRLQIRUPD LH
6FKHPD SURSXV  GH -DNREVRQ HVWH XWLO  FD SXQFW GH SRUQLUH DVW ]L
considerânduVH F  vQ FH SULYHúWH FRPXQLFDUHD OLQJYLVWLF  GHVFULHUHD
UHDOLW LORU FXSULQVH vQ HD HVWH FX PXOW PDL FRPSOH[  &DWKHULQH .HUEUDW
2UHFFKLRQLDFRQFHSXWRQRX VFKHP DFRPXQLF ULLOLQJYLVWLFHPHQLW VR
vPEXQ W HDVF SHFHDDOXL-DNREVRQQXDQ kQGRVHULHGHFRPSRQHQWHFDUH
VHYDYHGHDDSDUúLvQVFKHPDFRPXQLF ULLPDVVPHGLD

&RPSHWHQ HOH  &RPSHWHQ HOH
OLQJYLVWLF úL OLQJYLVWLF úL
SDUDOLQJYLVWLF  SDUDOLQJYLVWLF 
  
(0, 725 FRGLILFDUH0(6$-GHFRGLILFDUH 5(&(3725
  
&RPSHWHQ HOH FDQDO &RPSHWHQ HOH
LGHRORJLF úL LGHRORJLF úL
FXOWXUDO  FXOWXUDO 
  
'HWHUPLQ UL  'HWHUPLQ UL
„psy” „psy”
  
Constrângeri impuse de  Constrângeri LPSXVHGH
XQLYHUVXOGLVFXUVXOXL XQLYHUVXOGLVFXUVXOXL
  
0RGXOGH  0RGXOGH
SURGXF LH LQWHUSUHWDUH
 
 &kW SULYHúWH FRPXQLFDUHD vQ PDVVPHGLD VFKHPD VD GHúL LGHQWLF 
GHWHUPLQ  SHQWUX ILHFDUH GLQWUH FRPSRQHQWHOH VWUXFWXUDOH H[LVWHQ D XQXL
complex de fapte, guvernate la rândul ORUGHQRUPHúLSULQFLSLLGHOXFUXFXR
LVWRULHúLSURJUHVLHGLIHULWHÌQvQWUHJLPHDVDVLVWHPXOPDVVPHGLDVDHGLILFDW
vQ WLPS úL VH DIO  vQ ÄPLúFDUH´ ILLQG UHODWLY JUHX V  ILH ÄIL[DW´ RUL V  L VH
SUHYDG  HYROX LD (O ILLQ HD]  SH XQ SULQFLSLX DVHP Q WRU FHOXL VLPELRWLF
8QHOH GLQWUH ÄIRU HOH´ FDUH FRQWULEXLH OD EXQD OXL IXQF LRQDUH VXQW VLPSOH
LQVWUXPHQWHDX[LOLDUHDOWHOHGH LQXQUROGHFLVLYOD HOXOILQDOFRPXQ
&kQG VH YRUEHúWH GHVSUH FRPXQLFDUHD PHGLDW  VH DX vQ YHGHUH GRX 
WLSXULGHUHOD LLFRPXQLFDUHPHGLDW WHKQRORJLFFDUHOHDJ JUXSXULXPDQH
PDLSX LQQXPHURDVHúLFRPXQLFDUHDGHPDV FDUHXQHúWHFRQJORPHUDWH
sociale enorme, evident cu sprijinul tehnologiilor. În limbajul de specialitate,
FRPXQLFDUHDGHPDV HVWHFRQVLGHUDW VLQRQLP FXQR LXQHDPDVVPHGLD
ÌQ FRPXQLFDUHD GH PDV  VH UHJ VHVF DFHOH IRUPH GH FRPXQLFDUH FDUH
LQWHUSXQvQWUHHPL WRUúLUHFHSWRULQVWDOD LLWHKQLFHVRILVWLFDWHúLLQVWLWX LLFRP
SOH[HVLVWHPXOVRFLDOUHGDF LLOHGLQSUHVDVFULV UDGLRúLWHOHYL]LXQHVWXGLRXULOH
GHSURGXF LHFLQHPDWRJUDILF GLVFRJUDILF RULGHDUW DVSHFWDFROXOXL
3HQWUXUHGDUHDVFKHPDWLF VLPSOLILFDWRDUHDPDVVPHGLDYRPGHVFULH
FkWHYD GLQWUH QXPHURDVHOH PRGHOH HODERUDWH FH UHSUH]LQW  SURJUHVHOH
VXFFHVLYH RE LQXWH vQ SURFHVXO GH vQ HOHJHUH D IHQRPHQXOXL 3ULPXO HVWH
FXQRVFXWVXEGHQXPLUHDGH0RGHOXOOLQLDUDOOXL+DUROG'/DVVZHOODIRVW
HODERUDWvQúLXUPHD] ODVFXUWWLPSFHUFHW ULORUOXL5$)LVFKHUFDUH
GHILQHúWH LQIRUPD LD FD R QR LXQH FODVLF  D VWDWLVWLFLL PDWHPDWLFH 0RGHOXO
UHVSHFWLYFXSULQGHVFKHPDGHUXWLQ (PL WRU0HVDM&DQDO&RG5HFHSWRU
F URUD OL VH DGDXJ  R D FLQFHD FRPSRQHQW  UHIHULWRDUH OD DQDOL]D HIHFWHORU
SURGXVH &RQVWDW P DúDGDU F  WHRULD OXL /DVVZHOO HVWH FHQWUDW  PDL PXOW
GHFkWvQFD]XOFRPXQLF ULLOLQJYLVWLFHSHPHVDMúLHIHFWHOHVDOH


&LQH" &H]LFH" &XP" &XL" &XFHHIHFW"

(PL WRU 0HVDM&DQDO &RG&DQDO 3XEOLF $QDOL]D
HIHFWHORU


(PL WRUXO (simbolizat prin întrebarea FLQH"HVWHvQVLWXD LDDFHDVWD

un comunicator specializat în FXOHJHUHDúLVHOHFWDUHDGHLQIRUPD LLFDSDELOHGH
DGHYHQLPHVDMHvQVHQVXOF HOHFRQ LQLQIRUPD LLGHLQWHUHVPDMRUJHQHUDO
)D  GH WLSXO PHVDMHORU LQIRUPD LLORU HPLVH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FRPXQLF ULL
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHFHOHGLQPDVVPHGLDVXQWPRWLYDWHGHFDUDFWHUXOHQWURSLFDO
LQIRUPD LHLFXSULQVHvQPHVDMGXS FULWHULLSUHVWDELOLWH
 
 0HVDMXOFH]LFH"HVWHVHSDUDWFRQWH[WXDOGHHPL WRURULHQWkQGXVH
DVXSUD OXL vQVXúL VXE IRUPD XQHL DQDOL]H GH FRQ LQXW GHYHQLQG FD DWDUH
PHVDM vQ P VXUD ÄFRUHVSXQGHQ HL´ VDOH FX LQWHQ LLOH VHOHFWLYH DOH
HPL DWRUXOXL'LQDFHVWPRWLYPDLSODX]LELO DUILVLWXDUHDPHVDMXOXLSHD[D
OLQHDU  vQDLQWHD HPL WRUXOXL GHRDUHFH PDVVPHGLD vúL SURSXQH V  SUH]LQWH
UHDOLWDWHDHYHQLPHQ LDO ILOWUDW SULQPHVDMHDF URUÄQRPLQDOLzare” are loc în
XUPDVHOHF LHLIDSWHORUVXVFHSWLELOHGHDSUH]HQWDXQLQWHUHVJHQHUDOGHPDV 
1XWUHEXLHLJQRUDWSHGHDOW SDUWHF vQQXPHURDVHVLWXD LLUHDOLWDWHDHVWH
DWkW GH LQWHQV LQWHUSUHWDW  FX WR LL DP OXDW DFW GH IRUPXOD ÄDGHY UDW HVWH
QXPDLFHHDFHVHSUH]LQW ODWHOHYL]RU´vQFkWSRDWHILSODVDW FDXQDGHY U
ÄUHFUHDW´GHHPL WRU/LPEDMXODVWIHOXWLOL]DWUHSUH]LQW FRGXOGHWUDQVPLWHUH
FDUHWUDQVJUHVHD] úLSRDWHVXSRUWDvQIXQF LHGHWLSXOGHFRPXQLFDUHPDVV
PHGLDDOWHPHWDPRUIR]HLPHGLDWFHHVWHSUHOXDWGHFDQDO
ÎntrebareaFXP"VHUDSRUWHD] ODPLMORFXOGHFRPXQLFDUHDOHVSUHV 
VFULV UDGLRWHOHYL]LXQHFRQVLGHUDWHFDQDOHPHGLDWLFH$úDFXPDPDU WDW
PDLVXVvQDQXPLWHVLWXD LLFRGXOHVWHVXSXVXQRUFRQYHUVLLúLUHFRQYHUVLL
7RW DLFL DSDU FKHVWLXQL OHJDWH GH IXQF LRQDUHD FDQDOXOXL FDUH D JHQHUDW R
OLWHUDWXU  GH VSHFLDOLWDWH úL GXS  0DUVKDOO 0F /XKDQ GH LQIOXHQ H DVXSUD
UHFHSW ULLPHVDMXOXLPHGLXOHVWHPHVDMXO
5HFHSWRUXO (simbolizat prin întrebarea FXL"HVWHVWXGLDWFDH[SUHVLHD
DXGLHQ HL PDVVPHGLD SULQ FDSDFLWDWHD QLYHOXO GH SHUFHS LH D PHVDMXOXL
receptorul fiind descompus în variabile precum sexul, vârsta, categoria
VRFLDO úLVRFLRSURIHVLRQDO GRPLFLOLXO
ÌQVIkUúLWSULQvQWUHEDUHDFXFHHIHFW"DXWRUXOVHUHIHU ODHIHFWXOúL
LQIOXHQ DDYXW GHPDVVPHGLDDVXSUDUHFHSWRULORU
$G XJkQGF /DVVZHOOHUDVSHFLDOLVWvQúWLLQ HSROLWLFHVHSRDWHWUDJH
FRQFOX]LDF PRGHOXOSURSXVHVWHXQXORULHQWDWDVXSUDPHVDMXOXLFRQVLGHUDW
FDPLMORFGHSHUVXDVLXQH'HDFHHDQLFL/DVVZHOOQXVHDUDW LQWHUHVDWGHDOWH
DVSHFWHFRPSOHPHQWDUHGHVFULVHGHDPHULFDQXO&ODXGH(OZRRG6KDQQRQ
SULQWURVFKHP UHODWLYDVHP Q WRDUH

0HVDM 6HPQDO 6HPQDO 0HVDM
HPLV SULPLW
6XUVDLQIRUPD LHL(PL WRU  &DQDO 5HFHSWRU
'HVWLQD LH
 VXUV GH]JRPRW 
   
 
 6KDQQRQ LQJLQHU OD %HOO /DERUDWRULHV GLQ 1HZ<RUN úLD FRQFHSXW
PRGHOXOVSUHDLVHUYLODUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORUWHKQLFHGLQWHOHIRQLHDQXPH
WUDQVPLWHUHDGHPHVDMHSULQWUXQFDQDOúLGHDLFLODFKHVWLXQLOHOHJDWHGHVXUVD
GH]JRPRW6FKHPDVHED]DSHVWDWLVWLFDPDWHPDWLF 3ULQDQDORJLHDFHVWDD
IRVW DSOLFDW vQ WUDQVPLWHUHD PHVDMHORU XPDQH úL D FHORU PDVVPHGLD ILLQG
FRPSOHWDWvQDQLLµGHF WUHDO LFHUFHW WRULvQWUHFDUHXQUROHVHQ LDODDYXW
1RUEHUW:LHQHUWHRUHWLFLDQDOLQIRUPD LHLFDUHDSURSXVRúWLLQ DJHQHUDO D
FRPXQLF ULLDSOLFDELO GHRSRWULY PDúLQLLúLRPXOXLQXPLW FLEHUQHWLF GH
ODJUHFHVFXON\EHUQDR, „a conduce o corabie”). Cibernetica pune accentul pe
IHHGEDFN ÄFRQH[LXQH LQYHUV ´ FDUH FXSULQGH SURFHGHHOH GH FRQWURO FH
SHUPLWXQXLVLVWHPV VHDGDSWH]HODPRGLILF ULOHFRQWH[WXOXL
În anii ‘70 sDLPSXVDúDQXPLWXOPRGHO+8%PRGHOXOFRQFHQWULFDO
OXL 5D\ +LHEHUW 'RQDOG 8QJXUDLW úL 7KRPDV %RKQ FDUH WUDQVIRUP 
VFKHPDOLQHDU GLQUHSUH]HQW Uile anterioare întrXQDFLUFXODU RULHQWDW VSUH
FRPSRQHQWDGLQDPLF DF LXQLúLUHDF LLDSURFHVHORUFRPXQLF ULLY ]XWHFD
RDXWHQWLF PLúFDUHGHWLSEURZQLDQvQWUHHPL WRUúLUHFHSWRU







 
 ÌQ HSLFHQWUXO DFHVWHL UHSUH]HQW UL VH DIO  FRPXQLFDWRULL FDUH VXQW
FUHDWRULL XQRU PHVDMH LQL DOH vQF  QHH[SHGLDWH GDU UHGDFWDWH vQWUXQ FRG
SRWHQ LDO DFWLY DS UXWH VXE IRUPD XQRU LQIRUPD LL VFULVH VDX DXGLRYL]XDOH
ÌQDLQWHFDDFHVWHDV ILHFDQDOL]DWHVSUHUHFHSWRUVXQWILOWUDWHGHJDWHNHHSHUL
„paznici de EDULHU ´ UHGDFWRUúHIL SURGXF WRUL GH FLQHPD úHIL GH DJHQ LH
întrXQFXYkQWÄSURIHVLRQLúWL´FDUHGHFLGLPSRUWDQ DPHVDMHORUúLvQIXQF LH
GHDFHDVWDVXQWHPLVHGHPDVVPHGLD7RDWHDFHVWHFRQ LQXWXULVHGHVI úRDU 
SHÄVFKHPDFDQRQLF ´$EUDKDP0ROHVvQVHFYHQ DHPL WRUPHVDMFRG
canal, având de suportat întrRID] XUP WRDUHSUHVLXQHDDVHFLWLLPSDFWXO
XQXL PHGLX LQYL]LELO úL GLILFLO GH HYDOXDW FRQVWkQG GLQ PHQWDOLW L GHMD
H[LVWHQWHSUHMXGHF LDVXSUDÄDGHY UXOXL´FRQ LQXWGHUHDOLWDWHDQXPLW PHVDM
WRDWHLOXVWUDWHGHVRFLHWDWHDLQVWLWX LRQDOL]DW VHUYLFLLOHXQXLPLQLVWHUDVRFLD LL
RUL QX RSLQLD SXEOLF  úL FDUH SRW V  LQIOXHQ H]H DFXUDWH HD PHVDMXOXL SH
VHJPHQWXO DO GRLOHD DO WUDVHXOXL LQIRUPD LRQDO FRG FDQDO PHVDMUHFHSWRU
XQGHVHFXDQWLILF LPSDFWXODVXSUDSXEOLFXOXLúLHIHFWHOHSURGXVH
ÌQ VWXGLXO OXL 5HP\ 5LHIIHO GLQ FDUH SURYLQH R SDUWH vQVHPQDW  D
GDWHORU FXSULQVH vQ H[SXQHUHD QRDVWU  VH YRUEHúWH úL GHVSUH PRGHOXO
LQWHUDFWLYDOFRPXQLF ULLDQLL¶I U DSDUWHQHQ DXFWRULDO GDULPSXV
împotriva unor opinii divergente, în ultimelele decenii, în numele ideii
FRPXQHvPEU LúDWHGHWRWPDLPXO LF QXIOX[XOúLVW ULOHHIHFWHOHGRPLQ 
FRQFHSWXOFLGLQDPLFDDFHVWXLD





 
 'HDOWIHOvQWRWDFHVWU VWLPSWHUPLQRORJLa în chestiune sDPRGLILFDW
VHPQLILFDWLY3HQWUXvQ HOHJHUHDJOREDO DFHORUSUH]HQWDWHDLFLPDLVLPSOXDU
ILV UHFXUJHUHPODQR LXQLOHGHFRPSHWHQ úLSHUIRUPDQ , împrumutate din
OLQJYLVWLFD JHQHUDWLY  $VWIHO RULFH LQGLYLG FDSDELO V  LQWUH vQ FRQWDFW SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXO FDQDOXOXLOLPEDMXOXL VH SUHVXSXQH F  GLVSXQH GH FRPSHWHQ 
DFHVWD SRDWH IL SULPLW  VDX GREkQGLW  vQ WLPS FH SRWHQ LDOXO V X
FRPELQDWRULX FUHDWLY GLIHULW GH OD R SHUVRDQ  OD DOWD LD QXPHOH GH
SHUIRUPDQ  ,GHHD vQ VLQH SURGXFH LDU úL R IRDUWH PDUH DSURSLHUH GH
ÄPRGHOXO´ FRPXQLF ULL OLQJYLVWLFH LQWHUXPDQH FX FRQGL LD V  VH VW UXLH
DVXSUD IHQRPHQXOXL GH PDQLIHVWDUH D JkQGLULL DúDGDU GH IXQF LRQDUH D
FUHLHUXOXL XPDQ GHVSUH FDUH VH YD YHGHD F  HVWH FX PXOW PDL FRPSOH[ úL
cuprinde „inQXFH´WRDWHWLSXULOHGHIDSWHOXDWHvQGLVFX LH3ULPDREVHUYD LH
GHPQ  GH VHPQDODW VH UHIHU  OD ÄúWHUJHUHD´ GLIHUHQ HORU H[LVWHQWH vQWUH
IXQF LXQHD HPL WRUXOXL vQ DPEHOH WLSXUL GH FRPXQLFDUH &RQVLGHUkQG vQ
SULYLQ D FRPXQLF ULL OLQJYLVWLFH LQWHUSHVRQDOH F  HPL WRUXO HVWH vQVXúL
FUHLHUXOXPDQFDVHGLXDOJkQGLULLúLYRUELULLSURGXFHULLFRGXOXLUH]XOW F 
DFHVWDIXQF LRQHD] FRQWLQXXILLQGvQUHDOLWDWHÄDFWLY´FKLDUúLvQDSDUHQWHOH
VDOH PRPHQWH GH UHSDRV 2 GDW  FH QHDP Q VFXW FUHLHUXO vúL ÄLQVWDOHD] ´
SURJUDPHOHGHOXFUXvQUkQGXOF URUDJkQGLUHDHVWHVLQWH]DVXSUHP WUHDSWD
XOWLP DIXQF LLORUFRJQLWLYH5HG PvQFRQWLQXDUHFkWHYDSDVDMHFRQVLGHU P
XWLOH GLQWUXQ VWXGLX GH VSHFLDOLWDWH  Ä&DSDELO  V  H[WUDJ  HVHQ LDOXO GLQ
fenomenal, gândirea face ordine în universul nostru interior. Gândirea nu este
SDVLY  H[LVWkQG GRDU vQ GLQDPLF  H[SORUDWRULH úL FRQVWUXFWLY LGHDWLF 
*kQGLUHDHVWHvQXOWLP LQVWDQ RH[WUHPGHVXEWLO úLSHUIRUPDQW SURFHVDUH
LQIRUPD LRQDO /DED]DHLVWDXFRQFRPLWHQt mai multe „gramatici” interne,
GLQWUH FDUH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH VHWXUL GH UHJXOL VXQW FHOH LQWHOHFWLYORJLFH
DIHFWLYH PQH]LFH úL LPDJLQDWLYH 2PXO FD P VXU  D WXWXURU OXFUXULORU
DF LRQHD] SULQIXQF LLSVLKLFHSUHFXPVHQ]D LLOHFDXQLW LGHSULP VLQWH] 
LQIRUPD LRQDO  úL SHUFHS LLOH FDUH IDF OHJ WXUD vQWUH LQIRUPD LD VHQ]RULDO 
OLQHDU  úL SULPXO QLYHO GH JHQHUDOL]DUH DFHVWHD SHUPLW IRUPDUHD QR LXQLORU
SULPDUH8UPHD] DWHQ LDRIXQF LHGHFRRUGRQDUHDVLVWHPXOXLSVLKLFXQLWDU
úL GH LHUDUKL]DUH D SULRULW LORU GH PRPHQW DOH H[LVWHQ HL 6H SDUH F  vQVHúL
SULQFLSLLOH LHUDUKL] ULL VXQW OD UkQGXO ORU LHUDUKL]DWH $WHQ LD HVWH R IXQF LH
DYkQG OD ED]  R VWUXFWXU  QHXURQDO  FDUH VH FRPSRUW  FD XQ VHOHFWRU úL
RUGRQDWRUDOSHUFHS LLORUFDXQVHOHFWRUúLRUGRQDWRUGHVWLPXOLGHLQIRUPD LL
(DQHRULHQWHD] DWkWvQPRGQHGLIHUHQ LDWEDOHLQGPHGLXOLQIRUPD LRQDOFkW
úL YROXQWDU S VWUkQG FRQVWDQW vQ FHQWUX FOLSHL FOLS  GH FOLS  R VXUV  GH
 
LQIRUPD LL SURSXV  FRQúWLHQW FD LPSRUWDQW  'DF  DWHQ LD HVWH R IXQF LH GH
RULHQWDUHvQSUH]HQWLDULPDJLQD LDvQYLLWRUPHPRULDHVWHRIXQF LHSVLKLF 
HOHPHQWDU  GH RULHQWDUH vQ WUHFXW ) U  PHPRULH KDRVXO LQIRUPD LRQDO DU
DQXOD YLD D SVLKLF  'H PHQ LRQDW F  GXS  WRDWH SUREDELOLW LOH EDJDMXO
PQH]LF DO RPXOXL VWRFKHD]  DEVROXW WRDWH H[SHULHQ HOH H[LVWHQ LDOH DOH
LQGLYLGXOXLFDUHvQV QXvLVXQWWRDWHDFFHVLELOHGHFkWHYHQWXDOSHIUDJPHQWH
GHWLPSvQDQXPLWHFRQGL LLDIHFWLYH&kWSULYHúWHVW ULOHDIHFWLYHvQY DWHVDX
vQQ VFXWHH[LVW VW ULDWLWXGLQDOHID GHWRDWHFODVHOHGHHYHQLPHQWHFXFDUH
RPXODDYXWGHDIDFHILORúLRQWRJHQHWLF'HILQLWHDPELJXXGLQSXQFWGH
YHGHUHQR LRQDOH[LVW SDWUXPRGXOD LLUHDFWLYHDIHFWLYHHPR LLOHDIHFWHOH
VHQWLPHQWHOH úL SDVLXQLOH FDUH DQWUHQHD]  vQ VSHFWUXO ORU vQWUHDJD ILLQ 
XPDQ  7RDWH FHOH SUH]HQWDWH DLFL FRPXQLF  QHPLMORFLW FX LQWHOLJHQ D VDX
FDSDFLWDWHDGHOXDUHFRJQLWLY vQSRVHVLHDUHDOLW LL,QWHOLJHQ DIDFHSRVLELO 
FXQRDúWHUHDFDUHHVWHGHMDROXDUHvQSRVHVLHFRJQLWLYORJLF DUHDOLW LL8QD
GLQ FHOH PDL SUDJPDWLFH GHILQL LL DOH LQWHOLJHQ HL HVWH FHD FDUH DUH GUHSW
FULWHULXFDSDFLWDWHDGHDGDSWDUH([LVW XQQLYHOVXSHULRUDOFRJQLWLYLW LLSH
FDUH vO QXPLP vQ HOHJHUH ÌQ HOHJHUHD HVWH XQ SURFHV DFWLY GH FRQWLQX 
FRQVWUXF LH PHQWDO  GH PRGHOH UHIOHFWkQG R VLWXD LH XQ IDSW XQ FRQWH[W R
VHPQLILFD LH(WDSHOHVXQWVXFFHVLYHDQDOL] VLQWH] DQDOL] HWFILHFDUHOD
XQQLYHOWRWPDLvQDOWÌQIXQF LXQHDVDvQ HOHJHUHDSRDWHVFXUWFLUFXLWDvQSODQ
LQFRQúWLHQW DFHVWH HWDSH ÄRFROLQG´ FRQúWLHQWXO $YHP DVWIHO R vQ HOHJHUH
LQWXLWLY &RPELQDUHDQLYHOHORUvQ HOHJHULLFXUHWURFRQWUROXODVLJXU WUHLWLSXUL
GHvQ HOHJHUHFDUHSRUQHVFGHODWUHLWLSXULGHLQWHOLJHQ LQWXLWLY QHPLMORFLW 
VLQWH]DQXSRDWHGHS úLUHVWULF LLOHLPSXVHGHUHWURFRQWUROvQSODQFRQFUHWGH
WLSPLMORFLWSDVFXSDVvQSODQFRQúWLHQWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOQR LXQLORU´
([SXQHUHDIDSWHORUDUSXWHDFRQWLQXDFXDVSHFWHSULYLWRDUHODLQVWLQFWH
PRWLYD LLYRLQ FDUDFWHUWHPSHUDPHQWFRQúWLHQ úLFRQúWLLQ FRPSRUWD
PHQW1HRSULPvQV FRQVLGHUkQGF DXIRVWHWDODWHGHVWXOHDUJXPHQWHFDV 
DFFHSW PF ÄPRGHOXO´FHORUGRX WLSXULGHFRPXQLFDUHvúLPHQ LQHODVF UL
úLÄSXWHUL´GLIHULWHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHGLQWUHFDUDFWHULVWLFLúLSHQWUXVHFYHQ H
PDLUHVWUkQVHFXPDIRVWFHDDHPL WRUXOXL
ÌQWUXFkW vQ FDSLWROHOH XUP WRDUH YRP PDL DYHD SULOHMXO GH D GLVFXWD
GHVSUHVFKHPHOHFRPXQLF ULLPDVVPHGLDFKLDUSHQWUXILHFDUHGLQWUHDFHVWHD
vQSDUWHDOWHDP QXQWHYRUILSUH]HQWDWHvQVHJPHQWHOHUHVSHFWLYH



 
 1RWH
 Dictionnaire des Médias VRXV GLUHFWLRQ GH )UDQFLV %DOOH (GLWLRQV
/DURXVVH%RUGDV3DULVS
 5D\PRQG :LOOLDPV .H\ZRUGV  D YRFDEXODU\ RI FXOWXUH DQG VRFLHW\
)RQWDQD*ODVJRZ
0DVVPHGLDvQWUDQ]L LH(GLWXUD)XQGD LD5RPSUHV%XFXUHúWL
&)ULHGPDQQ,QWURGXFWLRQDX[DVSHFWVVRFLRORJLTXHVGHODUDGLRWHOHYVLRQ
în „Revue de l’enseignement superior”, nr. 3, 1965; B. Cathelat, A. Cadet, Publicité et
societé 3D\RW 3DULV  S  -%7KRPVRQ ,GHRORJ\ DQG 0RGHUQ &XOWXUH
6WDQGIRUG 6WDQGIRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV  S DSXG $XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD
6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL România de Mâine
%XFXUHúWL
.H\&RQFHSWRQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG&XOWXUDO6WXGLHV/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH
DSXG$XUHOLDQ%RQGUHD6RFLRORJLDRSLQLHLSXEOLFHúLDPDVVPHGLD(GLWXUD
)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine%XFXUHúWL
$WU JkQGDWHQ LDDVXSUDGH]DYDQWDMHORUFUHDWHGHPDVVPHGLD0DUVKDOO0F
/XKDQDILUP 3RXUFRPSUHQGUHOHVPHGLD0RQWUHDOF PLMORDFHOHHOHFWURQLFH
GHFRPXQLFDUHDQLKLOHD] GLVWDQ DGLQWUHVHQVLELOLWDWHúLUD LXQHGLQWUHVHPQLILFD LLúL
VHPQLILFDQ LÌQYLLWRUHGXFD LDVHYDSUHRFXSDPDLPXOWV GH]YROWHúLV FLRSOHDVF 
VLP XULOHúLSHUFHS LLOHGHFkWV vQGRDSHFUDQLLOH´
Ä6SHFLDOLúWLLGLQPDVVPHGLDDXSUHDUDUvQFOLQD LLVSUHLVWRULHúLvQPHPRULD
ORUGRPLQ PDLGHJUDE DQHFGRWDGHFkWRFURQRORJLHVLJXU VDXVLP XOHYROX LLORUGH
ansamblu.” (Jeanneney, 2 LVWRULH D PLMORDFHORU GH FRPXQLFDUH (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLS
8. În 2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW FRRUG&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQG
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
9.Karl Bühler, 'LH 6SUDFKWKHRULH -HQD  DSXG DXWRULL 7UDWDWXOXL GH
OLQJYLVWLF JHQHUDO (GLWXUD$FDGHPLHL%XFXUHúWLS
 5RPDQ -DNREVRQ /LQJYLVWLF  úL SRHWLF  (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF  %XFXUHúWL
S
8QH[HPSOXÄFHOHEUX´vQDFHVWVHQVvOFRQVWLWXLHXWLOL]DUHDGHF WUHDUPDWD
DPHULFDQ  vQ WLPSXO FHOXL GHDO GRLOHD U ]ERL PRQGLDO PDL H[DFW vQ OXSWHOH FX
MDSRQH]LL D XQXL FRG LPSRVLELO GH GHFULSWDW XQ GLDOHFW DO LQGLHQLORU DPHULFDQL
FXQRVFXWúLYRUELWvQDFHOPRPHQWGHXOWLPLLGRLXWLOL]DWRULDLDFHVWXLDvQWkPSO WRU
vQUROD LVXEDUPH
 &DWKHULQH .HUEUDW2UHFFKLRQL L’Anonciation. De la subjectivité dans le
ODQJDJH 3DULV $UPDQG &ROLQ  DSXG &KULVWLDQ %D\ORQ úL ;DYLHU 0LJQRW
&RPXQLFDUHD(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLW LLÄ$O,&X]D´,DúLS
'HVFULHUHDSUHFXPúLLQIRUPD LLVXSOLPHQWDUHGHVSUHWHRULDOXL/DVVZHOOvQ
$XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL
 
România de Mâine %XFXUHúWL  S  (PLOLDQ 0 'REUHVFX 6RFLRORJLD
FRPXQLF ULL(GLWXUD9LFWRU%XFXUHúWLSS 111, Rémy Rieffel, 1R LXQLúL
PRGHOH, în 2 LQWURGXFHUH vQ SUHVD VFULV  úL YRUELW  FRRUGRQDWRU &ODXGH-HDQ
%HUWUDQG(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
 &ODXGH (OZRRG 6KDQRQ7KH 0DWKHPDWLFDO 7KHRU\ RI &RPPXQLFDWLRQ
8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV8UEDQD'HVFULHUHDúLLQIRUPD LLVXSOLPHQWDUHvQ
$XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL
România de Mâine%XFXUHúWLSS'HQQLV0F4XDLO&RPXQLFDUHD
,QVWLWXWXO (XURSHDQ ,DúL  S  6XOWDQD &UDLD 7HRULD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD
)XQGD LHL România de Mâine, %XFXUHúWL  S  5pP\ 5LHIIHO 1R LXQL úL
PRGHOH, în O introducere în presa scULV  úL YRUELW  FRRUGRQDWRU &ODXGH-HDQ
%HUWUDQG(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
15. Apud Rémy Rieffel, 1R LXQLúLPRGHOH, în 2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úL
YRUELW FRRUGRQDWRU&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQG(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
 *DYULO &RUQX LX %D]HOH SVLKRORJLFH DOH SUDFWLFLL PHGLFDOH (GLWXUD
,PSULPHULHLGH9HVW2UDGHDFDSLWROXO(OHPHQWHGHVHPLRORJLHSVLKRORJLF SS
SDVVLP

%LEOLRJUDILH
$XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD
)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine%XFXUHúWLSS
&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQGFRRUGRQDWRU2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW 
(GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL  SS  &DSLWROXO 1R LXQL úL PRGHOH, autor Rémy
5LHIIHO
6XOWDQD &UDLD 7HRULD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL România de Mâine
%XFXUHúWLSS
(PLOLDQ 0 'REUHVFX 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD 9LFWRU %XFXUHúWL
SS
'HQQLV0F4XDLO&RPXQLFDUHD,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúLSS










 
 
,,,6758&785$6,67(08/8,0$660(',$






$PDU WDWvQFDSLWROXOSUHFHGHQWF vQFHSULYHúWHPDVVmedia, între
FRG úL FDQDO WUHEXLH RSHUDWH XQHOH GLVWLQF LL ÌQ FDGUXO FRPXQLF ULL
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHOLQJYLVWLFHH[LVW RVWUkQV GHWHUPLQDUHvQWUHFRGúLFDQDOGXS 
PRGHOXOIRUP úLFRQ LQXWVXILFLHQW SHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDDFHVWHLD&DSDFLWDWHD
VLVWHPXOXLPDVVmedia de a intra întrRUHOD LHFRPXQLFD LRQDO FXXQSXEOLF
IRDUWHQXPHURVúLSR]L LRQDWJHRJUDILFODPDULGLVWDQ HVROLFLW DOWHDWULEXWH
DOH VWUXFWXULORU VDOH IXQF LRQDOH 6D DPLQWLW DVWIHO F  XQ URO GHFLVLY DX
LQVWUXPHQWHOHDX[LOLDUHPHQLWHV IDFLOLWH]HWUDQVODUHDLQIRUPD LHLSHVXSRUWXUL
PXOWLSOLFDELOH DFXVWLFH VDX JUDILFH VSUH VXUVHOH GH UHFHSWDUH D PHVDMHORU
Întrucât produsul final, de la extUHPLWDWHDODQ XOXLFRPXQLFD LRQDOHPL WRU
FRGFDQDOUHFHSWRUILHDFHVWDFDUWH]LDUHPLVLXQHUDGLRVDXGHWHOHYL]LXQH
XOWLPHOHGRX FXSDUWLFXODULW LOHORUHVWHFXQRVFXWvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWH
úLvQOLPEDMXOFRWLGLDQVXEQXPHOHÄPLMORFGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV ´PDVV
PHGLD YRP UHFRQVLGHUD SDUFXUVXO LQIRUPD LHL PLMORFLW  GH LQVWUXPHQWHOH
FDUHDVLJXU DFHVWDFFHVvQPRGFRQFUHWFDQDOHVDXPHGLLGHWUDQ]LWDUHVXE
GHQXPLUHD GH PHGLL FRPXQLFD LRQDOH DX[LOLDUH SUHFL]kQG F  SH GXUDWD úL
VSD LXOXWLOL] ULLORUIXQF LRQHD] úLFDVXSRUWXULDOHLQIRUPD LHL3ULQXUPDUH
HOH DU SXWHD IL GHQXPLWH PDL H[DFW VXSRUWXUL DX[LOLDUH LQWHUPHGLDUH
distingânduOHDVWIHOGHVXSRUWXULOHFODVLFHGHYUHPHFHvúLvQFHWHD] DF LXQHD
înainte de realizarea (decRGLILFDUHDPHVDMXOXL
ÌQWUXFkW SULQ LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD VD ID  GH FHOHODOWH RSLQLL R DVWIHO GH
GLVWLQF LH DU SXWHD IL FRQVLGHUDW  R LRDV  YRP WUHFH OD SUH]HQWDUHD
FRPSRQHQWHORUVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDDFFHSWkQGF úLPHGLXOGHWUDQVPLWHUH
FKLDU GDF  QX IXQF LRQHD]  SkQ  OD ILQDOL]DUHD DFWXOXL FRPXQLF ULL HVWH XQ
VXSRUWGHVSUHFDUHYRPIDFHUHIHULQ HDWXQFLFkQGHVWHFD]XO
$FHVW SULQFLSLX DO VWDELOLULL VWUXFWXULL WLSRORJLFH GLQ PDVVmedia în
IXQF LH GH VXSRUWXO SH FDUH VD GH]YROWDW LQL LDO IDFLOLWHD]  R SUH]HQWDUH
GHRSRWULY GLDFURQLF úLVLQFURQLF DLVWRULHLPDVVPHGLD

 
 &RPXQLFDUHDPHGLDWLF SHVXSRUWGHKkUWLH
3ULPXOGLQWUHIDFWRULLFDUHDXLQIOXHQ DWGHFLVLYDSDUL LDPDVVPHGLDD
IRVW KkUWLD XQ VXSRUW FRQVLGHUDW LGHDO SHQWUX FRPXQLFDUHD úL FRQVHUYDUHD
PHVDMHORUGHRULFHIHODUILIRVWDFHVWHD)D GHSLDWU PHWDOOHPQSDSLUXV
W EOL  GH OXW úL FHUDPLF  SHUJDPHQW vPSOHWLWXUL GH SDLH úL RUH] XWLOL]DWH
înainte, hârtiaSUH]HQWDDYDQWDMXOWLSRGLPHQVLRQ ULLVHSXWHDRE LQHvQXUPD
XQRU SURFHVH WHKQRORJLFH SX LQ FRPSOLFDWH úL SRVHGD vQ FRQGL LL ILUHúWL R
EXQ UH]LVWHQ ODDF LXQHDIDFWRULORUELRGHJUDGDELOL
'LVWDQ DvQWLPSGHODVFULHUHDSULPHORUF U LúLFRSLHUHDDFHVWRUDFD
PDQXVFULSWH SkQ  OD DSDUL LD IHQRPHQXOXL FDUH V  GHD QDúWHUH VLVWHPXOXL
PDVVmedia, este de mii de ani. În etape succesive, hârtia a avut nevoie de un
LQVWUXPHQWDX[LOLDUWLSDUXO&XDMXWRUXOWLSDUXOXLDIRVWSRVLELO LPSULPDUHD
F U LL úL D DOPDQDKXOXL VWU PRúXO UHYLVWHORU LOXVWUDWH GLQ ]LOHOH QRDVWUH
$SDUL iei tiparului mobil, în secolul al XV OHDLDXUPDWGXS FkWHYDVXWHGH
DQLPDúLQDOLQRWLSFDSDELO V VFRDW vQQXPDLFkWHYDRUHWLUDMHGH]LDUúL]HFL
GHPLLGHH[HPSODUHSUHILJXUkQGSULQPXOWLSOLFDUHDvQDFHVWIHODLQIRUPD LHL
SULQULWPLFLWDWHDHLDSDUL LDSULPHORUHOHPHQWHFRQVWLWXWLYHDOHPDVVPHGLD
Pe suportul de hârtie, acestea sDXPDQLIHVWDWVXEXUP WRDUHOHIRUPH
F U L]LDUHúLUHYLVWHDILúHSRVWHUHIOXWXUDúLSDQRXULSXEOLFLWDUH
$&DUWHDHVWHXQWHUPHQFRQYHQ LRQDOSULQFDUHVHGHVHPQHD] RULFH
IHO GH GRFXPHQW WLS ULW (D VH FRQFUHWL]HD]  PDWHULDO SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
WLSDUXOXLSHILOHGHGLPHQVLXQLHJDOHSURWHMDWHGHRFRSHUW DYkQGXQFRQ LQXW
WHPDWLFXQLWDUúLVHUYLQGFDPLMORFGHLQIRUPDUHFXYDOHQ HHGXFDWLYH3RDWHIL
FRQVLGHUDWSULPXOvQRUGLQHFURQRORJLF GLQWUHFRPSRQHQWHOHPDVVPHGLD
9UHPH vQGHOXQJDW  FDUWHD QX D H[LVWDW GHFkW VXE IRUP  GH PDQXVFULV
volumele multiplicânduVHSULQFRSLHUH& U LOHDS UXWHvQDLQWHGHLQYHQWDUHD
WLSDUXOXL VH QXPHDX LQFXQDEXOH În evul mediu, întregul proces de
FRQIHF LRQDUHDF U LORUVHGHVI úXUDvQP Q VWLULSkQ vQVHFROXODO;,,OHD
F U LOH QHWUHFkQG GH SUDJXO ELEOLRWHFLORU PRQDVWLFH 6WDUHD GH OXFUXUL VD
PRGLILFDWRGDW FXDSDUL LDXQLYHUVLW LORUúLQDúWHUHDOLWHUDWXULORUQD LRQDOH
8QLYHUVLW LOH RUJDQL]DX úL FRQWURODX FRQIHF LRQDUHD vQ VHULH D F U LORU
GHVWLQDWH vQY PkQWXOXL úL OLYUDX SURIHVRULORU úL VWXGHQ LORU QXPDL
H[HPSODUHOHDXWRUL]DWH
&DUWHDa suscitat un interes din ce în ce mai mare începând cu secolul
DO ;9 OHD, când tiparul cu litere mobile D UHYROX LRQDW SULQ vQORFXLUHD
SURFHGHHORUPDQXDOHWHKQLFDGHUHDOL]DUH,QYHQ LDLVHDWULEXLHOXL-RKDQQHV
 
*XWHQEHUJSULPDFDUWHWLS ULW ILLQGBiblia cu 42 de rânduriGDUXQLL
LVWRULFLVXQWvQFOLQD LV LDvQFRQVLGHUDUHWH]DSROLJHQH]HLWLSDUXOXL&HUWHVWH
F  DFHVW SURFHGHX GH PXOWLSOLFDUH D LQIRUPD LHL D UHYROX LRQDW LVWRULD
FLYLOL]D LHLXPDQHGHVFKL]kQGDFFHVXODFHVWHLDvQÄ*DOD[LD*XWHQEHUJ´
ÌQ DUDQRDVWU WLSDUXODIRVWLQWURGXVODVFXUWWLPSGXS DFHHD în 1507,
GHF WUHF OXJ UXO0DFDULHVkUEGHRULJLQHIRVWXFHQLFOD9HQH LDúLUHIXJLDW
SH WHULWRULXO ULL 5RPkQHúWL GLQ FDX]D LQYD]LHL WXUFHúWL $FHVWD VFRDWH OD
7kUJRYLúWH /LWXUJKLHUXO VODYRQ  úL XOWHULRU QXPHURDVH DOWH
WLS ULWXULvQOLPEDVODYRQ QHFHVDUHDWkWELVHULFLORUGHODQRLFkWúLFHORUGLQ
DULD OLPELORU VODYH vQ JHQHUDO 6HULD F U LORU URPkQHúWL VH GHVFKLGH FX
ÌQWUHEDUH FUHúWLQHDVF   7HWUDHYDQJKHO  úL 3UDYLO 
LPSULPDWHGHGLDFRQXO&RUHVLOD%UDúRY
3kQ ODMXP WDWHDVHFROXOXLDO;,;OHDVDXWLS ULWPDLPXOWWUDGXFHUL
FDUWHDRULJLQDO FXDXWRULURPkQLDS UkQGUHODWLYWkU]LXúLvQGRPHQLLUHVWUkQVH
ODUHOLJLHOLWHUDWXU EHOHWULVWLF úLLVWRULH1XP UXOLPSUHVLRQDQWGHPDUHDO
WLSRJUDILLORUFDUHIXQF LRQDXvQ5RPkQLDFHOHLGHDGRXDMXP W LDVHFROXOXL
vQDLQWH DPLQWLW VXJHUHD]  H[LVWHQ D XQHL DFWLYLW L IRDUWH GLQDPLFH vQ FDUH
FDQWLWDWHD D SUHYDODW FDOLW LL 6SUH VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL DSDU SULPLL HGLWRUL
JHUPDQL VDX HYUHL FDUH GH LQHDX PLFL WLSRJUDILL XQLL OH DGXVHVHU  FX HL OD
VWDELOLUHDvQ DU vPEU LúkQGQRXDPHVHULHvQ5RPkQLD'HúLGLYHUVLILFDWH
GRPHQLLOHSURGXF LHLHGLWRULDOHDYHDXWLUDMHFRQILGHQ LDOHVSUHH[HPSOXPDULL
VFULLWRULVWXGLD LvQúFRDO SHQWUXFRQWULEX LDDYXW ODGH]YROWDUHDOLWHUDWXULL
DS UkQGvQQXPDLFkWHYDVXWHvQFHOPDLIHULFLWFD]FkWHYDPLLGHH[HPSODUH
1XP UXOFHOPDLPDUHGHF U LúLHGLWXULDSDU LQHDVHFWRUXOXLEHOHWULVWLF
GDU H[LVWDX HGLWXUL SUHRFXSDWH úL GH DOWH GRPHQLL SHGDJRJLF HFRQRPLF
úWLLQ LILFMXULGLFHWF
&DUWHDFDRFRPSRQHQW DVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDIDFHSDUWHGLQWUR
VWUXFWXU  IXQF LRQDO  FRPSXV  GLQ DXWRUL HGLWRUL úL GLIX]RUL &RQIRUP
ÄPRGHOXOXL +8%´ FDUWHD vQWUXQHúWH WRDWH HOHPHQWHOH VFKHPHL FRPXQLF ULL
PHGLDWLFH $XWRULL GH LQ UROXO FRPXQLFDWRULORU GLQ SULPD ID]  VHOHFWLY  D
IHQRPHQXOXLHPLWHULLGHPHVDMHF WUHJUXSXULOHHWHURJHQHGHFLWLWRUL(GLWXULOH
MRDF UROXOGHJDWHNHHSHUVHOHFWkQGGLQRIHUWDH[LVWHQW vQIXQF LHGHFHUHUHD
SLH HLPHVDMHOHF U LOHFXLPSDFWODSXEOLFXOUHFHSWRU&kWSULYHúWHFRGXOúL
FDQDOXO DLFL LQWHUYLQH RFKHVWLXQHGHWHUPLQDW GHvQFHSXWXULOHPDVVPHGLD
FkQGSUREOHPHOHUHVSHFWLYHQXLQWUDXvQDWHQ LDFHORUFHJHVWLRQDXIHQRPHQXO
/DH[WUHPLWDWHDFXQRVFXW JHQHULFVXEGHQXPLUHDGHHPL WRURELHFWXOFDUWH
HUDILQDOL]DWvQPHVDMSULQLQFOXGHUHDFRGXOXLúLFDQDOXOXLvQSURGXVXOILQLW
 
3HQWUXDDMXQJHODUHFHSWRUQXH[LVWDXvQF PHWRGHOHUDSLGHGLQ]LOHOHQRDVWUH
SUREOHPDÄFRPSULP ULL´VSD LXOXLúLDWLPSXOXLFDUHVDUS UHDGH LQHFHD
PDLPDUHLPSRUWDQ DWXQFLFkQGVHYRUEHúWHGHVSUHPDVVPHGLDU PkQkQG
XQ RELHFWLY JUHX GH DWLQV $úDGDU FKHVWLXQLL FRPXQLF ULL IRDUWH UDSLGH OD
GLVWDQ LVDJ VLWRUH]ROYDUHQXPDLvQSDUWHVDWLVI F WRDUHSULQUH HOHOHGH
PDJD]LQH OLEU ULL úL LQVWLWX LL ELEOLRWHFL XQGH F U LOH VH J VHDX VSUH
DFKL]L LRQDUHRULHUDXGHSR]LWDWHSHQWUXFRQVXOWDUH6HJPHQWXOFHOPDLSX LQ
ÄPHGLD´GLQVFKHPDF U LLvOUHSUH]LQW VODEDOHJ WXU QHRSWLPL]DW ID GH
UHFHSWRU ÌQ DFHVW VHQV FRPXQLFDUHD SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO F U LL DUH vQF  XQ
FDUDFWHULQGLYLGXDOLQWLPILLQGRULHQWDW DSURDSHH[FOXVLYVSUHHPL WRU3ULQ
DSDUL LDVDULWPLF úLP ULUHDFRQVLGHUDELO DSXQFWHORUGHGLVWULEX LHSUHVDYD
IDFH XQ LPSRUWDQW SDV vQ UHFRQILJXUDUHD SR]L LHL ID  GH UHFHSWRU 7RDWH
„proJUHVHOH´ vQ GRPHQLXO F U LL DX FRQWLQXDW V  VH FRQFHQWUH]H DVXSUD
HPL WRUXOXL'HDFHHDSURFHVHOHGHSURGXF LHúLGHGLIX]DUHvQPDVVPHGLD
VDXDXWRQRPL]DWDGLF ILHFDUHGLQWUHSURIHVLLOHúLPHVHULLOHDPLQWLWHQHFHVLW 
DVW ]L XQ DOW WLS GH FXOWXU  RUJDQL]D LRQDO  (GLWRUXO DUH FXQRúWLQ H GHVSUH
FHULQ HOH SLH HL GH GHVIDFHUH GLIX]RUXO GLVSXQH GH PLMORDFHOH HILFLHQWH DOH
GLVWULEXLULL SURGXVXOXL 8QHRUL HGLWRUXO vúL FRQVWUXLHúWH SURSULD UH HD
HGLWRULDO FDUHFRQ LQHSHOkQJ ELURXOPDJLVWUDWXULLFULWLFHDUHGDFWRULORU
GH FDUWH GHSDUWDPHQWH GH PDUNHWLQJ SURVSHFWDUH úL GHVIDFHUH SH SLD 
XQLWDWHD WLSRJUDILF  úL OLEU ULD VDX ODQ XO GH OLEU ULL SULQ FDUH VXQW
GLVWULEXLWH/DWRDWHDFHVWHDVHDGDXJ UHJOHPHQW ULOHMXULGLFHFHOHSULYLQG
GUHSWXOGHHGLWDUHFRS\ULJKWXOGHFLUFXOD LHXQHOHWD[HSO WLWHXQLXQLORU
GHFUHD LHHWF
'XS   SLD D URPkQHDVF  GH FDUWH D FXQRVFXW R IRUPLGDELO 
H[SOR]LH HGLWRULDO  'DF  vQ 5RPkQLD FRPXQLVW  H[LVWDX  GH HGLWXUL LQ
SULPXO DQ GXS  UHYROX LH QXP UXO DFHVWRUD D DMuns la câteva mii. Datele
cuprinse în &DWDORJXO JHQHUDO PDVPHGLD (GLWXUD 6IHUD %XFXUHúWL 
FRRUGRQDWGH9DOHULX0DQJXDUDW FDvQDQXODSDUL LHLJKLGXOXLH[LVWDX
HGLWXULDYL]DWHGH0LQLVWHUXO&XOWXULLúLSRVHGkQG,6%1ODFDUHVHDGDXJ DOWH
 DYL]DWH GH 0LQLVWHUXO FXOWXULL GDU I U  ,6%1 vQ WRWDO  Ä5H HDXD
F U LL´ PDL FXSULQGH  WLSRJUDILL GLQ FDUH  vúL UHVWUkQJ DFWLYLWDWHD OD
SURGXFHUHDGHDILúHHWLFKHWHIOXWXUDúLDPEDODMHODVHUYLFLLVSHFLDOHSHQWUX
GRFXPHQWHFXLQVHPQHGHVHFUHWL]DUHGHSURGXF WRULúLGLVWULEXLWRULGH
KkUWLHGHFRQVXPDELOHWLSRJUDILFHúLHFKLSDPHQWWLSRJUDILF
'LIX]DUHDSURGXF LHLGHFDUWHúLSUHV VHGHVI úRDU SULQLQVWLWX LL
DELOLWDWHPXOWHGLQWUHDFHVWHDDSDU LQkQGXQRUVWUXFWXULLQVWLWX LRQDOHIRUPDWH
 
GLQHGLWXU GLIX]DUHOLEU ULHOLEU ULLQXP UXOORUILLQGPDLPLFSHQWUXF 
GLIX]RULLGHFDUWHDXS WUXQVvQFRPHU XOVWUDGDO&DUWHDSRDWHILDFKL]L LRQDW 
úLGLQFHOHGHDQWLFDULDWHH[LVWHQWHvQvQ DU 
8ULDúXOIRQGGHFDUte accesibil publicului este stocat în 317 biblioteci,
GLQWUH FDUH   FX ILOLDOH FX WRW GH LPSRUWDQ  QD LRQDO  $FHVWRUD OL VH
DGDXJ GHFHQWUHGHFXOWXUDURPkQHúWLúLVWU LQH
ÌQDFHúWLDQLDXOXDWILLQ D$(5$VRFLD LD(GLWRULORUGLQ5RPkQLDúL
$3/(5$VRFLD LD3DWURDQDO D/LEUDULORUúL(GLWRULORUGLQ5RPkQLD
'DWHOHFXSULQVHvQDFHDVW VFXUW SUH]HQWDUHVXQWORYLWHGHHIHPHULWDWH
úL QX DX VFRSXO GH D IL SUH]HUYDWH FD LQIRUPD LH (OH SUH]LQW  GLQFROR GH
IOXLGLWDWHDLPSRVLELOGHVW SkQLWDIHQRmenului, structurile fixe în interiorul
F URUDHYROXHD] 
%3UHVDVFULV ]LDUHOHúLUHYLVWHOHPDJD]LQHOHLOXVWUDWH
'XS  PRPHQWXO IRUP ULL JDOD[LHL *XWHQEHUJ IL[DW vQ  DQXO
LQYHQW ULLWLSDUXOXLPRELODGHY UDWDH[SDQVLXQHDÄJDOD[LHL´WUHEXLHSXV SH
VHDPD DSDUL LHL WLUDMHORU GH PDV  DOH ]LDUHORU GHYHQLWH R UHDOLWDWH FRWLGLDQ 
abia în primele decenii din secolul al XIX  OHD vQ XUPD SHUIHF LRQ ULL
FRQWLQXH D LQYHQ LHL OXL *XWHQEHUJ FkW úL D FRQVHFLQ HORU JHQHUDOH FH DX
GHFXUVGLQSULPDUHYROX LHWHKQRORJLF PDúLQLOHGHLPSULPDUHGHWXUQDWúL
FXOHVOLWHUHOLQRWLSSUHFXPúLXWLOL]DUHDWXWXURUVXSUDIH HORUID YHUVRDOH
suportului de hârtie. 
D =LDUHOH DX VWU E WXW GH OD DSDUL LH úL SkQ  OD FRQVWLWXLUHD vQ
FRPSRQHQW DVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDSURSULDORULVWRULH$FHVWDHVWHDGRXD
YHULJ  GLQ JHQH]D FRQFHSWXOXL PDVVPHGLD GDU WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW  FD
LPSRUWDQ SULPD& U LOHDXIRVWFRQFHSXWHSHQWUXXQQXP UGHLQL LD LúLvQ
JHQHUDO DX U PDV DSDQDMXO XQHL HOLWH vQ WLPS FH GHVWLQDWH X]XOXL S WXULL
PLMORFLLGLQWRDWHVRFLHW LOHLQFOXVLYFHDDFWXDO ]LDUHOHDXGHYHQLWPHGLXO
SULHOQLFGHGLIX]DUHDLQIRUPD LLORUF WUHDFHúWLFLWLWRULPDLSX LQSUHWHQ LRúLvQ
FH SULYHúWH QLYHOXO GH LQVWUXF LH LQWHOHFWXDO  GDU IRDUWH vQFUH] WRUL vQ
DXWRULWDWHDFXYkQWXOXLVFULVúLGRUQLFLV VHLQIRUPH]HPRWLYD LvQWRWFHHDFH
I FHDXGHIDFWRULLSURJUHVXOXLGXS FXPUHQXPL LJkQGLWRULHFRQRPLúWLDX
REVHUYDW'LQDPLVPXODFHVWRUPDVHVRFLDOHVDPDQLIHVWDWRGDW vQSOXVvQ
DFWLYLWDWHDSUHVHLGRUQLF V FRQWXUH]HFkWPDLH[DFWRUL]RQWXOGHDúWHSWDUHDO
FLWLWRULORUHL1XPDLDVWIHOVHH[SOLF IDSWXOF QRXOIRUPDWPHGLDDYHDV O
HOLPLQHGLQFRPSHWL LDSHQWUXvQWkLHWDWHSHSULPXOVRVLWvQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXL
FDUWHD 1HFHVLWDWHD WRW PDL VWULQJHQW  D RDPHQLORU GH D VH LQIRUPD FD úL
 
SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D J VL vQ MXUQDOH SH OkQJ  úWLUL WHPHLXUL SHQWUX HGXFD LH
FXOWXU  GLYHUWLVPHQW SULQ DFHVWHD ]LDUHOH úLDX GLYHUVLILFDW FRQ LQXWXO
VFKL kQG vQ PRG LQYROXQWDU SRUWUHWXO VSLULWXDO DO FLWLWRULORU V L úL SXQFWkQG
ÄIL]LRORJLF´DFHVWHFHULQ HDXGDWRDPSORDUHI U SUHFHGHQWSUHVHL'DF VDU
IL DGUHVDW XQRU FLWLWRUL FX PXOW PDL LQVWUXL L DFHVWH DULL DU IL WUHEXLW V  VH
UH]XPHODIRDUWHSX LQQXPDLODLQIRUPDUHúLHYHQWXDOODFRPHQWDULLVDYDQWH
&XQRXDÄUH HW ´DGDSWDW JXVWXOXLSHQWUXHYHQLPHQWHIHFWXODIRVWDWkWGH
SXWHUQLF vQFkW UDSRUWXO HFRQRPLF DO FHUHULL úL RIHUWHL D JHQHUDW OD SHVWH XQ
VHFROGHODPRPHQWXOLQL LDOROLWHUDWXU LVWRULF SHPDUJLQHDWHPHLSHFkWGH
DPSO SHDWkWGHGLYHUVLILFDW GHOD DU OD DU 1XH[LVW SUDFWLFXQLWDWHGH
YHGHULvQÄSR]L LLOH´DXWRULW LORUvQGRPHQLXFXSULYLUHODGH]YROWDUHDSUHVHL
ILHFDUHGLQWUHVWXGLLOHLVWRULFHGHVSUHVLVWHPXOPDVVmedia selectând, pentru a
LOXVWUDvQFHSXWXULOHúLHYROX LDSUHVHLFXDFHOHDúLDUJXPHQWHDOWHúLDOWHWLWOXUL
$YHPGHDFHHDQXRVLQJXU LVWRULHDIHQRPHQXOXLQXPLWSUHV FLPDLPXOWH
vQIXQF LHGHQD LRQDOLWDWHDDXWRULORUDWLQúLXQHRULGHSDWULRWLVPORFDODOWHRUL
GLQDFHODúLVHQWLPHQWULGLFDWODUDQJQD LRQDOGHRDUHFHLQIRUPD LDILLQGDWkWGH
YDVW  SULQFLSLLOH VHOHF LHL DX IXQF LRQDW UHVWULFWLY 6WDQ /H 5R\ :LOVRQ
0DVVPHGLDîn capitolul 7 (pp. 148RIHU XQWDEORXVLQRSWLFDOHYROX LHL
SUHVHLGLQFDUHVDXH[WUDVXQHOHGDWHPDLLPSRUWDQWHPDMRULWDUFRQVXPDWHSH
S PkQWDPHULFDQ
• 6HFROXOHQ5RPDQLLÄSXEOLFDX´vQSLH HDúDQXPLWHOHDFWDGLXUQD
úWLUL]LOQLFH
• 6HFROXO DO ;9,  OHD ,WDOLHQLL WLS UHVF úWLUL FDUH VH YkQG SHQWUX R
JD]HWWDPRQHG GHPLF YDORDUH3ULQWUun procedeu metonimic, „foaia” se
YDQXPLJD]HW LDUWHUPHQXOYDFXQRDúWHRFDULHU JORULRDV 
• 6HFROXODO;9,,lea. Apar în Germania, sub denumirea FRUDQWRV
IRUPHSUHPHUJ WRDUH]LDUXOXL
•  %RVWRQ 1HZV/HWWHU GHYLQH SULPD SXEOLFD LH DPHULFDQ  FX
DSDUL LHUHJXODW 
• $SDUH1HZ<RUN6XQSULPXO]LDUGHXQSHQQ\
• +RUDFH*UHHOH\HGLWHD] 1HZ<RUN7ULEXQH$FHVWDLQWURGXFH
SDJLQDGHHGLWRULDOúLDWDF VFODYLD
• $VVRFLDWHG3UHVV$3LQL LD] SULPXOVHUYLFLXWHOHJUDILF
• -RVHSK3XOLW]HUSUHLD1HZ<RUN:RUOG9DIDFHGLQ]LDUXOV X
XQD GLQWUH FHOH PDL YkQGXWH SXEOLFD LL SULQ UHSRUWDMXO GH VHQ]D LH &HO PDL
UkYQLWSUHPLXGLQGRPHQLXOMXUQDOLVWLFLLvLSRDUW DVW ]LQXPHOH
• :LOOLDP5DQGROSK+HDUVWFXPS U 1HZ<RUN-RXUQDO/XSWD
SULQRULFHPLMORDFHSHQWUXVXSUHPD LDPHGLDWLF GLQWUH+HDUVWúL3XOLW]HUYD
 
SULPL FRQRWD LD \HOORZ MRXUQDOLVP „jurnalism de scandal”, de la culoarea
hârtiei pe care erau imprimate tirajele.$FHODúLWLSGHSXEOLFD LLVHQXPHDvQ
$QJOLDSHQQ\SUHVVÄ]LDUXOGHXQE QX ´
• $GROSK2FKVFXPS U 1HZ<RUN7LPHVvQFDUHSURPRYHD] 
MXUQDOLVPXORELHFWLY
•  8QLWHG 3UHVV 83 GHYLQH D GRXD DJHQ LH FX VHUYLFLX
WHOHJUDILF
• ,QWHUQDWLRQDO1HZV6HUYLFH,16vQILLQ DW GH+HDUVWGHYLQH
FHDGHDWUHLDFXVHUYLFLXWHOHJUDILF
• 3XEOLFD LLOHFXIRUPDWWDEORLGvQFHSV UHIOHFWHVWLOXOGHYLD 
GLQHSRFDSURKLEL LHL
•  6RFLHW\ RI 1HZVSDSHU (GLWRUV DGRSW  VXE SUHVLXQHD
UHVSRQVDELOLW LORUVRFLDOH3ULQFLSLLOHMXUQDOLVPXOXL
'DF  DXWRUXO DPHULFDQ SXQFWHD]  FD HOHPHQWH GH UHIHULQ  UHSHUHOH
înainte HQXQ DWHFHUFHW WRUXOIUDQFH])UDQFLV%DOOHIntroduction aux médias
3DULV 38)  SS    GLPSRWULY  LQVLVW  DVXSUD FRQWULEX LLORU
IUDQFH]H úL HXURSHQH 'LIHUHQ HOH VXQW QRWDELOH úL ÄDGXF´ LVWRULD SUHVHL SH
FRQWLQHQWXOHXURSHDQ
• G&K$SDUL LDSULPXOXL-XUQDORILFLDO&KLQD
• *XWHQEHUJúLDVRFLD LLWLS UHVFSULPDFDUWHGLQOXPH%LEOLDGH
42 de rânduri
•  Ä)DEULFDUHD´ vQ ,WDOLD OD P Q VWLUHD 6XELFR GLQ DSURSLHUHD
Romei, a primelor caractere de tipar, numite „romane”
•  PDL  $QYHUV 3ULPXO SHULRGLF GLQ OXPH /HV 1RXYHOOHV
d’Anvers)
• )XQGDUHDDQXDUXOXLMercure Français
• PDL7KRSKUDVWH5HQDXGRWIRQGHD] /D*D]HWWH
• &UHDUHDSULPXOXLFRWLGLDQ/HLS]LJHU=HLWXQJ*HUPDQLD
• $SDUL LDSULPXOXLSHULRGLFOLWHUDUGLQOXPH/H0HUFXU*DODQW
IRQGDWOD3DULV
• Primul cotidian englez, „Daily Courant”.
•  3HQQV\OYDQLD *D]HWWH IRQGDW  OD 3KLODGHOSKLD GH %HQMDPLQ
)UDQNOLQ
• -RXUQDOHQF\FORSHGLTXHIRQGDWOD/LHJH%HOJLD
• 7LSRJUDIXO'LGRWFUHHD] SUHVDGHILHUúLSUHVDGHW LDWKkUWLD
• -XUQDOGH3DULVSULPXOFRWLGLDQIUDQFH]
• &KDUOHV/RXLV+DYDVIRQGHD] $JHQ LDGHúWLULSROLWLFH–
FRUHVSRQGHQ JHQHUDO 

 
 3UHFL]kQGF SUHVDURPkQHDVF DDYXWGUHSWPRGHOSHFHDHXURSHDQ 
SULPLLQRúWUL]LDULúWLILLQGLQWHOHFWXDOLFXVWXGLLHIHFWXDWHSHFRQWLQHQWWDEORXO
HYROX LHLVDOHVSUHPDVVPHGLDVHSUH]LQW DVWIHO
• &HDPDLYHFKHPHQ LXQHGDWHD] GLQFkQGOD/LSVFD/HLS]LJ
XQJUXSGHWLQHULURPkQLDIOD LODVWXGLLDXVFRVVHFRQVLGHU SULPDJD]HW vQ
OLPEDURPkQ )DPD/LSVNL
• 8UPHD]  vQ  SULPXO FRWLGLDQ România VXE FRQGXFHUHD OXL
$DURQ)ORULDQ
• &HO PDL YHFKL FX R DFWLYLWDWH SUDFWLF QHvQWUHUXSW  VH QXPHúWH
Telegraful românúLHVWHHGLWDWOD6LELXvQFHSkQGFX
• În 1DYHDORFSULPXOFRQJUHVDOSUHVHLURPkQHLDUvQVHvQILLQ D
Societatea presei românevQFRQGXFHUHDF UHLDVHDIODX]LDULúWLVFULLWRULSUHFXP
%3 +DVGHX (PLQHVFX 'HODYUDQFHD &$ 5RVHWWL & %DFDOEDúD FDUH DX
LPSULPDWDUWLFROHORUVFULVHXQVtil elevat, punând accentul pe jurnalismul de opinie
úLQXSHFHOGHLQIRUPDUHÌQDSDUH]LDUXO7LPSXO
• În 1884 apare 8QLYHUVXO VXE FRQGXFHUHD OXL /XLJL &D]]DYLODQ
SULPXO]LDUWLS ULWODURWDWLY ÌQDSDUH]LDUXO$GHY UXO
• Cele mai vechi „statutH´DOH]LDULVWLFLLURPkQHúWLGDWHD] GLQ
FkQG VH SXEOLF  VXE WLWOXO 6WDWXWHOH $VRFLD LXQLL =LDULúWLORU GLQ 5RPkQLD
UHJXODPHQWUHWLS ULWSHLXOLHFXVSHFLILFDUHDÄVWDWXWHOHYRWDWH´
• ,RQ *RUXQ ùWLL URPkQHúWH " (GLWXUD $OFDOD\ ID IDFH SULQWUH
SULPLLREVHUYD LLDVXSUDOLPEDMXOXLSUHVHLQRDVWUHFRWLGLHQH
• În 1907 'LPLQHD D úL $GHY UXO VH SUH]LQW  FLWLWRULORU FX SDJLQL
WLS ULWHODFXORDUH
• 3HPDUWLHSUHVDFXSXWHUHDHLGHLQIOXHQ DUHDVXSUDRSLQLHL
SXEOLFHSURYRDF OXSWHGHVWUDG vQ%XFXUHúWLvQWUXDS UDUHDOLPELLURPkQH
=LDULVWXO FDUH VH DIOD OD RULJLQHD LQFLGHQWHORU VH QXPHD 1LFRODH ,RUJD LDU
]LDUXO(SRFD
• Zece ani mai târziu, Nicolae Iorga publica ,VWRULDSUHVHLURPkQHúWL
RPRQRJUDILHDDFWLYLW LLGHSUHV FDUHSRDUW DPSUHQWDHQFLFORSHGLVPXOXL
VDYDQWXOXL
'H )OHXU %DOO5RNHDFK 7HRULL OHDJ  vQFHSXWXULOH PDVVPHGLD GH
SUHVD GH SHVWH 2FHDQ Ä8Q QXP U GH WLSRJUDIL úL HGLWRUL H[SHULPHQWDVHU 
ideea unui ziar ieftin, care putea fi vândut nu prin abonament anual, ci la
EXFDW vQPHGLLOHXUEDQH6a încercat în diferite moduri punerea în aplicare a
FHVWHLLGHLDWkWvQ$QJOLDFkWúLvQ6WDWHOH8QLWHGDUI U VXFFHV)RUPXOD
UHXúLWHLDJ VLWo Benjamin H. Day, un tipograf neînsemnat din New York.
=LDUXOV X7KH1HZ<RUN6XQDOXDWILLQ GHVWXOGHPRGHVWODVHSWHPEULH
1833, având mottoXO Ä6WU OXFHúWH SHQWUX WR L´ $úD FXP DX GRYHGLW

 
HYHQLPHQWHOH XOWHULRDUH D VWU OXFLW vQWUDGHY U SHQWUX WR L 'D\ vQFHSXVH R
QRX HU vQMXUQDOLVPHU FDUHvQFk LYDDQLDYHDV UHYROX LRQH]HSXEOLFDUHD
de ziare” (p. 62). ÎntrR SXEOLFD LH DVWIHO FRQFHSXW  DFFHQWXO HUD SXV SH
úWLULOHORFDOHúLSHHYHQLPHQWHOHúRFDQWHDGHVUHODWDWHvQWUXQVWLOUHSRUWHULFHVF
FDUH YL]D VWDELOLUHD XQRU OHJ WXUL GH WLS VSHFLDO vQWUH XPDQ úL VHQ]D LRQDO
=LDUXO FRVWD XQ SHQQ\ úL HUD GLIX]DW GH YkQ] WRUL DPEXODQ L 7LUDMXO V X D
FUHVFXW OD  GH H[HPSODUH vQ QXPDL úDVH OXQL LDU SHVWH SDWUX DQL OD
 GH H[HPSODUH $XWRULL H[SOLF  VXFFHVXO SXEOLFD LHL SULQ IDSWXO F 
DFHDVW VHDGUHVDQRXOXLSXEOLFFLWLtor, altul decât cel elitist.'HRDUHFHSUH XO
SXEOLFD LHLQXDFRSHUHDGHFkWvQPLF SDUWHFRVWXULOHGHSURGXF LH]LDUHOHDX
GHYHQLW FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW YHKLFXO GH LQIRUPD LH SXEOLFLWDU  P UIXULOH úL
VHUYLFLLOH GHVWLQDWH FRQVXPXOXL GH PDV  ILLQG DVWIHO FXQRVFXWH SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOSDJLQLLWLS ULWH6DFUHDWDSURDSHLQVWDQWDQHXRGHWHUPLQD LHvQWUH
QXP UXOGHDSDUL LLWLUDMXOSXEOLFD LHLúLUHFODP ÄSHQWUXFHLFDUHSXEOLFDX
reclame, tirajul ziarului era un indice al profitului anticipat”(LGHP S  
$FHVWD D IRVW úL PRPHQWXO GHFODQú ULL XQHL FRPSHWL LL GXUH GHVI úXUDW 
QHvQFHWDW SkQ  vQ ]LOHOH QRDVWUH vQWUH SXEOLFD LL FDUH ÄSXVHVHU  ED]HOH XQXL
PRGHOLQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWGHUHOD LLVRFLDOHFDUHFXSULQGHDXSHUVRDQHOHRFXSDWH
FXSXEOLFLWDWHDOXFU WRULLGLQGRPHQLXOPDVVPHGLDúLSXEOLFXOFLWLWRUvQWUXQ
VLVWHP IXQF LRQDO SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD XQRU DQXPLWH WLSXUL GH FRQ LQXW
FRPXQLFDWGHPDV ´LELGHP). În realitate, se poate lesne trage concluzia, se
Q úWHD XQ QRX WLS GH SURGXV FDUH UHYROX LRQD UHJXOLOH SLH LL HFRQRPLFH
FRQ LQXWXOV XHUDFXOWXUDOúLVHOLYUDSHXQVXSRUWPDWHULDOúWLULOHDYHDXXQ
FDUDFWHUSHULVDELOLDUFRVWXOH[WUHPGHUHGXVHUDFRQWUDEDODQVDWSULQQXP UXO
PDUHGHFLWLWRULSULQGLIX]DUHDGHPDV $OWIHOVSXVFLWLWRUXOFXPS UDLGHL
vQWkPSO ULLQIRUPD LLDOF URUWHUPHQGHYDODELOLWDWHHUDJDUDQWDWSHQWUXR]L
3ULQFLSDOXOIXUQL]RUvQDSDUHQ HUD]LDULVWXOvQWURDQXPHP VXU DSURSLDW
VFULLWRUXOXLSULQWHKQLFDGHOXFUXQXvQV úLSULQILQDOLWDWH6FULLWRUXOvúLSXQH
DPSUHQWD LGHDWLF  úL VWLOLVWLF  SH WH[WXO V X GHVWLQkQGXO HWHUQLW LL GDF  VH
SRDWHVSXQHDVWIHO7H[WXOOLWHUDUDUWLVWLFFXQRDúWHOXQJLVWDJLLGHJHVWD LHILLQG
HODERUDWGHRELFHLvQSHULRDGHPDULGHWLPSúLFXRDQXPHGLILFXOWDWHLYLW 
GLQ GRULQ D FL]HO ULL OXL SkQ  OD SHUIHF LXQH =LDULVWXO VPXOJH UHDOLW LL
vQ HOHVXULGHR]LVFULHUDSLGVXESUHVLXQHDHYHQLPHQWHORUHODERUkQGWH[WHGH
PLFLGLPHQVLXQLFRPSDUDWLYFXDWkWGHDVHP Q WRUXOFDSURFHVGHSURGXF LH
VFULLWRULFHVFúLvQSOXVDUHÄvQVSDWHOHV X´HFKLSHOHGHWHKQLFLHQLWLSRJUDIL
FDUH DVLJXU  PXOWLSOLFDUHD vQ ]HFL SRDWH FKLDU PLL RUL VXWH GH PLL GH
H[HPSODUHDWLUDMXOXLGHWHKQRUHGDFWRULFDUHDVLJXU vQFDGUDUHDFXXQWHUPHQ
 
FRQVDFUDWDÄPDWHULDOHORU´vQIRUPDWXOúLQXP UXOGHSDJLQLDOHSXEOLFD LHLSH
VSHFLDOLúWLLvQDGYHUWLVLQJFDUHDVLJXU SDJLQLOHGHSXEOLFLWDWHúLUHFODP vQ
VIkUúLW DOWH SHUVRDQH RFXSDWH FX GLIX]DUHD PDUNHWLQJXO FRQWDELOLWDWHD
UHVXUVHOHXPDQH
'XS FHROXQJ SHULRDG DGH LQXWVXSUHPD LDSULQWUHPLMORDFHOHGH
informare în mas EXFXUkQGXVHúLGHSULYLOHJLXOXQLFDWXOXLSUHVDDWUHEXLW
V úLDFFHSWHGXS FHOGHDOGRLOHDGHFHQLXDOVHFROXOXLDO;;OHDSURSULD
WDXWRORJLHGHYHQLQGSUHV VFULV $SDUL LDPLMORDFHORUGHFRPXQLFDUHDXGLR
úLYLGHRvQVSH UDGLRXOúLWHOHviziunea, iar în ultimii ani, deci recentisim, a
FHORUQXPLWHPXOWLPHGLDFDúLODUJDORUvQWUHEXLQ DUHvQGRPHQLXOLQIRUPD LHL
LD GHWHUPLQDW SH VSHFLDOLúWL V  OH LQFOXG  WHUPHQXOXL JHQHULF GH SUHV  úL
WRWRGDW DJHQHUDWDFFHSWDUHDWDFLW DWHUPHQXOXLRDUHFXPLPSURSULXGHSUHV 
VFULV  GXS  QXPHOH SURFHGHXOXL GH RE LQHUH SHQWUX SULPHOH WLSXUL GH
FRPXQLFDUHPHGLDWLF 
1XUHDGXFHPvQGLVFX LHVFKHP FRPXQLF ULLGHPDV vQFHSULYHúWH
SUHVD]LDUHOHúLPDJD]LQHOHLOXVWUDWHGHRDUHFHvQVXúLPRGHOXO+8%OXDt în
DFHDVW FDUWHGUHSWHOHPHQWGHUHIHULQ DIRVWFRQFHSXWFDXQPRGHOLQL LDO
SHQWUXSUHVDGHDFHVWWLS
)D  GH FHOH SUH]HQWDWH GHFHQLLOH GLQ XUP  DX DYXW XQ LPSDFW
H[WUDRUGLQDU DVXSUD SUHVHL SULQ UHYROX LD LQIRUPDWLF  3UHVD FRWLGLDQ  úL
UHYLVWHOH S WUXQG vQ Ä JDOD[LD %LO *DWHV´ EHQHILFLLQG GH FRQH[LXQLOH FX
SURFHGXULOH HOHFWURQLFH úL PXOWLPHGLD ÌQ PDL SX LQ GH ]HFH DQL R VHULHGH
DFWLYLW LOHJDWHGHDSDUL LDFRWLGLDQ D]LDUXOXLDXWUHFXWvQLVWRULH5HDOL]DUHD
ÄPDWHULDO ´ D ]LDUXOXL D GHYHQLW H[WUHP GH IDFLO  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
WHKQRUHGDFW ULLFRPSXWHUL]DWHDUKLYDUHDLQIRUPD LHLLQFOXVLYDÄFROHF LLORU´
SHDQLVHHIHFWXHD] SHGLVFKHWHWLS=LSVDXSH&'520)OX[XOGHDJHQ LH
VH GHVI úRDU  SH FDQDOH DXGLRYLGHR DO WXUL GH DJHQ LLOH ÄFODVLFH´ ]LDULúWLL
GLVSXQkQG GH LQIRUPD LH RQ OLQH FX DMXWRUXO XQRU UH HOH WY VSHFLDOL]DWH vQ
WUDQVPLWHUHD GH WHOHWH[W RUL OLYH D HYHQLPHQWHORU 7RDWH SXEOLFD LLOH
LPSRUWDQWH DX SDJLQL GH ZHE SH ,QWHUQHW DFFHVXO LQGLYLGXDO OD LQIRUPD LLOH
FXSULQVHDVWIHOILLQGPRQGLDOL]DW$FHVWHWHKQRORJLLGHXOWLP RU ODRODOW FX
IHQRPHQXO JOREDOL] ULL DX I FXW FRPSDWLELOH VH SRDWH VSXQH ÄVLVWHPHOH´
PDVVPHGLDGLQ ULOHvPSRY UDWHGHXULDúHGDWRULLúLGHFDODMHvQFHSULYHúWH
QLYHOXO GH GH]YROWDUH HFRQRPLF  SOXV SRWHQ LDOXO ORU WHKQRORJLF GDU QDX
úWHUVHQRUPHOHGLIHUHQ HH[LVWHQWH
'DF VHYRUXUP ULI FkQGDSHOODDFHOHDúLHOHPHQWHFURQRORJLFHSUHVD
úLFRQVWLWXLUHDVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDGLQ DUDQRDVWU VHYDFRQVWDWDF vQ
 
DIDUD PRPHQWXOXL XOWLP FDUH FRLQFLGH FX XQ SURFHV UDSLG GH VLQFURQL]DUH
HYROX LDDFHVWRUDXUPHD] FXWRWXODOWHFRRUGRQDWHúLHVWHFD]XOV VHSXQ 
vQWUHEDUHD GDF  QX FXPYD DSURSLHUHD VDX VLQFURQL]DUHD WHUPHQLORU GH
GLF LRQDUMXUQDOLVWLFFXFHLGHSHVWH2FHDQFRQVWLWXLHXQSURFHVIRU DWSHGHR
SDUWHúLGHRPLVLXQHDUHDOLW LORUH[LVWHQWHLVWRULFSHGHDOWD
([LVW  PXOWH DVHPHQHD UHSHUH FRQVWLWXLWH vQ VWXGLL úL DUWLFROH GHVSUH
LVWRULD SUHVHL URPkQHúWL GLQS FDWHLJQRUDWH3UHVDGHLQIRUPD LHVDLPSXV
UHODWLY JUHX GHúL XQHOH ]LDUH GH SDUWLG FRQ LQHDX SH OkQJ  FRPHQWDULL DOWH
QXPHURDVH LQIRUPD LL 5HIHULQ H VXSOLPHQWDUH SHQWUX DFHVW VXELHFW PDL DOHV
SULYLWRU OD DPSORDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL JD]HW UHVF GLQ DUD QRDVWU  vQ $O 6DDGL
,RQHVFXúL1HUYD+RGRú3XEOLFD LLOHSHULRDGLFHURPkQHúWLDDMXQVOD
YRO9*HRUJHWDúL1LFROLQ5 GXLF 'LF LRQDUXOSUHVHLURPkQHúWL
 YRO XUP WRDUHOH vQ OXFUX (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF  %XFXUHúWL  úL
, +DQJLX 'LF LRQDUXO SUHVHL FXOWXUDOH URPkQHúWL (GLWXUD 3HGDJRJLF 
%XFXUHúWL
E0DJD]LQHOHVDXUHYLVWHOHLOXVWUDWHFXPOLVHPDLVSXQHUHSUH]LQW 
XQ DOW GRPHQLX GH LQWHUHV DO SXEOLFXOXL ODUJ VHPQ F  DSDU LQ PDVVPHGLD
$FHVWHSXEOLFD LLFXFDUDFWHUHWHURJHQVFULVHI U SUHWHQ LLGHVWLOGHVWLQDWHV 
VDWLVIDF SULQQDWXUDOHMHU DVXELHFWHORUFHOHPDLPXOWHJXVWXULDXDSDUL LH
ULWPLF  GH RELFHL V SW PkQDO  VDX OXQDU  ÌúL DX RULJLQHD vQ YHFKLOH
DOPDQDKXULF U LODLFHFXLQIRUPD LHPLVFHODQHHúLvQYDULDQWHOHORUPRGHUQH
FRQ LQIRDUWHPXOWHLOXVWUD LLVDXGHVHQHGHODFDULFDWXU ODEHQ]LGHVHQDWH
$UWLFROHOH FXSULQVH DLFL YL]HD]  LQIRUPD LD FHD PDL GLYHUV  GH OD UHYLVWHOH
FDUH FXOWLY  KRE\XUL SkQ  OD FHOH FX FDUDFWHU IHPLQLVW VDX VHQ]D LRQDO
'LUHF LD GH HYROX LH D DFHVWRUD D FRQVWLWXLWR GLYHUVLWDWHD WHPDWLF  GDU vQ
XOWLPHOHGHFHQLLVHIDFHREVHUYDW RWHQGLQ GLQFHvQFHPDLDFFHQWXDW F WUH
LQIRUPD LDGLQWUXQDQXPHGRPHQLXDOYLH LLVRFLDOH
ÌQYUHPHFHvQ$QJOLDúLvQFRORQLLOHDPHULFDQHV ILHHGLWDWHPDJD]LQH
LOXVWUDWHGXS PRGHOXODOPDQDKXULORULWDOLHQHúWLIUDQ X]HúWLúLJHUPDQHvQWUH
úLVHvQWRFPHDvQ%XFXUHúWLODFHUHUHDOXL&RQVWDQWLQ%UkQFRYHDQX
)ROHWXOQRYHODOPDQDKPDQXVFULVDF UXLHGL LHDIRVWvQJULMLW vQGH(PLO
Vârtosu sub titlul )ROHWXO 1RYHO &DOHQGDUXO OXL &RQVWDQWLQ 9RG 
Brâncoveanu, 1693   %XFXUHúWL  GH F WUH LWDOLDQXO *LRYDQQL
Candido Romano, care semna cu pseudonimul Ioan Românul sau Ioan Frâncu.
$FHVWSULPFDOHQGDUvQOLPEDURPkQ FDUHFDPXOWHDOWHF U LURPkQHúWLQD

 
FLUFXODW FRQ LQHD SUH]LFHUL UHIHULWRDUH OD HYHQLPHQWH SROLWLFH úL SUHYL]LXQL FX
FDUDFWHUDVWURORJLFúLPHWHRURORJLFvQWRFPDLFDúLPRGHOHOHLWDOLHQH
ÌQFHSkQGFXDGRXDMXP WDWHDVHFROXOXLWUHFXWSHOkQJ UHYLVWHOLWHUDUH
SUHFXP)DPLOLDFDUHDS UHDOD%XGDSHVWD&XUierul românescDOOXL+HOLDGH
5 GXOHVFX FDUH DU SXWHD IL FRQVLGHUDW SULPXO SHULRGLF URPkQHVF GHúL QX HUD
V SW PkQDO GDU QLFL FRWLGLDQ *D]HWD GH 7UDQVLOYDQLD VFRDV  OD %UDúRY GH
*%DUL LXGH$OELQDúL'DFLDOLWHUDU GLQ,DúLHGLWDWHGH$VDNLúL.RJ OQLFHDQX
GH0DJD]LQXOLVWRULFSHQWUX'DFLDVDXGHSLFDQWHOH&DOHQGDUHDOH*KLPSHOXLOD
FDUHFRODERUDX&DUDJLDOHúL%DFDOEDúDGH5HYLVWD5RPkQ DOXL$O2GREHVFX
(în care Nicolae Filimon publica, în serial, &LRFRLLYHFKLúLQRLH[LVWDXPXOWHDOWH
SXEOLFD LLFXFDUDFWHUPDJD]LQLVWLF
0DJD]LQHOHLOXVWUDWHGLQ DUDQRDVWU DO WXULGHFDUHDYHDXV FXQRDVF 
R FDULHUD UHDOPHQWH VWU OXFLW  úL QXPHURDVHOH DOPDQDKXUL DOH SULQFLSDOHORU
SXEOLFD LL LQWHUEHOLFH DX FRQWLQXDW V  DSDU  vQ GHFHQLLOH FRPXQLVWH VXE
XPEUHODXQRUSXEOLFD LLFRWLGLHQHúLV SW PkQDOH&HOHPDLFXQRVFXWHDXIRVW
UHYLVWD)ODF UD, cât sDDIODWVXEFRQGXFHUHDOXL$GULDQ3 XQHVFX5HDOLWDWHD
LOXVWUDW  FD VXSOLPHQW DO &RQWHPSRUDQXOXL )HPHLD FDUH SRDWH IL
FRQVLGHUDW  OD IHO GH ELQH úL R SXEOLFD LH VSHFLDOL]DW  GRPHQLXOXL SUHVHL
IHPLQLQH 'XS   D XUPDW R DXWHQWLF  H[SOR]LH GH SXEOLFD LL XQHOH GH
IRUPDW úL FRQFHS LH URPkQHúWL DOWHOH HGL LL URPkQHúWL DOH XQRU IRDUWH
FXQRVFXWHPDJD]LQHVWU LQH/LVWDILLQGH[WUHPGHOXQJ úLvQSOXVDWLQV GH
HIHPHULWDWH YRU IL DPLQWLWH FkWHYD GLQWUH FHOH FH DX IRVW RUL VXQW vQF 
UHSUH]HQWDWLYH=LJ]DJ9LYD9,3([SUHV)RUPXOD$V$YDQWDMH
8Q FDSLWRO DSDUWH vQ DFHVW DPDOJDP UHYXLVWLF vO UHSUH]LQW  SXEOLFD LLOH
FDUHILHFRPHQWHD] SUHVWD LDPDVVPHGLDILHSUH]LQW DO WXULGHSURJUDPHOHvQ
FXUV GH GHUXODUH PDL DOHV FHOH GH UDGLR úL WY QXPHURDVHDVSHFWHGHFXOLVH
IRDUWHJXVWDWHGHXQSXEOLFvQF XWDUHDQRLORUPLWXULGLQPDVVPHGLD'HDFHODúL
VXFFHVU VXQ WRUVHEXFXU SXEOLFD LLOHFXSURILOVSRUWLYFLQHPDWRJUDILFPX
]LFDOFDUHFXOWLY FDLQJUHGLHQWHDOHDFHOXLDúLIHVWLQFXOWXUDO]YRQXULGLQOXPHD
PX]LFLL ÄOHJHQGH´ GHVSUH PRQúWULL VDFUL EkUIH FHOH PDL PXOWH LQYHQWDWH úL
VWDELOHVF WRSXUL FX LHUDUKLL QX R GDW  EL]DUH ,HUDUKLLOH DX GHYHQLW R PRG 
PROLSVLWRDUHDúDF XQHOHUHYLVWHGXS FHúLDXvQFHUFDWRSHULRDG QRURFXOvQ
DFHVWWLSGHMXUQDOLVPVDXDXWROHJLWLPDWFDLQVWDQ HGHMXGHFDW úLGDXYHUGLFWH
I FkQGFXPVH]LFHOHJHDvQGRPHQLLGHVSUHFDUHÄ]LDULúWLL´UHVSHFWLYLSRVHG 
XQHRUL FHD PDL PLFD vQGUHSW LUH V  VH SURQXQ H RUL VH DIO  FX WRWXO vQ DIDUD
GRPHQLXOXL3HDFHVWSULQFLSLXIXQF LRQHD] PDMRULWDWHDSXEOLFD LLORUFDUHÄGDX
note”.
 
 $FHVW WLS GH SUHV PDJD]LQ GLQ XOWLPLL DQL VSHFLDOL]DW  vQ SRILGD
WLUDMHORU UHODWLY UHVWUkQVH UH]LVW  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HFRQRPLF GDWRULW 
SXEOLFLW LLúLQXvQXOWLPXOUkQGFDXUPDUHDVF GHULLSUH XULORUGHFRVWRGDW 
FX LQWURGXFHUHD QRLORU WHKQRORJLL GLQ VIHUD WHKQRUHGDFW ULL úL WLSDUXOXL FX
PXOWPDLSX LQFRVWLVLWRDUH
7LSRORJLDSXEOLFD LLORU]LDUHúLUHYLVWHXUPHD] PDLPXOWHFULWHULLGH
FODVLILFDUHvQWUHFDUHVHQXP U 
3HULRGLFLWDWHDFULWHULXvQIXQF LHGHFDUHVHVWDELOHVFXUP WRDUHOHWLSXUL
GHSXEOLFD LL
&RWLGLDQHGLQODWTXRWLGLDQXVDXP„de fiecare zi”). În rândul
DFHVWRUD VXQW LQFOXVH ]LDUHOH FX PLQLPXP FLQFL DSDUL LL SH V SW PkQ  (OH
IRUPHD] FHOHPDLFXQRVFXWHFRWLGLDQHFHQWUDOHSUHFXPúLXQHOHRUJDQHGH
SUHV UHJLRQDOHVDXPXQLFLSDOHvQWUHFDUHSRWILDPLQWLWHvQRUGLQHDWLUDMHORU
$GHY UXO(YHQLPHQWXO]LOHL1D LRQDO5RPkQLDOLEHU -XUQDOXOQD LRQDO
&XULHUXO QD LRQDO =LXD /LEHUWDWHD &XUHQWXO 8OWLPD RU  &URQLFD
URPkQ &DSLWDOD0RQLWRUXOGH,DúL-XUQDOXOGH7UDQVLOYDQLDSUHFXPúL
XQHOH FRWLGLHQH GH VSHFLDOLWDWH =LDUXO ILQDQFLDU 3UR 6SRUW *D]HWD
VSRUWXULORU8QHOHDSDUL LLELVDXWULV SW PkQDOHDOHSUHVHLGHSURYLQFLHVXQW
DVLPLODWH VWDWXWXOXL GH FRWLGLDQ 6LWXD LD VH vQWkOQHD PDL DOHV vQ SUHVD
FRPXQLVW FDUHúLUHVWUkQVHVHSHULRGLFLWDWHDGLQUD LXQLHFRQRPLFH
8QLL FHUFHW WRUL DFRUG  LPSRUWDQ  úL DOWRU HOHPHQWH VXEVHFYHQWH GLQ
SUHVD FRWLGLDQ  $LFL VH vQFDGUHD]  FHOH FODVLILFDELOH vQ IXQF LH GH PRPHQWXO
DSDUL LHLGHSDUWDMkQGSUHVD]LOQLF GXS RUDLHúLULLSHSLD GLPLQHD DSUkQ]úL
VHDU $FHVWHDVXQWGHUHJXO SXEOLFD LLPHWURSROLWDQHGHRFDPGDW VLQJXUD
PHWURSRO GLQ DUDQRDVWU HVWH%XFXUHúWLXQGHIRVWD,QIRUPD LD%XFXUHúWLXOXL
GHYHQLW  FRWLGLDQXO /LEHUWDWHD HUD FRQFHSXW  FD R SXEOLFD LH GH SUkQ] 8Q
FRWLGLDQÄ6HDUD´DUH]LVWDWQXPDLFkWHYDV SW PkQLSULQDXJXVW&DSLWDOD
RDOW SXEOLFD LHGHSUkQ]DDS UXWGHDVHPHQHDQXPDLFkWHYDOXQL
3XEOLFD LLOH FRWLGLDQH vúL RUJDQL]HD]  IOX[XO DSDUL LHL vQ IXQF LH GH
GLVWDQ HOH OD FDUH VH GLIX]HD]  ÌQ PRG FRQVWDQW MXUQDOHOH URPkQHúWL VXQW
machetate în partea a doua a ]LOHLWH[WHOHVXQWDGXVHSkQ VSUHRUHOHVHULLFX
H[FHS LDHYHQLPHQWHORUGHSULP LPSRUWDQ VXQWWLS ULWHvQMXUXORUHORUúL
VXQWWUDQVSRUWDWHSHWLPSXOQRS LLSHFDOHUXWLHU DHULDQ VDXIHUDW 0DLQRX
FRWLGLDQHOHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH$GHY UXO=LXD-XUQDOXOQD LRQDODXHGL LL
GHSURYLQFLHDOHF URUWLUDMHFXXQFRQ LQXWDSUR[LPDWLYDVHP Q WRUDSDUvQ
RUDúHOH ,DúL &OXM1DSRFD &KLúLQ X $FHVWHD VXQW UHDOL]DWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
PXOWLPHGLDGLUHFWvQRUDúHOHUHVSHFWLYH$XHGL LD,úLD,,DXQHRULD,,,D
 
 6 SW PkQDOHFXGHDSDUL LLDQXDOQXPLWHúLKHEGRPDGDUHGLQ
JUHSWDÄúDSWH´3XEOLFD LLVSHFLDOL]DWHSHGRPHQLLGLYHUVHSUHFXPOLWHUDWXUD
úL DUWD FXOWXUD vQ JHQHUDO YLD D DQLPDOHORU KREE\XUL SURJUDPH GH
WHOHYL]LXQH VSRUW HFRQRPLH XQHRUL DYkQG HOH vQVHúL VXEGLYL]LXQL 3HQWUX
H[HPSOLILFDUH QRW P FkWHYD GLQWUH FHOH PDL FXQRVFXWH V SW PkQDOH GH
OLWHUDWXU  úL DUW  /XFHDI UXO 5RPkQLD OLWHUDU  /LWHUDWRUXO
&RQWHPSRUDQXO 2EVHUYDWRU =LDUXO GH 'XPLQLF  WRDWH GLQ %XFXUHúWL
&URQLFD 7LPSXO úL &RQYRUELUL OLWHUDUH GLQ ,DúL 7ULEXQD &OXM1DSRFD
2UL]RQW7LPLúRDUD
%LOXQDUHELPHQVXDOHFDUHDSDUGHGRX RULSHOXQ úLFXSULQGGH
RELFHLUHYLVWHGHFXOWXU úLLQIRUPD LHJHQHUDO 
 /XQDUH PHQVXDOH UHYLVWH GHVWLQDWH FLWLWRULORU DWUDúL GH GLYHUVH
GRPHQLLSURIHVLRQDOH
7ULPHVWULDOH FDUH VH DGUHVHD]  XQXL SXEOLF HOLWLVW GH vQDOW 
VSHFLDOL]DUHSXEOLFD LLOHDYkQGFDUDFWHUúWLLQ LILFúLSUH]HQWkQGXse în format
FDUWHVSUHDILVWRFDWHFXXúXULQ 
6H SRDWH REVHUYD QXPDL úL GLQ SX LQ WDWHD WH[WXOXL vQVR LWRU F  GLQ
SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO FULWHULXOXL ULWPLFLW LL DSDU LQ vQ VHQVXO GHSOLQ DO
cuvântului de sistemul massPHGLD SULPHOH GRX  WLSXUL GH SXEOLFD LL
FRWLGLHQHúLV SW PkQDOHDVXSUDF URUDVHFRQFHQWUHD] DWHQ LDSXEOLFXOXL
DúD FXP HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW DFHVWD DGLF  QXPHURV HWHURJHQ GRUQLF V  ILH
LQIRUPDWÄKLFHWQXQF´DVXSUDOXPLLvQFDUHWU LHúWH
$OWHFULWHULLSULYHVF
• 7LUDMXO SXEOLFD LLORU UHJOHPHQWDW DFWXDOPHQWH GH XQHOH ILUPH VDX
VHUYLFLLGHDXGLW LQXWGHRELFHLVHFUHWRULH[DJHUDW
• )RUPDWXOWDEORLG$úL$FHOHPDLIUHFYHQWH
• $ULD GH GLIX]DUH ÄSUR[LPLWDWHD´ ORFDO  UHJLRQDO  QD LRQDO 
LQWHUQD LRQDO 
• DomeniulFRQ LQXWXOÌQDFHDVW SULYLQ YROXPXOO introducere în
SUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW (GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLDOF UXLFRRUGRQDWRUHVWH
&ODXGH-HDQ %HUWUDQG VH UHIHU  OD DVHP Q ULOH úL GHRVHELULOH GLQWUH GLIHULWHOH
WLSXUL GH UHSUH]HQW UL DOH PDVVPHGLD ]LDUH UHYLVWH úL PDJD]LQH UDGLR
WHOHYL]LXQHVSHFLILFkQGSHED]DDFHORUDúLGDWHSXQFWXOV XGHYHGHUHDVXSUD
WLSXULORU GH MXUQDOLVP FXSULQVH GH RSLQLH OLWHUDU GH UHSRUWDM GH DQFKHW  GH
FRPHQWDULXGHVHUYLFLXXWLOLWDULQVWLWX LRQDOSRSXODUGHGLYHUWLVPHQWÌQFH
SULYHúWH PLMORDFHOH GH LQIRUPDUH HOHFWURQLFH FDUDFWHUXO GH GLYHUWLVPHQW DO
SUHVHLSURPRYDWHGHUDGLRúLWHOHYL]LXQHHVWHFXPXOWPDLGLYHUVLILFDW
 
 ÌQWUHWRDWHDFHVWHFULHULLH[LVW ROHJ WXU LQGHVWUXFWLELO )XQF LRQDUHD
ÄFULWHULLORU´ VHUYHúWH vQ SULPXO UkQG ULJRULL WHRUHWLFH ÌQ UHDOLWDWH QLFL R
SXEOLFD LHQXH[LVW FXPVDUSXWHDvQ HOHJHvQVWDUHSXU LOXVWUkQGXQLFLWDWHD
GHQDWXU FDWHJRULDO FLvQUDSRUWXULúLSURSRU LLFDUHLFRQIHU RVSHFLILFLWDWH
QXFXPXOWGLIHULW GHODXQFD]ODDOWXO'LQDFHVWPRWLYH[HPSOLILF ULOHULVF 
V GHYLQ SXUW WRDUHGHUHGXQGDQ DúDF QXOHPDLUHSHW P


&$OWHIRUPDWHPDVVPHGLDDILúHSRVWHUHDXWRFRODQWHSDQRXULSXEOL

FLWDUHIOXWXUDúLF U LSRúWDOHLOXVWUDWHúLWLPEUHXQGHUJURXQGFRPXQLFD LRQDO
D$ILúHOH  GH LQXQUROPDLSX LQLPSRUWDQWvQVLVWHPXOúLLQGXVWULD
DIHUHQW  GLQ PDVVPHGLD )DSWXO VH GDWRUHD]  FLUFXOD LHL UHVWUkQVH SH FDUH
DFHVWHDRDXGLUHF LRQDW SHGRPHQLLGHDFWLYLWDWHLQL LDOOHJDWHGHDUW DVW ]L
PXOW DPSOLILFDWH 6H SRW GLVWLQJH GRX  HWDSH vQ HYROX LD IHQRPHQXOXL vQ
SULPD úL FHD PDL YHFKH DFHVWHD QX I FHDX SDUWH GLQWUR VWUDWHJLH
FRPXQFD LRQDO GHIHOXOFHOHLvQWkOQLWHvQFD]XOPLMORDFHORUGHFRPXQLFDUHvQ
PDV  FRQVDFUDWH SUHV  UDGLR WY 3ULQ IDFWXUD LQIRUPD LHL HUDX PDL OHVQH
LQWHJUDELOH FRPXQLF ULL VSHFLDOL]DWH PHVDMXO explicit „aplicat” pe suportul
OLSVLW GH QHFHVDUD GLQDPLF  PDVVPHGLD ILLQG XQXO DUWLVWLF VDX GH VWULFW 
vQúWLLQ DUH 'LIX]DUHD ORU VH vQI SWXLD SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU DPSODVDPHQWH
IL[H 6SUH H[HPSOX DILúHOH GHVWLQDWH VSHFWDFROHORU GH WHDWUX H[SR]L LLORU
FRQIHULQ HORU SUH]HQW ULORU GH FDUWH PDQLIHVW ULORU VSRUWLYH úL FXOWXUDOH
FRQFHUWH IHVWLYDOXUL FRORFYLL úDPG VXQW SODVDWH vQ PRG RELúQXLW vQ
ORFXULOHúLSHVXSUDIH HOHGHVWLQDWHDYL] ULLFHORULQWHUHVD LWRWGHDXQDDFHOHDúL
SUHFXPúLvQÄSXQFWH´VSHFLDODPHQDMDWHDúDQXPLWHOHSDQRXULGHDILúDM$
GRXDHWDS FHDFRQWHPSRUDQ DUHI FXWGHQVLWDWHDLQIRUPD LHLúLGLQDPLFD
PDVVPHGLDSUHOXkQGPRGHOXOÄDILúDMXOXL´úLDGDSWkQGXOFHORUPDLUHFHQWH
WHKQRORJLL PHGLDWLFH &RDELWHD]  DVWIHO VLWXDWH în punctele circulate ale
RUDúXOXL vQ ]RQH SXEOLFH DJORPHUDWH LQWU UL OD PHWURX VWD LL GH WUDPYDL úL
DXWREX]V OLGHDúWHSWDUHGLQJ ULúLDHURSRUWXULDILúHOHWUDGL LRQDOHDO WXULGH
HFUDQHGHDILúDMHOHFWURQLFSHQWUXUHFODPHDúDQXPLWHOHSDQRXULSXEOLFLWDUH
F URUDOLVHYDGHVWLQDXQFDSLWROVHSDUDW7RWDLFLSRWILPHQ LRQDWHSUDFWLFLOH
UHOXDWHúLDVW ]LGHDVHXWLOL]DRDPHQLVDQGZLFKPDLDOHVSHQWUXUHFODP (L
IUHFYHQWHD]  GUDSD L FX DFHVWH SDQRXUL vQ ID  úL vQ VSDWH FD XQ IHO GH
vPEU F PLQWH ]RQHOH XUEDQH FX PD[LP  GHQVLWDWH $GDSWkQGXVH PDVV
PHGLDDILúHOHDSDUFXDOW GLPHQVLXQHúLSHFDQDOHOHGHSUHV VDXWY$FHVWH
UHFODPH DX SUHOXDW FDSDFLWDWHD LQIRUPD LRQDO  D ORU UDILQkQGR úL ILOWUkQG
PHVDMXO$QWLFLSkQGVHSRDWHVSXQHF UHFODPDHVWHRIRUPDGHHYROX LHGHOD
 
DILúXOÄFODVLF´ODFHOFRQWHPSRUDQÌQWUXFkWDILúXOGHYLQHFXDWkWPDLSHQHWUDQW
cu cât mesajul este mai persuasiv, la realizarea acestora contribuie graficieni,
DUWLúWL SODVWLFL VSHFLDOLúWL vQ FRPXQLFDUH GLUHFWRUL GH PDUNHWLQJ SXEOLFLWDU
5H]XOWDWXOILQDOHVWHDGHVHDVSHFWDFXORVDSURSLLQGXVHHVWHWLFGHDUW PRWLY
SHQWUXFDUHHVWHXWLOL]DWFDDWDUH*HQHUD LLOHVIkUúLWXOXLGHVHFRODXFRQILUPDW
întrRPDQLHU LQVROLW LPSDFWXODILúXOXLvQYLD DGH]LFX]LLQWURGXFândul în
DPELHQWXOúLFRQIRUWXOLQWLP6RDUWDXQRUDGLQWUHDILúHHVWHPDLEXQ DOWHOHVH
SLHUGvQDQRQLPDW6RDUWDEXQ HVWHF XQHOHDILúHGHYLQSRVWHUHFHOHDOHXQRU
IRUPD LLURFNDOHXQRUHFKLSHGHIRWEDODOHXQRUMXF WRULGHWHQLVEDVNHWEDOO
UXJE\DFWRULúLDFWUL HGHFLQHPDWRSPRGHOHVWDUOHWHVH[\HWFDWXQFLFkQG
VXQWvQVR LWHGHVHPQ WXULOHYHGHWHORUUHVSHFWLYH$OWHRULSRVWHUHOHFDUHVXQW
VLQRQLPH DILúXOXL SULQ VFKLPEDUHD GHQXPLULL IUDQFH]H FX FHD GH RULJLQH
HQJOH] FRQ LQvQPRGI LúUHFODPDXQXLDQXPLWSURGXVUDFKHWHúLPLQJLGH
WHQLVHFKLSDPHQWVSRUWLYDUWLFROHGHOHQMHULHHWF
3ULPHOHDILúHFXXQDVSHFWHVWHWLFDJUHDELODXDS UXWvQ)UDQ DúLDX
IRVWRSHUDXQRUSLFWRULFHOHEULGLQERHPDSDUL]LDQ $VW ]LVHRUJDQL]HD] H
DGHY UDWIRDUWHUDUH[SR]L LLGHDILúHDFHVWHDILLQGSULYLWHH[FOXVLYFDRSHUH
GHDUW VDXGHJUDILF 
3URSDJDQGDFRPXQLVW DDFRUGDWRDWHQ LHVSHFLDO DILúXOXLPDLDOHVvQ
SHULRDGD SUROHWFXOWLVW  WUDQVIRUPkQGXl întrXQ PLMORF GH FRPXQLFDUH FX
PDVHOHSURSDJDQGDFRQVLGHUDWHILFLHQW&XH[FHS LDDVRFLD LLORUDUWLVWLFHDOH
JUDILFLHQLORUúLPDLQRXDGHVLJQHULORUGLQFDGUXOFRPSDQLLORUGHSXEOLFLWDWH
QXVHSRWQRPLQDOL]DFHOSX LQWLSRORJLFDXWRULLGHDILúH,QVWLWX LLOHGHFXOWXU 
WHDWUXOFLQHPDWRJUDIXODSHOHD] SHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDDILúHORUODSURIHVLRQLúWL
vQ WLPS FH DOWHOH ELEOLRWHFLOH PX]HHOH FKLDU JDOHULLOH GH DUW  SUDFWLF  R
WHKQLF VLPSOLILFDW GHUHDOL]DUHXWLOL]kQGILHQXPDLWH[WXOLQIRUPDWLYDúH]DW
vQORFXOXQGHWUHF WRULLúLDXIRUPDWUHIOH[XOGHDJ VLLQIRUPD LDvQDFHVWVHQV
SRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWRUHPLQLVFHQ DDFHORUDFWDGLXUQDDOHOXPLLURPDQHILH
SODVkQG DFHHDúL LQIRUPD LH SHVWH R LPDJLQH vQ GLUHFW  OHJ WXU  FX
HYHQLPHQWXODGLF VSHFLILFXOH[SR]L LHLFRQIHULQ HLFRQFHUWXOXL
8Q URO GLQ FH vQ FH PDL VXEVWDQ LDO MRDF  DILúXO HOHFWRUDO FDUH
PHGLDWL]HD]  vQGHREúWH VLJOD SDUWLGXOXL SRUWUHWH DOH UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU V L
HOLJLELOLVORJDQXOPDLYHFKLRULSHFHODFWXDOL]DWSHQWUXFDPSDQLDGHDOHJHUL
)DSWXOF vQF GLQSHULRDGHOHSUHHOHFWRUDOHDVWIHOGHDILúHvPSkQ]HVFRUDúHOH
DJUHVkQG SULYLUHD WUHF WRULORU HVWH XQ VHPQ LQGLVFXWDELO DO HILFLHQ HL ORU
$FHVWRUDOLVHSRWDG XJDIOXWXUDúLLXWLOL]D LúLvQFDPSDQLLOHSXEOLFLWDUHGLQD
F URU GHQXPLUH H[SOLFLW  UH]XOW  F  VXQW DUXQFD L GH OD PDUH vQ O LPH GLQ
 
EDOFRDQH GH OD HWDMHOH VXSHULRDUH DOH EORFXULORU GLQ KHOLFRSWHUH úL FRQ LQ
PHVDMHVFXUWHvQGLUHFW UHOD LHFXHYHQLPHQWXOFDUHVHGHVI úRDU vQGHPQXUL
ODDDF LRQDVDXGLPSRWULY GHDQXDF LRQDvQWUXQDQXPLWIHO
$OWHDILúHFDUHIDFvQPRGFRQVWDQWUHFODPDSHSURGXVVHSUH]LQW VXE
IRUPDXQRUDXWRFRODQWHGHQXPLUHVXEFDUHVHUHJ VHúWHLDU úLDILúXORIHULWH
FXPS U WRULORU VDX YLUWXDOLORU FOLHQ L 3ULQ XWLOL]DUH DFHVWHD GHYLQ UHFODPH vQ
PLúFDUH ,QYHQWLYLWDWHD QX FXQRDúWH vQ DFHVW VHQV OLPLWH XOWLPHOH FXFHULUL vQ
domeniu (ne referim la marketingul firmelor respective) extinzânduVH OD
parasolare pentru automobile, numere de înmatriculare ale acestora, sau la
YHVWLPHQWD LDXúRDU úHSFLWULFRXULVDFRúHVDXJHQ LSL[XULúDPG7UHFHUHD
GH OD VXSRUWXO FRQVDFUDW OD DOWH WH[WXUL QX QH RSUHúWH FD SULQ ILQDOLWDWH V 
FRQVLGHU PF PHVDMXOORUHVWHFHODOXQRUDILúHSRVWHUHSXEOLFLWDUH
E 3DQRXUL SXEOLFLWDUH &D IHQRPHQ GHULYDW DO DFWLYLW LORU GH
publicitate, în PDULOH RUDúH DX DS UXW SDQRXULOH GH UHFODP  GHVWLQDWH
LQIRUP ULLDVXSUDFHORUPDLQRLSURGXVH(OHSUH]LQW RVXP GHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
FRPXQHFXDILúHOHGDUILLQGPDLPXOWGHFkWDFHVWHD3XEOLFLWDWHDWLSUHFODP 
UHSUH]LQW  XQ PHVDM vQ FDUH LQIRUPD LD HVWH FRQFHQWUDW  vQ WH[W úL LPDJLQH
XQHRULúLGLQVXQHWDWkWFXVFRSLQIRUPDWLYFkWúLGDF QXPDLGHJUDE FX
VFRSSHUVXDVLY0HVDMHOHUHFODPHLSXEOLFLWDUHVXQWFRQFHSXWHGXS UHJXOLOH
DGYHUWLVLQJXOXL úL PDQDJHPHQWXOXL GH SLD  'HVSUH DFHVWH DVSHFWH PDL SH
ODUJODFDSLWROXOGHVSUHUROXOSHFDUHOGH LQHSXEOLFLWDWHDvQPDVVPHGLDDOWIHO
XQGRPHQLXDXWRQRP
&HHD FH LQWHUHVHD]  vQ FD]XO GH ID  HVWH DWULEXLUHD GH FDOLW L PHGLD
DFHVWRUSDQRXULSXEOLFLWDUHFDúLVWDELOLUHDGHWDOLLORUFHOHFRQILJXUHD] 'XS 
FH LQL LDO DX IRVW SODVDWH vQ ORFXULOH FHOH PDL FLUFXODWH úL DJORPHUDWH OD
LQWUDUHDvQPHWURSROHvQ]RQHOHFHOHPDLIUHFYHQWDWHDOHRUDúHORUGHRELFHLvQ
FHQWUHOH LVWRULFH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH RUL WXULVWLFH SH FO GLUL VDX SH ÄFDOFDQXO´
XQRUDGLQWUHHGLILFLLSHVXSUDIH HOHOLEHUHDOHID DGHORUXQRUFO GLULvQLQFLQWD
VWDGLRDQHORU úL V OLORU GH VSRUW DJUHVLYHOH SULQ GLPHQVLXQL úL DQYHUJXU 
panouri publicitare înlocuiesc, în unele cazuri, suportul de hârtie cu cel din
DOWHPDWHULDOHPDLUH]LVWHQWHVDXFKLDUHOHFWURQLF
F& U LOHSRúWDOHLOXVWUDWHXWLOL]DWHGHXQVHFROúLMXP WDWHvQFDGUXO
VHUYLFLLORUGHSRúW úLGHVWLQDWHFRPXQLF ULLLQWHUSHUVRQDOHGHVFKLVHvQVHQVXO
F  OD F U LOH SRúWDOH DYHDX DFFHV úL DOWH SHUVRDQH GHFkW HPL WRUXO úL
GHVWLQDWDUXODXvQPRGORJLFXQVXELHFWOHMHUVWULFWLQIRUPDWLY([LVWHQ DFHORU
PDLPXOWHF U LSRúWDOHHVWHOHJDW GHVSD LXOIDPLOLDO,QWLPLWDWHDúLORLVLUXO
UHOD[DUHDRGLKQDF O WRULDGHSO FHUHLQWU vQUHOD LHGLUHFW FXIRQRJUDIXOúL
 
IRWRJUDILDFRQVLGHUDWHVXSRUWXULGHDGXFHUHDPLQWH3DWULFH)OLFK\2LVWRULHD
FRPXQLF ULL PRGHUQH (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL  IL[HD]  PRPHQWXO
DSDUL LHLDFHVWRUDvQVXEFDSLWROXO6XSRUWXULSHQWUXDGXFHUHDPLQWHFROHF LD
úL IRWRJUDILD: „ Mai târziu, prin anii 1890, acHDVW  SUDFWLF  D FROHF LLORU VH
H[WLQGHúLODF U LOHSRúWDOHúLODPHGDOLL6SD LXOSULYDWVHFRQVWLWXLHDVWIHOSULQ
DFXPXODUHD GH VXYHQLUXUL  (VWH úL HSRFD IRWRJUDILHL GH DPDWRU FDUH
IL[HD]  LQVWDQWDQHH DWkW GLQ OXPHD H[WHULRDU  FkW úL GLQ YLD D IDPLOLDO ´
SSDVVLP,GHHDDFXQRVFXWRHYROX LHFRQVWDQW F U LOHSRúWDOHVOXMLQG
ORLVLUXOXLSULQQRLHOHPHQWH(GLWRULLúLH[SHGLWRULLGHF U LSRúWDOHDXvQFHSXW
V  IRORVHDVF  R SDUWH D VSD LXOXL FDUH SULVRVHD PHVDMHOH HUDX VFXUWH SXU
LQIRUPDWLYHvQFHOHPDLQHDúWHSWDWHPRGXULúLPRGH7LPSGHPDLPXOWH
decenii, la începutul secolului al XXOHD D H[LVWDW PRGD FD HPLWHQWXO V úL
WULPLW SURSULDIRWRJUDILHFDID DF U LLSRúWDOH$OWHRULDFHVWHIRWRJUDILLF U L
SRúWDOHFRQ LQHDXLQVWDQWDQHHDOHORFXOXLXQGHDXWRUXOWH[WXOXLVHDIOD8OWHULRU
HOHDXIRVWGLQFHvQFHPDLVRFLDOL]DWH([LVW vQPRGDvQFHSXWXOXLGHVHFRO
DPLQWLWF U LSRúWDOHWHPDWLFHFXSULQ]kQGLQIRUPD LLGHVSUHVRLXULOHDFHOHLDúL
SODQWH GHVSUH UDVHOH Ge animale (câini, pisici) sau scene de familie. Altele
FRQ LQHDX PHVDMH FX FDUDFWHU FXOWXUDO RPDJLDOFRPHPRUDWLY WXULVWLF SH
SUREOHPHGHV Q WDWH&DUDFWHUXOFXOWXUDOLQIRUPDWLYGLULMDWDODFHVWRUDLDvQ
XOWLPXO WLPS WXUQXUD WRW PDL SXWHUQLF  D ORLVLUXOXL (ILFLHQ D ORU vQ PDVV
PHGLD HVWH FRPSDUDWLY FX LQVWLWX LLOH FRQVDFUDWH IRDUWH PLF  FDUDFWHUXO
LQWHUSHUVRQDODOFRPXQLF ULLILLQGPDLLPSRUWDQW/Ham prezentat în pofida
IDSWXOXLF LQFOXGHUHDORUvQVLVWHPXOPDVVPHGLDDUULGLFDVHULRDVHVHPQHGH
vQWUHEDUH ÌQ DFHHDúL RUGLQH GH LGHL XQ URO WRW DWkW GH GHWHUPLQDQW DX DYXW
WLPEUHOH'HODvQVHPQHOHKHUDOGLFHDOHLQVWLWX LHLSRúWHLGLQ DUDUHVSHFWLY úL
SkQ  OD HGXFD LD SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO LPDJLQLORU FDUH D GHFODQúDW SDVLXQHD
FROHF LRQDULL ORU vQWUH DOWHOH úL GLQ UD LXQHD FDUDFWHUXOXL HIHPHU ÄIUDJLO´ úL
OLOLSXWDQDODFHVWRUDWLPEUHOHFRQ LQXQDSRUWGHLQIRUPD LHFLUFXO HGXF 
LQVWUXLHVF FUHHD]  VHQWLPHQWXO SO FHULL SRVHGkQG vQ SOXV SULQ PDQLHUD GH
ÄDúH]DUH´SHSOLFXQOLPEDM0LFúRUDUHDGLVWDQ HORUJUD LHWHOHIRQXOXLDGXV
SUDFWLF OD VF GHUHD LQWHUHVXOXL SHQWUX DFHVWH IRUPH GH PDQLIHVWDUH D
produselor aflate întrRDELDvQWUH] ULW OHJ WXU FXPDVPHGLD
G 8QGHUJURXQG FRPXQLFD LRQDO *UDIILWL DQXQ XUL SULYDWH
DGPLQLVWDWLYHREVFHQHELOHWHDQXQ 
6XEGHQXPLUHDÄXQGHUJURXQGFRPXQLFD LRQDO´DXIRVWLQFOXVHRVHULH
GHPDQLIHVW ULDIODWHvQOHJ WXU FXPHGLDúLUDSRUWXULOHDFHVWHLDFXVRFLHWDWHD
6DUSXWHDVSXQHGHDVHPHQHDF PDQLIHVW ULOHODFDUHVHYDIDFHUHIHULQ 
 
IXQF LRQHD]  GXS  PRGHOXO JHQRWLSIHQRWLS vQ VHQVXO UHYHQLULL XQRU DELOW L
PDL YHFKL SH FDUH OD XQ PRPHQW VSH D XPDQ  S UHD D OH IL XLWDW VDX
DEDQGRQDW'DUFXPOLQJYLúWLLH[SOLF UHYHQLUHDFkWHRGDW GXS VXWHGHDQLOD
XQHOHSURQXQ LLIRQHWLFHvQYRUELUHVHSRDWHDFFHSWDvQDFHHDúLPDQLHU F 
GHSULQGHUL SUHFXP FHOH FH YRU IL SUH]HQWDWH VXQW úL HOH XQ UH]XOWDW DO
IHQRWLSXOXL ÌQ WRDWH VRFLHW LOH LQGLIHUHQW GH IRUPD GH RUJDQL]DUH SROLWLF 
H[LVW RSR]DQ L3HULFROHOHODFDUHUHVSHFWLYLLVDUILH[SXVH[SOLF RS LXQHD
SHQWUXDOWHWLSXULGHPHVDMHILHFXXQFDUDFWHUVXELDFHQWILHVXEDFRSHULUHD
anonimatului. De aceea, cu mult înainte de a se putea vorbi de massPHGLD
mesajele au circulat uneori sub vestmântul genurilor literare, iar atunci când
DXWRULLvúLI FHDXFXQRVFXW LGHQWLWDWHDSUHIHUDWHHUDXVSUHH[HPSOXIDEXOHOH
6XESURWHF LDDQRQLPDWXOXLÄDXFLUFXODW´vQWRDWHHSRFLOHSDPIOHWHGHVHQH
PDQLIHVWHDOF URUPHVDMLQIRUPDWLYúLFRQWHVWDWDUQXSRDWHILSXVODvQGRLDO 
ÌQVRFLHW LOHFRQGXVHGHGLFWDWXULRSDUWHDVFULLWRULORUDXWLOL]DWPHWDIRUDúL
SDUDERODVDXDFXOWLYDWFXREVWLQD LHVWLOXODOX]LYvQDOHF UXLYDOHQ HDUWLVWLFH
SUHYDOD PHVDMXO VXEWH[WXDO &LWLWRULL DYL]D L F XWDX FX R DGHY UDW  IHUYRDUH
DFHVWHWLSXULGHPHVDMHLPSRVLELOV DSDU vQPDVVPHGLDSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
SUHVHL$FHúWLFLWLWRULOHFRQIHULVHU XQRUDGLQWUHDUWLúWLLFXYkQWXOXLVWDWXWXOGH
OLGHULGHRSLQLHSUHVWLJLXGHFDUHVHEXFXUDX0DULQ3UHGD$XJXVWLQ%X]XUD
0DULQ 6RUHVFX ) QXú 1HDJX $QD %ODQGLDQD FD V L DPLQWLP SH FHL PDL
LPSRUWDQ L)DSWXOHVWHFXDWkWPDLUHPDUFDELOFXFkWQHPXO XPLUHDID GH
UHJLPXO WRWDOLWDU FRPXQLVW HUD JHQHUDOL]DQW  0DMRULWDWHD FRYkUúLWRDUH D
SRSXOD LHL FXQRúWHD WDUHOH UHJLPXOXL vQILHUDW vQ DFHVWH WH[WH FDUH WUDWDX
„secretul lui PolichinHOOH´SHF LDOX]LYH(GHODVLQHvQ HOHVF IHQRPHQXOQX
Va constituit întrXQSURGXVVXSOLPHQWDUPDVVPHGLDGLQVLVWHPXOF U LLFLD
SURGXVDWUDF LDSRSXOD LHLF WUHDFHVWWLSGHOHFWXU QXPLW ÄSULQWUHUkQGXUL´
(DVXEOLPDSDPIOHWXOúLIDEXODvQDOX]LHUDILQDW HVWHWLF
ÌQ IRVWD 8566 R IRUP  D ÄOHFWXULL GH PDV ´ D FRQVWLWXLWR
VDPL]GDWXO SULQ FDUH VH UHI FHD PXQFD PLJ ORDV  D FRSLúWLORU GLQDLQWHD
LQYHQW ULLWLSDUXOXLGDUvQXQHOHFD]XULDMXWDW úLGHPLMORDFHOHGHFRSLHUH
JKHVWHQWHUúDSLORJUDI[HUR[DúDGDUFXPXOWPDLUDSLGH&XPVDDU WDWPDL
vQDLQWHvQ DUDQRDVWU Va format chiar un cult pentru lectura printre rânduri,
VFULLWRULL FHL PDL vQ YRJ  ILLQG FRQVLGHUD L XQ IHO GH GL]LGHQ L PDVFD L DL
UHJLPXOXL ÌQ VRFLHW LOH GH WLS FDSLWDOLVW vQV  QHH[LVWkQG FHQ]XU  úL SULQ
XUPDUHREVWDFROHPDMRUHvQFDOHDSXEOLF ULLXQXLWH[WúLDU VSkQGLULLDFHVWXLD
SULQ YUHXQD GLQ PHGLLOH GH GLIX]LXQH DVWIHO GH IHQRPHQH PDUJLQDOH FHL

 
GUHSW QX VXQW SUH]HQWH IXQF LRQHD]  GLQ SOLQ FHQ]XUD HFRQRPLF  GDU
DFHDVWDLRSUREOHP DVRFLHW LL
*UDIILWL DSDU în peisajul autohton R GDW  FX HYHQLPHQWHOH FDUH DX
schimbat regimul totalitar cu unul democratic În zonele marilor centre urbane
GLQ 5RPkQLD %XFXUHúWL &RQVWDQ D ,DúL &OXM 7LPLúRDUD %UDúRY VH
U VSkQGHúWHWRWPDLLQWHQVXQIHQRPHQFDUHvQWHUPLQRORJLDPDVVPHGLDHVWH
GHILQLWFDRVXEFXOWXU JUDIILWWL$PSORDUHDDFHVWHLDGHY UDWHPRGHDUHúLOD
QRL FRQVHFLQ H GH DFXP SUHYL]LELOH 6XSRUWXO vO FRQVWLWXLH ]LGXULOH XQRU
LQVWLWX LLKROXULOHúLVWD LLOHGHPHWURXPHWURXOvQVXúL5HIHULQ HOHVHUH]XP 
ODFHHDFHWUHEXLHLQWHUSUHWDWFDWH[WVFULVúLQXODDQVDPEOXFDUHSDUHDDYHD
OHJ WXU  FX XQ QRX WLS GH DUW  7H[WHOH VH UHIHU  OD VORJDQXULOH WLQHUHORU
JHQHUD LLGHRFDPGDW I U LHúLUHODDXGLHQ úLVXQWXQDPHVWHFGHSXEOLFLWDWH
úL FRPXQLFDUH GLUHF LRQDW  8QHOH GHOLPLWHD]  WHULWRULXO EDQGHORU GH FDUWLHU
DúDQXPL LLÄE LH LGHE LH L´]RQHOHLQIOXHQ HORUVSRUWLYHÄFkLQLLURúLL´úL
ÄDUPDWD XOWUD´ SHQWUX 'LQDPR Ä5DSLG WL DPR´ úL 6WHDXD „armata contra”)
PHVDMHOH ORU S WUXQ]kQG vQ VWLOXO K\SKXS DO PX]LFLL QRL úDPG $OWHOH VH
FDQWRQHD] vQ]RQDSROLWLFXOXLIRVWHOHúLDFWXDOHOHSXWHULÄEXFXUkQGXse” de
QXPHURDVHHWLFKHW UL
$QXQ XULOHELOHWvPSkQ]HVFRUDúHOHGHúLDSHOHD] ODRIRUPDLOHJDO 
GHPDQLIHVWDUH$FHVWHPLFLLQIRUPD LLGHGLPHQVLXQHDXQRUHWLFKHWHDSDUvQ
SUHDMPDWHOHIRDQHORUSXEOLFHSHVWkOSLGHvQDOW WHQVLXQHvQLQFLQWHSUHFXP
KROXULOHIDFXOW LORUúLF PLQHOHVWXGHQ HúWLLQWU ULOHvQFO GLULúLLQVWLWX LLSH
DXWRPRELOH 8QHOH DQXQ  GLQ SDUWHD XQRU UHJLL DXWRQRPH vQWUHSULQGHUL úL
LQVWLWX LL DOH VWDWXOXL vQWUHUXSHUL WHPSRUDUH GH DS  JD]H OXPLQ  RUL
HIHFWXDUHD GH SO L $OWHOH RIHU  LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH vQFKLULHUL úL FXPS U UL
PHGLWD LLFRSLHULúLUHGDFW ULGHOXFU ULGHGLSORP YkQ] ULGHFDVHPDúLQL
HWF(OHIRUPHD] RDOWHUQDWLY ODPLFDSXEOLFLWDWHGLQSUHVDFRWLGLDQ úLQX
VDUSXWHDVSXQHF GXFOLSV GHDXGLHQ GLQSDUWHDSXEOLFXOXLWUHF WRU/H
FRQVLGHU PRIRUP GHÄDWDYLVPFRPXQLFD LRQDO´
1XPHURDVH PHVDMH úL DQXQ XUL FHOH PDL PXOWH REVFHQH UHODWLY
DVHP Q WRDUHFXFHOHGHWLSJDUIILWWLVHDIO vQWUXQÄFLUFXLW´LQIRUPD LRQDO
ILLQG SODVDWH vQ ORFXUL FX IUHFYHQ  ULGLFDW  &DUDFWHUXO ORU SRUQRJUDILF QH
vQGHDPQ  V  QH UH]HUY P D OH VFULH $FHVWHD DSDU GH UHJXO  vQ WRDOHWHOH
UHVWDXUDQWHORU J ULORU vQ SDVDMHOH VXEWHUDQH úL H[SULP  UHIXO UL VH[XDOH
vQFOLQDUHDVSUHSHUYHUVLXQLGDUPDLDOHVLQIRUPD LLÄXWLOH´SHQWUXSHJUDFDUHOH
IUHFYHQWHD] VDXVLPSOHUHIOHF LLSULOHMXLWHILHGHORFXOXQGHVXQWFRQFHSXWHúL
VFULVHILHGHVWDUHDHXIRUL]DQW DDXWRUXOXL
 
 
1RWH
 'HRDUHFH LQIRUPD LL DVXSUD DFHVWRU ÄSUHFXUVRUL´ DL KkUWLHL QX VH UHJ VHVF
unitar, întrRVLQJXU VXUV vQSOXVDFFHVLELO OHYRPSUH]HQWDODRODOW 
7DEOL HOH GH OXW DX IRORVLW OD VFULHUHD SLFWRJUDILF   v &K GHYHQLW 
FXQHLIRUP   v &K D VXPHULHQLORU FDUH DX WU LW vQ VXGXO 0HVRSRWDPLHL úL vQ
&DOGHHD,UDNXOGHDVW ]L'HRDUHFHOXWXOHUDXúRUGHSURFXUDWvQUHJLXQHHODIRVW
vQWUHEXLQ DW FD VXSUDID  GH VFULV 3ULQ DUGHUH W EOL H FHUDPLFH úLDX VSRULW
FRQVLGHUDELOUH]LVWHQ DODIDFWRULLELRGHJUDGDELOL3DSLUXVXOXQPDWHULDODVHP Q WRU
KkUWLHLGHDVW ]LGDUFXDVSHFWSULPLWLYRE LQXWGLQSUHOXFUDUHDXQHLSODQWHFDUHFUHúWHD
GLQEHOúXJvQGHOWD1LOXOXLVHRE LQHDGLQWXOSLQLGHSODQWHUHFROWDWHúLGHVFRMLWHW LDWH
vQIkúLLVXE LUL3HVWHXQSULPVWUDWGHDVWIHOGHSDLHGLVSXVHYHUWLFDOVHDúH]DXQDO
GRLOHDRULHQWDWSHUSHQGLFXODUGXS FDUHÄWH[WXUD´VHE WHDFXPDLXOSHQWUXDGHYHQL
QHWHG ILLQGDSRLOXVWUXLW FXRSLDWU VDXXQRV&HOPDLYHFKLGRFXPHQWÄDúH]DW´SH
DFHVWWLSGDWHD] GHPLOHQLL'HúLSDSLUXVXOHUDXQPDWHULDOXúRUGHSURGXVFXR
VXSUDID  SURSLFH VFULVXOXL vQ FRQGL LL GH XPLGLWDWH DFHVWD VH GH]LQWHJUHD]  vQ PDL
SX LQGHGHDQL&uvântul englezesc SDSHUÄKkUWLH´GHULY GLQJUHFHVFXOSUHOXDW
úLGHODWLQLSDSLUXV3HUJDPHQWXOFDVXSRUWSHQWUXVFULVDIRVWRE LQXWSULQSUHOXFUDUHD
VWUDWXOXLLQIHULRUDOSLHLLXQRUDQLPDOH–RDLHPLHOFDSU YL HOÌOIRORVHDXSHUúLLHYUHLL
úLDOWHSRSXOD LLGLQ]RQD3HUJDPXOXL2ULHQWXO0LMORFLXXQGHSODQWDQXH[LVWD
$OWHIRUPHFDUHQXDXGXVODDFHODúLUH]XOWDWFDUWHDFRQWHPSRUDQ GDUDX
UHSUH]HQWDWVROX LLGHPRPHQWSHQWUXFRQVHUYDUHDVFULVXOXLSHXQVXSRUWUH]LVWHQWDX
DS UXWvQ]RQHGLIHULWHDOHJOREXOXL)UXQ]HOHGHFRSDFLDXIRVWXWLOL]DWHvQ,QGLDúL6(
$VLHL SHQWUX vQUHJLVWUDUHD VFULHULORU EXGLVWH D OHJLORU LQIRUPD LLORU ELRJUDILFH úL
OLWHUDWXULL VDQVFULWH 6FRDU D FRSDFLORU GLQ UHJLXQHD KLPDOD\DQ  GH SH FRQWLQHQWXO
DPHULFDQúi insulele din Pacific au devenit suport pentru scriere. Procedeul consta în
ÄvQPXLHUHD´DQXPLWRUSRU LXQLGHVFRDU ILEURDV FXDMXWRUXOPDLXOXLFX]LP LGXS 
FDUHVHF LXQLOHDVWIHORE LQXWHHUDXXQLWHFXDGH]LYLYHJHWDOLúLU úLQLUH]XOWkQGIRLGH
GLYHUVHP ULPL7ULEXO%DWDNGLQ,QGRQH]LDvQUHJLVWUDLQIRUPD LLGHVSUHJHQHDORJLH
UHOLJLH úL PDJLH SH IkúLL OXQJL GH VFRDU  FFD  PHWUL vPS WXULWH VXE IRUP  GH
DFRUGHRQúLDúH]DWHSHGRX FRSHUWHGHOHPQÎmpletiturile IRDUWHILQHGLQSDLHGHRUH]
VHUYHDXvQ&KLQD&RUHHDúL-DSRQLDODSLFWXU úLVFULV$GXVHGHPDULQDULvQVHFROXODO
;,; lea în Europa, acestea au fost denumite „hârtie d orez” deoarece imitau perfect
hârtia.
HârtiaDIRVWIDEULFDW PDLvQWkLvQ&KLQDvQSULPXOVHFROG&K$IRVWI FXW 
GLQWUR VXVSHQVLH GH GHúHXUL GH FkQHS  vQPXLDW  vQ DS  úL E WXW  FX PDLXO SkQ  OD
RE LQHUHDXQHLSDVWH$FHVWPDWHULDOVHPLVROLGHUDGLVWULEXLWSHRPDWUL XQSDWUXODWHU
GHEDPEXVDúH]DWSHRVLW GHDVXSUDXQXLYDVSHQWUXDVHVFXUJHFDQWLWDWHDGHDS 
U PDV vQSDVW úLDSRL LQXW XQWLPSVSUHDVHXVFD2vPEXQ W LUHFKLQH]HDVF D

 
procesului de fabricare a hârtiei a constat în folosirea amidonului ca material de
vQFOHLHUH úL D XQHL YRSVHOH SHQWUX HVWRPSDUHD GHIHFWHORU úL RE LQHUHD RPRJHQL] ULL
KkUWLHLGHPDQXVFULV8QF OXJ UFRUHDQDDGXVFXVLQHSURFHGHXOGHRE LQHUHDKkUWLHL
OD FXUWHD vPS UDWXOXL -DSRQLHL vQ VHFROXO DO 9,  OHD 3URFHGHXO FKLQH]HVF GH
„fabricare” a hârtiei sD vPSU úWLDW GH DVHPHQHD vQ $VLD &HQWUDO  úL 3HUVLD SULPD
DWHVWDUH D IRORVLULL KkUWLHL vQ 6DPDUNDQG GDWkQG GH OD E W OLD GLQ 7XUNLVWDQ XQGH
PHúWHULL FKLQH]L I FX L SUL]RQLHUL DX IRVW IRU D L V  SURGXF  KkUWLH SHQWUX FHL FH vL
FDSWXUDVHU ÌQDQXOOXDILLQ vQ%DJGDGSULPXODWHOLHUGHSURGXF LHGHKkUWLHSULQ
PHWRGHOHSUHOXDWHGHODFKLQH]L+kUWLDDS WUXQVvQ(XURSDSULQ6SDQLDDSRLvQ
FHOHODWH UL HXURSHQH GXS  FXP XUPHD]  ,WDOLD  )UDQ D  *HUPDQLD
$QJOLD
Primele teascuri sau mori de hârtie, cum li se spunea, construite SHWHULWRULXOGH
D]L DO ULL QRDVWUH VXQW FHOH GH OD %UDúRY  &OXM  6LELX 
& OLP QHúWL3HQWUXSURGXFHUHDKkUWLHLHUDXSUHOXFUDWHFkUSHGHLQúLGHFkQHS 
PDFHUDWHIU PkQWDWHvQWURFRYDW SkQ ODWUDQVIRUPDUHDDFHVWRUDvQWURSDVW FDUHHUD
DSRLWXUQDW SHVWHXQGUHSWXQJKLSUHY ]XWFXRVLW SHQWUXVFXUJHUHúLO VDW ODVRDUH
spre a se usca. De la începutul secolului al XVIII OHDKkUWLDDvQFHSXWV ILHSURGXV 
SULQSUHOXFUDUHDOHPQXOXLúLDFHOXOR]HLGLQSDLHLQWUkQGvQHSRFDIDEULF ULLúLXWLOL] ULL
HLLQGXVWULDOHLQYHQWDWRUXOSURFHGHXOXLHVWHJHUPDQXO*RWWORE.HOOHU
&DUWHDHVWHXQYROXPGHPDLPXOWHIRLOHJDWHvPSUHXQ FRQ LQkQGWH[WH
LOXVWUD LLVDXSDUWLWXULPX]LFDOH(DDUHRLVWRULHYHFKHGHPLLGHDQLGHúLSULQIRUP úL
vQWUXFkWYD úL SULQ FRQ LQXW VH SUH]LQW  SUHFXP R úWLP QRL GH QXPDL R MXP WDWH GH
PLOHQLX 'LQWUH FRPSRQHQWHOH VLVWHPXOXL PDVVPHGLD FDUWHD HVWH SULPD GLQ VHULD
DSDUL LLORUúLSULQDFHDVWDPDLVWUkQVOHJDW GHÄU G FLQLOH´LVWRULFHDOHIHQRPHQXOXL
3DSLUXVXO HVWH SULPXO PDWHULDO úL VXSRUW FDUH D FRQGL LRQDW IRUPDWXO ÄF U LL´ vQ
DQWLFKLWDWHHJLSWHQLLúLGXS HLJUHFLLúLURPDQLLFRQVHUYDXWH[WHOHVXEIRUP GHVXOXUL
GHSDSLUXV)RDLDGHSDSLUXVOXQJ úLUHODWLYvQJXVW HUDU VXFLW vQMXUXOXQXLE 
)kúLDFRQ LQkQGFRORDQHDSURSLDWHVFULVHFXXQEH LúRUDVFX LWSHRVLQJXU SDUWHHUD
GHVI úXUDW SHP VXUDFLWLULLHL9DULDELOHFDvQWLQGHUHFHOPDLOXQJSDSLUXVFXQRVFXW
VHDIO OD%ULWLVK0XVHXPúLDUHPOXQJLPHvQFHSkQGFXHSRFDHOHQLVWLF VHF
,9G&KÄF U LOH´HUDXvPS U LWHvQWUXQQXP UYDULDELOGHVXOXULILHFDUHGHFkWH
P OXQJLPH úL GHSR]LWDWH vPSUHXQ  vQ DFHODúL VXSRUW  6HFROXO DO ,9  OHD D PDUFDW
SXQFWXOFXOPLQDQWDOSURFHVXOXLJUDGXDOvQFDUHLQWUDVHU WH[WHOHDSWHGHDGHYHQLF U L
&RGH[XO IRORVLW LQL LDO GH JUHFL úL URPDQL úL FRQVWkQG vQ FkWHYD W EOL H GH OHPQ
DFRSHULWHFXFHDU XúRUGHLQVFULS LRQDWDVHUYLWFDPRGHOúLSHQWUXIRUPDWXOEXF LORU
GHSDSLUXVRULGHSHUJDPHQW&RORDQHOHGHWH[WHUDXPDLODUJLGHFkWFHOHGHSHVXOXULúL
SUH]HQWDXPDUHOHDYDQWDMF IDFLOLWDXRULHQWDUHDFLWLWRUXOXLSHWH[WORFXOXQGHS U VLVH
OHFWXUD'HDOWIHOFXYkQWXOFRGH[HVWHSDUWHDWLWOXOXLPXOWRUF U LVFULVHGHPkQ vQ
VSHFLDOPDQXVFULVHWUDGXVHDOH%LEOLHL$VWIHOVDDMXQVFDXQSDVORJLFXUP WRUOD
FRQVWLWXLUHDDFHORUVFULSWRULDFDPHUHDPHQDMDWHVSHFLDOSHQWUXVFULVGLQP Q VWLULvQ

 
FDUHVHFRSLDXWH[WHOLWXUJLFHGDUúLWH[WHWUDQVPLVHSULQFRSLLGHODJkQGLWRULLDQWLFL
7LSRJUDILL LWDOLHQL GLQ WLPSXO 5HQDúWHULL DX VWDELOLW WUDGL LL FH SHUVLVW  SkQ  vQ ]LOHOH
QRDVWUHIRORVLUHDXQRUFRSHUWHXúRDUHGLQKkUWLHGHRELFHLOHJDWHFXSLHOHWLSDUHGH
DUDQMDUH vQ SDJLQ  OD\RXW IRORVLUHD XQRU ÄFDUDFWHUH´ GH OLWHU  URPDQ úL LWDOLF
IRUPDWXOF U LLFDYROXPFXVWULFWHVSHFLILFD LLDVXSUDDVSHFWXOXLSDJLQLORUILHFDUHSDUWH
D IRLL HUD FRQVLGHUDW  R SDJLQ  FRQYHQ LD DVXSUD SDJLQLL GH WLWOX úL D SUHIH HL
LQWURGXFHULL 'HD OXQJXO WLPSXOXL DX IRVW DG XJDWH OLVWHOH GH FRQ LQXW FXSULQVXO
QRWHOHH[SOLFDWLYHELEOLRJUDILD
 3ULQ WLSDU VH vQ HOHJH WRWDOLWDWHD SURFHGHHORU GH H[HFXWDUH D IRUPHORU GH
LPSULPDUHGXS WH[WHúLLOXVWUD LLúLGHRE LQHUHDXQRUFRSLLSULQSUHVDUHSHKkUWLHVDX
SHDOWVXSRUWDIRUPHORUDFRSHULWHSDU LDOFXFHUQHDO 
5. Despre începuturiOHúLHYROX LDWLSDUXOXLGLQ DUDQRDVWU SkQ ODYH]L
FHOHSDWUXYROXPHGLQ%LEOLRJUDILDURPkQHDVF YHFKH%XFXUHúWL
FRUSXVvQWRFPLWGH,RDQ%LDQX1HUYD+RGRúúL'DQ6LPRQHVFXúLFDUHFRQ LQH
WRWDOLWDWHDPDQXVFULVHORUúLWLS ULWXULORUvQWUHUHSHUHOHDPLQWLWHGHDVHPHQHD0LUFHD
7RPHVFX,VWRULDF U LLURPkQHúWLGHODvQFHSXWXULSkQ OD%XFXUHúWL
9ROXPXOGH3RH]LLGLQDOOXL,RQ%DUEXFXFDUHVHGHVFKLGHRQRX 
RULHQWDUHvQOLULFDURPkQHDVF PRGHUQ DDYXWFXPXOkQGHGL LLOHVXFFHVLYHGLQSULPLL
DQLGHH[HPSODUH
3HQWUXLQIRUPD LLVXSOLPHQWDUHYH]L9LUJLO2OWHDQX'LQLVWRULDúLDUWDF U LL
(GLWXUD(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWL
<HORZ MRXUQDOLVP (engl. amer. ad litteram „jurnalism galben”. 6LQRQLPH
SDU LDOHSUHV SRSXODU vQIUMRXUQDO, în engl. SHQQ\SUHVVÄ]LDUGHXQE QX ´SUHV 
GH VFDQGDO $SDUH vQ 68$ VSUH VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL DO ;,;  OHD GDWRULW  FHOHEULORU
-RVHSK 3XOOLW]HU úL 5DQGROSK +HDUVW $FHVW WLS GH MXUQDOLVP FRLQFLGH FX R VHULH GH
SURJUHVHWHKQLFHFDUHDXFRQGXVODWLS ULUHDvQFXORUL=LDUHOHÄJDOEHQH¶QXPLWHDVWIHO
GXS  FXORDUHD KkUWLHL GH WLSDU FRQ LQHDX SH SULPD SDJLQ  UkQGXULFXYLQWH VHPQDO
WLS ULWHFXURúX&XYLQWHOHERPEDVWLFHHUDXWLS ULWHFXLWDOLFHFXUVLYHLDULOXVWUD LD
RFXSDXQORFDPSOX<HORZMRXUQDOLVPVHDGUHVDvQSULPXOUkQGHPR LLORUSXEOLFXOXL
XQJKLXO GH DERUGDUH ILLQG GDW GH VHQ]D LRQDOLVP 6H[XO MDIXO úL FULPD SDVLRQDO 
DERUGDUHD úWLLQ HORU úL D LVWRULHLGLQSHUVSHFWLY YXOJDUL]DWRDUHELRJUDILDURPDQ DW 
DVWURORJLD úL IHQRPHQHOH SDUDQRUPDOH HUDX FHO PDL GHV vQWkOQLWH vQ SDJLQLOHDFHVWRU
]LDUH ÌQWUXFkW HYHQLPHQWHOH VHQ]D LRQDOH QX VXQW FRWLGLHQH GH PXOWHRULUHGDFWRULL
SXEOLFD LLORU UHVSHFWLYH LQYHQWDX LQIRUPD L GHVSUH HYHQLPHQWH LQH[LVWHQWH DSXG
Cristain Florin Popescu, Radu Bâlbâie, 0LF GLF LRQDU GH MXUQDOLVP )XQGD LD
5RPSUHV%XFXUHúWL
8OWHULRUvQFHSkQGFXVHGHVI úRDU FRQJUHVHDOHSUHVHLOD&OXM
DOGRLOHDFRQJUHVúLDOSDWUXOHDLDILLQ vQ$VRFLD LD3XEOLFLúWLORUGLQ
România $35 ÌQ VIkUúLW SULPXO &RQJUHV DO XQLXQLL DVRFLD LLORU QD LRQDOH DOH
]LDULúWLORUVHGHVI úRDU OD9HQH LDVXEVORJDQXO=LDULVWLFDHVWHRPLVLXQH

 
 (YROX LDSUHVHLHYLGHQ LD] vQFHSULYHúWHSXEOLFXOFLWLWRUWUHLetape aflate în
VWUkQV GHWHUPLQDUHFXHYROX LDVRFLHW LLGLQXOWLPHOHGRX VHFROH'DF VHYDOXDFD
SULPUHSHUDOvQFHSXWXULORUSUHVHLGHPDV FRWLGLDQXO1HZ<RUN6XQVHREVHUY 
F vQDLQWHGHDSDUL LD]LDUXOXLDPLQWLWvQFHUF ULOHGHDWLS ULLQIRUPD LLDSURSLDWHvQ
OLQLLJHQHUDOHGHFHHDFHVHvQ HOHJHDVW ]LSULQSUHV HUDXDGUHVDWHXQXLSXEOLFFXXQ
GLVFHUQ PkQWVXSHULRUFHOXLDOPDVHORUúLDYHDXXQFRQ LQXWúLXQFDUDFWHUHOLWLVW'XS 
úLSkQ DVW ]LSUHVDFRWLGLDQ DOXDWRWXUQXU RSXV GHWLSSRSXODUFXVXELHFWH
ODvQGHPkQDPDVHORUODUJLGHFLWLWRULvQSDJLQLOHF UHLDVXEDSDUHQ DFRQFHVLLORUGH
HGXFD LHFXOWXU PHQWDOLWDWHHWLF PRUDOLWDWHúDPGI FXWHFRQVXPDWRULORU]LDULúWLL
DGXFvQSULPSODQúLXQXLQXP UGHFLWLWRULvQFUHúWHUHFRQVWDQW HYHQLPHQWHOHYLH LLGH
]L FX ]L &D R FDUDFWHULVWLF  D WUHSWHL GH GH]YROWDUH úL D FRPSOH[LW LL VRFLHW LL
FRQWHPSRUDQHDSDUHRFDWHJRULHGH]LDUHVSHFLDOL]DW SHGRPHQLLGHLQWHUHVFXPDUIL
VSRUWXOILQDQ HOHYLD DYLSXULORUúLDYkQGWLUDMHLPSUHVLRQDQWGHPDUL
 0LKDLO 0RUD =LDUH úL ]LDULúWL %XFXUHúWL  * &DOLJD $OPDQDKXO
GLF LRQDUDOSUHVHLURPkQHúWLGHSUHWXWLQGHQL%XFXUHúWL'LPLWULH7K3DVFX
*D]HW ULH%XFXUHúWL0LUFHD3LHQHVFX3UHVDúLJD]HWDUXO(PLO6DPRLO 
=LDULVWLFD ,VWRULF 'HILQL LL 3UHVD PRGHUQ  $UWLFROXO GH ]LDU 5HJXOLOH UHGDFW ULL
$QWRORJLH 1R LXQL HOHPHQWDUH GH JD]HW ULH %XFXUHúWL  1LFRODH ùW 3RSHVFX
0RQRJUDILD DGPLQLVWUDWLY  D XQXL ]LDU %XFXUHúWL  , *RURYLQD )XQF LXQHD
HFRQRPLF D]LDUXOXL]LDUHúL]LDULúWL6LELX
 'RFXPHQW GH LQIRUPDUH IRUPDW GH RELFHL GLQWUXQ HOHPHQW LFRQRJUDILF
vQVR LWGHXQWH[WVFXUW0HVDMXOFRQ LQXWSRDWHILVRFLDOFXOWXUDOPHGLFDOSROLWLFILLQG
DGUHVDWSXEOLFXOXLSULQH[SXQHUHvQORFXULLQWHQVFLUFXODWHVDXU VSkQGLWVXEIRUP GH
IRLYRODQWH
7RDWHDXWRVWU ]LOHGLQVWDWHOHSXWHUQLFLQGXVWULDOL]DWHHUDXvQ HVDWHGHDVWIHO
GH SDQRXUL SXEOLFLWDUH VFRDVH GLQ FLUFXLW vQ XOWLPD YUHPH GHRDUHFH GLVWUDJ DWHQ LD
FRQGXF WRULORUDXWRSkQ ODULVFXOSURGXFHULLGHDFFLGHQW
 ([LVW  VSUH H[HPSOX XQ OLPEDM VHFUHW DO vQGU JRVWL LORU VHPQDOL]DW GH
ÄIL[DUHD´WLPEUXOXLSHSOLFVDXFDUWHDSRúWDO %LEOLRWHFD$FDGHPLHLSRVHG RFROHF LH
LPSUHVLRQDQW GHF U LSRúWDOHLOXstrare, în care inclusiv maniera de a scrie pe acestea
UHSUH]LQW  XQ PHVDM RDUHFXP FRGLILFDW /D VHF LD GH VWDPSH D %$5 H[LVW  GH
DVHPHQHD QXPHURDVH F U L SRúWDOH FX LPDJLQL GLQ RUDúH HXURSHQH vQGHS UWDWH VDX
LQXWXUL JHRJUDILFH H[RWLFH ORFXO GH XQGH ÄSURWDJRQLúWLL´ LPDJLQLL F U LL SRúWDOH vúL
H[SHGLD] PHVDMXO
3UHVWLJLXOVDPL]GDWXOXLHVWHvQW ULWGHXUP WRDUHDDQHFGRW FDUHFLUFXODvQ
ÄLQWHOLJKHQWVLD´UXV 'LUHFWRUXOXQHLPDULvQWUHSULQGHULvLDGXFHDVHFUHWDUHLVDOHF U L
cerânduLV OHFRSLH]HSULQGDFWLORJUDILHUH'XS FHDGDFWLORJUDILDWFRSLLGXS &HKRY
'RVWRLHYVNL/HUPRWRY3XúNLQDYHQLWúLUkQGXOOXL7ROVWRLFXFHOHSDWUXYROXPHGLQ
5 ]ERL úL SDFH ([DVSHUDW  DFHDVWD D vQGU ]QLW V O vQWUHEH GH FH WRWXúL vL FHUH V 

 
GDFWLORJUDILH]HURPDQHJDWDWLS ULWHÄ3HQWUXF ILXOPHXQXFLWHúWHGHFkWVDPL]GDW´D
IRVWU VSXQVXOGLUHFWRUXOXL
16. Pe zidul împrejmuitor al Uniunii Scriitorilor sD DIODW PXOW  YUHPH
XUP WRUXOJUDIILWWLÄ&RPXQLVWWHDúVFXLSDGDUPLHUXúLQH1XGHWLQHFLGHPine.”
 ÌQ RUDúHOH PDL PDUL GLQ *HUPDQLD IXQF LRQHD]  R DGHY UDW  SLD  D
DXWRPRELOHORU OD PkQD D GRX  ED]DW  SH DFHVW VLVWHP 3URSULHWDULL DXWRPRELOHORU
OLSHVF SH SDUEUL]XO DXWRPRELOHORU GHWDOLL SULYLQG FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH WHKQLFH DOH PDúLQLL
X]XUDúLYHFKLPHDFRQGL LLOHGHYkQ]DUHúLXQQXP UWHOHIRQLFVDXDGUHV GHFRQWDFW
&HLLQWHUHVD LGHDFKL]L LRQDUHDXQXLDXWRDXDYDQWDMXOF SRWSDUFXUJHvQVFXUWWLPS
vQWUHJ SHULPHWUXO LQIRUPD LRQDO I U  D VH SLHUGH vQ DOWH GHWDOLL FXP DU IL GH SLOG 
„târguiala” automobilului.
,DW vQFRQWLQXDUHGRX PRVWUHFRQVLGHU PÄSDVDELOH´Ä0DLPXOWGHWUHL
VFXWXU ULvQVHDPQ PDVWXUEDUH´Ä7UHFHOHEHGHOHQ]DUH&kQGWHXL LHOHGLVSDUH´


%LEOLRJUDILH
$QD $QGUHHVFX &DUWHD GH FROHF LH VHFROHOH ;9  ;; (GLWXUD 0HULGLDQH
%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
&RQVWDQWLQ $QWLS &RQWULEX LL OD LVWRULD SUHVHL URPkQH (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF 
%XFXUHúWLGHFRQVXOWDW
3HWUH %DUEX 5DOXFD 5 V GHDQ În septembrie, românii sau întors la ziare
$XGLHQ DFRWLGLHQHORUODQLYHOQD LRQDODFUHVFXWFXID GHXOWLPDOXQ GH
YDU , în „Capital”, nr. 43, 26 octombrie 2000, p. 33.
3HWUH%DUEX5DOXFD5 V GHDQ6SXQHPLFHVRQGDMDOHJLF V  LVSXQFLQH
HúWL 6HUYLFLLOH $XGLPDV úL &623 vQFHDUF  V  FkúWLJH vQFUHGHUHD HGLWRULORU úL
DJHQ LLORUGHSXEOLFLWDWH, în „Capital”, nr. 5, 1 februarie 2001, p. 22.
&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQGFRRUGRQDWRU2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS
,ODULH&KHQGLÎnceputurile ziaristicii noastre2U úWLHGHFRQVXOWDW
6XOWDQD &UDLD 7HRULD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH
%XFXUHúWLSS
0DF&RQVWDQWLQHVFX&RQVLGHUD LLDVXSUDDILúXOXLvQ$UW úLWHKQLF JUDILF 
FDLHWXOQUVHSWSSSDVVLP
*KHRUJKH &RVPD $ILúXO URPkQHVF (GLWXUD 0HULGLDQH %XFXUHúWL 
SDVVLP
5REHUW (VFDUSLW 'H OD VRFLRORJLD OLWHUDWXULL OD WHRULD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD
ùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWLSS
0HOYLQ/'H)OHXU6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK 7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS–

 
 3DWULFH)OLFK\2LVWRULHDFRPXQLF ULLPRGHUQH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
SS
7KLHUU\*UDQGLOORW2FUL] HGLWRULDO ", în Arc, nr. 4/1992, pp. 180 
, +DQJLX 'LF LRQDUXO SUHVHL FXOWXUDOH URPkQHúWL (GLWXUD 3HGDJRJLF 
%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
&ODULVVH+HUUHQVFKPLGW6FULHUHPRQHG UH HOH, în Secolul XX, nr. 4
SS
/DXUHQW-RIIULQ5HYDQúDF U LORU, în Arc, nr. SS
9LUJLO 2OWHDQX 'LQ LVWRULD úL DUWD F U LL OH[LFRQ (GLWXUD (QFLFORSHGLF 
%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
0DULDQ 3HWFX 7LSRORJLD SUHVHL URPkQHúWL ,QVWLWXWXO (XURSHDQ ,DúL 
LQWHJUDO
%HUQDUG3LYRW&XPFLWHVF, în Arc, QUSS
0LFKHOGH3UDFRQWDO& U LOHFDUHXFLG, în Arc, nr. 4/1992, pp. 187 
9LRULFD úL ,RQ 5 GXLF  'LF LRQDUXO SUHVHL URPkQHúWL  YRO
XUP WRDUHOHvQOXFUX(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
'DQ6LPRQHVFX*KHRUJKH%XOX 3DJLQLGLQLVWRULDF U LLURPkQHúWL(GLWXUD
(PLQHVFX%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
0LFKHO7RXUQLHU'HFHVFULX în Arc, nr. 4/1992, pp. 177 
9LFWRU9LúLQHVFX2LVWRULHDSUHVHLURPkQHúWL(GLWXUD9LFWRU%XFXUHúWL
VSUHFRQVXOWDUH
&ODXGH:HLOOAnxietate, literatura în pericol de moarte, în Arc, nr. 4/1992,
SS
'RPLQLTXH:ROWRQ5 ]ERLXOMXUQDOLúWLORU, în Arc, nr. 4/1992, p. 187.
Cartea, a câta putere în stat ?)XQGD LD6FULVXO5RPkQHVF&UDLRYD
SS













 
 &RPXQLFDUHDPHGLDWLF SHVXSRUWHOHFWURQLF
$FXPXODUHDGHLQRYD LLúWLLQ LILFHúLWHKQLFHvQWUHFDUHVHSXWHDXVWDELOL
OHJ WXULQHE QXLWHSkQ DWXQFLSUHFHGHSULPDUHYROX LHWHKQLF úLLQGXVWULDO 
ÎntrRFDUWHFRQVDFUDW LVWRULHLFRPXQLF ULLPRGHUQH3DWULFH)OLFK\  LQVLVW 
DVXSUD DFHVWRU FRQH[LXQL FDUH GXS  RSLQLD VD VWUXFWXUHD]  PLMORDFHOH GH
LQIRUPDUHvQWUHLVHJPHQWHODUkQGXOORUúLHWDSHFRQFXUHQ LDOHFRQWURYHUVD
GLQWUH FRPXQLFDUHD SXEOLF  úL FRPXQLFDUHD GH SLD  
FRPXQLFDUHDSURIHVLRQDO YHUVXVFRPXQLFDUHDIDPLOLDO úLGHOD
FRPXQLFDUHD IDPLOLDO  OD FRPXQLFDUHD JOREDO   /RU OH
FRUHVSXQG vQ ]RULL HUHL LQGXVWULDOH WUHL PRGDOLW L GLIHULWH DOH DFWLYLW LL GH
FHUFHWDUHDVDYDQWXOXLL]RODWDPLFXOXLODERUDWRUúLvQILQHDPDUHOXLFHQWUX
GH FHUFHWDUH ÌQ DFHVW VHQV SULPD HWDS  GDWRUHD]  PXOW DULHL SUHRFXS ULORU
LQGLYLGXDOHGHQDWXU úWLLQ LILF H[WUHPGHQXPHURDVHúLDIODWHvQWURID] GH
DFXPXODUHI U DúLSXWHDvQV GHPRQVWUDYLDEOLWDWHDXWLOLWDWHDGLQFDX] F 
VWDWXO úL R GDW  FX HO LQVWLWX LLOH VDOH WUDYHUVDX LVWRULF YRUELQG SURFHVH
VXFFHVLYH GH GHPRFUDWL]DUH XQHRUL YLROHQWH 5 ]ERLXO DPHULFDQ GH
LQGHSHQGHQ  úL 5HYROX LD IUDQFH]  VXQW H[HPSOH FRQFOXGHQWH úL GHORF
vQWkPSO WRDUHÌQWUHFRPXQLWDWHDHFRQRPLF úLÄFRPXQLWDWHDúWLLQ LILF ´DWkW
FkWVHFRQVWLWXLVHvQDFHDSHULRDG QXH[LVWDXQLQWHQVVFKLPEGHLQIRUPD LH
'HVFRSHULULOH úL LQYHQ LLOH DYHDX XQ FDUDFWHU LQGLYLGXDO LOXVWUDW GH vQWUHDJD
VFDU  HYROXWLY  D VLVWHPXOXL PDVVPHGLD DFHVW WLS GH VLQJXODULWDWH
împiedicânduOH V  GHYLQ  IRDUWH FXUkQG IDFWRUL DL SURJUHVXOXL 1LYHOXO GH
FXQRúWLQ H DFXPXODWH OD FDUH DYHDX DFFHV XQ QXP U UHVWUkQV GH VDYDQ L úL
LQYHQWDWRUL HUD LQDFFHVLELO UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU LQVWLWX LLORU úL PDVHORU 8QHOH
GLQWUH LQYHQ LL QHFHVLWDX IRQGXUL VXEVWDQ LDOH úL RUJDQLVPH GLVSXVH OD
LQL LDWLY  FDSDELOH V  ULúWH vQ QXPHOH XQRU SURLHFWH FRQVLGHUDWH XWRSLFH
Trebuia, înainte de aúLSHUIHF LRQDGHVFRSHULULOHúLLQYHQ LLOHFDDXWRULLORU
V LFRQYLQJ úLSHDO LLDVXSUDYDODELOLW LLDFHVWRUDÌQSDUDPHWULLGLVFX LHL
GHVSUHYLLWRDUHOHPLMORDFHGHFRPXQLFDUHFKHVWLXQHDFHDPDLDU] WRDUHHUD
QHFHVLWDWHDGHDRSWLPL]DHOHPHQWHOHVFKHPHLFRPXQLF ULL$FHVWHDSULYHDX
SHGHRSDUWHUDSLGLWDWHDúLFRQFRPLWHQWDQXODUHDGLVWDQ HORULDUSHGHDOWD
asigurarea întrXQJUDGFkWPDLvQDOWDDFXUDWH HLLQIRUPD LHL3DúLLPSRUWDQ L
DXIRVWUHDOL]D LvQSULYLQ DGH]LGHUDWXOXLGLQWkL$FHúWLDDXIRVWSRVLELOLJUD LH
LQWU ULL XPDQLW LL vQWUR QRX  HU  VDX FD V  VH XWLOL]H]H WHUPLQRORJLD
PHWDIRULF vQWUHEXLQ DW PDLvQDLQWHvQWURQRX ÄJDOD[LH´OHJDW GHDFHDVW 
GDW GHQXPHOHOXL0DUFRQL
 
 ÌQV SkQ ODRILFLDOL]DUHDVLQWDJPHLFRPXQLFDUHDSHVXSRUWHOHFWULFDUH
SURSULDLLVWRULHFXU G FLQLDGkQFvQILSWHFDúLSUHVDWLS ULW vQHSRFLFDUHQX
DQXQ DX QLPLF YLLWRULPLL LPSRUWDQ D PDULORU LQYHQ LL úL GHVFRSHULUL ILLQG
ÄGHGXV ´ FX PXOW PDL WkU]LX FkQG VSHFLDOLúWLL DX GHVHPQDW VWUXFWXULOH úL
HYROX LDIHQRPHQXOXLÄPRPHQWHOH´IDVWHDOHDFHVWXLDGHVSUHFDUHVHSRDWH
VSXQHFDIRUPXODUHJHQHUDO F DXRULHQWDWRVSUHGLUHF LDEXQ 
Prin urmare, înainte de a se vorbi despre rezultate concludente în
FRPXQLFDUHDSHVXSRUWDXGLRVXQWQHFHVDUHFkWHYDUHIHULQ HGHVSUHWHQWDWLYHOH
DEDQGRQDWHGLQDFHDVW GLUHF LHFXPDIRVWVSUHH[HPSOXFRPXQLFDUHDSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOWHOHJUDILHLRSWLFH
7HOHJUDIXO RSWLF UHSUH]LQW  R IRUP  DUKDLF  GH WUDQVPLWHUH D
PHVDMHORU úL HVWH UH]XOWDWXO PXOWLSOHORU vQFHUF UL DQWHULRDUH ÌQWUH HOH VH
QXP U  XWLOL]DUHD IRFXULORU SH vQ O LPL VLVWHPHOH GH RJOLQ]L úL EUD H
PHFDQLFH DOH F URU ÄPLúF UL´ FRGLILFDWH SXWHDX IL ] ULWH GH OD PDUH
GLVWDQ DFHVWHDSUREkQGH[LVWHQ DXQXLVLVWHPFRPXQLFD LRQDOQRQYHUEDO
ce putea fi tradus aproape imediat în cod inteligibil. 
'HúL vQ SULYLQ D QHFHVLW LL GH D WUDQVPLWH UDSLG úL SH GLVWDQ H PDUL
PHVDMHOHVHI FXVHU XQHOHSURJUHVHSULQFLSDOXOLQFRQYHQLHQWDOWHQWDWLYHORU
amintite îl reprezenta insuficienta realizare a celui deDO GRLOHD GH]LGHUDW
QXPLWGHQRLDFXUDWH HDLQIRUPD LHL'DF QXvPS UW úLPRSLQLDF vQWUHDFHOH
vQFHUF ULúLÄQDúWHUHD´FRPXQLF ULLODGLVWDQ H[LVW RGHWHUPLQD LHWUHEXLHV 
ILP GH DFRUG FX DXWRULL OXFU ULL PHQ LRQDWH FkQG VSXQ GHVSUH LPSRUWDQ D
DFXUDWH HLLQIRUPD LHLF ÄDUPDWHOHHUDXvQIUkQWHFRU ELLOHHUDXVFXIXQGDWH
JXYHUQHOHF GHDXúLDYHULOHVHSLHUGHDXWRDWHGLQOLSVDXQXLFXYkQW´ 
'DUIDSWXOFHOPDLLPSRUWDQWvOFRQVWLWXLHXQXODSDUHQWI U OHJ WXU FX
LQYHQ LDWHOHJUDIXOXLRSWLFúLDQXPHJHQXOGHLQWXL LHYHULILFDW FXPXOWPDL
târziu, pe care a avutR DVWURQRPXO HQJOH] 5REHUW +RRNH GH D QXPL
GHVFULHUHD WHKQLF  vQ  D XQXL DSDUDW RSWLF ÄPLMORF GH WUDQVPLWHUH D
gândurilorODGLVWDQ ´VXEOQRDVWU 
ÌQSOXVDúDFXPREVHUY LVWRULFLLU VSkQGLUHDWHOHJUDIXOXLDUHPXOWvQ
FRPXQ FX FHD D FDOHQGDUXOXL UHSXEOLFDQ úL D VLVWHPXOXL PHWULF 9RLQ D GH
XQLYHUVDOL]DUHSHFDUHRvQWkOQLPODQDúWHUHDWHOHJUDIXOXLRSWLFúLDWHOHJUDIXOXL
electric duce la standardizarea sistemelor, aceasta fiind, în fapt, una din
FRQGL LLOHUHDOL] ULLXQXLVLVWHPGHFRPXQLFDUHXQLYHUVDO

0HOYLQ/'H)OHXUúL6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
3ROLURP,DúLS
 
 $&RPXQLFDUHDPHGLDWLF SHVXSRUWDXGLR
0HOYLQ/'H)OHXUúL6DQGUD%DOORokeach, în 7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULL
GH PDV  3ROLURP ,DúL  SS  SDVVLP DUDW  F  YHFKLL JUHFL
LQYHQWDVHU  FXYkQWXO WHOHJUDI Ä GLVWDQ ´  ÄVFULHUH´ FX VHFROH vQDLQWH GH
&KULVWRV GDU OHJ WXULOH FX GRPHQLXO FDUH YD SXUWD DFHODúL QXPH  QX VH
I FXVHU 1XPHURDVHvQFHUF ULÄYL]DX´SRVLELOLWDWHDFRPXQLF ULLODGLVWDQ 6H
SRUQHDGHODGHILQLUHDFODU DOLPLWHORUIL]LFHDOHFRPXQLF ULLLQWHUXPDQHFDUH
QXSXWHDXGHS úLXQSUDJDFXVWLFGHPD[LPXPFkWHYDVXWHGHPHWULúLXQXO
RSWLFFRQGL LRQDWGHH[LVWHQ DOXPLQLLvQFLFOXOQRDSWH]LúLGHSHUIRUPDQ HOH
RFKLXOXLXPDQH[WLQVHODRUD] PDLPDUHGHDF LXQHDFHDVWDODUkQGXOHL
DPSOLILFDW GHROXQHW vQFHSULYHúWHVHPQDOHOHFRGLILFDELOHvQOLPEDM
D 7HOHJUDIXO HOHFWULF 3RVLELOLWDWHD WUHFHULL GH OD FRPXQLFDUHD SH
suport de hârtie la cea pe suport electric a fRVW LQWXLW  FD PRGDOLWDWH GH
GHVI úXUDUHGDUI U DILSXV vQSUDFWLF GHLWDOLDQXO*LRYDQQLGHOD3RUWD
3HQWUXFDDFHDVW LGHHV GHYLQ SRVLELO HUDQHFHVDUPDLGHJUDE XQ
VDOWFRPSDUDELOFXRPXWD LHvQWHRULDFRPXQLF ULL(OVDSURGXVRGDW FX
HOXFLGDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLHOHFWULFLW LLFXQRVFXWVXEIRUPHHPSLULFHGHYHFKLL
JUHFL$FHúWLDRE LQHDXFXUHQ LVODELGHLQGXF LHHOHFWURVWDWLF SULQIUHFDUHD
XQXLEH LúRUGHFKLKOLPEDUvQYJUHOHFWURQÄEDVWRQDú´ÄEH LúRU´SHRVWRI 
La începutul seFROXOXLDO;9,,,lea mecanica acestui proces era atât de
HODERUDW  vQFkW VH SXWHDX JHQHUD VDUFLQL HOHFWURVWDWLFH IRDUWH PDUL IRORVLQG
DSDUDWH FDUH XWLOL]DX SULQFLSLXO IUHF ULL DúD QXPLWHOH EXWHOLL GH /H\GD
%HQMDPLQ)UDQNOLQDUHXúLWV vQFDUFHHOHFWULFREXWHOLHGH/H\GDFXDMXWRUXO
XQXL]PHXvQ O DWvQWLPSXOXQHLIXUWXQLÄ6HVSXQHF XQFDS WDOVkUPHLGH
FDUHDWkUQD]PHXODIRVWOHJDWGHRFKHLHLQWURGXV vQDS ([SHULPHQWXOD
GHPRQVWUDWF HOHFWULFLWDWHDSURYHQLW GHODIXOJHUúLHOHFWULFLWDWHDRE LQXW vQ
XUPDH[SHULHQ HORUGHODERUDWRUVXQWODIHO´ $OHVVDQGUR9ROWDDLQYHQWDW
EDWHULDGHVWRFDUHLDU0LFKDHO)DUDGD\DSHUIHF LRQDWGLVSR]LWLYHOHDGHFYDWH
SHQWUXJHQHUDUHDFXUHQ LORUHOHFWULFL
ÌQDS UHDvQScot’s MagazineXQDUWLFROVHPQDWFXLQL LDOHOH&0
vQFDUHVHVXJHUDWULPLWHUHDGHPHVDMHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOHOHFWULFLW LLFXDMXWRUXO
DGHILUHOHJDWHODFkWHROLWHU DDOIDEHWXOXL*HRUJHV/RXLV/HVDJHSURIHVRU
GH PDWHPDWLF  OD *HQHYD FRQFHSH vQ  XQ SURLHFW DQDORJ  )L]LFLDQXO
HOYH LDQ/RXLV2GLHUDSUHFLDF SURFHGHXODUWUHEXLV SHUPLW ÄV SR LVWDGH
YRUE vQPDLSX LQGHRMXP WDWHGHRU ODPDLPXOWGHSDWUXFLQFLPLLGHOHJKH
GLVWDQ FX0DUHOH0RJXOVDXÌPS UDWXO&KLQHL´ )L]LFLDQXOGDQH]2HUVWHG
GHPRQVWUHD] vQLQIOXHQ DFXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFDVXSUDDFHORUPDJQHWLFH

,ELGHPS
 3DWULFH )OLFK\ 2 LVWRULH D FRPXQLF ULL PRGHUQH (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL
S
 
 8QSDVIXQGDPHQWDOvQHYROX LDWHKQRORJLHLVSUHWHOHJUDIXOHOHFWULFOD
FRQVWLWXLW GHVFRSHULUHD SURSULHW LORU HOHFWURPDJQHWXOXL $FHLDúL DXWRUL
FRQVLGHU F ÄSULQXQHOHFRPSRQHQWHWHKQLFHQHFHVDUHXQXLWHOHJUDI
HOHFWULFHUDXGHMDGLVSRQLELOHvQúWLLQ ´5 PkQHDGRDUFDHOHV ILHDVDPEODWH
în patternXOQHFHVDU6DPXHO)%0RUVHSURIHVRUGHOLWHUDWXU úLGHDUWD
SRUWUHWXOXLOD8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ1HZ<RUNHVWHFUHDWRUXOVLVWHPXOXLWHOHJUDILF
FDUHLDSHUPLVV WUDQVPLW PHVDMHFRGLILFDWHHOHFWULFSULQUH HDXDGHVkUP 
FDUHvQFRQMXUDDWHOLHUXOV XúLDF UHLOXQJLPHDUILIRVWvQOLQLHGUHDSW GH
]HFHPLOH
*XYHUQXODPHULFDQDILQDQ DWQXGXS VHULRDVHH]LW ULúLWHUJLYHUV ULR
OLQLHWHOHJUDILF vQWUH:DVKLQJWRQ'&úL%DOWLPRUHXQGHODPDLV
a transmis mesajul istoric „Ce a lucrat Dumnezeu?”. Omenirea intra, cu aceVW
SULOHMvQHUDFRPXQLFD LHLHOHFWULFHLQVWDQWDQHH3HLXOLH&\UXV:
)LHOGDvQFHSXWPRQWDUHDGHFDEOXULSHVWH2FHDQXO$WODQWLFUHXúLQGDSRLV 
WUDQVPLW PHVDMHFXRYLWH] GHQHFRQFHSXWSkQ DWXQFL
E 7HOHIRQXO &HQWUDOD WHOHIRQLF  6LVWHPH ED]DWH SH WHOHIRQLH
3ULQFLSLLGHIXQF LRQDUH
În 1876, $OH[DQGHU %HOO  UHXúHúWH V  WUDQVPLW  YRFHD XPDQ  SULQ
FDEOXUL HOHFWULFH O UJLQG FRQVLGHUDELO DULD WHKQRORJLLORU FRPXQLFD LRQDOH
$FHVWHD S WUXQG LQL LDO vQ PHGLXO FHO PDL SURJUHVLVW OXPHD DIDFHULORU GH
DVHPHQHDvQWHKQRORJLDPLOLWDU úLGHabia mai târziu în domeniul viitoarelor
PDVVPHGLD7HOHIRQXOÄWUDQVPLWHUHDVXQHWHORUODGLVWDQ ´DIRVWLQYHQWDW
GXS  UHDOL]DUHD WHOHJUDIXOXL vQ XUPD SHUIHF LRQ ULL FDOLW LORU DFHVWRUD
$XWRUXO V X D IRVW 7KRPDV $OYD (GLVRQ  FDUH D UHXúLW V  UHIDF  SULQ
LPSXOVXULHOHFWULFHWUDVHXOPHVDMXOXLGHODHPL WRUODUHFHSWRUFXIRUPHOHGH
FRQYHUWLUH D LPSXOVXULORU vQ VXQHWH 'XS  UHDOL]DUHD SULPHL FRQYRUELUL
WHOHIRQLFHFKHVWLXQHDDFHVWHLLPSRUWDQWHIDFLOLW LFRPXQLFD LRQDOHVHSXQHD
vQWHUPHQLLDFFHVXOXLXQXLQXP UFkWPDLPDUHGHXWLOL]DWRULFRQVXPDWRULOD
VLVWHP ,QYHQ LD DFWXDOL]D PRGHOXO GH FRPXQLFDUH LQWHUSHVRQDO  LOXVWUkQG
PRGXOGHOXFUXL]RODWDOFHUFHW WRUXOXLFDUHvúLSXQHDúLF XWDV U VSXQG OD
vQWUHE ULGHQDWXU úWLLQ LILF úLQXXWLOLWDUVRFLDO &XDOWHFXYLQWHGLQSXQFWXO
GH YHGHUH DO VFKHPHL FRPXQLF ULL DFFHQWXO FDGH SH FRG úL FDQDO PHGLX
(GLVRQJ VLQGVROX LDXWLOL] ULLGHHOHPHQWHQXPLWHDQWHULRUGHQRLVXSRUWXUL
DX[LOLDUHFDUHV DSURSLHGLVWDQ DGLQWUHHPL WRUúLUHFHSWRUSULQDFFHOHUDUHD
YLWH]HLPHVDMXOXL

 
 &DV GHYLQ LQVWUXPHQWDOFRPXQLF ULLO UJLWHDFHDVW IRUP GLDORJDW 
WUHEXLD V  FXSULQG  XQ QXP U VHPQLILFDWLY GH SHUVRDQH RUL V  FUHH]H
SRVLELOLW LVLPXOWDQHGHGLDORJDUHDGLF RUH HD2ULFLQHSXWHDLQWUDvQFRQWDFW
FXRDOW SHUVRDQ FXFRQGL LDFDDFHVWHDV GLVSXQ GHXQDSDUDWWHOHIRQLF
HPL WRUUHFHSWRU)DSWXODGHYHQLWRUHDOLWDWHSULQvQILLQ DUHDXQRUFHQWUHGH
SUHOXDUH úL GLULMDUH D PHVDMHORU FDSDELOH V SXQ vQOHJ WXU GLUHF LDVROLFLWDW 
$FHVWHDVXQWFHQWUDOHOHWHOHIRQLFHSULPDvQILLQ DW vQ68$DGRXDvQ8QJDULDúLOD
VFXUW YUHPHvQ5RPkQLDFDUHSXWHDXUHDOL]DUDFRUGXULUHODWLYUDSLGHFXXQQXP U
IRDUWH PDUH GH XWLOL]DWRUL 8OWHULRU OHJ WXUD FX FHQWUDOD D GHYHQLW LQYL]LELO 
putânduVHVWDELOLXQFRQWDFWWHOHIRQLFGLUHFWFXRULFHSXQFWJHRJUDILFSULQVLPSOD
IRUPDUHDXQXLQXP UVXSOLPHQWDUGHFLIUHVWUXFWXUDWHvQFRGXULGHRUDúH UL
FRQWLQHQWH3RU LXQHDÄLQYL]LELO ´FXSULQGHSHOkQJ FHQWUDODWHOHIRQLF SURSULX
]LV úLLQVWDOD LLGHDPSOLILFDUHDVHPQDOXOXLVDWHOL LGHUHWUDQVPLVLH
7HOHIRQLDGHXOWLPDRU HVWHUHDOL]DW SULQVDWHOLWúLVHQXPHúWHÄFHOXODU ´
(D GHVFKLGH SRVLELOLW L HQRUPH VFKLPEXOXL GH LQIRUPD LH vQFRUSRUkQG vQ
DSDUDWH GH PLFL GLPHQVLXQL FX QXPHURDVH SURJUDPH GH XWLOL]DUH GH OD ID[
,QWHUQHWHPDLOIOX[GHLQIRUPD LLSHGRPHQLLWLSDJHQ LHGHúWLULFDOFXODWRU
DJHQG úDPG8OWLPHOHUHDOL] ULVHUHIHU ODVLPELR]DFXLPDJLQHDGLVFX LLOH
SXUWDWHODGLVWDQ UHGkQGXVHVLPXOWDQFXVXQHWXOúLLPDJLQHD
8QDOWPRGGHDSXQHvQOHJ WXU RDPHQLLHVWHXWLOL]DUHDGHPHVDMHSH
WHUPLQDOH GH FRPSXWHU 6LVWHPXO VH QXPHúWH (PDLO ÄSRúW  HOHFWURQLF ´ úL
XWLOL]HD] WHOHIRQLDGRDUFDPHGLXFDQDOGHFRPXQLFDUHGHVLJXUFRPSOH[
'LQ DFHVW PRWLY GHVSUH HPDLO YRP GLVFXWD OD VLVWHPH GH FRPXQLFDUH
PXOWLPHGLD'HVSUHDFHVWHFRPSRQHQWHDP QXQWHYRPSUH]HQWDODFDSLWROXO
PXOWLPHGLD
&kW SULYHúWH UH HDXD URPkQHDVF  GH WHOHFRPXQLFD LL DFHVWD DFRSHU 
WHULWRULXO QD LRQDO VHUYLQG FD DX[LOLDU DO VHUYLFLLORU GH SRúW  úL FRPXQLFD LL
UDSLGHLDUFDRSHUDWRULHWHOHIRQLF EHQHILFLD] GHDSRUWXOXQRURSHUDWRULFXP
VXQW 0RELOIRQ 0RELO 5RP 5RPWHOHFRP Telfonica România 'H
DVHPHQHD GLVSXQH GH  LQVWLWX LL VSHFLDOL]DWH vQ LQVWDOD LL FRQVWUXF LL
PRQWDMVHUYLFLLúLSURLHFWDUHvQGRPHQLXOWHOHFRPXQLFD LLORU&RPHUFLDOL]DUHD
HFKLSDPHQWHORUWHUPLQDOHGHWHOHFRPXQLFD LLDUHORFSULQLQWHUPHGLXODGH
puncte de pe teritoriul românesc, iar sistemul de radiopaging cuprinde 24 de
FHQWUHGHHPLVLH


 
 F7HOHJUDILDI U ILU5DGLRXO
6FR LDXO-DPHV0D[ZHOOXQLILF vQWURVLQJXU WHRULHFHUFHW ULOHYUHPLL
GHVSUH FDUDFWHUXO RQGXODWRULX DO OXPLQLL FX FHOH GHVSUH HOHFWULFLWDWH úL
PDJQHWLVP $FHDVW  WHRULH PDWHPDWLF  D XQGHORU HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH
QHFXQRVFXWHSkQ ODHOGHVSUHFDUHVHSUHVXSXQHDF VHGHSODVHD] FXYLWH] 
OXPLQLLUHSUH]LQW XQDGLQWUHPDULOHSDUDGLJPHDOHIL]LFLLVHFROXOXLDO;,;OHD
În 1887, germanul +HLQULFK +HUW] GHPRQVWUHD]  H[LVWHQ D DFHVWRU XQGH
FDUHvLYRUSXUWDQXPHOHúLFRQFHSHXQDSDUDWSHQWUXDOHJHQHUDúLGHWHFWD
3XQHUHD FODU  vQ HYLGHQ  D XQGHORU KHUW]LHQH DSDU LQH IL]LFLDQXOXL HQJOH]
/RGJHvQV LQYHQ LDVDXQUHFHSWRUVXEIRUP GHWXEFRQ LQkQGSLOLWXU GH
ILHUQXDIXQF LRQDWGHFkWSHQWUXX]SHGDJRJLF3HODvQFHSXWXODQLORU
úWLLQG GH H[LVWHQ D XQGHORU KHUW]LHQH *XJOLHOPR 0DUFRQL XQ LWDOLDQ GH
QXPDL  GH DQL SXQH ED]HOH SURLHFWXOXL GH WUDQVPLWHUH D DFHVWRU XQGH OD
GLVWDQ  PHWDIRULF VSXV OH VFRDWH GLQ ODERUDWRU /D XQ VIHUW GH VHFRO GXS 
LQYHQWDUHD VD WHOHJUDILD I U  ILU GHYHQLVH XQ QRX VLVWHP XQLYHUVDO GH
FRPXQLFDUHvQV vQIRDUWHVFXUWWLPSvQWUHEXLQ DUHDVRFLDO DFRPXQLFD LHL
I U ILUVHPRGLILF IXQGDPHQWDO5ROXOV XGHYHFWRUDOWUDQVPLVLHLPDULWLPH
GHYLQH VHFXQGDU FHGkQG IXQF LXQHD SULQFLSDO  UDGLRXOXL FDUH GHYHQHD XQ
PLMORFGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV 8WLOL]DUHDXQGHORUKHUW]LHQHSULQLQYHQWDUHD
UDGLR  XOXL D DYXW XUP UL H[WUHP GH SURILWDELOH SHQWUX GH]YROWDUHD PDVV
PHGLD&XWRDWHF LQL LDODFHVWDHUDXWLOL]DWSHQWUXWUDQVPLWHUHDLQIRUPD LLORU
FRQILGHQ LDOH JXYHUQDPHQWDOH VDX GH F WUH XQHOH FRUSRUD LL FRPHUFLDOH GH
QDYLJD LHúLDUPDW VLVWHPXOWUDQVPLWHULLYRFLLSULQUDGLRDYHDV GHYLQ GXS 
QXPDLXQGHFHQLXXQPLMORFGHFRPXQLFDUHSHQWUXRDPHQLLGHUkQG2GDW 
FX DFHVWH SURJUHVH XLPLWRDUH VH LYHDX úL SUREOHPH QRL JHQHUDWH GH
LQWHUIHUHQ HOHXQGHORUúLGHQHFHVLWDWHDFRQVWLWXLULLXQRUUHJOHPHQW ULSULYLQG
XWLOL]DUHD DQXPLWRU ÄOXQJLPL´ GH XQG  ULVFXO FUH ULL XQXL ÄEDELORQ
FRPXQLFD LRQDO´GHYHQLQGLPLQHQW
ÌQvQDMXQXO&U FLXQXOXLRSHUDWRULLUDGLRGHSHYDSRDUHOHDIODWH
SHRFHDQXO$WODQWLFGHDOXQJXOFRDVWHL6WDWHORU8QLWHDXDX]LWSHQWUXSULPD
RDU vQF úWLYRFHDOXL5HJLQDOG$)HVVHQGHQXQLYHUVLWDUúLIRVWFRODERUDWRU
DO OXL (GLVRQ FDUH SXVHVH OD SXQFW HPL WRUXO XQ DSDUDW FH SHUPLWHD
radiodifuzarea unor semnale infinit mai complexe decât codul morse. /HH'H
)RUHVWDLQYHQWDWWXEXOFXYLGWULRGDFXQRVFXWPDLELQHVXEGHQXPLUHDGH
ODPS XQDPSOLILFDWRUFDUHDFRQWULEXLWDWkWODvPEXQ W LUHDVHPQDOXOXLFkW
úLODPDLEXQDUHFHSWDUHDDFHVWXLD7RWOXLvLGDWRU PWHUPHQXOEURDGFDVW
ÄUDGLRGLIX]LXQH´ GDU DO F UXL VHQV GH ED]  HVWH ÄD vPSU úWLD GLQ ]ERU
 
VHPLQ H´7XEXULOHYRUILvQORFXLWHVSUHMXP WDWHDVHFROXOXLDO;;OHDFX
WUDQ]LVWRULLDYkQGDFHOHDúLIXQF LXQLGDURWHKQRORJLHPXOWVLPSOLILFDW 
&HO FDUH D LQWXLW SRVLELOLW LOH LPHQVH GHVFKLVH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD DFHVWRU
LQYHQ LL vQ PDVVPHGLD D IRVW 'DYLG 6DUQRII XQ WkQ U LQJLQHU DQJDMDW DO
WUXVWXOXL DPHULFDQ 0DUFRQL úL GHYHQLW FHOHEUX vQ WLPSXO QDXIUDJLXOXL
YDSRUXOXL7LWDQLF6DUQRIIVHDIODVHvQOHJ WXU WHOHJUDILF UDGLRSHUPDQHQW 
SHWRWWLPSXOGH]DVWUXOXLLDUUHODW ULOHVDOHSUHOXDWHGHSUHV DXFUHDWRPDUH
WHQVLXQH HPR LRQDO  vQ UkQGXO FLWLWRULORU  &k LYD DQL PDL WkU]LX vQ 
Sarnoff a redactat un memoriu în care, printre altele, spune; „Am conceput
XQSODQGHGH]YROWDUHFDUHDUIDFHGLQUDGLRXQRELHFWGHX]FDVQLFvQDFHODúL
VHQVFDúLSLDQXOVDXIRQRJUDIXOXQUDGLRWUDQVPL WRUWHOHIRQLFDYkQGR
UD] GHDF LXQHGHSkQ ODGHPLOHSRDWHILLQstalat întrXQSXQFWIL[
XQGHVHFkQW PX]LF LQVWUXPHQWDO YRFDO VDXGHDPEHOHWLSXUL5HFHSWRUXO
SRDWH IL SURLHFWDW VXE IRUPD XQHL VLPSOH FXWLL PX]LFDOH UDGLR úL UHJODW SH
OXQJLPL GH XQG  FDUH DU SXWHD IL VFKLPEDWH GRDU SULQ URWLUHD XQXL VLQJXU
FRPXWDWRUVDXSULQDS VDUHDSHXQVLQJXUEXWRQ&XWLDPX]LFDO UDGLRSRDWH
ILSUHY ]XW FXWXEXULDPSOLILFDWRDUHúLFXXQWHOHIRQGLIX]RUúLDPEHOHSRWIL
montate întrRVLQJXU FXWLH&XWLDSRDWHILDúH]DW SHRPDV vQVDORQVDXvQ
FDPHUDGH]LúLURWLQGFRPXWDWRUXOPX]LFDWUDQVPLV SRDWHILUHFHS LRQDW 
$FHODúL SULQFLSLX SRDWH IL DSOLFDW vQ QXPHURDVH DOWH GRPHQLL FXP DU IL GH
H[HPSOXUHFHS LRQDUHDXQRUFRQIHULQ HDFDV FRQIHULQ HFDUHSRWILSHUIHFW
DXGLELOHGHDVHPHQHDHYHQLPHQWHGHLPSRUWDQ QD LRQDO SRWILDQXQ DWHúL
UHFHS LRQDWHVLPXOWDQ6FRUXULOHODPHFLXULOHGHEDVHEDOOSRWILWUDQVPLVHSULQ
HWHU SULQ IRORVLUHD XQHL VWD LL LQVWDODWH SH WHUHQXULOH GH MRF /D IHO VH SRDWH
SURFHGDúLvQFD]XODOWRURUDúH$FHDVW SURSXQHUHDUILH[WUHPGHLQWHUHVDQW 
SHQWUXIHUPLHULúLSHQWUXXQHOHSHUVRDQHFDUHWU LHVFvQGLVWULFWHvQGHS UWDWH
DIODWHODPDUHGLVWDQ GHRUDúH3URFXUkQGXúLRFXWLHPX]LFDO UDGLRHLDU
SXWHDDVFXOWDFRQFHUWHFRQIHULQ HPX]LFDUHFLWDOXULHWF´ 
În zece ani, radioul a devenit uQPLMORFGHODUJ XWLOLWDWH(ODIRORVLWGLQ
SOLQRSRUWXQLW LOHRIHULWHGHWHOHJUDILDI U ILUúLUHFODPDI FXW DFHVWHLDSULQ
SUHV  0DUFRQL D IRVW SULPLW vQ 68$ vQ  FD XQ HURX vQFkW vQ OXPHD
DPHULFDQ  SUDFWLFD GH DPDWRU VD U VSkQGLW FD R  PROLP  ÌQ 
DGPLQLVWUD LD D HOLEHUDW SHVWH  GH DXWRUL]D LL GH HPLVLH LDU WRWDOXO GH
UHFHSWRUL HUD HVWLPDW OD   OD YUHPHD UHVSHFWLY  QHH[LVWkQG QLFL XQ
IDEULFDQWGHDSDUDWHSHQWUXPDUHOHSXEOLF3HQWUXDWUDQVIRUPDUDGLRGLIX]LXQHD

0HOYLQ/'H)OHXUúL6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFKRSFLWS
 
întrXQPLMORFGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV WUHEXLDODQVDW SURGXF LDLQGXVWULDO úL
FRPHUFLDOL]DUHDGHUHFHSWRDUH)UDQN&RQUDGXQXOGLQWUHLQJLQHULLFRPSDQLHL
:HVWLQJKRXVHSRDWHILFRQVLGHUDWSULPXO'-întrucât a fost protagonistul unei
vQWkPSO ULFXFRQVHFLQ HUHYROX LRQDUHSHQWUXPDVVmedia în devenire a acelor
WLPSXUL&RQUDGúLDFRQVWUXLWGHDVXSUDJDUDMXOXLRVWD LHGHHPLVLHHFKLSDW FX
XQWUDQVPL WRUSXWHUQLF8QLLGLQWUHYHFLQLLV LUHFHS LRQDXVHPQDOHOHúLLDX
scris indicânduL DVWIHO UD]D GH DF LXQH úL FHUkQGXL VHUYLFLXO GH D OH IXUQL]D
DQXPLWHPHORGLL&RQUDGHPLWHDGHGRX RULSHV SW PkQ SURJUDPHPX]LFDOH
diversificânduOHFXVSULMLQXOXQXLYkQ] WRUGHIRQRJUDIH&HUHULOHDXGHYHQLW
IRDUWHQXPHURDVHLDUSUHIHULQ HOHJUXSDWHDXGHWHUPLQDWIDPLOLDFHUFHW WRUXOXL
V LVHDO WXUHGRULQ HLGHDVDWLVIDFHJXVWXULOHFHOHPDLGLYHUVH
)DSWXODDWUDVDWHQ LDDVXSUDQHFHVLW LLXQHLLQGXVWULLDX[LOLDUHFDUHV 
JHVWLRQH]H XULDúHOH SRVLELOLW L DS UXWH R GDW  FX QRXD ÄLQYHQ LH´ ÌQ 
UHYLVWD 5DGLR %URDGFDVW ODQVD GH]EDWHUHD &XP VH SRDWH ILQDQ D
UDGLRGLIX]LXQHD", iar în 1925 instituia un premiu pentru cel mai bun eseu cu
DFHVWWLWOX
'XS QXPHURDVHFRQIOLFWHOHJDWHGHWLSXULOHGHILQDQ DUHILVFDOLWDWHVDX
SULQSXEOLFLWDWHVWD LLOHVXQWFRQHFWDWHvQWUHHOHSULQWURUH HDQHWZRUN), în
DFHVWIHOUDGLRXOF S WkQGRGLPHQVLXQHQD LRQDO 
6HSXQHDvQDO LWHUPHQLFKHVWLXQHDFRQVHUY ULLPHVDMHORUSHQWUXXQ
WLPSPDLvQGHOXQJDWILLQGF DWkWWHOHJUDIXOPRUVHWHOHIRQLDFXILUUDGLRXO
WHOHIRQXO úL FHQWUDOD WHOHIRQLF   WRDWH IXVHVHU  LQYHQWDWH  UHI FHDX
FRPXQLFDUHD GLDORJDW  LQVWDQWDQHH /RFXO JUDIHPHORU ÄLPDJLQL´VLPEROLFH
DOHVXQHWHORUFDUHSHUPLWHDXFRQVHUYDUHDLQIRUPD LHLSHXQVXSRUWGHKkUWLH
RSWLPFRPSDUDWLYFXDOWHPDWHULDOHGHVSUHFDUHVDYRUELWDIRVWSUHOXDWGH
vQPDJD]LQDUHD úL VWRFDUHD XQRU LPSXOVXUL SH XQ FLOLQGUX PHWDOLF vQ FDGUXO
IRQRJUDIXOXLSHGLVFXULOHvQF UFDWHHOHFWURVWDWLFGHHERQLW FDUHvQFRQWDFW
FXXQDFPHWDOLFDVFX LWUHSURGXFHDXWLSXULOHGHLPSXOVXULHOHFWULFHVSUHDOH
FRQYHUWLvQVXQHWHLDUPXOWPDLWkU]LXúLvQLPDJLQL$VWIHODYHDXV ILHSXVHvQ
SUDFWLF  LQYHQ LL SUHFXP JUDPRIRQXO úL XOWHULRU SLFNXSXO DSDUDWH FDUH
SHUPLWHDXUHGDUHDvQUHJLVWU ULORUGHSHSO FLúLGLVFXULPDJQHWRIRQXOFDUH
UHSURGXFHD VXQHWHOH vQUHJLVWUDWH SH EDQG  PDJQHWLF  UHFHQW FG
UDGLRUHFRUGHUXOFRPSDFWGLVFXOSRUQLQGGHODDFHOHDúLSULQFLSLLDFXOILLQG
vQORFXLWGHRUD] ODVHUFDUHSUDFWLFQXSURGXFHX]XU GLVFXOXL
/D vQFHSXWXO DQLORU µ VH LPSXQH R DOW  QRXWDWH WHKQLF  (PLVLD FX
PRGXOD LHGHDPSOLWXGLQH$0FDUHSUH]HQWDGH]DYDQWDMXOGHDILVXSXV 
SHUWXUE ULORU úL LQWHUIHUHQ HORU HVWH vQORFXLW  FX DFHHD GH PRGXOD LH GH
 
IUHFYHQ )03HOkQJ DYDQWDMHOHSULYLQGFDOLWDWHDLPSHFDELO DVXQHWXOXL
noua modalitate de difuzare în eter a programelor radio a impus stereofonia.
7UDQVPLVLLOH vQ EDQG  )0 DX FXQRVFXW R UHDO  H[SDQVLXQH GXS  FHO GHDO
GRLOHD U ]ERL PRQGLDO ÌQFHSkQG FX  vQ (XURSD LQWU  vQ IXQF LXQH
WHKQRORJLD QXPLW  ÄVLVWHP GH GDWDUH SHQWUX UDGLRGLIX]LXQH´ 5%'6 FDUH
HVWH XQ SURGXV FRODWHUDO DO RSHUD LXQLORU HIHFWXDWH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
FRPSXWHUHORU XWLOL]kQG OLPEDMXO ELQDU DO DFHVWRUD ÌQ VIkUúLW FHOH PDL
PRGHUQHWHKQRORJLLFRQHFWDWHODFDOFXODWRU5%'6úLODVDWHOLW'%6YRU
EHQHILFLDGHVLVWHPXODXGLRGLJLWDOSULQVDWHOLW'$%FUHDWvQF GLQúL
FDUHFRQVW vQWUDQVIHUXOVHPQDOXOXLGHSHEDQGDGHXQGHVFXUWHSHEDQGD/
de microunde. „Prin noul sistem vor fi eliminate toate inconvenientele,
UHFHS LDILLQGGHvQDOW ILGHOLWDWHI U DILQHFHVDUXQHFKLSDPHQWDGL LRQDO
5HFHSWRDUHOHvQV YRUDYHDRFRQVWUXF LHVSHFLDO ´ 
În România radioXODOXDWILLQ ODQRLHPEULHFkQGVDXGLIX]DW
SULPHOHHPLVLXQLvQOLPEDURPkQ 6WD LDGHHPise era plasata în apropierea
RUDúXOXLOD% QHDVDFXVWXGLRXOvQVWUDGD%HUWKHORWXQGHVHDIO úLDFWXDOXO
VHGLX DO 6RFLHWD LL GH 5DGLRGLIX]LXQH'XS DOWHLQIRUPD LLSULPXOSRVWGH
UDGLRDIXQF LRQDWOD% QHDVDvQ(PLVLDGHSURE DYXVHVHORFFXXQDQ
vQDLQWHLDUSULPHOHH[SHULHQ HUDGLRIRQLFHGDWHD] GLQILLQGHIHFWXDWHOD
,QVWLWXWXO(OHFWURWHKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW LL%XFXUHúWLVXEFRQGXFHUHDIL]LFLDQXOXL
'UDJRPLU +XUPX]HVFX FI 0DULDQ 2GDQJLX 'DQLHOD &LREDQX 9LROHWD
)LFDUG 3XEOLFLWDWHD DXGLR (GLWXUD +HVWLD 7LPLúRDUD S  ÌQ
EXOHWLQHOHVWDWLVWLFHVHDUDW F vQvQ DUDQRDVWU H[LVWDXGRX SRVWXULGH
UDGLRRadio RomâniaúL5DGLR%XFXUHúWLFXXQYROXPGHRUHGH
SURJUDP DGUHVDWH FHORU DSUR[LPDWLY   GH DERQD L $FWXDOPHQWH
QXP UXOVRFLHW LORUWLWXODUHGHOLFHQ HGHHPLVLHúLVDXDXWRUL]DUHSHQWUXVWD LL
GHUDGLRGLIX]LXQHVHULGLF ODFXQXPHURDVHILOLDOHLDUDOSRVWXULORUGH
UDGLROD 

9DVLOH7UDFLXF,QWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDUDGLRIRQLF %XFXUHúWLSS
SDVVLP
&DWDORJXOLQVWLWX LLORUPDVVmedia din România(GLWXUD6IHUD%XFXUHúWL



 
 1RWH
 3DWULFH )OLFK\ 2 LVWRULH D FRPXQLF ULL PRGHUQH (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL
ÌQSHULRDGDSULPHLUHYROX LLúWLLQ LILFHOLPELOHODWLQ úLJUHDF YHFKHHUDXIRORVLWH
FDOLPEDMHDOHRDPHQLORUGHúWLLQ 
 &HOH GRX  YDULDQWH DXGLR úL YLGHR VH SRDWH VSXQH VDX GH]YROWDW
SDUDOHOVLPXOWDQ LGHHD ÄOHJ ULL´ ORU vQWUR VWUXFWXU  GH WUDQVPLWHUH D LQIRUPD LHL
DS UkQGFXPXOWPDLWkU]LXSHP VXU FHVDGRYHGLWYLDELO 
/DGHFHUQDUHDWLWOXOXLGH'RFWRU+RQRULV&DXVDXQXLvQY DWÄULWXDO´FDUH
DUHORFGXS XQSURWRFROPHGLHYDOYRUELWRULLvúL LQHDXGLVFXUVXULOHvQOLPEDODWLQ 
$FHDVW FXWXP GHúLHVWHSHFDOHGHGLVSDUL LHVHPDLS VWUHD] GHF WUHXQLLVDYDQ L
&XWRDWHDFHVWHDQLFLXQDGLQIRUPHOHILQLWHDOHDSDUDWHORUFXFDUHVDXI FXW
GHPRQVWUD LL QX D GXV OD UHDOL]DUHD XQXL GLVSR]LWLY UHDO GH FRPXQLFDUH OD GLVWDQ 
GHVSUHDFHVWVXELHFWLQIRUPD LLPDLDP QXQ LWHvQFDUWHDDPLQWLW DOXL3DWULFH)OLFK\
2LVWRULHDFRPXQLF ULLPRGHUQH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
&XDMXWRUXOXQXLE GHFHDU HOHFWUL]DWSULQIUHFDUHODVWD LDHPL WRDUHVH
DWLQJHXQILUDVRFLDWFXROLWHU ODFHDODOW VWD LHVFkQWHLDHOHFWULF vPSLQJHRELO GH
VRFFDUHGHVHPQHD] OLWHUDGHWUDQVPLV
6DPXHO0RUVHFDUHQXHUDSURSULX]LVRPGHúWLLQ YDF XWDXQGLVSR]LWLY
VLPSOXúLSUDFWLFÌQORFV GHSODVH]HDFHOHSHXQFDGUDQFDUHLQGLF OLWHUHOHFDvQFD]XO
DSDUDWHORUHXURSHQHWHOHJUDIXOV XH[HFXW VHPQDOHFRGDWHFXDMXWRUXOXQXLOHYLHUFX
UHVRUWDF LRQDWPDQXDOÌQFKL]kQGVDXGHVFKL]kQGXQFLUFXLWDFHVWDSURYRDF VHPQDOH
LGHQWLFHvQDSDUDWXOUHFHSWRU&RGXOHVWHFRPSXVGLQGRX HOHPHQWHXQVHPQDOVFXUW
XQ VHPQDO OXQJ FRPELQD LD GH SDWUX ILLQG VXILFLHQW  SHQWUX D FRQVWUXL OLWHUHOH
DOIDEHWXOXL
 $OH[DQGHU *UDKDP %HOO    PHGLF DPHULFDQ XQXO GLQWUH
LQYHQWDWRULLWHOHIRQXOXLDIRVWSURIHVRUGHIL]LRORJLDRUJDQHORUYRUELULLúLGHIL]LF OD
8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ%RVWRQ68$
7KRPDV$OYD(GLVRQHOHFWURWHKQLFLDQDPHULFDQSHUVRQDOLWDWH
GH VHDP  FDUH VD vQVFULV vQ LVWRULD WHKQLFLL SULQ QXPHURDVH LQYHQ LL 6XFFHVLXQHD
FURQRORJLF  D DFHVWRU LQYHQ LL GHQRW  F  ( VD SUHRFXSDW SHUPDQHQW GH FHOH PDL
YDULDWH úL PDL DFWXDOH SURbleme ale tehnicii contemporane lui. A inventat în 1872
VLVWHPXOGXSOH[vQWHOHJUDILHUHXúLQGPDLWkU]LXV WUDQVPLW VLPXOWDQSHXQILUSDWUX
úLFKLDURSWWHOHJUDPHÌQDLQYHQWDWIRQRJUDIXOvQDEUHYHWDWWHOHIRQXOFX
ERELQ GHLQGXF LHúLPLFURIRQFXF UEXQHFHHDFHDGXVODO UJLUHDSRVLELOLW LORUGH
XWLOL]DUH D WHOHIRQLHL $ UHDOL]DW EHFXO HOHFWULF LQYHQWkQG GXOLD úL VRFOXO FX ILOHW $
FRQVWUXLWGLIHULWHDSDUDWHQHFHVDUHvQÄH[SORUDUHD´FXUHQWXOXLHOHFWULFVLJXUDQ HOHIX]LELOH
întrerup WRUXO URWDWLY XQ FRQWRU HOHFWULF ÌQ  D UHDOL]DW SULPD FHQWUDO  HOHFWULF 
SXQkQGED]HOHSURGXF LHLFHQWUDOL]DWHDHQHUJLHLHOHFWULFHúLDFRQVWUXLWXQGLQDPVSHFLDO
SHQWUXLOXPLQDW$GHVFRSHULWvQIHQRPHQXOGHHPLVLHWHUPRHOHFWURQLF FDUHVW OD
baza folosirii tuburilor electronice marcând astfel începutul unei noi ramuri tehnice,
 
HOHFWURQLFDÌQDLQYHQWDWRPDúLQ SHQWUXIDEULFDUHDFLPHQWXOXL3RUWODQGLDUvQ
 D GHVFRSHULW XQ QRX SURFHGHX SHQWUX FRQVWUXF LD FDVHORU GLQ EHWRQ ÌQ  D
UHDOL]DW SULPXO WLS GH FLQHPDWRJUDI YRUELWRU SULQ FRPELQDUHD FLQHPDWRJUDIXOXL FX
IRQRJUDIXO$DGXVFRQWULEX LLvQVHPQDWHvQFRQVWUXF LDDFXPXODWRDUHORUúLvQGLIHULWHDOWH
GRPHQLLDOHWHKQLFLLGLQ'(5YRO,,S
 6WDWLVWLFD D IRVW VWDELOLW  SULQ FRQVXOWDUHD &DWDORJXOXL PDVVPHGLD GLQ
România  3ULQ XUPDUH GHúL DQVDPEOXO H DFHODúL FLIUHOH SRW IL VHQVLELO
VFKLPEDWH
)OHPLQJXQLYHUVLWDUHQJOH]úLFRQVLOLHUúWLLQ LILFDOOXL0DUFRQLREVHUYDVH
F  XQ WXE YLGDW DOF WXLW GLQ GRL HOHFWUR]L XQ ILODPHQW vQF O]LW úL R SODF  SHUPLWH
GHWHFWDUHD XQGHORU HOHFWURPDJQHWLFH &XQRVFkQG FHUFHW ULOH OXL )OHPLQJ /HH 'H
)RUHVWIDFHGLIHULWHvQFHUF ULSHQWUXDvPEXQ W LVHQVLELOLWDWHDGLRGHLúLGHVFRSHU F 
IRORVLQGXQDOWUHLOHDHOHFWURGVHRE LQRGHWHFWDUHúLRDPSOLILFDUHPXOWVSRULWH1RXO
WXE WULRGD HVWH QXPLW LQL LDO DXGLRQ 'HVFRSHULUHD WULRGHL MRDF  XQ URO HVHQ LDO vQ
GH]YROWDUHD UDGLRXOXL úL D WHOHFRPXQLFD LLORU (D FRQVWLWXLH SXQFWXO GH SOHFDUH vQ
HOHFWURQLF 
11. „Acest fiu de pastor DUH R YL]LXQH PHVLDQLF  D YLLWRUXOXL UDGLRXOXL /D
FkWHYDOXQLGXS FHGHSXVHVHEUHYHWXOWULRGHLHOVFULHvQMXUQDOXOV X©'DWRULDPHD
GHRVHELW GH SO FXW  HVWH GH D GLVWULEXL GLQ ]ERU VXEO QRDVWU  /&K PHORGLL
IUXPRDVHSHVWHRUDúHúLP ULvQFkWPDULQDULLV SRDW DVFXOWDGLQGHS UWDUHSHFDOHD
XQGHORUPX]LFDGHODHLGHDFDV ª´DSXG3DWULFH)OLFK\2LVWRULHDFRPXQLF ULL
PRGHUQH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS

%LEOLRJUDILH
1RUEHUW%DNHQKXV5DGLRXOORFDO(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
0HOYLQ/'H)OHXUúL6DQGUD%DOORokeach, în 7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS
(PLOLDQ 'REUHVFX 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD 9LFWRU %XFXUHúWL 
SS
3DWULFH)OLFK\2LVWRULHDFRPXQLF ULLPRGHUQH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
SS
-HDQNöel Jeanneney, 2LVWRULHDPLMORDFHORUGHFRPXQLFDUH(GLWXUD,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLSS
,UHQH -RDQHVFX 5DGLRXO PRGHUQ (GLWXUD $// %XFXUHúWL  VSUH
FRQVXOWDUH
*X\ /RFKDUG +HQUL %R\HU &RPXQLFDUHD PHGLDWLF  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLSS
(PPDQXHO 3HGOHU 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWLSS
9DVLOH7UDFLXFIntroducere în presa radiofRQLF %XFXUHúWLLQWHJUDO
 
 %&RPXQLFDUHDSHVXSRUWDXGLRYLGHR
&D úL vQ FD]XO SUHVHL WLS ULWH GH]YROWDUHD FLQHPDWRJUDILHL SRDWH IL
vQ HOHDV DWkWvQFDGUXOSDUDGLJPHLHYROX LRQLVWHFkWúLvQFDGUXOSDUDGLJPHL
FRQIOLFWXDOH$QWHFHGHQWHOHLVWRULFHDOHILOPXOXLSRWILUHJ VLWHvQvQFHSXWXULOH
úWLLQ HL ÌQ SULYLQ D SUHVHL VWUkQVD OHJ WXU  FX HYHQLPHQWHOH LPSRUWDQWH GLQ
FDGUXO LQVWLWX LLORU HFRQRPLFH úL SROLWLFH D MXFDW UROXO GHWHUPLQDQW úL
FRQILJXUDWLYvQVHQVXOF ]LDUXOúLDUHGHILQLWUHOD LDFXVIHUDSROLWLF vQPDL
PXOWH UkQGXUL 3UHVD D FRQWLQXDW V  FRQVLGHUH DFWLYLW LOH SROLWLFH SULQWUH
SUREOHPHOHGHUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHPDMRU FHOSX LQSULYLWRUODUHODWDUHDúLDQDOL]D
HYHQLPHQWHORU ÌQ VFKLPE HYROX LD FLQHPDWRJUDIXOXL VD PDQLIHVWDW FD R
WHQGLQ FRQVWDQW F WUHDOWHDVSHFWHDOHPDVVPHGLDFXPVXQWDUWDúLORLVLUXO
'HDOWIHOGHQXPLUHDFLQHPDWRJUDIXOXLÄDúDSWHDDUW ´H[SULPDXQDGHY UFX
SULYLUH OD HVHQ D VD ,PSDFWXO FLQHPDWRJUDIXOXL DVXSUD SXEOLFXOXL FHOXL PDL
larg a luat forma de „folie” FXQRVFkQG PRPHQWXO FXOPLQDQW OD MXP WDWHD
VHFROXOXLúLGH]YROWkQGXse întrRIRDUWHSURILWDELO LQGXVWULHFRPHUFLDO 
$WLQJHUHD XQXL DQXPLW JUDG WHKQRORJLF FD úL VW SkQLUHD SURFHVHORU DX
IRVWFDúLvQFD]XOVLVWHPXOXLDXGLRH[WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWH2VHULHGHDFXPXO UL
úWLLQ LILFHGLQGRPHQLLFDUHQXSUH]HQWDXúLQLFLQXDVLJXUDXGHODEXQvQFHSXW
DILQLW LvQWUHHOHDXSUHFHGDWDSDUL LDFLQHPDWRJUDIXOXL&HOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH
DVSHFWH VH UHIHUHDX OD PHFDQLVPHOH WHKQLFH vQWUHEXLQ DWH GH HPL WRU úL
WRWRGDW  OD DGDSWDUHD DFHVWRUD OD DELOLW LOH úL FRPSHWHQ HOH IL]LRORJLFH DOH
UHFHSWRULORU5H]XOW WUHLSUREOHPHWHKQLFRúWLLQ LILFHFDUHQHFHVLWDXRVROX LH
vQDLQWH FD DSDUDWXO GH SURLHF LH D ILOPXOXL V  ILH LPDJLQDW D GHVFRSHULUHD
SULQFLSLLORU SURLHF LHL GH LPDJLQL E SHUFHSHUHD PLúF ULL FRQWLQXH SULQ
SUH]HQWDUHDUDSLG DLPDJLQLORUVDXGHVHQHORUúLFIRWRJUDILDvQV úL
D 3URLHF LD GH LPDJLQL 3HQWUX SULPD VLWXD LH VLQJXUXO HOHPHQW
FXQRVFXWGLQYHFKLPHHUDUHIOHFWDUHDGHLPDJLQLED]DWHSHSULQFLSLXORJOLQ]LL
2DPHQLLvúLSXWHDXYHGHDFKLSXOvQDSDOLQLúWLW DXQHLIkQWkQLVDXDXQHLE O L
U PDVHGXS SORDLH&XDMXWRUXOXQRUOHQWLOHDQWLFLLDXFRQVWDWF SRWIRFDOL]D
UD]HOHVRODUHúLVHFXQRDúWHF PDWHPDWLFLDQXO$UKLPHGHVHF,,,DQWH&KD
înceUFDWV FRQFHDS ROHQWLO XULDú FXFDUHVSHUDV LQFHQGLH]HQDYHOHFDUH
DWDFDX6\UDFX]D2PXOGHúWLLQ DDUDE$OKD]HQFDUHDWU LWvQVHFROXODO;OHD
G &K D IXUQL]DW SULPHOH H[SOLFD LL DOH UHIUDF LHL úL UHIOHF LHL vQ FD]XO
RJOLQ]LORU úL OHQWLOHORU 3H YUHPHD ILORVRIXOXL HQJOH] 5RJHU %DFRQ
VHFDO;,,,OHDVHLQYHQWDVHPHFDQLVPXOGHIXQF LRQDUHDSHULVFRSXOXLSULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOF UXLDVHSXWHDXFDSWDLPDJLQL8QDGLQWUHFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWH
 
LQYHQ LLDIRVWFDPHUDREVFXU XWLOL]DW GH/HRQDUGRGD9LQFLvQSLFWXU 
Acesta lucra întrRFDPHU GHPLFLGLPHQVLXQLvQFDUHUD]HOHVRDUHOXLLQWUDX
SULQWUR IDQW  GH P ULPHD XQXL FUHLRQ ,PDJLQHD IRUPDW  SH SHUHWHOH RSXV
SXWHDILUHFXQRVFXW XúRUFDILLQGVFHQDH[WHULRDU vQFXORULGHúLHUDYDJ úL
FkWHRGDW HVWRPSDW /HRQDUGRGD9LQFLDP ULWDFHDIDQW UHXúLQGV RE LQ 
REXQ IRFDOL]DUHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHLOHQWLOHúLDSRLV ÄvQWRDUF ´LPDJLQHD
SULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQHLRJOLQ]L&DPHUDREVFXU DIRVWXWLOL]DW LQL LDOGHSLFWRULL
SHLVDJLúWLSUHRFXSD LGHSUREOHPHOHSHUVSHFWLYHLúLDOHFXORULL7RWFXDMXWRUXO
DFHVWHLDSXWHDXILVWXGLDWHI U SHULFROXORUELULLHFOLSVHOHGHVRDUH*LRYDQQL
%DWWLVWDGHOD3RUWDVHFDO;9,OHDOXDvQGLVFX LHSUREOHPDOHQWLOHORUúL
oglinzilor în cartea sa 0DJLDQDWXUDO vQFDUHSURFHGHXOV XQXHGHVS U LWGH
WHUPHQXO vQúHO FLXQH  Ä(X DP SUH]HQWDW DGHVHD DFHVW IHO GH VSHFWDFRO
SULHWHQLORUPHLFDUHODXDGPLUDWIRDUWHPXOWI FkQGXOHSO FHUHV YDG R
DVWIHO GH vQúHO FLXQH´ DSXG GH )OHXU %DOO5RNHDFN 7HRULL S 
$WKDQDVLXV.LUFKHUVHFDO;9,,OHDSURWHMDWDO3DSHL8UEDQDO9,,,OHDD
UHXúLW V  vQORFXLDVF  OXPLQD VRDUHOXL FX DFHHD D XQXL SURLHFWRU ILLQG
FRQVLGHUDWLQYHQWDWRUXOODQWHUQHLPDJLFH
E5HDOL]DUHDGHLPDJLQLvQPLúFDUH$GRXDSUREOHP PDMRU FHD
UHIHULWRDUH OD SHUFHSHUHD PLúF ULL FRQWLQXH VD LYLW GLQ XWLOL]DUHD XQXL
PHFDQLVP QXPLW 7KDXPDWURSH XQ GLVF PLF FX GLDPHWUXO FkW R FHúFX 
PRQWDWSHXQD[úLDYkQGSLFWDWHGRX ILJXULXQDSHSDUWHDGLQID FHDODOW 
SHSDUWHDGLQVSDWHXúRUPRGLILFDWH3ULQvQYkUWLUHDGLVFXOXLFXDMXWRUXOXQRU
DUFXULVDXDOXQHLVIRULVHFUHDLOX]LDXQHLPLúF UL,QYHQ LDVHSDUHDDSDU LQXW
PHGLFXOXLORQGRQH]-RKQ3DULVúLHVWHGHVFULV GH'DYLG%UHZVWHUFHOFDUH
VWXGLLQG SRODUL]DUHD OXPLQLL D LQYHQWDW XQ RELHFW GH DPX]DPHQW
FDOHLGRVFRSXO-XF ULDHUDLPSRUWDQW GRDUSHQWUXF VHED]DSHIHQRPHQXO
HIHFWXOXL YL]XDO vQWkU]LDW úL G GHD LOX]LD PLúF ULL SULQ SUH]HQWDUHD vQWUR
VXFFHVLXQH UDSLG  D ILJXULORU XúRU PRGLILFDWH DIODWH SH XQ GLVF 6DYDQWXO
EHOJLDQ -RHVSK 3ODWHDX VHF DO ;,;OHD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW LQYHQWDWRUXO
SURWRWLSXOXL DSDUDWXOXL GH ILOPDW $FHVWD úLD FRQFHQWUDW FHUFHW ULOH DVXSUD
SHUFHS LHL RSWLFH XPDQH GHPRQVWUkQG vQ WH]D VD GH GRFWRUDW VXV LQXW  OD
8QLYHUVLWDWHDGLQ/LHJHF UHWLQDSRVHG RPHPRULHGHR]HFLPHGHVHFXQG 
vQGHDMXQVFDV ÄOHJH´SULQIUDF LXQHDGHWLPSUHVSHFWLY GRX LPDJLQLvQWUH
HOH$VWIHOGDF RSHUVRDQ vQYkUWHUHSHGHREDJKHW GHDUWLILFLLLPDJLQHDSH
FDUHRFKLXORYDSHUFHSHYDILDFHHDDXQXLFRQWLQXXPOXPLQRVFHUFVDXRSW
vQIXQF LHGHPLúF ULOHI FXWHúLQXDXQHLGHSODV ULSXQFWXDOHIUDJPHQWDWH
 
DOHDFHOXLDúLWUDVHX3RUQLQGGHODDFHVWSULQFLSLXDSHUFHSWLY3ODWHDXDFUHDW
XQ PHFDQLVP JUHRL úL FRPSOLFDW QXPLW IHQDNLVWLVFRS VDX IDQWDVFRS FDUH
ÄSXQHDvQPLúFDUH´RLPDJLQHPXOWLSOLFDW SHXQFLOLQGUXVDXSHRURO GH
KkUWLH XQGH DFHHDúL ILHFDUH VHFYHQ  FRQ LQHD R LQILP  PRGLILFDUH $FHVWD
HVWHVWU PRúXODSDUDWXOXLGHSURLHF LHPRGHUQ
F)RWRJUDILD&HDGHDWUHLDSUREOHP UHIHULWRDUHODLPDJLQHDvQV úL
QXPLW vQJUHDFDYHFKHIRWRJUDILHÄVFULHUHFXSDUWLFXOHGHOXPLQ ´GHYHQHD
XOWLPD FRQGL LH QHFHVDU  VSUH D IL LQYHQWDW ILOPXO ,QGHSHQGHQW GH
FLQHPDWRJUDIHDFRQVWLWXLVHRSUHRFXSDUHDVDYDQ LORUGLQWLPSXULPDLYHFKL
FkQG DFHúWLD QXúL SXQHDX SUREOHPD UHDOL] ULL XQRU LPDJLQL vQ PLúFDUH
$VRFLHUHDDFHVWRUÄGHVFRSHULUL´YDDYHDXQFDUDFWHUUHYROX LRQDU(DULGLFDvQ
SOXV XQD GLQWUH SUREOHPHOH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH FX FDUH VH YD FRQIUXQWD
VLVWHPXOPDVVmedia, fixarea imaginii pe un suport, în FD]XODFHVWDKkUWLDúL
sticla tratate chimic. Între suportul pe care se consacrase scrierea în cadrul
WLSDUXOXLKkUWLDúLQRXDVLWXD LHGHRVHELULOHVXQWVHPQLILFDWLYHvQVHQVXOF 
VDYDQ LL úL LQYHQWDWRULL DSHOHD]  OD DUWLILFLL SUHILJXUkQG DVWIHO QRL DULL GH
LQYHVWLJDUHDSDU LQkQGDOWHLúWLLQ HFKLPLDvQFKHVWLXQHDVXSRUWXOXLSHFDUH
VHWUDQVPLWHPHVDMXOúLPDLDOHVDVWRF ULLDFHVWXLDFDLQIRUPD LH
'DF  GLILFXOWDWHD FDSW ULL XQHL LPDJLQL GLQ UHDOLWDWHD vQFRQMXU WRDUH
IXVHVHUH]ROYDW vQOLQLLPDULGHSULQFLSLLOHFDPHUHLREVFXUHDOXL/HRQDUGRGD
9LQFL FKHVWLXQLOH FH U P VHVHU  vQ VXVSHQVLH VH UHIHUHDX OD PLQLDWXUL]DUHD
DFHVWHLD úL OD J VLUHD XQXL VXSRUW GH FRQVHUYDUH D LPDJLQLL UHVSHFWLYH
3UREOHPDQXHUDFDPHUDREVFXU vQVSH DSDUDWXOIRWRJUDILFFLPRGDOLWDWHD
FRQVHUY ULL LPDJLQLL DVWIHO FDSWDWH SH XQ VXSRUW ILOPXO IRWRJUDILF 8Q URO
GHWHUPLQDQW ODX DYXW GHVFRSHULULOH GLQ DOW GRPHQLX FKLPLD PDL H[DFW
SXQHUHDvQHYLGHQ DFDSDFLW LLXQRUFRPSXúLFKLPLFLV UXULGHDUJLQWGHD
UHDF LRQD UDSLG OD OXPLQD VRDUHOXL ÌQWUH LDQXDULH úL PDUWLH  /RXLV
'DJXHUUHvQ)UDQ D:LOOLDP7DOERWúL-RKQ+HUVKHOvQ$QJOLDDXUHXúLWV 
RE LQ LPDJLQLIRWRJUDILFHED]DWHSHDFHOHDúLSULQFLSLLFKLPLFHJHQHUDOHGDU
SULQ WHKQLFL VSHFLILFH GLIHULWH 'DJXHUUH RE LQXVH R LPDJLQH FODU 
FRQWUDVWDQW FRORUSHRSODF GHFXSUXFDUHIXVHVHDFRSHULW FXRSHOLFXO 
VXE LUHGHDUJLQWúLH[SXV ODYDSRULGHLRGSHQWUXDIRUPDLRGXUDGHDUJLQW
$WXQFLFkQGOXPLQDÄF GHD´SHSODFDH[SXV vQPRGDGHFYDWvQDSDUDWLRGXUD
GH DUJLQW VXIHUHD PRGLILF UL UDGLFDOH SH SRU LXQLOH SH FDUH F GHD OXPLQD
LQWHQV GDUU PkQHDUHODWLYQHDOWHUDW XQGHF GHDOXPLQDGHPLF LQWHQVLWDWH
6HRE LQHDRVLQJXU LPDJLQHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDDOWHLLPDJLQLILLQGQHFHVDU R
 
QRX SODF GH]LQFWUDWDW FKLPLF$FHVWDVSHFWEORFDSUDFWLFLQYHQ LDGHD
avea o utilizare în massPHGLD&RSLHUHDDFHVWRULPDJLQLXQLFDWHUDH[WUHPGH
GLILFLO GHRDUHFHSODFDGHFXSUXLPSUHVLRQDW FKLPLFSURGXFHDXQHIHFWGH
UHIOH[LHODQRXOFRQWDFWFXOXPLQDI FkQGDSURDSHLPSRVLELO FRSLHUHD
ÌQORFXOSO FLLGHFXSUXDFRSHULWHGHDUJLQW7DOERWúL+HUVKHOIRORVHDX
KkUWLDWUDWDW FXVXEVWDQ HFKLPLFHVLPLODUH$FHúWLDRE LQHDXXQQHJDWLYGXS 
FDUHVHHIHFWXDRDGRXDLPSULPDUHSR]LWLYXO'DUPDUHOHDYDQWDMFDUHDDWUDV
DWHQ LD vQWUHJLL OXPL DVXSUD GHVFRSHULULORU ORU D IRVW F  ÄQHJDWLYXO´ RE LQXW
putea fi transformat întrXQQXP UQHOLPLWDWGHIRWRJUDILLDúDGDULQIRUPD LD
IRWRJUDILF SXWHDILQXQXPDLRE LQXW FLúLVWRFDW VSUHDDYHDHYHQWXDOR
U VSkQGLUH GH PDV  7RW DVWIHO VH H[SOLF  GH FH LQIHULRU FDOLWDWLY VLVWHPXO
FHORU GRL D FXQRVFXW FHD PDL PDUH U VSkQGLUH HOLPLQkQG GXS  XQ WLPS
GDJKHURWLSLD )RWRJUDILD Va transformat relativ repede în industrie,
U VSkQGLQGXVHPDLDOHVvQ68$GDUúLvQ ULOHHXURSHQH3RVLELOLWDWHDFD
RULFHSHUVRDQ V XWLOL]H]HXQDVWIHOGHDSDUDWDGXVODFUHDUHDXQRUQRLWLSXUL
GHQHJDWLYHDFHVWHDDXIRVWSHUIHF LRQDWHGHYDQVkQGFXUkQGLQWHUHVXOSHFDUH
RDPHQLLvODU WDXGDJKHURWLSXOXLODDSDUL LDXQHLUH HOHGHIDEULFLúLFRPSOH[H
LQGXVWULDOH SHQWUX SURGXFHUHD VXEVWDQ HORU FKLPLFH IRWRJUDILFH D
HFKLSDPHQWXOXL IRWRJUDILF úL D SO FLORU IRWRJUDILFH $X FkúWLJDW vQWkLHWDWH
SURFHVHOH WHKQRORJLFH FX SODF  XPHG  FRQ LQkQG R VXVSHQVLH GH VXEVWDQ H
FKLPLFHVHQVLELOHODOXPLQ FHDOF WXLDXRSHOLFXO VXE LUHGHFRORGLXDSOLFDW 
SH VWLFO  &X WRDWH DFHVWHD ÄIRUPXOD´ XVFDW  D IRVW DFHHD FDUH D SHUPLV
IDEULFDUHDSO FLORUIRWRJUDILFHGLQVWLFO GHF WUH*HRUJH(DVWPDQ8OWHULRU
DYHDV DSDU SDWHQWDWvQPDLPXOWHORFXULFRQFRPLWHQWILOPXOIOH[LELOGLQ
QLWURFHOXOR] 
G &LQHPDWRJUDIXO (OHPHQWHOH UHDOL] ULL DSDUDWXOXL GH ILOPDW HUDX
FRQVWLWXLWH GDU QHDVDPEODWH FDPHUD REVFXU  SULQFLSLXO QHXURIL]LRORJLF DO
efectului vizual întârziat, becul electric inventat de Edison, rolfilmul cu
SHOLFXO  LPSUHVLRQDELO  )LOPXO PXW devine o realitate în laboratorul lui
7KRPDV $OYD (GLVRQ XQGH DX IRVW FRQFHSXWH DSDUDWXO GH ILOPDW úL
SURLHFWRUXOGHLPDJLQH.LQHWRVFRSXOGLQYJUNLQHWRVÄPLúFDUH´VFRSHR
ÄD SULYL´ FXP VH QXPHúWH D GHYHQLW GLVSRQLELO SHQWUX SXEOLF FRQWUD XQHL
WD[HvQFkQGXQvQWUHSULQ] WRUDGHVFKLVXQVDORQFXNLQHWRVFRSLQL LLQG
DúD QXPLWD LQGXVWULH D SHHSVKRZXOXL ÌQ  IUD LL $XJXVWH úL /RXLV
LumiereDXSHUIHF LRQDWLQYHQ LDOXL(GLVRQúLDXvQILLQ DWLQVWLWX LDQXPLW 
FLQHPDWRJUDI FDUH DYHD V  FXQRDVF  WLPS GH R MXP WDWH GH VHFRO R
 
GH]YROWDUHH[SRQHQ LDO 3ULPXOERRPFRPHUFLDODIRVWFHODOILOPHORUQXPLWH
QLFNHORGHRQ ÄRSHUH GH R SDUD´ GXS  SUH XO FHUXW SHQWUX R YL]LRQDUH GH
DSUR[LPDWLYGHVHFXQGH
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH WHDWUX FLQHPDWRJUDIXO YD U PkQH PXOW WLPS XQ
VSHFWDFRO SULQ H[FHOHQ  SRSXODU 0RQRJUDILLOH LVWRULFLORU DPHULFDQL DL
JHQXOXL DWUDJ DWHQ LD F  DPSODVDUHD V OLORU GH FLQHPD VH I FHD PDL DOHV vQ
FDUWLHUHOHORFXLWHGHFODVDGHPLMORF$FHVWHDHUDXFRQVWUXLWHGXS RDQXPLW 
VWUDWHJLHDVWIHOvQFkWHOHV QXILHODRGLVWDQ PDLPDUHGHPLQXWHGHPHUV
FXWUDPYDLXO&LQHPDWRJUDIXOFDUHHVWHODRULJLQHXQVSHFWDFROSUHGRPLQDQW
SRSXODU YD GHYHQL vQ DQLL µ R GLVWUDF LH GH PDV  6SRULUHD QXP UXOXL
FLQHPDWRJUDIHORU GXS   QX HVWH UH]XOWDWXO HQWX]LDVPXOXL SHQWUX ILOPXO
VRQRU FL DO FUHúWHULL QXP UXOXL GH VSHFWDWRUL ÄDGHS L´ DL ILOPXOXL PXW
2ULFXPFLQHPDWRJUDIXODIRVWSHQWUXFODVDGHPLMORFúLFHDSX LQvQVW ULW XQ
PRGLGHDOGHVRFLDOL]DUH
3ULQWUHGDWHOHWHKQLFHLPSRUWDQWHSHQWUXLVWRULDFLQHPDWRJUDIXOXLVXQW
FLQHPDWRJUDIXO VRQRU SULQ DSOLFDUHD SH PDUJLQHD SHOLFXOHL GH FHOXORLG D
EHQ]LLHOHFWURPDJQHWLFHGHUHGDUHDVXQHWXOXL)RUPHOHGHUHDOL]DUHúL
SUH]HQWDUHDLPDJLQLORUGHILOPDXHYROXDWGHODDOEQHJUXODFRORUúL
DSRLWULGLPHQVLRQDODúDQXPLWXOFLQHPDWRJUDIÄvQUHOLHI³
În plan social, în scurt timp filmul sa transformat întrR LQGXVWULH
SURVSHU DFWRULLDXGHYHQLWVWDUXULSURGXF LLOHVXSHUSURGXF LLFDUHDXvQJKL LW
EXJHWHHQRUPHFUHkQGROXPHSDUDOHO GHPRGHOHúLIDOVHPRGHOHvQFDUH
YHFKLOHPLWXULDOHRPHQLULLVXQWUHFLFODWHFXQRLSURWDJRQLúWL9DULDQWDHURXOXL
JUHF+HUFXOHF O X]LWGHSULQFLSLLOHPRUDOHLDQWLFHGHYLQHvQHUDPRGHUQ 
PRGHO DO YDULDQWHL MXVWL LDUH vQWUXFKLSDW  GH DFWRUL SUHFXP 6FKZU]HQQHJHU
VDX 6WDOORQH 0DL PXOW DFHúWLD VXQW UHFXQRVFX L HL vQúLúL FD DWDUH úL QX
ÄSHUVRQDMHOHORU´PLWXOFLQHPDWRJUDIXOXLIXQF LRQkQGGHRSRWULY SHSULQFLSLL
FRPHUFLDOH DUWLVWLFH úL HYHQWXDO HGXFDWLYH 3 WUXQGHUHD LQGXVWULHL
cinematografiei în sistemul massPHGLD UHSUH]LQW  SH OkQJ  UHDOLWDWHD
faptului în sine, avantajul unor prime dezbateri sau atitudini cu privire la
HYROX LDVLVWHPXOXL3ULQLQWHUPHGLXOILOPXOXLPLOLRDQHGHRDPHQLDXSXWXW
FRQúWLHQWL]DLPSDFWXOH[WUDRUGLQDUSHFDUHODDYXWPDVVmedia în societate. O
SHOLFXO  H[SOLFLW  SHQWUX HYROX LD VLVWHPXOXL PDVVPHGLD FDúLSHQWUXUROXO
jucat de industria filmului în acest sens, este &LWL]HQ.DQHDUHJL]RUXOXLúL
DFWRUXOXL 2UVRQ :HOOV, care a „dinamitat” în mai 1941 ecranele de film
americane prezentând ascensiunea celei deD SDWUD SXWHUL úL FRQWUROXO
industriilor informatice, cu o tot mai mare pondere în modificarea jocului
 
SROLWLFúLDUHJXOLORUVDOH$FHVWILOPDSULPLWvQXUPDXQHLYRW ULWLWOXO
GHFHOPDLEXQILOPDOWXWXURUWLPSXULORU
3ULPXOILOPWXUQDWvQ5RPkQLDDDYXWORFvQúLVHQXPHD5 ]ERLXO
GH LQGHSHQGHQ  $VW ]L H[LVW  XQ QXP U GH  VWXGLRXUL FLQHPDWRJUDILFH
FDUH SURGXF H[WUHP GH SX LQH ILOPH  GH GLIX]RUL úL QXPDL  V OL GH
FLQHPD&DSUHWXWLQGHQLILOPXODIRVWGHWURQDWGHWHOHYL]LXQH
H7HOHYL]LXQHDFXDQWHQ SULQFDEOXVDWHOLW&HOPDLQRXGLQWUH
PLMORDFHOH GH FRPXQLFDUH WHOHYL]RUXO D PRúWHQLW PXOWH GLQ WUDGL LLOH
UDGLRXOXL 6DU SXWHD VSXQH SHQWUX H[DFWLWDWH FD OHD SUHOXDW vPEXQ W LQ
GXOH7HOHYL]LXQHDPHFDQLF YDILSULPDFDUHDWLQJHID]DRSHUD LRQDO 'XS 
Fk LYDDQLGHFRQIUXQW ULFXWHOHYL]LXQHDHOHFWURQLF DFHDVWDGLQXUP VHYD
impune. Etapele reprezentative ale începuturilor televizLXQLLVXQW
• În 1929 englezul -RKQ%DLUG începe emisiunile experimentale, cu
LPDJLQLUXGLPHQWDUHIRUPDWHGLQQXPDLGHOLQLL
• ÌQHVWHDVLJXUDW VLQFURQL]DUHDVXQHWLPDJLQH
• ÌQ  %DLUG D YkQGXW VXE  GH WHOHYL]RDUH úL UHDOL]HD] 
vPSUHXQ  FX %%& SULPHOH SURJUDPH GH WHOHYL]LXQH WHDWUX FX R SLHV  GH
3LUDQGHOORúLWUDQVPLWH'HUE\ul în direct. Un jurnalist de la „Daily Herold”
FRPHQWDÄ,QWU PvQWURHU QRX vQFDUHRFKLXOPHFDQLFYDYHGHDSHQWUXQRL
PDULOHHYHQLPHQWHúLQLOHYDDGXFHDFDV ”
• Vladimir ZworîkinIRVWFHUFHW WRUOD,QVWLWXWXOGHWHKQRORJLHGLQ
6DQNW 3HWHUVEXUJ HPLJUHD]  vQ 68$ úL OXFUHD]  OD ODERUDWRDUHOH
:HVWLQJKRXVH $FHVWD SURSXQH R QRX  VROX LH SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD XQHL
WUDQVPLVLLWHOHYL]LXQHDHOHFWURQLF FDUHYDILDFFHSWDW PXOWPDLWkU]LX
• ÌQ  =ZRUvNLQ SXQH OD SXQFW WXEXO FDWRGLF GH UHFHS LH
(cinescopul), iar doi ani mai târziu tubul analizator al camerei (iconoscopul),
având sprijinul lui Sarnoff, director general la RCA.
• $SDU SULPHOH GLVFX LL UHIHULWRDUH OD DOWHUQDWLYHOH WHOHYL]LXQLL
PHFDQLF VDXHOHFWURQLF 
• În Europa, :LOOLDP7HGKDPúL-RVHSK'0F*HHFRQVWUXLHVFXQ
tub analizator de imagini (analog isconoscopului), în 1932. 
• 'XS  QXPHURDVH FRQIOLFWH FX %DLUG DS U WRUXO WHOHYL]LXQLL
PHFDQLFHWHOHYL]LXQHDHOHFWURQLF VHLPSXQHvQ$QJOLDQXvQDLQWHvQV GHD
IXQF LRQDRSHULRDGDDOWHUQDWLYFXFHDPHFDQLF 
• În noiembrie 1936, BBC deschide un serviciu permanent de
WHOHYL]LXQHLDUGLQRSWHD] SHQWUXVLVWHPXOHOHFWURQLF

 
 • La începutul celui deDOGRLOHDU ]ERLPRQGLDOWHOHYL]LXQHDEULWDQLF 
RIHUHDSURJUDPHUHJXODWHGHPDLPXO LDQL([LVWDXvQWUHúLGH
UHFHSWRDUHLQVWDODWH(PLVLDUHJXODW vQFHSHvQ68$vQ 
&HOGHDOGRLOHDU ]ERLPRQGLDODvQJKH DWSHQWUXRSHULRDG HFRQRPLD
VWDWHORUFHORUPDLLQGXVWULDOL]DWHGDUFKLDUúLvQDFHVWU VWLPSVDXI FXWXQHOH
SURJUHVH GH RUGLQ WHKQLF vQFkW OD VFXUW  YUHPH GXS  LHúLUHD GLQ FRQIOLFWXO
PRQGLDOLQGXVWULDWHOHYL]LXQLLV UHYLQ vQSULPSODQ([SHULHQ DFkúWLJDW vQ
E W OLDSHQWUXJHVWLRQDUHDVSD LXOXLKHUW]LDQúLa spus cuvântul în domeniul
WHOHYL]LXQLL GH DVW  GDW  VWDWXO LQWHUYHQLQG GHFLVLY úL GH OD vQFHSXW vQ
UHJOHPHQW ULOHFHXUP UHDXV VWRSH]HKDRVXOLQWHUIHUHQ HORUFDQDOHORU
I7HOHYL]LXQHDSULQUH HDRIIWKHDLU'LQFXUEDYkQ] ULORUGH
televizoare a crescut vertiginos, iar în 1960 aproximativ 87% din casele
DPHULFDQHGLVSXQHDXGHXQWHOHYL]RUDMXQJkQGGRX GHFHQLLPDLWkU]LXODXQ
SXQFWGHVDWXUD LH
Primele televizoare aveau un ecran mic (aproximativ cât o juP WDWHGH
SDJLQ  GH FDUWH úL IXQF LRQDX SH SULQFLSLXO WXEXULORU FX YLG 3H P VXUD
WUHFHULL WLPSXOXL HFUDQHOH WHOHYL]RDUHORU VDX P ULW FRQVWDQW SUH XO
PLFúRUkQGXVH 8Q LQFRQYHQLHQW PDMRU vO UHSUH]HQWD UHFHS LD LPDJLQLL
calitatea acesteia depinzând de GLVWDQ DGHODHPL WRU6HPQDOHOHSULPLWHGH
FHLDIOD LODGLVWDQ HPDLPDULHUDXIRDUWHVODEHQHFODUHúLSXWHDXILSHUWXUEDWH
FKLDUúLGHWUHFHUHDXQXLDXWRPRELOSULQ]RQ 
'XS   FDEOXO FRD[LDO úL DOWH WHKQRORJLL DX DGXV vPEXQ W LUL
VXEVWDQ LDOH 'LQ  MDSRQH]LL DX SUHOXDW SLD D DPHULFDQ  RIHULQG
WHOHYL]RDUHGHEXQ FDOLWDWHODXQSUH UHGXV'HODWHOHYL]RDUHOHDOEQHJUXVD
WUHFXWODWHOHYL]LXQHDvQFXORULLDUDVW ]LVHXWLOL]HD] HFUDQHFRQFDYH'9'
J7HOHYL]LXQHDSULQFDEOX&KHVWLXQHDFODULW LLLPDJLQLLúLLPSOLFLWD
SXWHULL VHPQDOXOXL D IRVW UH]ROYDW  GH DPHULFDQXO 5REHUW 7DUOWRQ
SURSULHWDUXO XQXL DWHOLHU GH UHSDUD LL WY FDUH VH FRQIUXQWD FX QXPHURDVH
UHFODPD LL YHQLWH GLQ SDUWHD FOLHQ LORU V L FDUH VH SOkQJHDX GH FODULWDWHD
LPDJLQLL'HúLVHDIODODQXPDLGHPLOHGLVWDQ GH3KLODGHOSKLDGHXQGHVH
HPLWHDVHPQDOXOHUDREVWDFXODWGHXQPXQWH7DUOWRQDDYXWLGHHDVDOXWDU GH
D PRQWD SH FXOPHD PXQWHOXL R DQWHQ  vQDOW  úL FRQWUD XQHL WD[H OXQDUH D
FRQHFWDW SULQ FDEOX  FDVD ILHF UXL DERQDW $VWIHO 7KH 3DQWKHU 9DOOH\
7HOHYLVLRQ&RPSDQ\DGHYHQLWRDIDFHUHUHQWDELO GHFDUHHUDXPXO XPL LvQ
SULPXOUkQGFOLHQ LLV L
3DWULFH)OLFK\RSFLWS
 
 ,GHHD OXL 7DUOWRQ D IRVW SUHOXDW  úL vPEXQ W LW  LDU VLVWHPXO &$79
&RPPXQLW\$QWHQQD7HOHYLVLRQDOXDWILLQ vQWRDWH]RQHOH6WDWHORU8QLWH
ÌQQXP UXOGH]RQHGHVHUYLWHGHWHOHYL]LXQHDSULQFDEOXDGXVODDSDUL LD
FRUSRUD LLORUVSHFLDOL]DWHvQDFHVWWLSGHFDQDOLDUGLQvQXUPDIX]LRQ ULL
WHKQRORJLHLGHFRPXQLFDUHSULQVDWHOLWFXWHKQRORJLDFRPXQLF ULLSULQFDEOX
VDXRE LQXWSURJUHVHVHPQLILFDWLYH
K6LVWHPHGHWUDQVPLWHUHSULQVDWHOLW'%66LVWHPXOGHGLIX]DUH
GLUHFW SULQVDWHOLWHVWHPXOWDVHP Q WRUFHOXLFDUHSUH]LQW FRPELQD LDVDWHOLW
FDEOXWD[ FXDPHQGDPHQWXOFDXWLOL]DWRUXOSO WHúWHRVLQJXU GDW R
DQWHQ  SDUDEROLF  GH DSUR[   SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO F UHLD DUH DFFHV OD
QXPHURDVHOHWUDQVPLVLLSULQVDWHOLWQHFRGDWH$FHVWHDVXQWGHRUGLQXOVXWHORU
úLDVLJXU XQDFFHVGXS DO LLÄXQYRLDj” gratuit întrXQXQLYHUVSUDFWLFJUHX
HSXL]DELO 3UH]LQW  GH]DYDQWDMXO F  ÄYL]LWDUHD´ WXWXURU VLWHXULORU GH DQWHQ 
HVWHDQHYRLRDV úLQHUHOHYDQW GDF QXVHHIHFWXHD] FRQVWDQWúLvQSOXVSH
P VXU FHXQDVWIHOGHÄSURJUDP´SULQVDWHOLWGHYLQHPDLLQFLWDQWúDQVHOHVDOH
GHFRGLILFDUHFUHVF3HQWUXRE LQHUHDGHLPDJLQLSHSURJUDPHOHFRGDWHHVWH
QHFHVDU DFKL]L LRQDUHDXQXLGLVSR]LWLYGHFRGRUÌQQXPHURDVH ULSRVWXULOH
VDWHOLW FDUH SUH]LQW  PL[WXUL GH SURJUDPH FRGDWH VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH FHOH PDL
EXQH 3URJUDPHOH vQ FXUVGHDVFHQVLXQHIRORVHVFúLLQWHUYDOHGHSUH]HQWDUH
ÄFODU ´I U GHFRGRUH[HUFLWkQGDVWIHORDWUDF LHLUH]LVWLELO VSUHvQFKLULHUHD
GLVSR]LWLYXOXLGHGHFRGDUH
L 7HOHYL]LXQHD SULQ FDEOX WUDQVPLV  GH VDWHOLW (SRFD VDWHOL LORU
FRPHUFLDOLGHFRPXQLFD LLHVWHLQL LDW vQ68$GLQ$WXQFLDIRVWODQVDW
:HVWVWDU  UHSUH]HQWkQG R LQYHVWL LH H[WUHP GH FRVWLVLWRDUH   în 1989, 75
PLOLRDQH GH GRODUL  DPRUWL]DW  vQV  UHODWLY UHSHGH GHRDUHFH ILHFDUH VDWHOLW
avea la bord în jurul a 24 de tUDQVSRUGHUH
6DUSXWHDVSXQHF LPSRUWDQ DVDWHOL LORUSHQWUXSURJUHVXOFRPXQLFD LORU
PRGHUQHHVWHVLPLODU FXLPSRUWDQ DWHOHJUDIXOXLSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHD]LDUXOXL$WkW
WHOHJUDIXO FkW úL VDWHOLWXO DX vQYLQV ÄREVWDFROXO´ GLVWDQ HL SHUPL kQG DVWIHO XQ
DFFHV PDL IDFLO OD FROHFWDUHD úL U VSkQGLUHD LQIRUPD LLORU 7HG 7XUQHU
SURSULHWDUXOXQHLVWD LL79GLQ$WODQWDDGHPRQVWUDWQXQXPDLF WHOHYL]LXQHD
SULQFDEOXFXSODW SRDWHDGXFHSURILWGDUúLF SURILWXOHVWHUHDOL]DELOFDXUPDUHD
WUDQVPLWHULLGHLQIRUPD LLvQFDGUXOUH HOHLGHúWLULSULQFDEOX

0HOYLO'H)OHXU 6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS

 
 7XUQHUDIRVWSkQ GHFXUkQGSURSULHWDUXO&11&DEOH1HZV1HWZRUN
UH HDFDUHDUHXúLWV FDSWH]HLQWHUHVXOPDVVmedia prin câteva transmisii în
GLUHFWGHODHYHQLPHQWHFHDX LQXWSODQHWDFXU VXIODUHDODJXU XQH[HPSOX
GDU DU SXWHD IL RIHULWH úL DOWHOH OD FRQVWLWXLW DWDFXO IRU HORU PLOLWDUH ILGHOH
GHPRFUD LHL vPSRWULYD 3DUODPHQWXOXL UXV RFXSDW GH GHSXWD LL QRVWDOJLFL DL
FRPXQLVPXOXLúL5HYROX LHLGLQ2FWRPEULH
M 7HOHYL]LXQHD LQWHUDFWLY  ,QWHUDFWLYLWDWHD VH UHIHU  vQ JHQHUDO OD
SURFHVHOH GH FRPXQLFDUH FDUH SUHLDX XQHOH GLQ FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH FRPXQLF ULL
LQWHUSHUVRQDOH GH LQkQG úL FRQWURO UHFLSURF DVXSUD FRQ LQXWXOXL IOX[XOXL
LQIRUPD LRQDO7HOHFRQIHULQ HOHYLGHRSHUPLWXQXLQXP UGHSDUWHQHULDQJDMD L
vQ GLDORJ V  VH YDG  úL V  VH DXG  VLPXOWDQ 3HQWUX UHDOL]DUHD DFHVWRU
GH]LGHUDWH HVWH QHYRLH GH R OHJ WXU  SULQ FDEOX vQWUH vQF SHULOH WLS VWXGLR
HFKLSDWHFXPRQLWRDUHWYFDPHUHGHOXDWYHGHULúLPLFURIRDQH)LLQGIRDUWH
FRVWLVLWRDUHQXDXRODUJ U VSkQGLUHvQUkQGXOSRSXOD LHL
$OWH HOHPHQWH GH VLVWHP PDVVPHGLD DO XWLOLW LORU DXGLRYLGHR VXQW
YLGHRWH[WXO SULQ FDUH VH RE LQH WUDQVPLWHUHD LQIRUPD LLORU FXP DU IL
SULQFLSDOHOHúWLULFRWD LDODEXUV UH]XOWDWHOHVSRUWLYHDGUHVHOHXWLOHILOPHOH
V SW PkQLLHWFSULQWUXQVLVWHPGHWHOHYL]LXQHSULQFDEOXúLWHOHVKRSLQJXO
XQVLVWHPGHYkQ]DUHODGLVWDQ vQVR LWGHRELFHLúLGHFOLSXULSXElicitare, în
FDUH VH SUH]LQW  FDOLW L DOH XQRU SURGXVH SUHFXP QRXWDWHD ILDELOLWDWHD úL
FRVWXULOH SURPR LRQDOH DOH DFHVWRUD ÌQWUXFkW SUH]HQWDUHD DFHVWHL IRUPH GH
LQIRUPDUH FRPHUFLDO  VH GHVI úRDU  úL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO PLFXOXL HFUDQ
WHUPHQXOVHFRQIXQG GHVHRULúLGXFHODFUHDUHDXQHLHWLPRORJLLSRSXODUHvQ
VHQVXOF SULYLWRULLIDFOHJ WXUDFXXQSRVLELORPRQLPDGLF VHDIO vQSRVWXUD
GHSULYLWRULODWHOHYL]RUWHOHúLDQXPHODXQSURJUDPSHQWUXFXPS U WXUL
$FHVWHHOHPHQWHGHVLVWHPPDVVPHGLDDOXWLOLW LORUDXGLRYLGHRFXP
VXQW YLGHRWH[WXO úL WHOHVKRSLQJXO GHúL VH GLIX]HD]  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
WHOHYL]LXQLLDXDS UXWRGDW FXDSOLFD LLOHPXOWLPHGLDXQGHYRUILSUH]HQWDWH
ÌQ DUDQRDVWU VLVWHPXOIXQF LRQHD] DYkQGXUP WRDUHDVWUXFWXU GH
VRFLHW LWLWXODUHGHOLFHQ HGHHPLVLHúLVDXGHFL]LLGHDXWRUL]DUHSHQWUXVWD LL
de televiziune; 40 de posturi de televiziune, din care numai câteva au
DFRSHULUHQD LRQDO úLSURJUDPGHWUDQVPLVLH7957953UR7Y
$QWHQD3ULPD797HOH$%&FXYDULDQWHOHORULQWHUQD LRQDOHHPLVH
SULQ VDWHOLW ÌQ WRDWH RUDúHOH úL FKLDU vQ ORFDOLW LOH OLPLWURIH DFHVWRUDH[LVW 
UH HOHSULQFDEOX (acest sistem a „prins” la noi cel mai bine comparativ cu
(XURSDGHHVWúLXQSURJUDPFRGLILFDWVXEOLFHQ D+%2

 
 ÎQ FH SULYHúWH SRVWXULOH FDUH QX IRORVHVF GLVSR]LWLYH GH FRGLILFDUH D
SURJUDPHORU DFHVWHD VH FRQIUXQW  FX SUREOHPH FXP VXQW GUHSWXO GH
SURSULHWDWH DVXSUD WUDQVPLVLLORU SULQ VDWHOLW 'LVWLQF LD vQWUH DXWRULL
HYHQLPHQWXOXL vQ VHQVXO F  DFHúWLD VDX DIODW OD ORFXO úL PRPHQWXO SRWULYLW
SHQWUX UHODWDUHD HYHQLPHQWXOXL GH PXOWH RUL DEVHQ D HVWH FRPSHQVDW  SULQ
FXPS UDUHD XQRU H[FOXVLYLW L GH LPDJLQH VDX GH PDUWRUL RFXODUL QX HVWH
IRDUWHGHSDUWHGHFHOHEUDGHVFULHUHI FXW GHVFULLWRUXODXVWULDF6WHIDQ=ZHLJ
îQFDUWHDVD2UHOHDVWUDOHDOHRPHQLULL
N 6LVWHPH DXGLRYLGHR GH VWRFDUH D LQIRUPD LHL 'DF  VLVWHPXO
PDVVPHGLD SH VXSRUW GH KkUWLH SUH]HQWD DYDQWDMXO FRQVHUY ULL úL VWRF ULL
LQIRUPD LHLUHODWLYXúRUSULQFUHDUHDGHDUKLYHQXDFHODúLOXFUXVHSRDWHVSXQH
GHVSUHRSHUD LXQLOHGHFRQVHUYDUHúLVWRFDUHDOHFHORUODOWHPHGLLVXSRUWXUL
DXGLRYLGHRVDXDXGLRYLGHR$XIRVWFUHDWHRVHULHGHDSDUDWHFDSDELOHV 
UHGHDúLDSRLV UH LQ LQIRUPD LDSHQWUXWLPSvQGHOXQJDW8UP WRUXOSDVvO
FRQVWLWXLD DUKLYDUHD ) U  FRQWULEX LD DX[LOLDUHORU UHVSHFWLYH SURJUHVXO vQ
GRPHQLXDUILIRVWLQH[LVWHQW
,QWU vQDFHDVW FDWHJRULHIRQRJUDIXOLQYHQWDWGH(GLVRQSHOLFXODIRWR
úLGHFLQHPDJUDPRIRQXOúLSLFNXSXOPDJQHWRIRQXOLQYHQWDWGHGDQH]XO
9DOGHPDU3RXOVHQSHUIHF LRQDWGHVRYLHWLFXO1D]DULVYLOOLúL
PRGHUQL]DWGHJHUPDQXO3IOHPPHUúLPDLUHFHQWPDJQHWRVFRSXOVDX
YLGHRUHFRUGHUXO'HVSUHXQHOHGLQWUHDFHVWHDYRPGDUHIHULQ HPDLDP QXQ LWHÌQ
1DGDUFDUHHVWHXQXOGLQIRWRJUDILLSDVLRQD LGHWHKQLF DLWLPSXOXLDUH
LGHHD XQXL ÄGDJKHURWLS DFXVWLF vQ VWDUH V  UHSURGXF  ILGHO GXS  GRULQ  WRDWH
VXQHWHOHVXSXVHRELHFWLYLW LLVDOH´&k LYDDQLPDLWkU]LXHOGHVFULHDFHDVW PDúLQ 
–SHFDUHRQXPHúWHIRQRJUDI– „ca o cutie în care sDUIL[DúLVDUUH LQHPHORGLLOH
ODIHOFXPFDPHUDREVFXU VXUSULQGHúLIL[HD] LPDJLQLOH´'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUH
VRFLDOÄIRQRJUDIXOHVWHFDPHUDREVFXU DVXQHWXOXL´ 
/D  IHEUXDULH  (GLVRQ GHSXQH XQ EUHYHW SHQWUX XQ UHSHWRU
WHOHJUDILF /DLXOLHHFKLSDGHFHUFHWDUHGHVFRSHU F GHODRDQXPLW 
YLWH]  GH URWD LH D SODWDQXOXL DFXO FDUH ÄFLWHúWH´ VHPQHOH HPLWH YLEUD LL
DVHP Q WRDUHYRFLLXPDQHÌQ]LXDXUP WRDUH(GLVRQQRWHD] LGHHDGHVSUH
XQUHSHWRUWHOHIRQLFUHPDUFkQGÄ9LEUD LLOHYRUELULLVXQWvQUHJLVWUDWHH[DFWúL
I U vQGRLDO SHVWHSX LQWLPSYRLSXWHDvQUHJLVWUDúLUHGDYRFHDXPDQ ´ÌQ
 vQV  PDL PXOWH VRFLHW L GH FRPHUFLDOL]DUH D IRQRJUDIXOXL GLQ 68$
SURSXQRQRX IRORVLQ DDFHVWXLDSDUDWFDUHYDDYHDXQPDUHVXFFHV
,GHP
 
 (OH DPSODVHD]  PDúLQD YRUELWRDUH vQ ORFXUL SXEOLFH úL GDX RDPHQLORU
SRVLELOLWDWHD V  DVFXOWH EXF L PX]LFDOH vQ VFKLPEXO FkWRUYD FHQ L  /D
MXP WDWHDGHFHQLXOXLDOQRX OHDWR LIDEULFDQ LLGHIRQRJUDIHúLGHJUDPRIRDQH
SURSXQ XQ DSDUDW GH IRORVLQ  FDVQLF  ÌQ LDUQD OXL  &ROXPELD IDFH R
UHFODP vQWURUHYLVW DPHULFDQ vQI LúkQGRIDPLOLHvQWUXQPRPHQWGHH[WD]
EXQLFXODúH]DWvQWUXQIRWROLXILXOúLQRUDGHRSDUWHúLGHDOWDQHSRWXOVWkQGXL
SHJHQXQFKL7R LSDWUXSULYHVFSkOQLDXQXLIRQRJUDIDúH]DWSHRPDV DO WXUDW 
7HPD ÄIDPLOLHL IHULFLWH YU MLWH GH IRQRJUDI HVWH LQHYLWDELO ´ ÌQ UHDOLWDWH HD
IXVHVHvPSUXPXWDW GLQUHYLVWHOHGHFHQLLORUSUHFHGHQWHXQGHDVWIHOGHLPDJLQL
FRQVWLWXLDXIURQWLVSLFLXOPDMRULW LLUHYLVWHORU6SUHH[HPSOXUHYLVWDÄ)DPilia”,
vQFDUHDGHEXWDWvQ(PLQHVFXFRQ LQHDSHSULPDSDJLQ WRWRDVWIHOGH
LPDJLQHDDUPRQLHLGHIDPLOLHVHPQF OHFWXUDI FHDSDUWHFDúLXOWHULRUDXGL LD
GLQPHGLXOLQWLPVDXDSDU LQHFXPVSXQH3DWULFH)OLFK\FRPXQLF ULLIDPLOLDOH
3 WUXQGHUHDDFHVWRUDSDUDWHvQF PLQHVHIDFHUDSLG
8QLQFRQYHQLHQWFDúLFHOSULYLWRUODPDVVmedia audio, îl constituia
LPSRVLELOLWDWHDVWRF ULLLPDJLQLORUFDUHHUDXUHFHS LRQDWHvQGLUHFWILHGLQWUXQ
VWXGLR VSHFLDO HFKLSDW ILH GH OD GLVWDQ  FX DMXWRUXO XQRU VWXGLRXUL PRELOH
&RPSRQHQWDDUWLVWLF DQRLLPDVVPHGLDFHUHDFDHIRUWXULOHGHDFHVWWLSV QX
ILH HIHPHUH PDL DOHV F  DS UXVHU  QXPHURDVH ]RQH GH LQWHUIHUHQ  vQWUH
SULQFLSDOHOH PDVVPHGLD 5DGLRXO SUHOXDVH GH OD SUHV  PHWRGD GLIX] ULL GH
úWLULVau mesaje cu caracter mediatic, condensate în buletine transmise la ore
IL[HúLvQSOXVWUDQVPLWHUHDXQRUHYHQLPHQWHvQGLUHFW7HOHYL]LXQHDSUHOXDVH
ODUkQGXOHLGHODSUHV úLUDGLRXQHOHPHWRGH$VWIHORDPHQLLGHWHOHYL]LXQH
DXFUHDWEXOHWLQHOHGHúWLULDúD]LVHOHWHOHMXUQDOHFDUHDYHDXDYDQWDMXOLPHQV
GH D RIHUL SH OkQJ  LQIRUPD LD HVHQ LDO  ILH VXQHW úL LPDJLQH GH OD ORFXO
HYHQLPHQWXOXLILHV LQYLWHvQVWXGLRRSHUVRQDOLWDWHGHRELFHLFRPSHWHQW vQ
GRPHQLXOVXSXVGLVFX LHLFDUHV RIHUHLQIRUPD LLV OHFRPHQWH]HVDXV IDF 
SUHGLF LL3HGHDOW SDUWHWHOHYL]LXQHDDWUDQVIHUDWÄFXDUPHúLEDJDMH´SHFHL
PDLVWU OXFL LUHSUH]HQWDQ LDLPDVVPHGLDGLQGRPHQLXODXGLRSUH]HQWDWRULúL
FRPHQWDWRULGHúWLULDFWRULPRGHUDWRULVKRZEL]]V\WFRPXULOHFDSXEOLFXO
V LSRDW YHGHD'RULQ DGHDDIODFkWPDLPXOWHGHVSUHDFHVWHSHUVRDQHFDUH
UHPRGHODXH[LVWHQ DvQGLUHFWDGXVODFUHDUHDQRLORUPLWXULGHFDUHVRFLHWDWHD
DYHDQHYRLHúLGHFDUHYDSURILWDvQFHDPDLvQDOW P VXUDFLQHPDWRJUDIXO
PDUHOHvQYLQVDOWHOHYL]LXQLLGDF QXFXPYDRDUW vPEOkQ]LW úLWUDQVIHUDW vQ
LQFLQWDWHOHYL]LXQLLFDDQLPDOGHFRPSDQLH
În 1952, &KDUOHV*LQVEHUJGHOD&RPSDQLD$PSH[GLQ1HZ<RUND
vQFHUFDWV FRQFHDS XQDSDUDWSHQWUXDvQUHJLVWUDSURJUDPHGHWHOHYL]LXQHSH
 
EDQG PDJQHWLF GXS PRGHOXOPDJQHWRIRQXOXLFDUHVWRFDLQIRUPD LDDXGLR
9LGHRWDSHUHFRUGHUXO 975 DSDUDW GH vQUHJLVWUDUH FX EDQG  YLGHR HUD GH
P ULPHDXQHLYDOL]HúLDYHDSDWUXFDSHWHGHvQUHJLVWUDUHURWDWLYH'LQ
SURFHGHXO LQWU  vQ X] ILLQG IRORVLW úL OD WUDQVPLWHUHD XQRU HPLVLXQL GLQDLQWH
vQUHJLVWUDWH$FHVWHDSUH]HQWDXDYDQWDMXOF WRDWHHURULOHXQHLWUDQVPLVLHLvQ
GLUHFWJHQHUDWHILHGHRERVHDO UHDOL]DWRULORUVDXGHHPR LLOHSURWDJRQLúWLORU
SXWHDXILFRUHFWDWHVFR kQGXVHSHSLD HPLVLXQLSHUIHFWH/DVFXUW YUHPH
YLGHRUHFRUGHUXO úLD GHPRQVWUDW XWLOLWDWHD úL vQ DOWH GRPHQLL PDL DOHV FHOH
OHJDWH GH PHGLFLQ  VDX XQHOH SURFHVH GH LQVWUXLUH XOWLPD GLQWUH IDFLOLW L
UHIHULQGXVHODvQY PkQWXOODGLVWDQ 
La începutul anilor ‘70, baQGDYLGHRSHUROHDIRVWvQORFXLW GHYHUVLXQHD
SHFDVHW YLGHRFDVHWWHUHFRUGHU9&5DOHF UHLGLPHQVLXQLVDXUHGXVFHD
PDLPLF ILLQGYLGHRPPSULQLQWHUPHGLXOF URUDVHSXWHDXUHDOL]DFRSLL
GXS  HPLVLXQLOH WY VDX GXS  DOWH FDVHWH SULQ PHWRGHOH XWLOL]DWH úL OD
PDJQHWRIRDQH 3DUDOHO FX VLVWHPXO $PSH[ IXQF LRQHD]  VLVWHPXO %HWDPD[
SURGXVGHMDSRQH]L3RVLELOLWDWHDSUDFWLFQHOLPLWDW DvQUHJLVWU ULLVDXFRSLHULL
GHLPDJLQLLQIRUPD LLVSHFWDFROHPX]LFDOHúLGHEDOHWWHDWUXILOPHvQWUHFHUL
VSRUWLYHúDPGDFUHDWRFKHVWLXQHOLWLJLRDV DQXPHSUREOHPDGUHSWXOXLGH
DXWRUHYLGHQW vQXQHOHVLWXD LLFUHDW VXEDFHVWQRXDVSHFWGHDOWHOH$VWIHO
GDF  vQ SULYLQ D XQHL RSHUH GH DUW  VH UHFXQRDúWH GUHSWXO GH SURSULHWDWH DO
creatorului, în privin DúWLULORUúLDvQWUHFHULORUVSRUWLYHVDFUHDWXQQRXGUHSW
GHFXUJkQGGLQOHJLOHQHVFULVHúLDSRLVFULVHDOHPDVVPHGLDFDUHDUWUHEXLQXPLW
dreptul la întâietate, sau cu alt termen, mai orgolios, dreptul la exclusivitate.
2 DOW  ILUP  MDSRQH]  FRUSRUD LD 0DWXVKLWD D UHDOL]DW YLGHR KRPH
V\VWHP 9+6 ÄVLVWHP YLGHR SHQWUX DFDV ´ D F UXL U VSkQGLUH VD H[WLQV
SULQWUHDOWHOHILLQGF SHUPLWHDvQUHJLVWUDUHDXQRUSURJUDPHGHGRX RULPDL
PDULFDGHVI úXUDUHSHRVLQJXU FDVHW 
În finalul celor prezentatHWUHEXLHDU WDWF vQHYROX LDORULVWRULF FHOH
PDLLPSRUWDQWHFRPSRQHQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDSUHVDUDGLRWYVD
aflat întrRVLWXD LHFRQFXUHQ LDO $FHVWHDVDXVXFFHGDWXQHOHDOWRUDúLH[LVWD
vQFD]XOXQHLFRQIUXQW ULWRWDOHULVFXOGLVSDUL LHLXQRUDGLQWUHHOH'HDOWIHOVH
SRDWHREVHUYDF ÄIRU D´PDVVPHGLDLQL LDO DORUDVO ELWRULVSRULWvQIXQF LH
GHHYROX LH/XFUXOFHOPDLLPSRUWDQWHVWHvQV F vQORFXOXQXLU ]ERLWRWDO
DFHVWHFRPSRQHQWHPDVVmedia au intrat întrRUHOD LHVLPELRWLF FRQYLH XLQG
prin specializarea lor întrXQXOGLQYDULLOHGRPHQLLDOHFRPXQLF ULLPRGXOXLúL
VFRSXOXLUHDOL] ULLDFHVWHLD'XS FXPVDVSXVDSDUL LDILHF UXLQRXPLMORFGH
FRPXQLFDUHvQPDV DSURGXVODvQFHSXWRSHULRDG GHOLWLJLLFXFHOFHOHGHMD
 
H[LVWHQWH&RQIUXQWDWHFXDFHVWHSHUVSHFWLYHPDLYHFKLOHVLVWHPHPHGLDVDX
VWU GXLWV GHVFRSHUHQHFHVLW LQHVDWLVI FXWHGHQRX VWUXFWXU )DSWXODGXVOD
R UHFRQVLGHUDUH D RELHFWLYHORU úL WRWRGDW  OD VSHFLDOL]DUHD ILHF UHLD GLQWUH
DFHVWH VWUXFWXUL PHGLD -XUQDOLVPXO GH SUHV  QX HVWH vQWUX WRWXO DVHP Q WRU
FHOXL GH UDGLR vQ WLPS FH MXUQDOLVPXO GH WHOHYL]LXQH FRQ LQH QXPHURDVH
DVSHFWH SDUWLFXODUH DOH SURIHVLHL 'DU GDF  DFHVWH DVSHFWH QX vQGHS UWHD] 
VWDUHDFRQFXUHQ LDO vQFDUHVHDIO FHOHWUHLLPSRUWDQWHVWUXFWXULGHVSUHFDUH
VHSRDWHVSXQHF VLPWGHMDvQFHDI U VXIODUHDXFLJDú DFHOHLGHDSDWUDHUD
FRPXQLF ULL FRPSXWHUL]DWH DOWHOH vúL GHPRQVWUHD]  HILFLHQ D úL QHFHVLWDWHD
reorientânduVH=LDUXOVHFRQFHQWUHD] SHHYHQLPHQWHOHúWLULOHFRPHQWDULLOH
FDUH FDSWHD]  LQWHUHVXO LPHGLDW DO FLWLWRUXOXL OHJkQGXl în mod invizibil pe
DFHVWD GH DUHDOXO vQ FDUH WU LHúWH 5DGLRXO FDUH úLD SLHUGXW PXOWH GLQWUH
SUHURJDWLYHOHGREkQGLWHSkQ ODDSDUL LDWHOHYL]LXQLLVa „retras” din camera
GH]LvQGRUPLWRDUHEXF W ULLDXWRPRELOHELURXULFRQFHQWUkQGXúLRIHUWDGH
SURJUDPH SHQWUX RUHOH FkQG QX VH SRW XUP UL SRVWXULOH WY GHYHQLQG vQ
XOWLPXOWLPSLQWHUDFWLY7HOHYL]LXQLOHGHúLHPLWvQPDUHDORUPDMRULWDWHGH
RUH GLQ  GHYLQ H[WUHP GH DFWLYH vQ RUHOH VHULL FHHD FH D GXV SH OkQJ 
GHFOLQXOUDGLRXOXLODSU EXúLUHDLQGXVWULHLFLQHPDWRJUDILFHPRQGLDOH

1RWH
 ÌQ HSRFD ILOPXOXL PXW VH DFFHSW  FD SXEOLFXO V úL H[SULPH FX YRFH WDUH
S UHUHDDVXSUDGHVI úXU ULLVSHFWDFROXOXL$FHDVWDSHUPLWHFUHDUHDXQHLOHJ WXULvQWUH
FHLFDUHvPSDUWDFHOHDúLHPR LLIRUPkQGXVHDVWIHORFRPXQLWDWHDVSHFWDWRULORULQL LDO
VWU LQL XQLL ID  GH DO LL $QXO  FRQVWLWXLH R FRWLWXU  vQ LVWRULD VRFLDO  D
VSHFWDFROXOXLDVFXOWDUHDJ O JLRDV YDGLVS UHDRGDW FXDSDUL LDILOPXOXLVRQRU/D
vQFHSXWXODQLORUµSXWHDXILvQF Y ]XWHDILúHGHJHQXOÄHVWHLQWHU]LVV VHYRUEHDVF 
vQWLPSXOILOPHORUVRQRUH´2LVWRULHDFLQHPDWRJUDIXOXLHXURSHDQSOLQ GHVDYRDUHD
HYRF ULLGDUúLGHIULVRQXOGLQDQLLGHJORULHDLFHOHLGHDúDSWHDDUWHDYHPvQILOPXOFX
0DUFHOOR0DVWURLDQQL&LQHPD3DUDGLVR. În cartea &DUDYDQDFLQHPDWRJUDILF ,RDQ
*URúDQGHVFULHVFHQHGHXQYHULVPSOLQGHSRH]LHÌQFLQHPDWRJUDIHOHEXFXUHúWHQH
DQDOIDEH LLSO WHDXELOHWXOFkWHXQXLFRSLOFXFDUWHFRQGL LRQkQGXLSUH]HQ DvQVDO GH
FLWLUHDGLDORJXULORU2vQWkPSODUHSOLQ GHKD]DIRVWUHODWDW vQDPLQWLULOHVDOHGHXQ
FXQRVFXWVFULLWRUFDUHFRSLOILLQGSURILWDGHEXQ YRLQ DE QHDVF DDQDOIDEH LORUvQV 
FXPQLFLHOQXúWLDSUHDELQHV FLWHDVF OHVSXQHDDFHVWRUDWRWFHLWUHFHDSULQPLQWH
YLVDvis de imaginile de pe ecran. Din acest motiv el a fost în mai multe rânduri
ÄVFXWXUDW´GHDQDOIDEH LLSHFDUHLvQVR HD

 
 /DQXPDLGHDQL2UVRQ:HOOVDUHJL]DWSLHVDUDGLRIRQLF GXS FDUHVD
I FXWúLILOPXO5D]ERLXOOXPLORUGXS URPDQXOFXDFHODúLQXPHDOOXL+*:HOOV
FDUHD]JXGXLW$PHULFDWRWFDLPSDFWDOPDVVPHGLD
 $FHDVWD IRORVHúWH SULQFLSLXO DQDOL]HL LPDJLQLL IRORVLW úL OD WUDQVPLWHUHD
IRWRJUDILHLSULQWHOHIRQOLQLHFXOLQLHIRORVLQGGLVFXO1LSNRYGLVFPRELOVWU E WXWGH
J XUL GLVSXVH vQ VSLUDO  /XPLQD FDUH S WUXQGH SULQ DFHVWH J XUL FDGH SH R FHOXO 
IRWRHOHFWULF SURGXFkQGXQFXUHQWHOHFWULFYDULDELO7UDQVPLVLDVHIDFHSULQUDGLR/D
UHFHS LHLPDJLQHDHVWHUHI FXW SULQIRORVLUHDXQXLPHFDQLVPLQYHUVFHOXLGHHPLVLH
'LQFDX]DGLVSR]LWLYXOXLGHEDOHLDMDOLPDJLQLLDFHVWSURFHGHXVDQXPLWPHFDQLF
7HKQRORJLDHOHFWURQLF DWHOHYL]LXQLLDIRVWSHUIHF LRQDW vQDQLL
zece ani mai târziu difuzânduVHHPLVLXQi în S.U.A
&DEOXULOHFRD[LDOHVXQWVkUPHvQYHOLWHvQSODVWLFPDWHULDOFDUHODUkQGXOV X
este învelit întrXQVWUDWSURWHFWRUGHPHWDOSHQWUXHYLWDUHDSLHUGHULORUGHVHPQDOVDXD
LQWHUIHUHQ HL
6. 75 milioane de dolari în 1989 (apud De Fleur & Ball5RNHDFK7HRULLDOH
FRPXQLF ULLGHPDV (GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
'LVSR]LWLYHOHFWURQLFFDUHUHFHSWHD] RWUDQVPLVLHGLQWUXQDQXPLWSXQFWGH
SHJORERFRQYHUWHúWHvQWURIUHFYHQ DGHFYDW RDPSOLILF úLRUHWUDQVPLWHvQVWDUHD
GHVHPQDOGHWHOHYL]LXQHGHvQDOW FDOLWDWHVSUHXQDQXPLWSXQFWGHGHVWLQD LH$QWHQD
GHVWLQDW UHFHSW ULLVHPQDOXOXLWUDQVPLVGHXQWUDQVSRQGHUDUHIRUP HPLVIHULF GH
OLJKHDQ
ÌQUHDOLWDWHSULQWHOHVKRSLQJVHvQ HOHJHDXQVLVWHPGHFXPS UDUHODGLVWDQ 
FXPXOt mai dezvoltat decât se vede la televizor.
*HVWXOXQRUDGLQWUHFRPDQGDQ LLFRQTXLVWDUGRULGHDFHUHV VHFRQVHPQH]H
F  HL DX S úLW SULPLL SH XQ QRX S PkQW QHFXQRVFXW SkQ  DWXQFL VSDQLROLORU VDX
SUHFXP FRPDQGDQWXO %DOERD FDUH D ÄGH LQXW H[FOXVLYLWDtea vederii întâiul” a
2FHDQXOXL3DFLILFGHSHFUHVWHOH$Q]LORUVHUHSHW vQ]LOHOHQRDVWUHFkQGIXUQL]DUHD
XQRULPDJLQLGHODORFXOGHVI úXU ULLXQXLHYHQLPHQWHVWHUHJOHPHQWDW GHSULQFLSLL
MXULGLFHFDUHVHDP Q IRDUWHPXOWFXGUHSWXOFXWXPLDUDOSULPXOXLYHQLW
'LVSR]LWLYXOFRQVWDGLQWUXQGLVFDFRSHULWFXKkUWLHFDUHVHvQYkUWHúWHSHXQ
SODWDQLDUXQDFJUDYRUVXVSHQGDWGHXQEUD WUDVHD] RVHULHGHSXQFWHúLOLQLLGLVSXVH
vQVSLUDO 
 (GLVRQ VFULD vQ ]LDUXO V X Ä)RQRJUDIXO´ F  VRFLHW LOH FDUH XWLOL]HD]  SH
VFDU ODUJ DSDUDWXOFXPRQHGHÄvúLYRUGDVHDPDSUHDWkU]LXvQV GHJUHúHDODIDWDO 
SHFDUHDXI FXWR$SDUDWXOFXPRQHGHDIRVWFRQFHSXWSHQWUXDGLVWUXJHLPDJLQHD
SXEOLF DIRQRJUDIXOXL) FkQGXOV DSDU FDRVLPSO MXF ULHQLPHQLQXYDvQ HOHJH
YDORDUHD DFHVWHL PDúLQL SHQWUX RDPHQLL GH DIDFHUL FDUH YRU V úL GLFWH]H
FRUHVSRQGHQ D´7RWXúL(GLVRQYDWUHEXLV DFFHSWHHYLGHQ DIRQRJUDIXOQXVHYLQGH
în birouri, în timp ce un aparat de 150 de dolari instalat întrXQGUXJVWRUHDduce în
PHGLHGHGRODULSHV SW PkQ )OLFK\2LVWRULHS

 
 ÌQH[LVWDXGHIRQRJUDIHvQ68$vQVHDGXQDVHU 
milioane, iar în 1920, 12 milioane. Potrivit presei este primul mijloc de comunicare în
PDV 3HQWUXDS WUXQGHvQXQLYHUVXOIDPLOLHLWUHEXLHV VHLQWHJUH]HvQPRELOLHUÌQ
9LFWRUSURGXFHDXQIRQRJUDIGLQDFDMXFXDFHHDúLILQLVDUHFDXQSLDQúLFXR
SkOQLHDVFXQV vQLQWHULRUXODSDUDWXOXL7LSXO'RQDWHOOROLYUDWGH&ROXPELDHUDSLFWDW
SHFHOHSDWUXSDQRXULFXFRSLLGLQDUWDLWDOLDQ DTXDWWURFHQWRXOXLÄGHRIUXPXVH H
HWHUQ ´ÌQVDXYkQGXWGHPLOLRDQHGHvQUHJLVWU ULDGLF GHSDWUXRULPDL
PXOW GHFkW vQ  5HSHUWRULXO HUD IRUPDW GLQ PX]LFD VHQWLPHQWDO  IUDJPHQWH GH
RSHU ODPRG SHDWXQFLúLLPDJLQHDYHGHWHORUFDUHLQWHUSUHWHD] &DUXVRDMXQVHVHvQ
vQDQXOPRU LLODPLOLRDQHGHGRODULGUHSWXULGHDXWRU3XEOLFXOFXOWLYDWDVFXOWD
PX]LF VDYDQW %UDKPV6FKXEHUWLDUvQFHSkQGGLQúLMD]]

%LEOLRJUDILH
3HWUH%DUEX6SRUWXOúLSRDQWHOHLDXID DILOPHORUDUWLVWLFH, în Capital, nr. 42, 19
RFWRPEULHS
3HWUH%DUEX7HOHYL]RUXOvLYU MHúWHSHWLQHUL, în Capital, nr. 3, 18 ianuarie 2001,
S
3HWUH%DUEX$XYHQLWIUHFYHQ HOH, în Capital, nr. 2, 11 ianuarie 2001, p. 20.
3HWUH%DUEX&LQHVHXLW OD& OLQHVFX7XF 6KRZ", în Capital, nr. 24, 14
LXQLHS
&DOXGH-HDQ %HUWUDQG 2 LQWURGXFHUH vQ SUHVD VFULV  úL YRUELW  (GLWXUD
3ROLURP,DúLSS
0HOYLQ/'H)OHXU6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK 7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS
(PLOLDQ 0 'REUHVFX 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD 9LFWRU %XFXUHúWL
SS
3DWULFH)OLFK\2LVWRULHDFRPXQLF ULLPRGHUQH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
SS
-HDQNöel Jeanneney,2LVWRULHDPLMORDFHORUGHFRPXQLFDUH(GLWXUD,QVWLWXWXO
HXURSHDQ,DúLSS
*X\ /RFKDUG +HQUL %R\HU &RPXQLFDUHD PHGLDWLF  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLSS
(PPDQXHO 3HGOHU 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWLSS
'DQ7RUQHD3RVWXULOHGHWHOHYL]LXQHPL]HD] SHFDEOX, în Capital, nr. 40, 5
RFWRPEULHS
Silvie Veran, &XPDXFLV'RQDWHOORSH$OE FD= SDGD, în Arc, nr. 4/1992, pp.



 
 
,912,6,67(0(0$660(',$






0RGHOXO HYROX LRQLVW DO VSHFLHL XPDQH SUH]LQW  XQ WDEORX GLQDPLF
Simpla enumerare a „bornelor” temporale mai importante (65, 35, 10, 3,5,
PLOLRDQHGHDQLGHDQLLQGLF RV JHDW vQ
DFFHOHUD LH H[SRQHQ LDO  $ELD vQ XUP  FX  GH DQL vQFHSH UHYROX LD
LQGXVWULDO úLQXPDLGHFFDGHDQLGHYLQHGRPLQDQW WHKQRORJLDPRGHUQ 
DXWRPDWL]DW  FRPSXWHUL]DW  úL LQIRUPD LRQDO  &kW SULYHúWH HWDSHOH
GH]YROW ULL FRPXQLF ULL XPDQH HOH LOXVWUHD]  vQWUX WRWXO DFHODúL WLS GH
DFFHOHUD LHSURJUHVLY 'HODSHULRDGDDSDUL LHLSUHVHLWLS ULWHODFHDDSUHVHL
DXGLR úL DSRL YLGHR úL SkQ  OD QRLOH VLVWHPH PDVVPHGLD WHOHIRQLH úL
televiziune prin satelit, introducerea computerelor în sistemul ,QWHUQHW úL
HPDLO YLGHRWH[WXO WHOHIRQLD ÄFHOXODU ´ FX WRDWH IDFLOLW LOH QRX FUHDWH
WLPSXOVFXUVGHODRDSOLFD LHODDOWDVa „contras” permanent.
$SDUL LD XQRU QRL LQVWUXPHQWH PDVVPHGLD GDU PDL DOHV YDOLGDUHD
acestora ca atare depinde în cea mai mare P VXU GHXWLOL]DUHDORUVRFLDO ÌQ
GHFHQLLOH FDUH DX XUPDW WHOHYL]LXQLL D DS UXW XQ QXP U LPSUHVLRQDQW GH
WHKQRORJLL GH FRPXQLFDUH vQWUH FHOH FX PDUL úDQVH GH D IL vQFRUSRUDWH
PHGLLORU FRPXQLF ULL QXP UkQGXVH WHOHYL]LXQHD SULQ FDEOX úL SULQ VDWHOLW
Dmintite în capitolul anterior), publishingXO WHOHVKRSLQJXO YLGHRWH[WXO
XQLW LOHFHQWUDOHGHFDOFXOHPDLOXO,QWHUQHWXO'XS FXPVLVWHPHOHPDVV
PHGLD ILHF UHL ÄHSRFL´ VXQW SURGXVHOH IRU HORU VRFLDOH FDUH DX GHWHUPLQDW
VXSUDYLH XLUHD VDX DEDQGRQDUHD DFHVWRUD VRFLHWDWHD FRQWHPSRUDQ 
PRQGLDOL]DW úLFDUDFWHUL]DW SULQWURUDSLG VFKLPEDUHGHRUGLQWHKQRORJLF
YDGXFHODDSDUL LDXQRUVLWXD LLPDLGHJUDE QHDúWHSWDWHGHFkWSUHYL]LELOH
8OWLPDS WUXQV vQÄIDPLOLH´HVWHDúDQXPLWDFRPSRQHQW PXOWLPHGLD
SUH]HQWDW GH)UDQFLV%DOOHvQWHUPHQLLXUP WRULÄ7HKQRORJLHFDUHSHUPLWH
UHVWLWXLUHDGHGRFXPHQWHVDXGHLQIRUPD LLFHSRWILDOHVHúLDúH]DWHGLYHUV
WH[WHJUDILF VXQHWHLPDJLQLVWDWLFHVDXDQLPDWHvQWUXQVLQJXUHFUDQ$FHVW
«amestec» de mesDMHGLIHULWHDIRVWSRVLELOJUD LHUHGXF LHLSULQQXPHUL]DUHD
tuturor „semnelor”, altfel spus a traducerii acestora în limbaj informatic.
 
,GHHD QXPHUL] ULL úL D FRPSULP ULL VHPQDOHORU GH OD VIkUúLWXO DQLORU¶ D
SHUPLV DSURSLHUHD D WUHL WHKQLFL FDUH GH OD QDúWHUHD ORU IXQF LRQDX VHSDUDW
ILHFDUH GH FHOHODOWH WHOHFRPXQLFD LLOH FDUH WUDQVPLW VDX WUDQVSRUW 
LQIRUPD LDDXGLRYL]XDOXOFDUHDFUHDWLPDJLQHDvQPLúFDUHúLLQIRUPDWLFD
aceasta ocupânduVH]LGH]LGHLQIRUPD LHúLGHFUHDUHDHL/DVIkUúLWXODQLORU
µVHQ úWHDWHOHPDWLFDROHJ WXU vQWUHWHOHFRPXQLFD LLúLLQIRUPDWLF 3ULQ
DG XJDUHD OD DFHVWHD úL D WHOHYL]LXQLL Fk LYD DQL PDL WkU]LX DYHD V  ILH
LQDXJXUDW HUDWHOHYL]LXQLLLQWHUDFWLYHúLDWHOHGLVWULEX LHL'XS 
FRQYHUJHQ D vQWkOQLUHD úL VXSUDSXQHUHD FHORU WUHL GRPHQLL D GDW QDúWHUH
IHQRPHQXOXLPXOWLPHGLDFDUHXWLOL]HD] XQYRFDEXODUGHWHUPHQLFXUHQ LGLQ
GRPHQLXOWHOHYL]LXQLLRUGLQDWRDUHORUúLWHOHIRQLHL´
&D WHUPHQ GH PDUH DFWXDOLWDWH PXOWLPHGLD HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ VDOW
WHKQRORJLFDVHP Q WRUFHOXLDODSDUL LHLSUHVHLUDGLRXOXLúLWHOHYL]LXQLLILHFDUH
ODWLPSXOUHVSHFWLY$FHDVW QRX UHYROX LHOHJDW GHDQLLVDSURGXVSULQ
WUDQVIHUDUHDVHPQDOXOXLDQDORJVXQHWYRFHLPDJLQHvQVHPQGLJLWDOvQ HOHVGH
FDOFXODWRU$IRVWSRVLELO DVWIHOvQPDJD]LQDUHDXQXLYROXPXULDúGHLQIRUPD LL
ILLQGWRWRGDW QHFHVDU FRPSUHVLDORU5HXQLQGWHOHYL]RUXOúLID[XOSULQWUXQ
FDOFXODWRUVHSRWSULPLVDXWUDQVPLWHSULQWURVLPSO DS VDUHSHWDVWHPHVDMH
LPDJLQL WH[WH GLQ F U L DUWLFROH LQIRUPD LL GLQ GLF LRQDUH úL HQFLFORSHGLL VH
SRDWHGLDORJDFXSDUWHQHULLFRQHFWD LODUH HDRULXQGHVDUDIODDFHúWLDSHJORE
0XOWLPHGLDDVLJXU SDUWLFLSDUHDLQGLYLGXOXLODLQIRUPDUHXúRUúLUDSLG
0XOWLPHGLDDUHSURSULDLLVWRULH$SDUL LDHLHVWHOHJDW DWkWGHHYROX LD
FDOFXODWRUXOXL FkW úL GH FHD D SURJUDPHORU GH ELURWLF  DFHVWHD SUHILJXUkQG
XWLOL]DUHDFDOFXODWRUXOXLSHQWUXQRLDSOLFD LL0DVVPHGLDGDWRUHD] PXOWXQRU
HYROX LL WHKQRORJLFH UHFHQWLVLPH UHIHULWRDUH OD GH]YROWDUHD PHWRGHORU úL
WHKQLFLORUGHFRPSUHVLHúLGHFRPSUHVLHDOHILúLHUHORUGHVXQHWVDXLPDJLQHDOH
FDSDFLW LORUúLSHUIRUPDQ HORUFRPSRQHQWHORUúLSHULIHULFHORUFDOFXODWRUXOXL
DOH WHKQRORJLLORU GH WUDQVIHU SULQ H[WLQGHUHD DFHVWRUD vQ UH HOH DPSOH GH
GLVWULEX LHvQVIkUúLWSULQGH]YROWDUHDWHKQRORJLLORUGHVWRFDUHFDUHvQORFXLQG
DUKLFXQRVFXWD GLVFKHW  DX SHUPLV GHSR]LWDUHD XQXL YROXP LPHQV GH GDWH
&'520FDVXSRUWRSWLFGHPDUHFDSDFLWDWHÄvQORFXLHúWH´GHGLVFKHWH
0XOWLPHGLD DUH FD GRPHQLX GH PDQLIHVWDUH LQWHUVHF LD D WUHL PDUL UDPXUL
FRPXQLFD LRQDOH LQIRUPDWLFD WHOHFRPXQLFD LLOH úL DXGLRYL]XDOXO
FRPSDWLELOL]DWH SULQ SURFHVXO GH QXPHUL]DUH SULQ FDUH FDOFXODWRUXO SRDWH
UHDOL]DVLQWH]DGHDQVDPEOXDLQIRUPD LHL&RQWULEXLHODDFHDVWDSURFHVHGH
FRGLILFDUH úL GHFRGLILFDUH SUHOXFUDUH úL WUDQVSRUW D LQIRUPD LHL GXS 
ELQHFXQRVFXWD VFKHP  D FRPXQLF ULL 0XOWLPHGLD UHDOL]HD]  FRQYHUJHQ D
 
GLQWUHUH HOHOHGHGLIX]DUHúLWUDQVPLVLHWHUPHQLLWUHEXLHOXD LvQDFFHS LXQHD
ORUQHVLQRQLPLF DOHVHUYLFLLORUGHFRPXQLFD LHUH HOHWHOHIRQLFHWUDQ]DF LL
FDEORGLVWULEX LH LQIRUPDUHWHOHGLIX]LXQHSULYLWHGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDO
VXSRUWXOXLIL]LF
ÌQ FH SULYHúWH FDUDFWHUXO DSOLFDWLY QRXO VLVWHP HVWH FRQVLGHUDW XQ
„mediu multidimensional” sau „n dimensional”, o tehnLF GHVWUXFWXUDUHúL
GLVWULEXLUH D LQIRUPD LHL vQ PDV  &X WRDWH F  DUH SDUWLFXODULW L FH LQ GH
WHKQLFD FHD PDL SHUIRUPDQW  GH YkUI PXOWLPHGLD RIHU  XWLOL]DWRULORU
PRGDOLW LXúRDUHúLLQWXLWLYHGHDFFHVODLQIRUPD LH7UHFHUHDGHODGRPHQLXO
înalt prRIHVLRQDO F WUH DFFHVLELOLWDWHD PDUHOXL SXEOLF vL DVLJXU  FDOLWDWHD GH
XQHDOW SXV vQVHUYLFLXOH[LVWHQ HLFRWLGLHQH
/DFHOHSUH]HQWDWHSkQ DFXPWUHEXLHDG XJDWF QRLOHWHKQRORJLLPDVV
PHGLDUHIDFÄWDEORXO´FRPXQLF ULLXPDQHODSDUDPHWULLRSWLPLDLIXQF LRQ ULL
VDOH FDUH VXQW R SULP  VLPELR]  vQWUH LQGLYLGXDOLWDWH úL VRFLHWDWH SULQ
GLVSDUL LD GLVWDQ HORU úL LPSOLFLW D WLPSXOXL 3UDFWLF PHVDMHOH FLUFXO  vQWUH
HPL WRU úL UHFHSWRU I U  GH UHVWULF LL HPL WRUXO vúL SRDWH LQGLYLGXDOL]D VDX
personaliza în RULFH PRPHQW PHVDMXO VRFLDO OD FHUHUHD UHFHSWRUXOXL IDSW
SRVLELOQXPDLGDWRULW HILFLHQWL] ULLFRPXQLF ULLúLvQDFHODúLWLPSSULQODUJXO
DFFHVSHFDUHvODXFHLLQWHUHVD LODUH HD5H HDXDQRXOFDQDOGHWUDQVPLWHUHD
FRPXQLF ULLDUHSXWHUHGHDFRSHULUHPDLPDUHGHFkWQHFHVLW LOHLDUPHGLXO
XWLOL]DWSHUPLWHWLSXOGHFRPXQLFDUHLQWHUDFWLY I FkQGSRVLELOGLDORJXOPDL
QRXFKLDUúLvQWUHSHUVRDQHFDUHQXGH LQDFHHDúLFRPSHWHQ DOLQJYLVWLF vQ
VHQVXOF VXQWYRUELWRULGHOLPELGLIHULWH,GHHDFDUHVW ODED]DDFHVWRUQRL
VLVWHPH HVWH FHD D FRQYHUJHQ HLFRPELQ ULL LQGXVWULLORU PDVVPHGLD FX
LQGXVWULLOH FDOFXODWRDUHORU úL FX VLVWHPHOH GH WHOHFRPXQLFD LL (D D IRVW
WHRUHWL]DW  vQF  GLQ  GH 1LFKRODV 1HJURSRQWH FHUFHW WRU OD
0DVVDFKXVVHWWWV,QVWLWXLWHRI7HFKQRORJ\ÌQXUPDDFHVWRUFRQYHUJHQ HVDX
Q VFXWVLVWHPHOHRQOLQHGHODSRúWDHOHFWURQLF SULQFDUHVHWUDQVPLWPHVDMH
SHUVRQDOL]DWHXQRUUHFHSWRULFXQRVFX LVDXQHFXQRVFX LOD:RUOG:LGH:HE
SULQFDUHPDVHHQRUPHGHRDPHQLDXDFFHVODE QFL de date strânse pe diverse
VLWHXUL WHOHWH[WXO MRFXULOH YLGHR WHOHYL]LXQHD úL SUHVD GLJLWDO  FDUH YRU IL
prezentate în continuare.

&RPSXWHUXO
6WU PRúXOFRPSXWHUXOXLHVWHDEDFXO LQVWUXPHQWGHFDOFXODWDOF WXLW
GLQWUXQFDGUXFXYHUJHOHSHFDUHVHSRWGHSODVDELOH6XEDFHDVW GHQXPLUH
 
computer) a fost creat pe terenul limbii engleze. Înainte de a fi utilizat în
OHJ WXU FXPDVVPHGLDDFHVWDHUDRPDúLQ GHFDOFXODWPXOWHSHUVRDQHvLVSXQ
vQ FRQWLQXDUH ÄFDOFXODWRU´ GHúL WHUPHQXO FHO PDL SRWULvit ar fi „ordinator”).
&RULIHLLOLWHUDWXULL6)vOFUHDVHU FXPXOWvQDLQWHúLOFRQFHSHDXFDSHXQFUHLHU
GH GLPHQVLXQL JLJDQWLFH GHVI úXUDW SH PLL GH KHFWDUH $SDUL LD VD D IRVW
IDFLOLWDW  GH SURJUHVHOH RE LQXWH GH VSHFLDOLúWL vQ GRPHQLXO LQIRUPDWLFLL D
ILDELOLW LL FRPSRQHQWHORU UH HOHORU úL D ÄOLPEDMXOXL ELQDU´ úL DO OHJLORU
PDWHPDWLFHDOHOXL%RROH7KH/DZVRI7KRXJKW3ULPXOFRPSXWHUHOHFWURQLF
DIRVWFRQVWUXLWvQúLVHED]DSHWHKQRORJLDWXEXULORUFXYLG&RPSXWHUXO
HUD IRORVLW H[FOXVLY GH RDPHQLL GH úWLLQ  ILLQG FRQVLGHUDW XQ IHO GH FUHLHU
DUWLILFLDOFHHDFHDúLGXVODRFRPSHWL LHSHUPDQHQW vQWUHDFHVWDúLLQWHOLJHQ D
XPDQ  %D]DW SH VWUXFWXUD ELQDU  D LQIRUPD LHL DGLF  GLQ FRPELQD LL DOH
VLPEROXULORU  úL  FRPSXWHUXO G GHD VROX LL UDSLGH SHQWUX HFXD LL D F URU
GHVI úXUDUH DQDOLWLF  VROLFLWD LQWHOLJHQ D XPDQ  RUH úL FKLDU ]LOH GH FDOFXO
2DPHQLLGHúWLLQ VDXFRQIUXQWDWDVWIHOFXIDSWXOF SXWHDXUHDOL]DvQQXPDL
câteva minute ceea ce altfel leDUILU SLWV SW PkQLGHOXFUX(UDSULQXUPDUH
QHFHVDUV vQYH HVRIWXOÄWHKQRORJLDGHXWLOL]DUH´DXQHLDVWIHOGHPDúLQLúLVR
VLPSOLILFH SHQWUX D IL DFFHVLELO  SRWHQ LDOLORU XWLOL]DWRUL 1LYHOXO DELOLW LORU
SHQWUX D IRORVL PLMORDFHOH GH FRPXQLFDUH vQ PDV  ED]DWH SH FRPSXWHU HVWH
PLQLP &D úL vQ FD]XO OHFWXULL SUHVHL SHQWUX FDUH FLWLWRULL XQHL SXEOLFD LL QX
WUHEXLHV GHYLQ UHSRUWHULVDXWHKQRUHGDFWRULQLFLXWLOL]DWRULLFRPSXWHUXOXLQX
VXQWREOLJD LV GHYLQ SURJUDPDWRULGHFLQLYHOXOGHFXQRúWLQ HFRUHVSXQGHXQHL
minime „alfabetL] UL´3HQWUXWUDQVPLVLLúLUHFHS LLRQOLQHÄFRQHFWDUHGLUHFW ´
EHQHILFLDUXO WUDQVPLWH VDX SULPHúWH PHVDMHOH VHUYHUului („program care
DFFHSW  FHUHUL GH LQIRUPD LL SH FDUH OH SUHOXFUHD]  úL UHWXUQHD] ´
GDFWLORJUDILLQGXOH SH XQ HFUDQ 3ULQ DFHVW VLVWHP XWLOL]DWRULL vúL SRW UH]HUYD
ELOHWHGHDYLRQSRWDQJDMDDIDFHULVHSRWvQVFULHvQH[FXUVLLúDPG2GDW FX
IRORVLUHD PRGHPXOXL ÄGLVSR]LWLY FDUH VH FRQHFWHD]  OD WHOHIRQ LQIRUPD LD
ILLQGWULPLV SULQILUXOWHOHIRQLFDODQWHQHLFDEOXRULSULQfire optice”, utilizatorii
WUHEXLHGRDUV úLLQVWDOH]HVDXV vQFKLULH]HXQWHUPLQDOGHWUDQVPLVLHUHFHS LH
FDUHLOHDJ GHFRPSXWHUXOWHUPLQDO3ULQWURVLPSO IRUPDUHGHQXP UDFHúWLD
SRWLQWUDvQWLPSXOúLVSD LXOLQWHUDFWLYILLQGFRQHFWD LvQDFHOPRPHQWSUDFWLFOD
WRDWHUH HOHOHGLQOXPHODLQIRUPD LLFXPXOWPDLQXPHURDVHGHFkWFHOHRIHULWH
GHSUHV 6HUHDOL]HD] RYLWH] PDLPDUHDFXUDWH HPDLEXQ FRVWXULPDLPLFL
0LQLDWXUL]DUHDDFHVWXLDDIRVWSRVLELO SULQDSDUL LDPLFURFLSXOXL, înlocuitorXO
tubului cu vid, inventat în 1971 de 0DUFLDQ+RII-UF UXLDLVHGDWRUHD] 
3HUVRQDO&RPSXWHUXO3&VDXGHVNWRSXO, „calculatorul propriu]LVDVDPEODW
 
în sistemul PDV GHOXFUX3ULQGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLPJVHvQ HOHJHXWLOL]DUHDXQXL
FRPSXWHUSHUVRQDOSHQWUXDVFULHHGLWDDOHJHFDUDFWHUHGHOLWHUHWHKQRUHGDFWD
IDFH JUDILF  WRDWH vQ VFRSXO GH D IL VFRDVH SH SDJLQD GH ]LDU 2 GHQXPLUH
LGHQWLF DUHúLGLVFLSOLQDSUHGDW vQFDGUXOIDFXOW LORUúLLQVWLWXWHORUGHFRPX
QLFDUHúLUHOD LLSXEOLFHúLVHUHIHU ODXWLOL]DUHDRSWLP DIDFLOLW LORURIHULWHGH
FRPSXWHU
'LQvQFHSHFRPHUFLDOL]DUHDFRPSXWHUHORUSHUVRQDOHvQSURSRU LH
GHPDV /DQXPDLDQLGHODLQYHQWDUHDORUDSDUHODSWRSXOXQFRPSXWHU
GHPLFLGLPHQVLXQLGDUFXRSXWHUHWRWPDLPDUH
6SHFLDOLúWLL VXQW GH DFRUG FX LGHHD F  R SDUWH GLQ WHKQRORJLLOH GH
FRPXQLFDUH GH PDV  DOH YLLWRUXOXL VH YRU ED]D SH FDOFXODWRDUHOH SHUVRQDOH
GH LQXWH úL PDQHYUDWH GH XWLOL]DWRUL RELúQXL L FDUH QX VXQW VSHFLDOLúWL vQ
FDOFXODWRDUH,PSHGLPHQWXOSHFDUHDFHúWLDvOvQWUHY G SRUQHúWHGHODIDSWXO
F  ÄHVWH JUHX GH SUHY ]XW PRGXO vQ FDUH XQ VLVWHP DU SXWHD IL IRORVLW GH
PDMRULWDWHDFHW HQLORUFXPDUILHOVSULMLQLWILQDQFLDUVDXFHVHUYLFLLDUSXWHD
RIHULSHQWUXSXEOLFXOODUJúLHWHURJHQ$XWRULLDGDXJ PDLvQDLQWHF ÄHVHQ D
FRPXQLF ULLGHPDV DúDFXPRFXQRDúWHPDVW ]LHVWHF FHLFDUHOXFUHD] vQ
GRPHQLXOFRPXQLF ULLUHFXUJODPLMORDFHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV SHQWUXXQ
SURILWSHFDUHvORE LQSULQU VSkQGLUHDFRQ LQXWXOXLF WUHVHJPHQWHODUJLúL
HWHURJHQHDOHSXEOLFXOXLvQPRGPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQFRQWLQXX´S
$VHU LXQLOHDFHVWHDSDUDILXLWDWF SUHVDVHVXV LQHHFRQRPLFSULQGLIX]DUHD
UHFODPHLSXEOLFLWDUHFDUHDvQFHSXWV DSDU PDVLYvQUH HOHOHGHFRPSXWHU
GDUSUHSRQGHUHQWVXEIRUPHLQWHUDFWLYHGLUHFWHúLF YLVXORULF UXLFDSLWDOLVW
GRUQLFGHSURILWDU PDVDFHODGHDSURGXFHFkWPDLLHIWLQSHQWUXXQQXP UFkW
PDLPDUHGHFOLHQ L$FHVWQRXVLVWHPPDVVPHGLDSRDWHILLQFOXVIRDUWHELQH
ODDFHDVW FDWHJRULH3HQWUXQRLvQWUHEDUHDFDUHGHYLQHWRWPDLLPSRUWDQW HVWH
DOWD úL DQXPH FXP YRU HYROXD VWUXFWXULOH RUJDQL]DWRULFH DOH PDVVPHGLD
REVHUYDELOILLQGIDSWXOF IRUPHOHGHPDQLIHVWDUHWUDGL LRQDOHVXQWFRQFXUDWH
GHDOWHOHFHSDUSHPRPHQWDYHQLGLQVSUHVIHUDUHOD LLORUSXEOLFH
6RFLHW LOH PRGHUQH VH QXPHVF ÄVRFLHW L LQIRUPD LRQDOH´ FDUH
VXERUGRQHD]  LQIRUPD LHL HFRQRPLD LQGXVWULDO  6LVWHPXO GH LQIRUPD LL
LQFOXGH VHUYLFLL MXULGLFH JXYHUQDPHQWDOH WXULVWLFH PHGLFDOH PDQDJHULDOH
ILQDQFLDUHúWLLQ LILFHHGXFD LRQDOH$FHVWWLSGHFRPXQLFDUHDGHYHQLWGLQFH
vQ FH PDL LPSRUWDQW R PDUH SDUWH D SRSXOD LHL LQWUkQG ]LOQLF vQ FRQWDFW FX
QRXDIRUP GHFRPXQLFDUHGHPDV FDUHIXQF LRQHD] FDXQVLVWHPGHVFKLV
 0HOYLQ GH )OHXU 6DQGUD %DOO5RNHDFK 7HRULL DOH FRPXQLF ULL GH PDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS
 
 (WDSHOHGHHYROX LHDOHFRPSXWHUXOXLDXIRVWH[WUHPGHUDSLGH'DF GH
ODDSDUL LDWLSDUXOXLPRELOúLSkQ ODWHKQRORJLLOHWLSRJUDILFHGHODMXP WDWHD
secolului au fost necesari peste trei sute cincizeci de ani, în numai câWHYD
GHFHQLLvQDSUR[LPDWLYXQVIHUWGHVHFROSHUIHF LRQDUHDFRPSXWHUHORUDGXV
OD FRQHFWDUHD DFHVWXLD OD FHOHODOWH PLMORDFH GH FRPXQLFDUH 'H]YROWDUHD
LQGXVWULHLFDOFXODWRDUHORUúLSHQHWUDUHDORUvQWRDWHGRPHQLLOHDFWLYLW LLXPDQH
pot fi delimitate înSDWUXHWDSHPDLLPSRUWDQWH
• 3HULRDGDPDLQIUDPHurilor, începând cu anii ’70 din secolul trecut,
SHULRDG GRPLQDW GH,%0&RPSXWHUHOHGLQDFHDVW HWDS GLVSXQGHPDUL
ED]HGHGDWHúLLQWHUIH HVXILFLHQWGHGH]YROWDWH
• 'HFHQLXO 3&  XULORU 3HUVRQDO &RPSXWHU), din anii ‘80, când
IHQRPHQXOGHYLQHSULQQXP UXOWRWPDLPDUHGHXWLOL]DWRULÄGHPDV ´vQ
sensul strict al cuvântului. Se impun firmele0LFURVRIW&RUS,QWHO&RUSúL
1RYHOO,QF
• ÌQWUHúLVHOXFUHD] LQWHQVODLQWHUFRQHFWDUHDUH HOHORUúL
DVLJXUDUHD XQRU IDFLOLW L PXOWLPHGLDvQY PkQW OD GLVWDQ  HPDLO YLGHR
WHOHFRQIHULQ 
• 'XS DQLLµúLSkQ vQSUH]HQWIXQF LRQDUHDúLO UJLUHDUH HOHORU
DFWXDOPHQWHILLQGFRQVWLWXLWH]HFLGHPLLGHVHUYHUHED]HGHGDWHúLVHUYLFLL
HOHFWURQLFHvQWUHJXODQVDPEOXIXQF LRQkQGFDXQVLQJXUFDOFXODWRUPRPHQW
GLQFDUHVHSRDWHYRUELGHVSUHPXOWLPHGLD
3ULPD FDOLWDWH D FRPSXWHUXOXL HVWH HQRUPD FDSDFLWDWH GH VWRFDUH D
LQIRUPD LHLLQVWDQWDQHHFXPRPHQWXOSURGXFHULLHL&DSDFLWDWHDGHVWRFDUHD
QXPHUHORULQGLYLGXDOHDOLWHUHORUVDXDDOWRUFDUDFWHUHDPHUVGHODGH
E\WHV ÄXQLWDWH GH P VXU  D LQIRUPD LHL´ VDX GH FDUDFWHUH LQGLYLGXDOH GH
LQIRUPD LH N vQ MDUJRQXO FRPSXWHUHORU vQ YHUVLXQHD LQL LDO  OD FkWHYD
PLOLRDQHGHFDUDFWHUHFk LYDPHJDE\WHVGH5$0vQDQLL,QL LDOFkQG
PHPRULDFRPSXWHUHORUQXHUDIRDUWHH[WLQV IXQF LRQDVLVWHPXOWLPHVKDUH
ÄIRORVLUHD vQ FRPXQ OD DQXPLWH LQWHUYDOH GH WLPS´ $VW ]L DFHVWHD vúL SRW
HIHFWXDRSHUD LXQLOHI U DILFRQVWUkQVHGHXQLQWHUYDOGHWLPSÌQLQWHULRUXO
XQHLLQVWLWX LLVDXvQWUHSULQGHULFRPSXWHUHOHSRWIXQF LRQDVLQJXUHVDXvQUH HD
DYDQWDMXOFRQVWkQGvQWUDQVPLWHUHDFXXúXULQ DDLQIRUPD LLORUGLQED]DGHGDWH
D XQXL FRPSXWHU vQ DOWXO I U  D PDL IRORVL FD LQWHUPHGLDU GLVFKHWD
XWLOL]DUHD XQXL VLQJXU SULQWHU ÄLPSULPDQW ´ VDX VFDQQHU „dispozitiv care
GLJLWDOL]HD] LPDJLQLVDXIRWRJUDILLVWRFkQGXOHVXEIRUPDXQXLILúLHU´SHQWUX
vQWUHDJDUH HD

 
 6WRFDUHDLQIRUPD LHLFDúLÄWUDQVSRUWXO´DFHVWHLDGHODXQFRPSXWHUOD
DOWXOvQVLWXD LDFkQGQXVXQWOHJDWHvQUH HDVHHIHFWXHD] SULQLQWHUPHGLXO
GLVFKHWHORU XQLW L GH PHPRULH FDUH IXQF LRQHD]  FD QLúWH DUKLYH
PLQLDWXUL]DWH([LVWHQ DULVFXOXLFDvQDQXPLWHVLWXD LLV VHSLDUG vQWUHDJD
LQIRUPD LH VDX R SDUWH GLQ DFHDVWD D GXV OD QHFHVLWDWHD FRQVHUY ULL HL SH
GLVFKHWH FKLDU GDF  DFHDVWD U PkQH úL vQ PHPRULD GH 5$0 6XSHULRU
GLVFKHWHLvQFHSULYHúWHFDSDFLWDWHDGHVWRFDUHHVWH]LSul „comprimarea mai
PXOWRUILúLHUHSHRGLVFKHW VSHFLDO ´

,QWHUQHW
Ä5H HDXD LQWHUQD LRQDO ´ HVWH VHJPHQWXO FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW GLQ
PXOWLPHGLDGHRDUHFHHOvQJOREHD] úLFHOHODOWHFRPSRQHQWHSUHFXPHPDLO
SXEOLVKLQJWHOHVKRSLQJWHOHWH[W(VWHXQH[WUHPGHFRPSOH[XQLYHUVYLUWXDO
GH XQGH úL GHQXPLUHD GH &\EHUVSD LX 5HSUH]LQW  XQ VLVWHP PRQGLDO GH
UH HOHGHFDOFXODWRDUHLQWHUFRQHFWDWHFDUHvQOHVQHúWHVHUYLFLLOHGHFRPXQLFDUH
DGDWHORUFXPDUILGHVFKLGHUHDXQHLVHVLXQLGHOXFUXODGLVWDQ WUDQVIHUXOGH
ILúLHUH SRúWD HOHFWURQLF  úL JUXSXULOH GH GLVFX LL ,QWHUQHW HVWH R FDOH GH D
FRQHFWDUH HOHOHH[LVWHQWH$IRVWSUHILJXUDWGH$53$QHWILLQGIRORVLWLQL LDO
GHLQVWLWX LLOHPLOLWDUHGDUWHKQRORJLDVDSHUPLWHRULF UXLVLVWHPV VHOHJHGH
HO SULQWUR SRDUW  HOHFWURQLF  GHYHQLWH DVWIHO S U L FRPSRQHQWH OD ,QWHUQHW
&DUDFWHUXOLQWHUDFWLYDO,QWHUQHWXOHVWHGDWGH,QWHUQHW5HOH\&KDW,5&XQ
VHUYLFLXGHGLVFX LLvQWLPSUHDOED]DWSH,QWHQHWvQFDUHVHSRDWHFRQYHUVDSH
YLXFXSDUWLFLSDQ LGLQWRDW OXPHDúLFDUHVDUSXWHDWUDGXFHvQOLPEDURPkQ 
SULQÄFRQYHUVD LH´VDXÄúXHW ´&UHDWGHILQODQGH]XO-DUNNR2LNDULQHQ în
 ,5& QHFHVLW  XQ SURJUDP FOLHQW FDUH DILúHD]  OLVWD ÄFDQDOHORU´ ,5&
FXUHQWH 1XPHOH ILHF UXL FDQDO FUHDW GH SDUWLFLSDQ LL FDUH GLVSXQ GH
FXQRúWLQ HOHWHKQLFHQHFHVDUHVXJHUHD] XQHRUL]RQDVDGHLQWHUHV&HOFHVH
DO WXU  XQXL DVWIHO GH FDQDO SRDWH LQWURGXFH SURSULLOH VDOH UHSOLFL SHVWH XQ
WLPS GH OD UHFHSWDUHD PHVDMXOXL H[LVWkQG SRVLELOLWDWHD XQXL U VSXQV
1XPHURDVHGLVFX LLSULYHVFVFKLPEXOGHRSLQLLSHWHPHúLGHWDOLLWHKQLFLDOH
XWLOL] ULL SURJUDPXOXL )UHFYHQ D XWLOL]DWRULORU SH R DVWIHO GH UH HD VH SRDWH
GHYRDODUHODWLYXúRUÌQFDGUXOGLDORJXULORU,QWHUQHWVDGH]YROWDWúLXQIHOGH
FRGDOEXQHORUPDQLHUHQXPLWGHXWLOL]DWRUL1HWLTXHWWWHDVHP Q WRUFHORUFH
IXQF LRQHD] vQVRFLHWDWH3HQWUXJHQHUD LLOHWLQHUH,QWHUQHWDGHYHQLWFHOPDL
HILFLHQWPLMORFGHLQIRUPDUHvQPDV úLFKLDUXQQRXWLSGHVRFLDOL]DUHÎn
SOXVSH,QWHUQHWVHSRWRE LQHLQIRUPD LLGLQWUHFHOHPDLGLYHUVHvQWUXQWLPS
 
H[WUHPGHVFXUWúLODXQSUH UHODWLYVF ]XW(VWHYRUEDGHFHHDFH1LFKRODV
1HJURSRQWHQXPHDWUDQVIHUXODWRPLORUvQEL L
3DJLQLOH GH ,QWHUQHW DX FXQRVFXW R HYROX LH DVHP Q WRDUH FHORU GLQ
SUHV VFULV /DvQFHSXWHUDXILúLHUHGHWLSJRSKHU, în care exista numai text,
OLVWD GH PHQLXUL ILLQG DVHP Q WRDUH VXPDUXOXL XQHL F U L 'XS   VD
GH]YROWDWDSOLFD LDZZZ:RUOG:LGH:HEED]DW SHWHKQRORJLDKLSHUWH[W
ÄXQ WH[W FX OHJ WXUL VSUH DOWH WH[WH VDX DOWH SDJLQL :HE SHUPL kQGXVH úL
LQVHUDUHD GH LPDJLQL XQHOH IRORVLWH FD ÄOHJ WXUL´ FX FHOHODOWH WH[WH
$FWXDOPHQWH ,QWHUQHWXO UHFHS LRQHD]  úL WUDQVPLVLL WHOHYL]DWH vQ GLUHFW VDX
GDF XWLOL]DWRULLGLVSXQGHFDPHUHYLGHRSRWFRPXQLFDúLSULQLPDJLQH
3UREOHPHOH FX FDUH VH FRQIUXQW  XWLOL]DWRULL GH ,QWHUQHW YLQ GLQ GRX 
GLUHF LL 3HULFROXO DUH úL SHQWUX DPEHOH VLWXD LL DFHODúL QXPH KDNHU
ÄSDVLRQDWDOFDOFXODWRDUHORUF UXLDvLSODFHV vQYH HWRWXOGHVSUHVLVWHPHOHGH
IXQF LXQHúLFDUHSULQWURSURJUDPDUHLQWHOLJHQW vPSLQJHVLVWHPXOVSUHFHO
PDL vQDOW QLYHO GH SHUIRUPDQ  SRVLELO´ 3ULQ DQLL µ SUHVD D UHGHILQLW
WHUPHQLLSHQWUXDLQFOXGHSHSDVLRQD LLFDUHSHQHWUHD] VLVWHPHOHGHVHFXULWDWH
DOHFDOFXODWRDUHORUQXPL LFUDNHULSULQH[WHQVLHÄEDQGL L´3ULPXOVHUHIHU 
ODLQWHURSHUDELOLWDWHFDSDFLWDWHDXQXLVLVWHPGHFDOFXOGHDWUDQVPLWHFRPHQ]L
DOWXLDFKLDUGDF VLVWHPHOHDSDU LQXQRUSURGXF WRULGLIHUL L&RQVLGHUDW XQD
GLQWUHFHOHPDLPDULUHDOL] ULWHKQLFHLQWHURSHUDELOLWDWHDDSHUPLVIXUWXOGH
LQIRUPD LHúLDO VDWFDOHOLEHU vPSU úWLHULLGHYLUXúLSH,QWHUQHW6HUYLFLLOH
VHFUHWHDOHXQRUVWDWHGLQJUXSXO*DXGHFODUDWFDVHFRQIUXQW DQXDOFX
]HFLGHPLLGHWHQWDWLYHGHVSDUJHUHDFRGXULORUGHSURWHF LH3HGHDOW SDUWH
KDNHULLODQVHD] SH,QWHUQHWYLUXúLGHYDVWDWRULFRQVHFLQ HOHDFHVWRUQRLWLSXUL
GHLPSDFWILLQGJUHXGHDQWLFLSDW
Între metaforele ce însR HVF ,QWHUQHWXO GRX  DWUDJ DWHQ LD FHD D
QDYLJ ULL SULQ RFHDQXO LQIRUPD LRQDO UH]HUYkQG WRDWH VDWLVIDF LLOH GDWH GH
H[SORUDUHD QHFXQRVFXWXOXL LDU FHD GH D GRX  D DXWRVWU ]LLLQIRUPD LRQDOH
FDUHVHUHIHU ODHILFLHQ DFXFDUHLQIRUPD LDFLUFXO FXFHDPDLPDUHYLWH] 
SHLQWHUQHW&HOHGRX DVSHFWHGHOLPLWHD] WLSXULGHXWLOL]DUHD,QWHUQHWXOXL
ÌQ5RPkQLD,QWHUQHWXODUHXQQXP UGHDSUR[GHXWLOL]DWRUL
'LQWUH DFHúWLD  VXQW GH VH[ PDVFXOLQ úL QHF V WRUL L  DX YkUVWHOH
cuprinse între    DQL  vQWUH  úL  GH DQL  UHSUH]HQWkQG
PDMRULWDWHDvQWUHúLGHDQLvQWUHúLGHDQLLDUQXPDLVXQW
utilizatori cu vârsta peste 55 de ani. Conform studiului din care am extras
LQIRUPD LLOHYH]LQRWDVXELHFWHOHGHLQWHUHVDOHDFHVWRUDVXQWGLQVIHUD
ILQDQ HLQYHVWL LLKREE\XULúLSUREOHPHúLUHOD LLSHUVRQDOHVRFLDOH
 
 'LQFHvQFHPDLPXOW OXPHvúLLDLQIRUPD LLOHGHSH,QWHUQHWPRWLYXO
ILLQG DFHOD F  SRW IL DFFHVDWH IRDUWH FRPRG úL UDSLG ÌQ DIDUD GLF LRQDUHORU
H[LVWHQWHSH&'520XULFDUHVHUHJ VHVFúLSHSDJLQLOHGH:HEDXIRVW
realizate antologii cuprinzând genurile literare (http://www.noesis.home.ro.)
úLSRUWDOXULGHSUHV KWWSZZZUHYLVWDSUHVHLURVDXKWWSZZZ]LDUHFRP
1XPHURDVH SXEOLFD ii, în special cotidiene, au siteXUL GH SUH]HQWDUH SH
,QWHUQHW GLQ S FDWH FHOH PDL PXOWH QHDFWXDOL]DWH IDSW GLQ FDUH VH SRDWH
GHGXFH F  DFHVWHD PDL FX VHDP  SUHVD FXOWXUDO  DX SURILWDW GH DYDQWDMH
SURPR LRQDOHGDUQXDXDYXWUHVXUVHOHILQDQFLDUHSHQWUXDVHPHQ LQHvQUH HD

$OWHIDFLOLW LPXOWLPHGLDYLGHRWH[WXO(PDLO(ERRN
(]LQHGHVNWRSSXEOLVKLQJ
D9LGHRWH[WXO$IXQF LRQDWSULPDGDW vQ68$(VWHRFRPELQD LHD
XQRUDGLQWUHWHKQRORJLLOHGLVFXWDWH$VW ]LYLGHRWH[WXOVDJHQHUDOL]DWPDL
DOHV SULQ DFFHVDUHD VD OD QRLOH JHQHUD LL GH WHOHYL]RDUH 3URJUDPXO
RSHUD LRQDOHVWHvQV PDLFRPSOH[GHFkWVXQWHPRELúQXL LV OXWLOL] PSULQ
WHOHYL]RUXOSURSULXXQGHDFHVWDIXQF LRQHD] FDRDQH[ GHORFLQWHUDFWLY 
D SRVWXULORU WY SH FDUH OH UHFHS LRQ P ÌQ UHDOLWDWH YLGHRWH[WXO HVWH XQ
VLVWHPHFRQRPLFLQWHUDFWLYFDUHG SRVLELOLWDWHDXWLOL]DWRUXOXLV WULPLW úLV 
SULPHDVF  GDWH GH OD XWLOL]DWRULL XQXL FRPSXWHU VDX DO XQXL DOW YLGHRWH[W
SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQXL WHUPLQDO FDSDELO V  DILúH]H WH[WH úL LPDJLQL
(FKLSDPHQWXO QHFHVDU FRQVW  GLQWUXQ WHOHYL]RU úL R WDVWDWXU  VDX XQ
FRPSXWHU FX PRQLWRU YLGHR FRQHFWDWH SULQ OLQLH WHOHIRQLF  vQ )UDQ D
Minitel) sau prin cablu la un calculator principal. Fluxul este asigurat în
DPEHOH VHQVXUL 8WLOL]DWRUXO VROLFLW  LQIRUPD LL GLQWUXQ PHQLX GH VHUYLFLL
informative asigurate de o companie de videotext, în care sunt incluse, de
RELFHL úWLUL UH]XOWDWH DOH FRPSHWL LLORU VSRUWLYH UDSRDUWH EDQFDUH VWDUHD
YUHPLL FRVWXULOH GH WUDQVSRUW úL KRWHOLHUH DOH XQRU DJHQ LL GH WXULVP
FXPS U WXULSHED] GHFDWDORJ
E (PDLO ÄSRúWD HOHFWURQLF ´ 3RúWD HOHFWURQLF  IRORVHúWH UH HDXD
SHQWUXDWUDQVPLWHúLDUHFHS LRQDPHVDMH(DSHUPLWHDOF WXLUHDXQRUPHVDMH
úLWUDQVPLWHUHDORUvQFkWHYDVHFXQGHF WUHXQXOVDXPDLPXO LGHVWLQDWDULF WUH
GHSDUWDPHQWHúLLQVWLWX LLDIODWHvQDOWH ULDOHJOREXOXLWHUHVWUXVDXF WUHR
FXQRúWLQ GHSHVWHKRWDUH)RORVHúWHFRPSXWHUXOúLWHOHIRQXOSULQ,QWHUQHW
F (%RRN &DUWHD HOHFWURQLF  HVWH FHD PDL UHFHQW  UHDOL]DUH GLQ
VLVWHPXO PXOWLPHGLD $UH IRUPDWXO DVHP Q WRU FX DO XQHL F U L H[LVW  vQ
 
diverse formate, inclusiv „le livre de poche”), iar în locul filelor cu textul
LPSULPDWXQHFUDQSHFDUHVXQWUHGDWHODFHUHUHWH[WHOHGLQWUXQQXP UGH
F U LH[LVWHQWHvQPHPRULDRELHFWXOXLHOHFWURQLFQXPLWHERRN&DQWLWDWHDGH
vQPDJD]LQDUHDLQIRUPD LHLGLIHU GHODXQPRGHOODDOWXOvQUHVWXWLOL]DUHD
F U LLHOHFWURQLFHGLVSXQkQGGHWRDWHIDFLOLW LOHXQXLFRPSXWHU3HÄPDUJLQHD´
WH[WXOXL OHFWXUDW VH SRW IDFH DGQRW UL SRW IL HIHFWXDWH VXEOLQLHUL RUL H[WUDVH
úDPG([WUHPGHXWLOvQFHSULYHúWHFDUWHDGHúWLLQ DFHVWPRGHOWLQGHV 
S WUXQG úLvQXQLYHUVXOF U LLEHOHWULVWLFH& U LOHFRQ LQXWHvQHERRNSRWIL
ÄVFKLPEDWH´ODREDQF GHGDWHQXPLW FXXQFXYkQWWUDGL LRQDOELEOLRWHF 
([LVW  GH DVHPHQHD SRVLELOLWDWHD FD VLVWHPXO H ERRN V  IXQF LRQH]H vQ
VFKLPEXOLQWHUELEOLRWHFDU
G(=LQH„Electronic Magazine”(=LQHQXHVWHvQF RVXUV VLQH
TXD QRQ D LQIRUPD LHL (VWH SULQ XUPDUH R SXEOLFD LH I FXW  SH FDOFXODWRU
FDUHVSUHGHRVHELUHGHPXO LPHD]LDUHORUFHGH LQXQFRUHVSRQGHQWSHVXSRUW
HOHFWURQLFYH]LKWWSZZZ]LDUHFRPDFHVWDQXDUHFRUHVSRQGHQWXOV XSH
suport de hârtie.
H 'HVNWRS SXEOLVKLQJ GHVHPQHD]  VLVWHPXO GH SURJUDPH SHQWUX
WHKQRUHGDFWDUHD SUHVHL &HHD FH LQWHUHVHD]  vQWUun grad mai înalt este
SRVLELOLWDWHDGHDWUDQVIRUPDXQWH[WDOXQHLF U LVFULVHúLWLS ULWHFXPXOWWLPS
înainte de era computerelor, întrRDSOLFD LHSHFRPSXWHU7RWXQFHQWUXGH
LQWHUHV DO SXEOLVKLQJXOXL vO UHSUH]LQW  WHKQRUHGDFWDUHD ]LDUXOXL úL D
SXEOLFD LLORUvQJHQHUDO)DSWXOHVWHSHUIHFWUHDOL]DELOúLVXEDOWHDVSHFWHD
DSDUL LD ELEOLRWHFLORU FRPSXWHUL]DWH FDUH QHFHVLW  XQ VSD LX H[WUHP GH
restrâns. Spre exemplu, Enciclopedia Britannica, în 12 volume, încape pe un
VLQJXU&' („comSDFWGLVF´SXWkQGILXWLOL]DW FDRFDUWHDOHF UHLSDJLQLOH
GHVFKLGHPSULQDOWHSURFHGHHGDUPDLHILFLHQWHVDXEUHDOL]DUHDXQRUF U LD
F URUIRUPXO HGLWRULDO HVWHRSWLP SHFRPSXWHUvQVHQVXOF VHSRWXWLOL]D
LQVWDQWDQHXLPDJLQHDúLVXQHWXO6HQDúWHXQQRXWLSGHDQWRORJLHGHDOEXP
GH DUW  úL R QRX  PDQLHU  GH ÄD VFULH´ DúDGDU LPSOLFLW GH D QH LPDJLQD R
ELRJUDILH ([LVWHQ D XQHL YDVWH ELEOLRWHFL GH FRPSXWHU HVWH GHMD R UHDOLWDWH
GHILQLW  GHVWXO GH H[SOLFLW WHPDWLF FDWDORDJH GH DUW  WUDVHH PX]HLVWLFH
ELRJUDILLDOHSHUVRQDOLW LORUGLQOXPHDPX]LFLLOLWHUDWXULLDUWHORUúDPG
8QXOGLQWUHSULPHOHSURGXVHPXOWLPHGLDGLQ DUDQRDVWU HVWHDQWRORJLD
DQLGXS DFHHDLQWHJUDODSDU LDO D$FDGHPLHL&D DYHQFXUHDOL]DW GH
„Vertico MultimedLD´%XFXUHúWLSULPDHGLWXU YLUWXDO GLQ DUDQRDVWU 
2 DSOLFD LH VXSHULRDU  vúL YRU J VL ELEOLRWHFLOH GH WH[WH &' SH
FRPSXWHUvQOXPHDXQLYHUVLWDU 
 
 1RWH
ÌQF GLQSHULRDGDPXO LLQWHOHFWXDOLGHIRUPD LHVRFLDOXPDQLVW 
VDXDU WDWvQJULMRUD LGHDVFHQVLXQHDQRLORUWLSXULGHPDúLQLLQIRUPD LRQDOHÌQDUWLFROXO
6SD LXOQRVWUXFRPXQLFD LRQDO6HFROXO;;QUSS6RORPRQ
0DUFXV G  GRX  H[HPSOH HPEOHPDWLFH F U LOH OXL *HRUJKH 6WHLQHU /DQJXDJH DQG
VLOHQFHúL0LFKHO+HQU\/DEDUEDULHvQFDUHGXS FXPDUDW úLFHOH
GRX  WLWOXUL OLPEDMXO úWLLQ LILF PRGHUQ HUD GHVFULV vQ FXORUL VXPEUH $FHODúL DXWRU
FRQVWDW H[LVWHQ XQHLDGHY UDWHREVHVLLDRDPHQLORUGHOLWHUHFXSULYLUHODYLLWRUXO
FXOWXULLSHDOWVXSRUWGHFkWFHOWUDGL LRQDO
 Dictionnaire des Médias VRXV OD GLUHFWLRQ GH )UDQFLV %DOOH /DURXVVH
%RUGDV3DULVS
7HUPHQXOFRPSXWHUSURYLQHGLQODWFRPSLWXV „a socoti”, pe careODYHPúLvQ
WRSRQLPLD URPkQHDVF  ]RQD FX DFHVW QXPH &XPS WXO ÄOD QXP U WRDUH´ GDU úL
ÄU VFUXFH´GHVS U LW GHRUDúXO6LQDLDSULQFDOHDIHUDW ILLQGORFXOXQGHVHQXP UDX
RLOHODFRERUkUHDWRDPQDGHSHPXQWH7HUPHQXOSURYLQHGLQOLPEDODWLQ vQHQJOH] 
HVWHXQQHRORJLVPS WUXQVGXS vQGLF LRQDUHOHDFHVWHLD
 3HQWUX FD DFHVWHD V  U VSXQG  FHULQ HORU PDVVPHGLD LQIRUPDWLFLHQLL DX
GH]YROWDW SURJUDPH úL LQWHUIH H ÄSULHWHQRDVH´ vQ FDUH XWLOL]DWRUXO GRDU WUHEXLH V 
DFWLYH]HSLFWRJUDPHVDXFXYLQWHFXDMXWRUXOPRXVHXOXL3ULQFDUDFWHUXOV XLQWHUDFWLY
FRPSXWHUXORIHU LQIRUPD LD LQWLW GHXWLOL]DWRU$FHDVWDDUHXQFDUDFWHULQGLYLGXDOúL
HVWHGHWHUPLQDW GHYkUVW 3ULQXUPDUHFRPSXWHUXODUHPDLGHJUDE XQUROJHQHUDO
HGXFDWLYGDUSULQSRVLELOLW LOHQHOLPLWDWHSHFDUHOHGHVFKLGHRIHU FXQRVF WRULORUGH
VRIWúLLQIRUPD LLOHPDVVPHGLDGHWLSSUHV PDLDOHV'HDLFLUH]XOW F JHQHUD LLOHQRL
FDUHVHIRORVHVFGHFRPSXWHUVSUHDúLvPERJ LFXQRúWLQ HOHúLLQIRUPD LDvQVHQVXOFHO
PDLJHQHUDODXFRQHFWDWXQHOHVHFWRDUHDOHPDVVPHGLDODQRXDWHKQRORJLHIXQF LXQLOH
FRUHVSXQ] WRDUHYkUVWHLPDWXUHvQOXPHDFRPSXWHUHORUDS UkQGSHP VXU FHDFHVWH
JHQHUD LLYRUDMXQJHV RFXSHQRLSR]L LLvQVRFLHWDWHÌQSOXVXQQXP UUHODWLYUHVWUkQV
GHUHSUH]HQWDQ LDLDOWRUJHQHUD LLVDXDGDSWDWQRXOXLPHGLXGHFRPXQLFDUHU PkQkQG
SDUWL]DQLL PLMORDFHORU WUDGL LRQDOH 6H SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F  HYROX LD VLVWHPXOXL
PXOWLPHGLDVHDIO ODvQFHSXWÌQDUWLFROXOFLWDWYH]LQRWD6RORPRQ0DUFXVIDFH
GLVWLQF LD LOXVWUDWLY  SHQWUX DFHVWH ÄvQFHSXWXUL´ VLWXkQGXVH SH R DOW  SR]L LH PDL
DYDQVDW GHFkWDFHHDDVLPSOHLXWLOL] ULFDSURWH] VSXQHDXWRUXODFRPSXWHUXOXL
Ä&DOFXODWRUXOGHYLQHXQDVRFLDWRUJDQLFDOLQWHOLJHQ HLQRDVWUHVSD LXOGHGHVI úXUDUHD
LPDJLQD LHLúLFXULR]LW LLQRDVWUH)XQF LDGHDX[LOLDUDFDSDFLW LORUQRDVWUHFHUHEUDOH
QX VH UHDOL]HD]  SULQ FkWHYD PDQHYUH UHODWLY VLPSOH FD vQ FD]XO FHORUODOWH SURWH]H
HYRFDWHPDLVXV*kQGLUHDDOJRULWPLF ODFDUHQHLQYLW LQIRUPDWLFDDPLQWHúWHGHFXLXO
OXL3HSHOHDLQL LDOSHSRVWGHDX[LOLDUGHSURWH] DFHDVW JkQGLUHVHLQVLQXHD] SH
QHREVHUYDWHvQFRPSRUWDPHQWXOQRVWUXvQORJLFDQRDVWU vQPRGXOQRVWUXGHDYHGHD
lumea” (p. 77).
0RGHPXOWHOHIRQLFSRDWHILLQWHUQVDXH[WHUQ(OSHUPLWHFRPSXWHUHORUV 
comunice între ele prin intermediul re HOHORUWHOHIRQLFH6HúWLHF VLVWHPXOWHOHIRQLF
HVWHGHVWLQDWSHQWUXDUHWUDQVPLWHYRFHDXPDQ +]3HQWUXDWUDQVPLWH
 
VHPQDOHOHHPLVHGHFRPSXWHUSULQUH HDXDWHOHIRQLF DFHVWHDWUHEXLHV ILHVFKLPEDWH
vQJDPDGHIUHFYHQ DXUHFKLLXPDQHODLHúLUHVDXV IDF RSHUD LXQHDLQYHUV OD
LQWUDUH$GLF V OHPRGXOH]HVDXV OHGHPRGXOH]HGHDLFLúLGHQXPLUHDGHPRGHP
 1R LXQHD GH LQWHUQHW VFULV FX LQL LDO  PLQXVFXO  UHSUH]LQW  R FROHF LH GH
GDWHVHSDUDWHIL]LFúLFDUHVXQWLQWHUFRQHFWDWHSHQWUXDIRUPDRUH HDORJLF LDU,QWHUQHW
VFULVFXLQL LDO PDMXVFXO GHILQHúWHUH HDXDPRQGLDO FHOHDJ WRDWHHOHPHQWHOHGH
FRQH[LXQHLQGLIHUHQWGHSODWIRUPDSHFDUHVXQWFRQVWLWXLWH
 ÌQ OLPEDMXO FHORU FH DFFHVHD]  ,QWHUQHWXO DFHVW FXYkQW GHVHPQHD]  R FDPHU 
YLUWXDO GHGLVFX LHRÄFDIHQHDYLUWXDO ´XQGHVHSRDWHVWDGHYRUE FXSULHWHQLLIRORVLQG
tastatura calculatorului; de altfel, multe centre de acest tip se numesc „Café Internet”.
 6LPLODU FX VLWXD LD vQ FDUH FLQHYD VH DSURSLH GH XQ JUXS FDUH GLVFXW 
XWLOL]DWRUXOWUHEXLHV úLGH]YROWHRELúQXLQ DGHDVHIDFHFXQRVFXWV DSHOH]HFXDOWH
FXYLQWHODFHHDFH-DNREVRQGHQXPHDIXQF LDIDWLF GLQFRPXQLFDUHDOLQJYLVWLF 'DF 
QXYDSURFHGDDVWIHOXWLOL]DWRUXOULVF V ILHHYLWDWGHSDUWLFLSDQ LLODGLVFX LHVDXGXS 
FHúLYDILGRYHGLWLQFRPSHWHQ DvQFKHVWLXQHDGH]E WXW V ILHWUHFXWSHODPPHUOLVW
ÄOLVWD IUDLHULORU´ &RQYRUELULOH ILLQG GH WLS WH[W SHQWUX H[SULPDUHD HPR LLORU VH
folosesc cuvinte încadrate de asteriscuri (* sight* „oIWDW´ JLJJOH ÄFKLFRWHDO ´RULR
VHULHGHVHPQHJUDILFH „utilizatorul este de sex masculin”; > „Utilizatorul este de
sex feminin”; ) „zâmbet”; ! ÄUHPDUF  VDUFDVWLF ´  ÄXWLOL]DWRUXO D E XW´4
ÄXWLOL]DWRUXO HVWH IXP WRU´ P „utilizatorul scoate limba”; 2 ÄVWULJ W´  ^
ÄXWLOL]DWRUXODUHPXVWD ´úDPG
Ä)DSWXOF YRUEHúWLLQFRJQLWRWHVHFXUL]HD] (úWLPDLOLEHUSHQWUXF QXDL
FXPV WHSURLHFWH]LvQRFKLLFHOXLODOW3HP VXU FHDIOLPDLPXOWHGHVSUHFHO ODOWúL
RIHULODUkQGXOW XDP QXQWHGHVSUHWLQHQXPDLFRQYHUVH]LFXXQQHFXQRVFXWILH
F SDUWHQHUXOv LG LQIRUPD LLFRQWUDGLFWRULLILHF JkQGHúWHVLPWHúLvQ HOHJHFDWLQH
v LGRUHúWLV DIOLFXPDUDW 8QHRULDFHVWHUHOD LLIRUPDWHSULQLQWHUPHGLXO&KDW
XOXLSRWILGHOXQJ GXUDW úLFXLPSOLFD LLVHULRDVHSHQWUXDPELLSDUWHQHUL´0DUJDUHWD
'LQF UHYLVWDÄ%RRPHUDQJ´QUQRLHPEULH
 ÌQ ORF GH D QH GHSODVD OD R ELEOLRWHF  VSUH D FRQVXOWD XQ DUWLFRO GLQWUR
UHYLVW FHHDFHDUvQVHPQDWLPSúLFKHOWXLHOLVSUHH[HPSOXSHQWUXDO[HURFRSLDVH
SRDWHDFFHVDSH,QWHUQHWVLWHXOUHYLVWHLXUPkQGF SULQWUXQVLPSOXFOLFV ILHI FXW 
OHJ WXUD FX DUWLFROXO LDU SULQWUR OD IHO GH VLPSO  PLúFDUH GH PRXVH V  ILH FRSLDW
HYHQWXDOQXPDLSDUDJUDIXOFDUHLQWHUHVHD] 0DLPXOWvQWURVLQJXU RU GHQDYLJDUH
SH,QWHUQHWXWLOL]DWRUXOSRDWHFRQVXOWDRÄUHYLVW DSUHVHL´IRDUWHLHIWLQ úLFRPRG FX
PXOWPDLDPSO GHFkWGDF DUILDFKL]L LRQDWFRQWUDFRVWDFHOHDúL]LDUHúLUHYLVWH
 &RQIRUP XQXL VWXGLX HIHFWXDW GH 0HUFXU\ 0DUNHWLQJ  5HVHDUFK
&RQVXOWDQWVDFHDVW FLIU QHSODVHD] vQFRDGDOLVWHL ULORU(XURSHLGH6XG(VW6XUVD
„Boomerang”, nr. 1 (oct.) 2ooo.

%LEOLRJUDILH
/LYLX$QGUHHVFX,QWHOHFWXDOLLID FX5HYROX LD'LJLWDO , în Secolul XX, nr. 4 
SS
 
 %LO(DJHU8WLOL]DUH,QWHUQHWXúRUúLUHSHGH(GLWXUD7HRUD%XFXUHúWL
VSUHFRQVXOWDUH
8PEHUWR(FRÄ&DOFXODWRUXOHVWHSURXVWLDQúLVSLULWXDO´, în Arc, nr. 4/1992,
SS
9DVLOH'DPLDQ$FFHVXOOD,QWHUQHWHVWHPDLLHIWLQ, în Capital, nr. 5, 1 februarie,
S
7\ORU 'DYH &UHDUHD SDJLQLOR :HE FX +7/0 (GLWXUD 7HRUD %XFXUHúWL
VSUHFRQVXOWDUH
$QGUHHD'HFLXSinguri întrROXPHYLUWXDO , în Secolul XX, nr. 4 
SS
0HOYLQ/'H)OHXU6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK 7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS
& W OLQD (IWLPH 3UHVD YLLWRUXOXL ,QWHUQHWXO RIHU  XWLOL]DWRULORU GH D DYHD
propriul lor ziar personalizat), în Capital, nr, 23, 8 iXQLHS
& W OLQD(IWLPH9DVLOH'DPLDQ=HFHVIDWXULSHQWUXDGPLQLVWUDUHDHILFLHQW D
HPDLOXOXL, în Capital, nr. 5, 1 februarie 2001, pp. 20 
-HDQ*DEULHO)UHGHW6WDWHOH8QLWH9LGHR6RFLHWDWHD, în Arc, nr. 4/1992, pp.185

*DEULHOD*ULJRUHDQX+DFNHULLQXVXQWvQDFHHDúLRDO FXFUDFNHULL, în Capital,
QUQRLHPEULHS
*DOHQ*ULPHVNetscape pentru Windows ‘95(GLWXUD7HRUD%XFXUHúWL
VSUHFRQVXOWDUH
0DULD,úIDQ-RFXOYLGHRFDPRGGHYLD , în Secolul XX, nr. 
SS
'DQ0DULQHVFX0LKDL7UDQGDILU3&PDQXDOXOvQFHS WRUXOXL(GLWXUD7HRUD
%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
6RORPRQ0DUFXV2PXOúLRFHDQXOV XFRPXQLFD LRQDO, în Secolul XX, nr. 4 
SS
)DFWV 0HGLD 0DL PXOW VRIW SHQWUX FRQIRUW (Advertorial/ Publireportaj), în
&DSLWDOQULXQLHS
1LFKRODV1HJURSRQWH(UDGLJLWDO (GLWXUD$//%XFXUHúWLLQWHJUDO
)ORULQ3LODW0 G OLQ 5 FHDQX&DUPHQ6WDQFLX:RUOG:LGH:HE0RVDLFúL
1HWVFDSHJKLGGHXWLOL]DUH(GLWXUD7HRUD%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
5REHUW .UDXW 9LFNL /XQGPDUN 0LFKDHO 3DWWHUVRQ 6DUD .LHVOHU7ULGDV
0XNRSDGK\D\:LOOLDP6FKHUOLV3DUDGR[XO,QWHUQHW, în Secolul XX, nr. 4 
SS
7KLHUU\ 9HGHO 1RLOH WHKQRORJLL DOH FRPXQLF ULL úL QRLOH PLMORDFH GH
FRPXQLFDUHGHPDV , în 2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW (GLWXUD3ROLURP
,DúLSSSDVVLP
 0DQLIHVWXO WHKQRUHDOLVW, în Secolul XX, nr. 4    
SS

 
 
96758&785,&2167,78,7(3(02'(/8/
&2081,&$ ,21$/






$O WXUL GH DQVDPEOXO PDVVPHGLD D F UXL GHVI úXUDUH LVWRULF  D IRVW
SUH]HQWDW VHPQDO PFRQVWLWXLUHDXQRUVWUXFWXULUHODWLYUHFHQWHFDUHXWLOL]HD] 
PRGHOXOFRPXQLFD LRQDOvQDFWLYLWDWHDORU$SDUL LDDFHVWRUDGDWHD] GHPDL
SX LQ GH XQ VHFRO úL D IRVW GHWHUPLQDW  GH QRLOH UHDOLW L VRFLDOH FD úL GH
LQWHUDF LXQHD VWDELOLW  vQ MXUXO IRU HORU LQWHUHVDWH V  SURPRYH]H WHKQLFL GH
FkúWLJDUHDvQFUHGHULLvQUkQGXOPDUHOXLSXEOLF(OHGHPRQVWUHD] F UHSDUWL LD
VWULFW DXQRUDELOLW LúLDWULEX LLVDGRYHGLWXWLO vQUHDOL]DUHDXQRUPHVDMHFX
o putere mult mai mare de persuasiune în rândul opiniei publice.
ConcentrânduúLDWHQ LDDVXSUDPHVDMXOXLúLDPSOLILFkQGXOSULQWURVHULHGH
FDUDFWHULVWLFLHPR LRQDOHVDXFKLDUHXIRUL]DQWHVDDMXQVSUDFWLFODQRLSURGXVH
PHGLDWLFH$FHVWHDVXQWVHUYLFLLOHGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHúLGHSXEOLFLWDWHUHFODP 
$VRFLHUHD UHOD LLORU SXEOLFH úL D UHFODPHL OD VLVWHPXO PDVVPHGLD
GDWHD] GHVFXUWWLPS,QVHU LDVHUYLFLLORUGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHvQVIHUDDXGLHQ HL
GH PDV  QX HVWH OD IHO GH LQIOXHQW  DúD FXP H FD]XO PHGLLORU GH ODUJ 
GLIX]LXQH SUHVD UDGLR WY GDU QLFL QX SRDWH IL LJQRUDW  ÌQ VFKLPE vQWUH
UHOD LLOHSXEOLFHúLSUHV H[LVW RSHUPDQHQW FRRSHUDUHFXDYDQWDMHUHFLSURFH
vQVHQVXOF QXPHURDVHGLQWUHDFWLYLW LOHGLQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLFUHDWDSHOHD] 
vQ PRG FRQVWDQW úL SH VFDU  ODUJ  OD VHUYLFLLOH SUHVHL ÌQ UDSRUW FX VFKHPD
FODVLF DFRPXQLF ULLGLQFDUHGHULY VDXPDLFRUHFWVSXVVHGH]YROW PDVV
PHGLD UH]XOW  F  VHUYLFLLOH GH UHOD LL SXEOLFH úL SXEOLFLWDWHD UHFODPD VXQW
RULHQWDWHFXSUHF GHUHDVXSUDHPL WRUXOXLúLPHVDMXOXLSUHVWD LDORUvQFDGUXO
ODQ XOXL FRPXQLFD LRQDO UH]XPkQGXVH OD vPEXQ W LUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL
PHVDMXOXLvQFDUHVXQWÄWUDGXVH´DúWHSW ULOHSXEOLFXOXL8QLLFHUFHW WRULJ VHVF
ÄU G FLQL´ DOH IHQRPHQXOXL vQ HYHQLPHQWH LVWRULFH IRDUWH vQGHS UWDWH vQV 
FULVWDOL]DUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL úL D IXQF LXQLORU VLVWHPXOXL GH UHOD LL SXEOLFH úL
SXEOLFLWDUH D DYXW ORF FX QXPDL FkWHYD GHFHQLL vQ XUP  /D RULJLQHD ORU DU
SXWHDILVLWXDWDJHQWXOGHSXEOLFLWDWH5ROXOV XFRQVWDvQDDVLJXUDÄUHFODPD´

 
XQXLWHDWUXDFWRUHWFSULQLQWHUPHGLXODQXQ XULORUúLLQIRUP ULORUGHSUHV 
Prin urmare, la început a existat publiciWDWHDGHGLYHUWLVPHQWDOF UHLFHOPDL
FXQRVFXW UHSUH]HQWDQW H FRQVLGHUDW 3KLQHDV 7 %DUQXP RP GH VSHFWDFRO
GRWDWFXRIDQWH]LHGHERUGDQW FDUHvQWHUPHQLURPkQHúWLÄúWLDV úLYkQG 
PDUID´DWkWGHELQHvQFkWúLDGHVFRSHULWYRFD LDGHDGDPDLPDUHLPSRUWDQ 
PRGXOXLvQFDUHDFHDVWDWUHEXLDYkQGXW GHFkWUHDOL] ULLSURGXVXOXLvQVLQH
8QDGLQGHVFRSHULULOHVDOHDIRVW&KDUOHV66WUDWWRQXQSLWLFGHQXPDLFP
SH FDUH OD VXSUDQXPLW 7RP 7KXPE 7RP 'HJH HO ÌQ MXUXO DFHVWXL IDSW
LQWHUHVDQW GDU QX H[WUHP GH VSHFWDFXORV %DUQXP ÄD UHJL]DW´ XQ DGHY UDW
HYHQLPHQW I FkQG SXEOLFLWDWH F V WRULHL OXL 6WUDWWRQ 7RP 7KXPE FX R
IHPHLHSLWLF $XXUPDWvQVHULHúLvQWULXPIVSHFWDFROHSHWHULWRULXO68$
vQ WLPSXO F URUD 7RP 7KXPE úLa încântat auditorLXO SULQ LQWHUSUHWDUHD GH
FkQWHFH úL GDQVXUL D XQRU FXSOHWH FRPLFH ÌQV  SURED FDOLW LORU VDOH GH
LQFLSLHQW35DGDWR%DUQXPvQ(XURSDXQGHSXEOLFXODYkQGFXQRúWLQ GH
H[LVWHQ  OLOLSXWDQLORU QD VLP LW QLFL R DWUDF LH SHQWUX VSHFWDFROXO FX 7RP
'HJH HO $WLWXGLQHD OXL %DUQXP D IRVW XUP WRDUHD LD LQYLWDW SH FHL PDL
DSUHFLD L]LDULúWLODUHúHGLQ DVDXQGHDFHúWLDDXI FXWFXQRúWLQ FXVSLULWXDOXO
7RP'HJH HO(IHFWXODIRVWFHOVFRQWDW%DUQXPDSULPLWRLQYLWD LHGLQSDUWHD
FDVHLUHJDOHGXS ÄGHVI WDUHD´F UHLDúLa asigurat un public din ce în ce mai
QXPHURV3ULQXUPDUH%DUQXPVDIRORVLWGHOLGHULLGHRSLQLHVSUHDúLIDFH
SXEOLFLWDWH$FHVWDvúLvQVR HDÄFXULR]LW LOH´SULQWURUHFODP DELO IRUPDW 
GLQSRVWHUHúLEURúXULFDUHFRQ LQHDXH[DJHU ULVSHFWDFXODUHFUHkQGXQúLPDL
PDUHDIOX[GHYL]LWDWRUL1XPLWGHXQ]LDUORQGRQH]ODPRDUWHDVDXQHVFURF
FLQVWLW VDX HVFURF GH EXQ  YRLH %DUQXP H FRQVLGHUDW SULPXO ÄYkQ] WRU GH
FXULR]LW L´'DF VHLDvQGLVFX LHDFFHQWXOSXVSHSODVDPHQWXOSXEOLFLVWLFDO
FXULR]LW LORU VDOH VH SRDWH DILUPD F  HO D IRVW WRWRGDW  úL XQ FUHDWRU GH
LPDJLQHGHUHFODP 
'HODH[HPSOXOGHPDLVXVúLSkQ ODUHOD LLOHSXEOLFHPRGHUQHGUXPXO
HVWHOXQJúLvQWRUWRFKLDW(OUHOHY vQV F SXEOLFLWDWHDUHSUH]LQW XQDGLQFHOH
PDLYHFKLIRUPHGHUHOD LLSXEOLFH

5HOD LLSXEOLFH
&kW SULYHúWH DFWLYLWDWHD GH UHOD LL SXEOLFH SULQ ELURXULOH GH SUHV  OD
RULJLQHD ORU VH DIO  $PRV .HQGDOO IRVW HGLWRU DO XQXL ]LDU GLQ .HQWXN\
GHYHQLW XQ DSURSLDW DO SUHúHGLQWHOXL $QGUHZ -DFNVRQ .HQGDOO SRDWH IL
FRQVLGHUDW SULPXO VHFUHWDU SUH]LGHQ LDO SHQWUX SUREOHPH FX SUHVD $FHVWD D
I FXW VHULRDVH HIRUWXUL SHQWUX D FkúWLJD VSULMLQXO ODUJ DO RSLQLHL SXEOLFH vQ
 
IDYRDUHD XQXL FDQGLGDW OD SUHúHGLQ LH .HGDOO IRORVHD VWDWLVWLFL HIHFWXDWH vQ
UkQGXORSLQLHLSXEOLFHSHGLYHUVHSUREOHPHvOFRQVLOLDSH-DFNVRQúLvLFL]HOD
FX DELOLWDWH LGHLOH HQXQ DWH GkQGXOH R IRUP  SUHWDELO  FD GLVFXUVXUL VDX
UHODW ULGHSUHV ,DI FXWRODUJ FDPSDQLHSXEOLFLWDU OXL-DFNVRQVFULLQG
DUWLFROH HQWX]LDVPDQWH UHWLS ULQG úL U VSkQGLQG DSURDSH WRDWH úWLULOH VDX
HGLWRULDOHGLQSUHV IDYRUDELOHFDQGLGDWXOXLODSUHúHGLQ LH
,QWUDW vQHUDLQGXVWULDOL] ULLVRFLHWDWHDDPHULFDQ DFXQRVFXWEUXVFXO
LPSDFW DO QRLORU UHOD LL VRFLDOH DEUXWL]DQWH GLQ PXOWH SXQFWH GH YHGHUH
6FULLWRUL FRQVDFUD L SUHFXP 8SWRQ 6LQFODLU ,GD 7DUEHOO 7KRPDV /DZVRQ
FULWLFDXYLROHQWPHWRGHOHLQXPDQHODFDUHUHFXUJHDXPDULOHFRPSDQLLGHF L
IHUDWHE QFLFRPSDQLLSHWUROLHUHúLPDULWLPHvQJRDQDDFHVWRUDGXS SURILWXUL
cât mai mari.$FHVWHDHUDXXQJHQGHVFULHULSHFDUH7KHRGRUH5RRVYHOWOHD
GHQXPLW ÄVFRUPRQLWXO vQ UDKDW´ I FkQG DOX]LH OD HURXO XQHL SRYHVWLUL GLQ
VHFROXODO;9,,OHDFDUHQXULGLFDRFKLLV YDG IUXPXVH HDFHUXOXL
=LDULVWXO,Y\/HGEHWWHU/HHDEVROYHQWDOXQLYHUVLW LL3ULQFHWRQúLIRVW
reporter de afaceri la revista „World” din New York, este considerat primul
FRQVLOLHUGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHGLQLVWRULH(ODvQWRFPLWRGHFODUD LHGHSULQFLSLLFDUH
VHPQDODVIkUúLWXOHSRFLLÄODQDLEDFXSXEOLFXO´vQVHQVXOF SXEOLFXOQXPDL
SXWHDILLJQRUDWvQPDQLHUDWLSLF RDPHQLORUGHDIDFHULúLQLFLvQúHODWvQPDQLHUD
DJHQ LORUGHSXEOLFLWDWH,Y\/HGEHWWHU/HHVSXQHDÄ3ODQXOQRVWUXHVWHFDvQ
PRGFLQVWLWúLGHVFKLVV IXUQL] PSUHVHLúLSXEOLFXOXLDPHULFDQLQIRUPD LLSH
WHPHOHGHLQWHUHVGLQSDUWHDLQVWLWX LLORUSXEOLFHúLDFRPSDQLLORUGHDIDFHUL 
'XS  UHSUHVDOLLOH GXUH DOH JUHYHL FXQRVFXW  VXE QXPHOH 0DVDFUXO
/XGORZGHODvQWUHSULQGHUHDGHFRPEXVWLELOúLR HODIDPLOLHL5RNHIIHOHU-KRQ
'5RNHIIHOHUODDQJDMDWSH,Y\/HHFRQVLOLHUGHSUHV $FHVWDDGLDORJDWFX
DPEHOHS U LúLDUHXúLWV OFRQYLQJ SHPDJQDWV VWHDGHYRUE FXPLQHULL
'HDVHPHQHDHOODGHWHUPLQDWV DFFHSWHFDSUHVDV ILHGHID LDUSH]LDULúWL
LDFRQYLQVV LDQRW GHIDSWXOF PLOLRQDUXOOXDPDVDODFDQWLQDPLQHULORU
LQWUDDO WXULGHDFHúWLDvQPLQ GXS FDUHODWHUPLQDUHDSURJUDPXOXLGHOXFUX
EHD R EHUH FX PLQHULL /HH D UHI FXW LPDJLQHD IDPLOLHL 5RNHIIHOHU úL SULQ
SXEOLFDUHD VXPHORU GH EDQL GRQDWH XQRU LQVWLWX LL FDULWDELOH 6D VWU GXLW GH
ILHFDUH GDW  V  FUHH]H FRQGL LL SHQWUX J VLUHD XQHL VROX LL vQDLQWH GH D IDFH
vreun comunicat în chestiuni considerate delicate, încât la moartea lui
5RNHIIHOHUVXUYHQLW vQDFHVWDDIRVWGHSOkQVGHSUHV SHQWUXEXQ WDWHD
XPDQLVPXOúLILODQWURSLDGHFDUHDGDWGRYDG 


$SXG9DOHQWLQ6WDQFLX0DUFHOD06WRLFD$GULDQ6WRLFD5HOD LLSXEOLFH
VXFFHVúLFUHGLELOLWDWH(GLWXUD&RQFHSW3XEOLVKLQJ%XFXUHúWLSS
 
 
'HVLJXU VH SXQH vQWUHEDUHD GDF  DFHDVWD HUD DGHY UDWD LPDJLQH D
IDPLliei Rokeffeler. În mod cert nu, dar aceasta a fost imaginea pe care Lee a
UHXúLWVRLPSXQ vQID DRSLQLHLSXEOLFHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOSUHVHLÌQWLPSFH
JUD LH PHVDMHORU VXEWLO GLULMDWH GH F WUH FRQVLOLHUXO V X 5RNHIIHOHU GHYHQHD
cunoscut întregii AmericL H[SORDWD LL DFHVWXLD WU LDX SRDWH OD IHO GH U X
0HULWXOOXL/HHDIRVWGHDúLILDSURSLDWSUHVDFHOPDLU VSkQGLWPLMORFGH
GLIX]DUHDLQIRUPD LHLGHDVHILEL]XLWSHPDUHDHLDXWRULWDWHGHYHQLW DFXPR
IRU GHPQ GHOXDWvQVHDP 
În timpul pULPXOXL U ]ERL PRQGLDO VXE VORJDQXO ÄSXEOLFXO WUHEXLH
LQIRUPDW´ D IRVW FUHDW  R VWUXFWXU  RUJDQL]DWRULF  H[WUHP GH vQWLQV 
PRELOL]DW  vQ DFHVW VFRS vQFHSkQG FX SUHúHGLQWHOH :LOVRQ GLYHUVHOH
DGPLQLVWUD LL FOXEXUL DVRFLD LL FRPLWHWH RUJDQL]D LL úL FRPLVLL (D DYHD
DWULEX LLGHSURSDJDQG /DDSULOLHVDFRQVWLWXLW&RPPLWWHHRQ3XEOLF
,QIRUPDWLRQ FXQRVFXW úL VXE QXPHOH GH &RPLVLD &UHHO GXS  QXPHOH
UHSRUWHUXOXL*HRUJH&UHHO, consilierul din cabinetul Wilson în programul de
LQIOXHQ DUH D RSLQLHL SXEOLFH DPHULFDQH úL PRQGLDOH 6ORJDQXO ODQVDW GH
FRPLVLH úL GHYHQLW REVHVLH QD LRQDO  D IRVW Ä8QFKLXO 6DP DUH QHYRLH GH
WLQH´,PSDFWXODFHVWXLHIRUWLPHQVDMXFDWXQUROGHRVHELWvQHYROX LDUHOD LLORU
SXEOLFH GRYHGLQGXOH HILFDFLWDWHD úL VWLPXOkQG GH]YROWDUHD DFWLYLW LORU GH
DFHVWJHQ5H]XOWDWHOHXOWHULRDUHDXFRQVWDWvQDSDUL LDSULPHORUFRPSDQLLGH
35úLvQFRQVWLWXLUHDIXQF LHLGHFRQVLOLHUH/XPHDvQFHSHDV FRQúWLHQWL]H]H
F  LQIRUPD LD vQ VHQV GH FXQRDúWHUH vQVHDPQ  SXWHUH úLvQFRQVHFLQ VH
vQILLQ HD] QXPHURDVHELURXULGHUHOD LLSXEOLFH(GXDUG/%HUQD\VQHSRWDO
OXL6LJPXQG)UHXGVFULH&ULVWDOL]DUHDRSLQLHLSXEOLFHvQFDUHWUDWHD] 
QRXDIXQF LHGHFRQVLOLHUH$XWRUXOD LQXWSULPXOFXUVGHUHOD LLSXEOLFH
&DRQRX HWDS vQGH]YROWDUHDVLVWHPXOXLDSDUHQHFHVLWDWHDGHDOXD
DFW GH RSLQLLOH FRQVXPDWRULORU FDUH VXQW DSRL WUDGXVH vQ P VXUL GH GHFL]LH
SXVHODGLVSR]L LDGLUHF LHL'HDFXPVSHFLDOLúWLLvQUHOD LLSXEOLFHVXQWREOLJD L
V VHDGUHVH]HGLYHUVHORUFDWHJRULLGHSXElic întrun limbaj pe care acestea îl
SRWvQ HOHJHúLPDLDOHVDSUHFLD$SDUVSHFLDOL] ULVWULFWHvQLQWHULRUXODFHVWXL
QRX GRPHQLX GH DFWLYLWDWH UHOD LLOH FX DQJDMD LL UHOD LLOH FX GLVWULEXLWRULL
YkQ] WRULFXDF LRQDULLFXFRQVXPDWRULLUHOD LLOHFXSUHVDHWF0DUHOHSXEOLF
vQFHSH V  VH LQWHUHVH]H GH UHOD LLOH SXEOLFH FD GH R GLVFLSOLQ  LQWHOHFWXDO 
FHUFHW WRULLGLQGRPHQLXOúWLLQ HORUVRFLDOHDSURIXQGHD] VWXGLLOHORUvQDFHVW
GRPHQLX&RQFRPLWHQWDSDUHúLROLWHUDWXU GHUHOD LLSXEOLFH

 
 'H DOWIHO DVXSUD GHILQLULL FkW PDL H[DFWH D GRPHQLXOXL H[LVW  RSLQLL
VXEVWDQ LDO GLIHULWH 6WDQ /H 5R\ :LOVRQ  DUDW  F  vQWUH  úL 
GHVFULHUHDWLSGLF LRQDUDVHUYLFLLORUGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHHVWHGLIHULW VXIHULQG
FRQWLQXH QXDQ UL ÌQ 5DQGRP +RXVH &ROOHJH 'LFWLRQDU\ autorul înainte
DPLQWLW DWUDJH DWHQ LD F  UHOD LLOH SXEOLFH HUDX GHILQLWH SULQ GRX 
FRPSRQHQWHHIRUWXULOHXQHLFRUSRUD LLGHDSURPRYDGLIHULWHVLP PLQWH
vQWUH DFHDVWD úL SXEOLF úL  PHWRGHOH GH D OH SURPRYD FD DWDUH ÌQ 
FRQIRUP VSXVHORU DFHOXLDúL DXWRU )XQGD LD SHQWUX HGXFD LH úL FHUFHWDUHD
UHOD LLORUSXEOLFHDFRPLVLRQDWXQXLQXP UGHGHOLGHULGLQFDGUXOUHOD LLORU
SXEOLFH V  VWXGLH]H  GHILQL LL GLIHULWH VSUH D OH FRPSULPD vQWUXQ VLQJXU
FRQ LQXWFDSDELOV UHIOHFWHSURIHVLD$UH]XOWDWRGHILQL LHDPSO GLQDFHDVWD
UHLHúLQGF 35UHSUH]LQW IXQF LXQHDXQXLPDQDJHPHQWGLVWLQFWFDUHDMXW OD
VWDELOLUHDúLPHQ LQHUHDUHFLSURF DF LORUFRPXQLF ULLvQ HOHJHULLDFFHSW ULLúL
FRRSHU ULL vQWUH R RUJDQL]D LH úL SXEOLFXO V X FXSULQGH DGPLQLVWUDUHD
SUREOHPHORUúLVXUVHORUDMXW FRQGXFHUHDPDQDJHULDO V ILHLQIRUPDW úLV 
ILH VHQVLELO  OD RSLQLD SXEOLF  GHILQHúWH úL VXEOLQLD]  UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD
PDQDJHPHQWXOXLFDVHUYLFLXGHLQWHUHVSXEOLFDMXW FRQGXFHUHDPDQDJHULDO 
V  LQ SDVXOFXúLV XWLOL]H]HVFKLPE ULOHHIHFWLYHVHUYLQGFDXQVLVWHPGH
DODUP  úL GH DQWLFLSDUH D WHQGLQ HORU IRORVHúWH FHUFHWDUHD úL VRQGDUHD úL
WHKQLFLOHGHFRPXQLFDUHHWLFHFDSULQFLSDOHXQHOWH
2GHILQL LHGLQQXPHúWHSUDFWLFDGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHGUHSWÄRDUW úL
R úWLLQ  VRFLDO  GH DQDOL]DUH D WHQGLQ HORU GH SUH]LFHUH D FRQVHFLQ HORU
DFHVWRUDFRQVXOWkQGFRQGXF WRULLRUJDQL]D LLORUúLLPSOHPHQWkQGSODQXULDOH
SURJUDPHORU GH DF LXQH vQFkW HOH V  VHUYHDVF  DWkW RUJDQL]D LLORU FkW úL
SXEOLFXOXLLnteresat”.
ÌQ VIkUúLW 6RFLHWDWHD DPHULFDQ  GH UHOD LL SXEOLFH SURSXQH GRX 
GHILQL LL5HOD LLOHSXEOLFHDMXW RUJDQL]D LLOHúLSXEOLFXOORUV VHDGDSWH]H
UHFLSURFXQLLFHORUODO LúL5HOD LLOHSXEOLFHUHSUH]LQW HIRUWXORUJDQL]D LLORU
de a învingevQFRRSHUDUHDFXJUXSXULGHSRSXOD LH
0XO LPHD DFHVWRU GHILQL LL DWUDJH DWHQ LD DVXSUD FRPSOH[LW LL
GRPHQLXOXLvQFDUHHVWHYRUEDGHPkQXLUHDLQWHOLJHQW DUHOD LLORUFXSXEOLFXO
'LQ QHIHULFLUH PXOW  OXPH vL G  DFFHS LXQL vQ FRQWLQXDUH GLIHULWH
FRQVLderândO ILH XQ GRPHQLX IRDUWH vQJXVW FX SURIHVLRQLúWL DQJDMD L vQWUR
VLQJXUDGLUHF LHILHXQXOFXSULQ]kQGRGLYHUVLWDWHGHDFWLYLW L

6WDQ/H5R\:LOVRQ0DVVPHGLD0DVVFXOWXUH–DQLQWURGXFWLRQ0F*URZ
+LOO,QFUGHGLWLRQS
 
 7RDWH DFHVWH WLSXUL GH DFFHS LXQL MRDF  XQ URO PDMRU vQ PRGHODUHD
FRQ LQXWXULORUPDVPHGLDúLvQU VSkQGLUHDLQIRUPD LHLGHODXQFDS WODDOWXOvQ
VRFLHWDWHDFRQWHPSRUDQ 5HOD LLOHSXEOLFHFXSULQGUHOD LLOHFXSUHVDUHOD LLOHFX
SURSULL DQJDMD L UHOD LLOH FX DXWRULW LOH úL FX GLIHULWH LQVWLWX LL úL RUJDQL]D LL
6SHFLDOLVWXO vQ UHOD LL SXEOLFH WUHEXLH V  SRVHGH R SUHJ WLUH PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU 
LQFOX]kQGFXQRúWLQ HGHHFRQRPLHVRFLRORJLHSVLKRORJLHLVWRULHPDQDJHPHQW
OLPELVWU LQH&OLHQWXOSRDWHILRLQVWLWX LHVDXRSHUVRDQ LDUUDSRUWXULOHFHVH
VWDELOHVFvQWUHDFHúWLDFUHHD] FDQDOHGHFRPXQLFDUH
ÌQWUHDVSHFWHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHVHQXP U FHOHOHJDWHGHSROLWLFDILUPHL
8QVSHFLDOLVW35UHSUH]LQW OHJ WXUDGLQWUHRLQVWLWX LHúLSXEOLF$FHVWDHVWH
UHVSRQVDELOGHvQFDGUDUHDSROLWLFLLGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHúLUHSUH]LQW FRUSRUD LDRUL
DJHQ LDvQID DSXEOLFXOXL'HDVHPHQHDDUHXQUROGHWHUPLQDQWvQGLULMDUHD
FHUFHW ULL úL IXUQL] ULL IHHGEDFNXOXL GH OD SXEOLF VSUH LQVWLWX LH ÌQ PRG
RELúQXLWXQ35SURIHVLRQLVWOXFUHD] vQGHDSURDSHFXQLYHOXOFHOPDLvQDOWGH
FRQGXFHUH úL HVWH LQVWUXPHQWXO GH LQIOXHQ DUH D VFKLPE ULORU SROLWLFLL
PDQDJHULDOH6SHFLDOLVWXO35SRDWHILGHVFULVF XQVWUDWHJFDUHSURLHFWHD] úL
H[HFXW SHRVFDU IRDUWHODUJ FRQ LQXWXOPXQFLLGLQFDGUXOUHOD LLORUSXEOLFH
&RPXQLFDWHOH GH SUHV  FRQVLVW  vQ SODQLILFDUHD úL RUJDQL]DUHD GH
HYHQLPHQWH vQFkW DFHVWHD V  DWUDJ  DWHQ LD IDYRUDELO  DVXSUD LQVWLWX LHL
SHUVRDQHORU LGHLL VDX SURGXVXOXL úL V  SODVH]H úWLUL úL DUWLFROH IDYRUDELOH vQ
PDVVPHGLDGHVSUHFOLHQW3ULPLLDJHQ LGHSUHV VHIRORVHDXGHvQúHO FLXQHúL
LPSRVWXU  SHQWUX DúL DWLQJH VFRSXO DVW ]L VSHFLDOLúWLL VXQW PDL RQHúWL úL
SURIHVLRQDOL
8QHOH DJHQ LL JXYHUQDPHQWDOH úL FRUSRUD LL XWLOL]HD]  SHQWUX D
desemna munca în PR, termenul DIDFHUL SXEOLFH $FHVWH LQVWLWX LL vL
GHQXPHVFSHGLUHFWRULLORUGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHÄGLUHFWRULGHDIDFHULSXEOLFH´GDU
IRORVLUHDFXDFHDVW DFFHS LXQHDWHUPHQXOXLGHQRW ROLPLW DDFWLYLW LORU35
vQVHQVXOLPSOLF ULLORUGLUHFWHúLLQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWHFXFRPXQLWDWHDúLUHOD LLOH
JXYHUQDPHQWDOH
3XEOLFLWDWHDUHSUH]LQW RFRPSRQHQW DUHOD LLORUSXEOLFHúLVHUHIHU OD
SODVDUHDLQIRUPD LHLRULDúWLULORUvQPDVVPHGLD&HLFDUHOXFUHD] vQDFHVW
GRPHQLXVXQWFDOLILFD LvQSXEOLFLWDWHDVFULV vQQRLOHHLIormate) având în
DJHQ LLOH JXYHUQDPHQWDOH GHVHRUL úL U VSXQGHUHD GH RIL HU GH SUHV  VDX
SXUW WRU GH FXYkQW 3XUW WRULL GH FXYkQW FHL PDL FRPSHWHQ L GRUHVF V  ILH
vQFRQMXUD LGHSURIHVLRQLúWLDQWUHQD LúLFDOLILFD LVSUHDJHVWLRQDVLWXD LLOHFkQG
PDVVPHGLDVHDIO vQF XWDUHGHLQIRUPD LLVDXúWLULQHIDYRUDELOH2FD]LRQDO
VSHFLDOLúWLL35WUHEXLHV XWLOL]H]HSXEOLFLWDWHDSO WLW 6SUHH[HPSOXHLSRW
 
GHFLGH V  GXF  R FDPSDQLH SXEOLFLWDU  SHQWUX FODULILFDUHD vQ ID D RSLQLHL
SXEOLFH D SROLWLFLL LQVWLWX LHL ID  GH FOLHQ L RUL SHQWUX LPSXQHUHD LPDJLQLL
FRUHFWH vQ ORFXO FHOHL QHIDYRUDELOH $QXQ XO SO WLW OH RIHU  FRQWUROXO DVXSUD
mesajului, avantaj ce este, în anumite contexte, mai important decât alte
FRVWXUL GHVWLQDWH DFHOXLDúL VFRS 6SHFLDOLúWLL 35 VXQW DELOLWD L V  IXUQL]H]H
DVLVWHQ vQFDGUXOXQHLFDPSDQLLSURPR LRQDOHVDXGHDJHQ LHGHSUHV &kQG
SHUVRQDOXO 35 QX GH LQH H[SHULHQ  vQ VLVWHPXO UHFODPHORU DSHOHD]  GH
RELFHLODXQSURIHVLRQLVWDOGRPHQLXOXL8QHRULDJHQ LLOH35GLQ]LOHOHQRDVWUH
vúLH[WLQGDULDGHRSHUDUHLQFOX]kQGvQHDúLUHFODPD
&DQDOHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHVSHFLILFHDFWLYLW LLGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHVXQWSUHVD
]LDUH UHYLVWH EXOHWLQH SHULRGLFH HPLVLXQL GH UDGLR úL WY FX FDUDFWHU GH
LQIRUPDUH úL GRFXPHQWDUH FXUHQW  UHYLVWD SUHVHL UHDOL]DW  GH
FRPSDUWLPHQWXOGHSUHV SHQWUXGLUHF LXQHúLFRQVWLWXLW GLQUH]XPDWHDFHHD
FHVFULHSUHVDÌQDFHDVW VLWXD LHSRDWHH[LVWDILHRUHYLVW JHQHUDO DSUHVHL
excerptânduVH FHHD FH VFULX SXEOLFD LLOH vQ JHQHUDO ILH R UHYLVW  D SUHVHL
LQWHUHVkQG LQVWLWX LD vQ PRG GLUHFW FDUH YD UH LQH vQ PDQLHU  H[KDXVWLY  úL
QHUH]XPDW WRDWHLQIRUPD LLOHDS UXWHFRPXQLFDWXOGHSUHV IRWRJUDILLOHúL
ILOPHOH GH SUHV  UHDOL]DWH FX VFRSXO GH D FRPSOHWD PDWHULDOXO VFULV SXV OD
GLVSR]L LD]LDULúWLORUEXOHWLQXOGHSUHV úLEULHILQJXOFDPLMORFGHPHQ LQHUH
YLX DO LQWHUHVXOXL SUHVHL GH D GLIX]D vQ PRG SHULRGLF LQIRUPD LL FDUHQXDX
FDUDFWHU GH XUJHQ  GRVDUXO GH SUHV  XQ DQVDPEOX GH GRFXPHQWH FH VH
SXQH OD GLVSR]L LD ]LDULVWXOXL vQ WLPSXO FRQIHULQ HL GH SUHV  FRQIHULQ D GH
SUHV PDQLIHVWDUHVSHFLDOUH]HUYDW SUHVHLSHSDUFXUVXOF UHLDVHWUDQVPLWH
]LDULúWLORURLQIRUPD LHLPSRUWDQW YRLDMXOGHSUHV F O WRULDGHLQIRUPDUH
WHOHIRQXOID[XOVLPSR]LRQXOPDVDURWXQG HWF

Ä5HFODPD´SXEOLFLWDU 
7HUPHQXO SXEOLFLWDWH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW VLQRQLP SHUIHFW DO FHOXL GH
UHFODP 7RWXúLXQLLVSHFLDOLúWLIDFvQWUHDFHúWLDXUP WRDUHDGLVWLQF LHVSUH
GHRVHELUH GH UHFODP  FDUH DUH R DFFHS LXQH PDL UHVWULFWLY  SXEOLFLWDWHD
UHSUH]LQW XQFRPSOH[GHDFWLYLW LGHSURPRYDUHSHSLD DXQHLLGHLVDXD
XQXLSURGXVRULVHUYLFLX7RWDOLWDWHDDFWLYLW LORUFXSULQVHvQSXEOLFLWDWHVXQW
FXQRVFXWHVXEGHQXPLUHDJHQHULF SURPRWLRQPL['DF SXEOLFLWDWHDVHDIO 
întrRPDLVWUkQV OHJ WXU FXPDUNHWLQJXOYL]kQGvQDQVDPEOXFXPS U WRULLGH
SURGXVHúLVHUYLFLLUHFODPDVHDGUHVHD] FRQVXPDWRULORUGHPHVDMHSXEOLFLWDUH

 
De aceea, am preferat sintagma „UHFODP ´ SXEOLFLWDU  VWDELOLQG SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXOGHQXPLULLGRPHQLXOH[DFWODFDUHVHUH]XP UHFODPDvQDFHVWFD]
5HFODPDHVWHXQPLMORFGHDWUDJHUHúLGHSHUVXDGDUHDSXEOLFXOXLGDUvQ
DFHODúLWLPSRPDQLIHVWDUHDOLEHUW LLGHH[SUHVLHDRIHUWDQ LORUúLXQFkPSGH
H[HUFLWDUHDIDFXOW LORUFULWLFHDOHFRQVXPDWRULORU
&RPXQLFDUHD FX VFRS SHUVXDVLY GDWHD]  GLQ DQWLFKLWDWH ÌQ %DELORQ
(JLSW*UHFLDDQWLF H[LVWDXLQVFULS LLSHSHUH LW EOL HGHDUJLO SDSLUXVVDXSH
DOWHVXSRUWXULFRQ LQkQGDQXQ XULSHQWUXFROHFWLYLWDWH,QGLVFXWDELOF VHSUDFWLFD
úLRIRUP VWULJDW RUDO DUHFODPHLDúDFXPVDÄFRQVHUYDW´DVW ]LSULQSLH H
/DvQFHSXWPHVDMXOSXEOLFLWDUDYHDXQFDUDFWHUSXULQIRUPDWLY2GDW 
FX GH]YROWDUHD WHKQLFLL WLSRJUDILFH SH OD PLMORFXO VHFROXOXL DO ;9,OHD
SRVLELOLWDWHD PXOWLSOLF ULL WH[WHORU D GHYHQLW R LPSRUWDQW  RSRUWXQLWDWH úL
SHQWUXUHFODPDSXEOLFLWDU 6HSRDWHFRQVLGHUDF SULPDUHFODP DIRVWWLS ULW 
la Londra în 1472. Ea consta întrXQDQXQ DILúDWSHXúLOHELVHULFLORUvQVFRSXO
GLIX] ULL F U LORU GH UXJ FLXQL 7HUPHQXO HQJOH]HVF DGYHUWLVPHQW
ÄvQúWLLQ DUH´ ÄUHFODP ´ DSDUH SH R %LEOLH GLQ DQXO  FX VHQVXO GH
ÄvQúWLLQ DUH´LDUGLQDGYHUWLVPHQWvQFHSHV ILHXWLOL]DWFDWLWOXSHQWUX
LQIRUPD LLOH FRPHUFLDOH SXVH vQ FLUFXOD LH GH SURSULHWDULL GH SU Y OLL
$QXQ XULOHHGLWRULORUGHF U LGHEXWDXúLHOHFXDFHVWWHUPHQ
2 HYROX LH VSHFWDFXORDV  D UHFODPHORU VD SURGXV R GDW  FX DSDUL LD
]LDUHORU FDUH DX GH]YROWDW IRDUWH UHSHGH VHF LXQL VSHFLDOH GH UHFODP 
FODVLILFDW 
5HYROX LD LQGXVWULDO  IDFLOLWHD]  vQFHSkQG FX MXP WDWHD VHFROXOXL
DO;,;OHDFHHDFHVDUSXWHDQXPLLQGXVWULDUHFODPHLWHOHIRQXOWHOHJUDIXOúL
WLSDUXOGLYHUVLILFkQGUH HOHOHSXEOLFLWDUH'H]YROWDUHDDFWLYLW LORUGHUHFODP 
SULQSUHVDGHODUJ FLUFXOD LHDLQGLYLGXDOL]DWGRX SURIHVLLLPSRUWDQWHSHFHD
GH VFULLWRU GH UHFODPH FRS\ZULWHU úL SH FHD GH DJHQW SXEOLFLWDU D F UXL
vQGDWRULUHHUDODYUHPHDUHVSHFWLY V SODVH]HFRQWUDXQXLFRPLVLRQUHFODPH
vQGLYHUVHSXEOLFD LL
3ULPXO FRS\ZULWHU vQ DGHY UDWXO VHQV DO FXYkQWXOXL D IRVW DPHULFDQXO
-RKQ(3RZHUV$FHVWD LQHDVHDP GHVFKLPE ULOHLQWHUYHQLWHSHSLD úLD
FRQFHSXWWH[WHGHUHFODP vQWUXQVWLOFRQFLVSUHFXPFHOGLQúWLULOHGLQ]LDUH
,QIRUPD LLOH HUDX H[DFWH úL DFWXDOL]DWH SH P VXUD vPEXQ W LULL FDOLW LL
SURGXVXOXL
8QDOWDPHULFDQ9ROQH\3DOPHUDvQILLQ DWvQQXPDLXQGHFHQLXWUHL
DJHQ LL ELQH FRWDWe de contemporani: la Philadelphia (în 1841), Boston
úL1HZ<RUN'HDFHHDHVWHFRQVLGHUDWLVWRULFYRUELQGSULPXO
 
DJHQW GH SXEOLFLWDWH 'LQ DFHHDúL SHULRDG  GDWHD]  FRQWULEX LD OXL -RKQ
+RRSHUFDUHDvQ HOHVF GRULQ DXQRUDGHDSURPRYDSXEOLFLWDWHDSRDWHILGH
DMXWRUSXEOLFD LLORUFDUHúLDUYLQGHVSD LXOWLSRJUDILFSHQWUXDúDFHYD
Era profesionalismului în industria reclamei a început în S.U.A. cu
(DUQHVW(OPR&DONHQVGHODDJHQ LD%DWHV$FHVWDDLQWURGXVvQUHFODP XQ
VWLODVHP Q WRUDUWHORUSODVWLFHH[WUHPGHSRWULYLWUHFODPHLH[LVWHQWHDVW ]LvQ
]LDUH úL UHYLVWH UHXúLQG V  DWUDJ  DWHQ LD SXEOLFXOXL úL WRWRGDW  V  ULGLFH
SUHVWLJLXOSURIHVLHLSULQFUHDUHDSRVWXOXLGHGHVLJQHUSXEOLFLWDU
'LQWH[WXOSXEOLFLWDUHVWHDERUGDWGLQSHUVSHFWLYDYkQ] ULLDGLF 
LQWLQG VSUH GH]LGHUDWHOH FXPS U WRUXOXL ÌQ FHQWUXO UHFODPHORU VH DIO 
PRWLYD LD WKH UHDVRQ ZK\ FD LQVWUXPHQW GH FRQYLQJHUH D FRQVXPDWRULORU
DYL]D LLQL LLQGXVHDVWIHOVWLOXOKDUGVHOOGHDUJXPHQWDUHED]DW SHDVSHFWH
FRQFUHWHFXDQWLILFDELOHDOHSURGXVXOXLVDXVHUYLFLXOXLRIHULW6WLOXOXLKDUGVHOO
DYHDV LILHRSXVVRIWVHOOED]DWSHDWULEXWHOHLPDWHULDOHSUHVWLJLXHOHJDQ 
DOH SURGXVHORUVHUYLFLLORU úL XUP ULQGXVH UHDOL]DUHD XQHL LPDJLQL SR]LWLYH
UH]XOWDWH GLQ DFXPXODUHD WUHSWDW  GH LPSUHVLL IDYRUDELOH 6H VWDELOHDX vQ
DFHODúLWLPSUHOD LLGHGXUDW FXFOLHQWHOD
+HOHQ úL 6WDQOH\ 5HVRU GH OD $JHQ LD - :DOWHU 7KRPSVRQ DX
LQWURGXVFRQFHSWXOGHPDUF vQ HOHJkQGSULQDFHDVWDXQQXPHIRORVLWSHQWUX
LGHQWLILFDUHDSURGXVXOXLVHUYLFLXOXLSURPRYDW(UDDVWIHOXúXUDW ÄDOHJHUHD´GH
F WUHFXPS U WRULvQWUHP UIXULVLPLODUH'H]YROWDUHDUHFODPHLDFRQ LQXWvQ
WRWDFHVWWLPSúLUHDF LLGHDGYHUVLWDWHFDUHDXFXOPLQDQWvQWLSXOFUL]HLGLQ
 FkQG FD R FRQVHFLQ  D UHFHVLXQLL HFRQRPLFH VH SXQHD SUREOHPD
OLPLW ULL GUDVWLFH D IRQGXULORU SHQWUX DFHVW JHQ GH DFWLYLWDWH 'H DVHPHQHD
FRQ LQXWXOOLQJYLVWLFPHVDMXOFHOFDUHGHDOWIHOQHLQWHUHVHD] DIRVWFULWLFDW
SH WHPHLXUL SULYLQG FUHGLELOLWDWHD DILUPD LLORU 2UJDQLVPHOH DELOLWDWH DOH
VWDWXOXLvQWUHFDUH&RPLVLD)HGHUDO SHQWUX&RPHU DXLQWHUYHQLWvQIDYRDUHD
SXEOLFXOXL FRQVXPDWRU vQDLQWkQG SURSXQHUL OHJLVODWLYH SHQWUX VDQF LRQDUHD
UHFODPHLPLQFLQRDVHQHFLQVWLWHvQúHO WRDUH$WXQFLFUHDWRULLGHUHFODP DX
SXVDFFHQWXOSHDúD]LVDFRPXQLFDUHQRQOLQJYLVWLF SHFRPSRQHQWHOHDUWLVWLFH
DOHDFHVWHLD2DVHPHQHDVWUDWHJLHRIHUHDSRVLELOLWDWHDDWUDJHULLFXPS U WRULORU
SULQHOHPHQWHLQHIDELOHGDUQXPDLSX LQSHUVXDVLYHO VkQGvQSODQVHFXQG
DYDQWDMHOH FRQFUHWH DOH P UIXULORU RIHULWH 5HFODPHOH DJHQ LHL <RXQJ 
5XELFDP GH H[HPSOX IRORVHDX WLWOXUL úRFDQWH vQ P VXU  V  LQWULJH
FXPS U WRUXO SULQ DPELJXLWDWH úL LQVROLW 0HWRGD QX HUD GHORF DYHQWXULVW 
FXPDUS UHDODSULP YHGHUHSHQWUXF DFHDVW DJHQ LHDSXVED]HOHFHUFHW ULL
úWLLQ LILFHvQGRPHQLX*HRUJH*DOOXSGHOD<RXQJ 5XELFDPvPSUHXQ FX
 
'DQLHO6WDUFKúL$&1LHOVHQDXDSHODWVLVWHPDWLFODVHUYLFLLGHFHUFHWDUH
SHQWUX LQGXVWULD UHFODPHL 8Q DOW FRULIHX DO VFXUWHL LVWRULL D UHFODPHL D IRVW
-RKQ &DSOHV YLFHSUHúHGLQWH DO FHOHEUHL %%'2 %DWWHQ %DUWRQ 'XUVWLQH
2VERUQ FDUH D GH]YROWDW XQ QRX FRQFHSW DVXSUD WLWOXULORU (O VH ED]D SH
VWXGLXO DSURIXQGDW DO WUDQVIHUXOXL GH PHVDM FRPHUFLDO úL SULQ HOLPLQDUHD
LQIRUPD LLORU UHGXQGDQWH VDX H[DJHUDWH GLQ WH[WXO SXEOLFLWDU 6D GHWDúDW GH
VWLOXOFRQIX]VXSUDvQF UFDWúLLQHILFLHQWDOUHFODPHORUGLQDQLLµLPSXQkQG
VFXUWDUHDPHVDMXOXL
5DGLRXOSULQFRVWXULOHUHGXVHGHSURGXF LHDLQWUDWUHSHGHvQDWHQ LD
DJHQ LORU GH SXEOLFLWDWH /DUJD DXGLHQ  DVLJXUDW  GH SURJUDPHOH GH
GLYHUWLVPHQWDGHWHUPLQDWRUJDQL]D LLOHLQWHUHVDWHV úLIDF UHFODP ODUDGLR
V  VSRQVRUL]H]H SURJUDPH vQWUHJL FRQFHSXWH FD IXQGDO SHQWUX PHVDMXO
SXEOLFLWDUSURSULX]LV$FHVWHDVXQWFXQRVFXWHVXEGHQXPLUHDJHQHULF VRDS
RSHUDYH]LQRWDGXS WLSXOGHSURGXVDORUJDQL]D LHLFDUHOHVSRQVRUL]DLDU
WHUPLQRORJLDDYHDV WUHDF úLODGRPHQLXOWHOHYL]LXQLLFXVSRQVRULFXWRW
3RVWXULOH79UHSUH]LQW GXS DILúDM SUHVDVFULV úLUDGLRFHOGHDO
SDWUXOHDPHGLXLPSRUWDQWGHGLIX]LXQHDUHFODPHL. În anii ’60, televiziunea
GHYLQH SULQFLSDOXO SXUW WRU GH UHFODP  vQ 68$ LDU DVW ]L SUHWXWLQGHQL vQ
OXPHD FLYLOL]DW  ÄÌQ GHFHQLXO DO úDSWHOHD DFFHQWXO vQ UHFODP  VD SXV SH
H[SULPDUHD DYDQWDMHORU SURGXVXOXL VHUYLFLXOXL vQ WHUPHQLL FXPS U WRUXOXL
SUH , utilitate, durabilitate). Concomitent se foloseau îndemnuri exprese la
DF LXQHDGHFXPS UDUH©OXD LLPHGLDWª©FRPDQGD LGHXUJHQ ª©FXPS UD L
FKLDUDFXPªFDUHFRQWLQX V VHIRORVHDVF úLDVW ]L3LRQLHUXODFHVWXLFXUHQW
DJUHVLYDIRVW)DLUID[0&RQHGHODDJHQ LD)RRWH&RQH %HOGLQJ
7RW &RQH D LPSXV GHVLJQHULORU úL H[LJHQ D FD ILHFDUH UHFODP  V 
H[SULPHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDILUPHLSXEOLFLWDUHFDUHDFUHDWRFRQWULEXLQGDVWIHOOD
FUHúWHUHD FUHGLELOLW LL úL SUHVWLJLXOXL HL SH SLD  &UHDWRUXO GH UHFODP  DUH
DFXPRGXEO VDUFLQ GHSURPRYDUHDVSRQVRUXOXLGHUHFODP úLDDJHQ LHL
SXEOLFLWDUHSHQWUXFDUHOXFUHD] 
2DOW ©PRG ªvQUHFODP DIRVWLQWURGXV GH:LOOLDP%HUQEDFKGHOD
DJHQ LD 'R\OH 'DQH %HUQEDFK (O PL]D SH úRFDUHD UHFHSWRUXOXL SULQWUR
H[SUHVLH JUDILF  GUDPDWLF  FX VFRSXO GH D FUHD UHDF LL YLVFHUDOH úL HPR LL
LPSUHYL]LELOH FDUH I FHDX UHFODPD GH QHXLWDW %HUQEDFK SXQHD vQ FHQWUXO
PHVDMXOXLSXEOLFLWDUWUHEXLQ HOHXPDQHHVHQ LDOHúLG GHDVROX LLUDGLFDOHFHHD
FHVXJHUDYLWDOLWDWHHQHUJLHúLRJkQGLUHSR]LWLY 6WLOXOV XDU PDVXQPRGHO
GH SURVSH LPH RULJLQDOLWDWH úL LPDJLQD LH FRQWULEXLQG OD FRQVROLGDUHD
UHSXWD LHLDUWLVWLFHDUHFODPHL
 
 7LSXO GH UHFODP  RII EHDW ED]DW  SH VWDELOLUHD GH UHOD LL QRL
VXUSULQ] WRDUHUHOHYDQWHFUHGLELOHúLGHEXQJXVWvQWUHHOHPHQWHOHFDUHQX
PDLIXVHVHU DVRFLDWHDQWHULRUDIRVWSURSXVGHOLGHUXOùFROLLGHOD&KLFDJR
/HR%DUQHWW7RWDFHVWDDLQWURGXVvQFRQWH[WXOUHFODPHLRQDUD LXQHPHQLW 
V O LPSOLFH PDL PXOW SH FRQVXPDWRU UHFHSWRU úL V O UHFRPSHQVH]H
HPR LRQDO SHQWUX HIRUWXO GH D SDUFXUJH PHVDMXO SkQ  OD FDS W )RUPXOD OXL
%DUQHWWVHED]DSHLGHQWLILFDUHDSUREOHPHORUQHSO FHULORUFXUHQWHODFDWHJRULD
GH SURGXVH VDX VHUYLFLL GH FDUH DSDU LQHD RELHFWXO SURPRYDW úL FRQVWD vQ
prezentarea lui în IRUP  GH PLQLGUDP  %DUQHWW HVWH ©WDW Oª XQRU HURL GH
UHFODP  XQLL GHYHQL L SHUVRQDMH PHPRUDELOH FRZER\XO FD VLPERO DO
$PHULFLLSHQWUXUHFODPDOD LJ ULOH0DUOERUR
'DYLG2JLOY\GHODDJHQ LD2YLOJ\ 0DWKHUDH[SORDWDWDWUDFWLYLWDWHD
povestirii (în liPEDHQJOH] VWRU\LQWURGXV vQUHFODP GH/HR%DUQHWWúLD
FUHDWFDVLPERODOHOHJDQ HLPDVFXOLQHXQSHUVRQDMEL]DUFXXQSHWLFQHJUX
pirateresc pe un ochi, domnul Hathaway. Ogilvy a readus în actualitate
SULQFLSLXOODQVDWGH6WDQOH\úL+HOHQ5HVRUGHLQGLYLGXDOL]DUHDSURGXVHORUúL
VHUYLFLLORUSULQLQWHUPHGLXOP UFLL8QPHULWGHRVHELWDOOXLPDLHVWHúLF D
VHVL]DW ULVFXO SOLFWLVLULL UDSLGH D SXEOLFXOXL GDF  UHFODPD VH ED]HD]  SH
VLPSOXODPX]DPHQWúLDDWUDVDWHQ LDGHVLJQHULORUDVXSUDQHYRLLFDLQIRUPD LD
V ILHFRQFUHW úLVHPQLILFDWLY SHQWUXUHFHSWRUL
ÌQVIkUúLW-DFN7URXWGHODDJHQ LD5LHV&DSLHOOR&RZHOODUHPDUFDWF 
PLQWHDXPDQ DFFHSW LQIRUPD LDQRX GRDUvQP VXUDvQFDUHHDVHOHDJ GH
ceva existent deja în memorie. El a emis un nou pULQFLSLXFHODOSR]L LRQ ULL
QRLORUSURGXVHvQFRQúWLLQ DSXEOLFXOXLFXPS U WRU'XS 7URXWUHFODPDVH
FRQVWUXLHúWH vQ IXQF LH GH FHULQ HOH úL DúWHSW ULOH FOLHQ LORU QX vQ IXQF LH GH
FDOLW LOHSURGXVXOXLVDXDOHSURGXF WRUXOXL´ 
5HFODPDDGHYHQLWXQHOHPHQWLPSRUWDQWDOFXOWXULLGHPDV GHRDUHFH
UHIOHFW HIRUWXOGHVFKLPEDUHDOVWLOXOXLGHYLD DORDPHQLORUÌQDFHVWVHQVHD
VHDIO vQWUun strâns contact cu massPHGLDDGXFkQGvQSOXVID GHFHOHODOWH
FRPSRQHQWHDOHVLVWHPXOXLXQLQWHUHVH[WUHPGHQXDQ DWSHQWUXWLSXULOHGH
FRPXQLFDUHQRQOLQJYLVWLFHFXPHVWHXWLOL]DUHDLPDJLQLL2DPHQLLVXQWVXSXúL
XQXL DXWHQWLF ERPEDUGDPHQW LQIRUPD LRQDO SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO UHFODPHORU
'HUXODUHDDFHVWRUDSHVXSRUWXOWXWXURUFRPSRQHQWHORUVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLD
FUHHD]  XQ HIHFW FXPXODW DO F UXL URO REVHUYDELO GHWHUPLQ  IRUPH GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWFRQYLQJHULúLQRLVF ULYDORULFH
 0DULD 0ROGRYHDQX 'RULQD 0LURQ 3VLKRORJLD UHFODPHL  publicitatea în
DIDFHUL(GLWXUD/LEUD%XFXUHúWLSSSDVVLP
 
 $ S WUXQV DWkW GH DGkQF vQ FRQúWLLQ D FRQVXPDWRULORU vQFkW FX JUHX
DFHúWLD DU SXWHDR GHVS U L GH PDVVPHGLD $OWIHO VSXV ]LDUHOH UHYLVWHOH
HPLVLXQLOH UDGLR úL WY PDL QRX UH HOHOH PXOWLPHGLD DU DU WD WRWDO GLIHULW vQ
DEVHQ DUHFODPHL)LUPHOHGHUHFODP GHYLQWUDQVQD LRQDOHLDUFDPSDQLLOHGH
SXEOLFLWDWHDUHFODPHLLDXDPSORDUHJOREDO 
ÌQ VFRSXUL SURPR LRQDOH VH GHVI úRDU  úL KDSSHQLQJXUL PDQLIHVW UL
SHQWUXSURPRYDUHDXQXLSURGXVGHRELFHLSXEOLFLWDU(OHSRWILDVHP Q WRDUH
întrRP VXU FRQVLGHUDELO FRQIHULQ HORUGHSUHV GDUFDUDFWHUXOVSHFWDFXODU
GHHYHQLPHQWFXPGHDOWIHOWUHEXLHúLWUDGXVWHUPHQXOSULPHD] /DDFHVWH
PDQLIHVW ULSRGLXPXOHVWHvQVR LWGHEDQQHUHVWHJXOH HFXVLJOHúLVORJDQXUL
ale firmelor participante la evenimentul în derulare.
În matHULHGHSXEOLFLWDWHRXOWLP IRUP GHFRPSRUWDPHQWPHGLDDIRVW
LQYHQWDW  GH IUDQFH]XO -HDQ0DULH %RXUVLFRXW SRVHVRUXO FHOHL PDL PDUL
FROHF LLGHUHFODPHSXEOLFLWDUHSHFDUHRSUH]HQWDvQWUXQVSHFWDFROLWLQHUDQW
SULQ PDULOH RUDúH DOH OXPLL VXE GHQXPLUHa, în traducere, 1RDSWHD
GHYRUDWRULORU GH SXEOLFLWDWH LQWUDW  GLQ  úL vQ FLUFXLWXO URPkQHVF
&DOHLGRVFRSXOSXEOLFLWDUDOWIHOVSXVFRFNWDLOXOGHLPDJLQLFDS W úLFRQRWD LL
HVWHWLFH ILLQG WRWRGDW  XQ IHVWLYDO GH LQWHOLJHQ  vQ PDWHULH GH SUH]HQWDUH D
PHVDMXOXLFHOPDLSHUVXDVLY,PSRUWDQWGHDPLQWLWHVWHF vQSUHDMPDDFHVWXL
WLSGHKDSSHQLQJVHFRQVXP IRDUWHPXOW SXEOLFLWDWHSHYLXHYHQLPHQWXO
ILLQG VSRQVRUL]DW GH QXPHURDVH ILUPH GH SXEOLFLWDWH GH SURGXF WRUL FDUH
J VHVF PRPHQWXO GUHSW XQ SULOHM RSWLP SHQWUX ODQVDUHD GH SURGXVH
SURPR LRQDOH

1RWH
$OWHUHDOL] ULDOHDFHOXLDúL%DUQXPDXIRVW6LUHQD)HHMHHXQRELHFWGH
OXQJLPHIRUPDWGLQFDSúLPkLQLGHPDLPX úLÄWHUPLQDW´vQFRUSGHSHúWHSUH]HQWDW
de Barnum în momentul culminant aO GH]EDWHULORU SXEOLFH SULYLQG WHRULD HYROX LHL
VSHFLLORUVFODYD-RLFH+HDUWKFDUHVXV LQHDF DUHGHDQLúLIXVHVHGRLFDOXL*
:KDVLQJWKRQ -XPER FHO PDL PDUH HOHIDQW GLQ OXPH QXPHOH XQXL DQXPH WLS GH
DYLRDQH-XPER-HWYLQHGHDLFLFDSUHOXDUHDXQXLHIHFWSXEOLFLWDU
,GD7DUEHOODVFULVRVHULHGHDUWLFROHLQWLWXODWH,VWRULD&RPSDQLHL6WDQGDUG2LO
 vQ FDUH DWDFD SUDFWLFLOH QHFLQVWLWH úL FRUXS LD GLQ PRQRSROXO SHWUROXOXL DO OXL
Rockfeller. Upton Sinclair, în -XQJOD  D VFULV GHVSUH SUDFWLFLOH QHLJLHQLFH úL
IUDXGXORDVHGLQLQGXVWULDDPEDO ULLF UQLL&DU VSXQVODDFHVWHDWDFXULFDUHUHSUH]HQWDX
VHULRDVH ORYLWXUL GDWH LPDJLQLL ORU XQHOH FRPSDQLL FXP DX IRVW FHOH DOH SHWUROXOXL
PLQHULWXOXLúLF LORUIHUDWHDXvQILLQ DWELURXULGHVSHFLDOLWDWH3XEOLFW\vQF GLQ

 
 3HQWUXFDV ILHDFFHSWDWGHUHGDF LLPHVDMXOHVWHFRQVWUXLWGXS UHJXOLOHGH
ED] DOHMXUQDOLVPXOXLWRQQHXWUXLQIRUPD LHHFKLOLEUDW LQYRFDUHDPDLPXOWRUVXUVH
DSHODUHDODVWDWLVWLFLVDXDOWHWLSXULGHLQIRUPD LLVWRFDWHvQED]HGHGDWH7H[WXOUHVSHFW 
PRGHOXO SLUDPLGHL LQYHUVH 'H RELFHL IXQF LRQDULL 35 VXQW UHFUXWD L GLQ UkQGXO
MXUQDOLúWLORUFXH[SHULHQ FDUHGHYLQDVWIHOFRPXQLFDWRULSHQWUXF VHRFXS H[FOXVLY
FXWUDQVPLWHUHDGHPHVDMHGHVSUHLQVWLWX LDVDXSHUVRDQDSHFDUHRUHSUH]LQW $FHúWLD
DVLJXU SULQFXQRúWLQ HOHORUSURIHVLRQDOHFUHGLELOLWDWHDVXUVHLúLWRWRGDW XúXUHD] 
PXQFDUHGDF LHLvQPRPHQWHOHGHSUHJ WLUHDWH[WXOXLSHQWUXSXEOLFDUH6DODULLOHGLQ
GRPHQLXVXQWVXEVWDQ LDOVXSHULRDUHFHORUGLQSUHV 
&UHDUHDPHGLXOXLIDYRUDELOSHQWUXDSDUL LDUHFODPHORUvQSUHV LVHGDWRUHD] 
lui Benjamin Franklin, care conducea în 1729 „Philadelphia Gazette”. Transformarea.
vQDV SW PkQDOHORUÄ3HQQV\OYDQLD3DFNHW´úLÄ*HQHUDO$GYHUWLVHU”, în cotidian
DGXFHD SH IURQWRQXO SDJLQLORU vQúWLLQ UL WLS UHFODP  GHVSUH SURGXVH FXP VXQW
DOLPHQWHOHWXWXQXOúLDOWHEXQXUL
$FHVWDDYHDV GHYLQ LQGXVWULHSDWUXDQLPDLWkU]LXFkQG:LOOLDP3URFWHUúL
-DPHV *DPEOH úLDX XQLW IRU HOH FD V  IDF  V SXQ úL OXPkQ UL XWLOL]kQG UHFODPD
SXEOLFLWDU  $VW ]L FRPSDQLD 3URFWHU  *DPEOH HVWH XQD GLQ FHOH PDL PDUL
SURGXF WRUHGLQOXPH'HQXPHOHHLVHOHDJ úLWHUPHQXOVRDSRSHUDWHUPHQS WUXQV
LQL LDOvQXQLYHUVXOUDGLRIRQLFLDUGXS DFHHDvQVLVWHPXODXGLRYLGHRWHOHYL]LXQHúL
desemnând sponsorizarea unor produse culturale audio sau audioYLGHRSRYHVWLRDUH
vQVHULDOSHSDUFXUVXOF URUDVHGLIX]HD] UHFODPD
 5HIHULQ D QX VH UHVWUkQJH GRDU OD DILúDMXO SH VXSRUW GH KkUWLH 3ULQWUH
UHFODPHOHGHJHQHUD LHPDLQRX VHQXP U úLIOX[XULOHGHLQIRUPD LLGHSHSDQRXUL
VXSRUWHOHFWURQLFFDUHúLVFKLPE SULQÄFXUJHUH´FRQWLQX UXODUHVDXHIHFWGHMDOX]HD
WH[WXO RUL LPDJLQHD 6XQW LQVWDODWH VXE IRUPD XQRU HFUDQH GH GLPHQVLXQL XULDúH vQ
]RQHOHFHOHPDLFLUFXODWHúLGHUXOHD] QRQVWRSUHFODP LDUODGLPHQVLXQLPDLUHGXVH
vQDHURSRUWXULVWD LLGHPHWURXúLJ ULDúDQXPLWHOHWXEHV

%LEOLRJUDILH
&KULVWLDQ %D\ORQ ;DYLHU 0LJQRW &RPXQLFDUHD (GLWXUD 8QLYHUVLW LL $O ,
&X]D,DúL,DúLSS
3HWUH%DUEX&OLHQ LLDJHQ LLORUúLVHUYLFLLOHRIHULWHvQ&DUWHDGHYL]LW D
XQHLILUPHGHSXEOLFLWDWHVWU OXFHúWHSULQQXP UXOúLIDLPDFOLHQ LORUV L) în Capital, nr.
PDLS
3HWUH%DUEX'RLJLJDQ LVSDO FXUHFODPHPLFXOHFUDQ, în&DSLWDOQU
VHSWHPEULHSS
3HWUH%DUEX&DVFDGRULLDXUHODQVDW+RSIHQ, în Capital, nr. 39, 28 septembrie
S
3HWUH%DUEX2DPHQLLFDUHQHIL[HD] vQWkOQLULOHFXSXEOLFLWDWHD3ODQLILFDUHD
úL FXPS UDUHD VSD LLORU SXEOLFLWDUH în massPHGLD VXQW PHVHULL FDUH QHFHVLW 
 
ULJXUR]LWDWHLQVSLUD LHúLWDOHQWGHQHJRFLDWRU), în Capital, nr. 41, 12 octombrie 2000,
SS
3HWUH %DUEX Reclama este în top În clasamentele celor mai tari firme din
PDVVPHGLDVHvQJU P GHVFDJHQ LLOHGHSXEOLFLWDWH), în Capital, nr. 43, 26 octombrie
S
3HWUH %DUEX 6XSH51RYD D S úLW vQ SLD D SXEOLFLW LL, în Capital, nr. 46, 16
QRLHPEULHS
3HWUH %DUEX /XFDFL © 6XQW DSURDSH GH ]LDULúWLª 3XUW WRUXO GH FXYkQW DO
*XYHUQXOXLFRQVLGHU F HVWHREOLJDWV GHDLQIRUPD LLMXUQDOLúWLORU, în Capital, nr. 7,
IHEUXDULHS
3HWUH%DUEX0LUFHD(QHVFX'DF WHGRDUHPDUNHWLQJXOGXWHODRDJHQ LH
2ILUP GHSXEOLFLWDWHMRDF UROXOXQXLPHGLFvQSUREOHPHGHFRPXQLFDUH) în CapitaO
QULXOLHSS
3HWUH%DUEX5DOXFD5 V UHDQ6SXQHPLFHVRQGDMDOHJLF V  LVSXQFLQH
HúWL6HUYLFLLOH $XGLPDV úL &623 vQFHDUF  V  FkúWLJH vQFUHGHUHD HGLWRULORU úL
DJHQ LLORUGHSXEOLFLWDWH, în Capital, nr. 5, 1 februarie 2001S
5RODQG%DUWKHV0LWRORJLL(GLWXUD,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúLSS
SSSS
&ODXGH %RQQDQJH &KDQWDO 7KRPDV 'RQ -XDQ VDX 3DYORY " HVHX GHVSUH
FRPXQLFDUHDSXEOLFLWDU (GLWXUD7UHL%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
François Brune, )HULFLUHD FD REOLJD LH HVHX GHVSUH VWDQGDUGL]DUHD SULQ
SXEOLFLWDWH(GLWXUD7UHL%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
$OH[DQGUX&DWDODQ=LDUHOHDXOXDWID DWHOHYL]LXQLORUÌQWUROXQ GHFDPSDQLH
HOHFWRUDO  FRWLGLHQHOH DX YkQGXW SDUWLGHORU  GH PHWUL S WUD L GH UHFODP , în
&DSLWDOQULXQLHS
&ULVWLQD&RPDQ5HOD LLSXEOLFHúLWHKQLFLGHFRPXQLFDUHFXSUHVD(GLWXUD$OO
%XFXUHúWLLQWHJUDO(GL LDD,,DUHY ]XW úLDG XJLW OD(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL

Vasile Sebastian Dâncu, &RPXQLFDUHD VLPEROLF  DUKLWHFWXUD GLVFXUVXOXL
SXEOLFLWDU(GLWXUD'DFLD&OXMSSSSSS
'DQLHOD 5RYHQ D)UXPXúDQL 6HPLRWLF  VRFLHWDWH FXOWXU  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLSS
*X\ /RFKDUG +HQUL %R\HU &RPXQLFDUHD PHGLDWLF  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLSS
-HDQ3LHUUH0DUKHXQGD3XEOLFLWDWHDúLPDVVPHGLD în Claude-HDQ%HUWUDQG
FRRUGRQDWRU2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW (GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
SS
7HRGRUD 0LJGDORYLFL 0LQG6KDUH D FkúWLJDW EXJHWXO %$7 &HD PDL PDUH
DIDFHUHSXEOLFLWDU GLQDFHDVW WRDPQ YDORUHD] úDSWHFLIUHvQGRODUL), în „Capital,
QUQRLHPEULHS

 
 0DULD 0ROGRYHDQX 'RULQD 0LURQ 3VLKRORJLD UHFODPHL publicitatea în
DIDFHUL(GLWXUD/LEUD%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
7HRGRUD 0LJGDORYLFL 7XGRU 3RWUD © 5HFODPHOH GHúWHSWH FLUFXO  FD QLúWH
bancuri», în „Capital, nr. 48, 30 noiembrie 2000, p. 30.
(PPDQXHO 3HGOHU 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWLSS
9DOHQWLQ6WDQFLX0DUFHOD06WRLFD$GULDQ6WRLFD5HOD LLSXEOLFHVXFFHVúL
FUHGLELOLWDWH(GLWXUD&RQFHSW3XEOLVKLQJ%XFXUHúWLSSSS
6WDQFX ùHUE 5HOD LL SXEOLFH úL FRPXQLFDUH (GLWXUD 7HRUD %XFXUHúWL 
LQWHJUDO
/XFLDQ=RULúWHDQX6RQGDMHOHLQGLF VWDUHDQD LXQLLÌQ5RPkQLDLQVWLWXWHOHGH
VRQGDMOXFUHD] GXS FULWHULLGHFDOLWDWHVWDQGDUGL]DWH, în Capital, nr. 44, 2 noiembrie
S

























 
 
9,,1)/8(1 (ù,'(7(50,1 5,






'DF vQFHSULYHúWHLVWRULDIHQRPHQXOXLVHFRQVHPQHD] F vQFHSXWXULOH
DFHVWXLD GDWHD]  GH DSURDSH GRX  VHFROH GDU DYkQG ÄU G FLQL´ SLYRWkQG
DGkQFvQWUHFXWXOPDLvQGHS UWDWDOLVWRULHLFLYLOL]D LLORUSODQHWDUHVSHFLDOLúWLL
FRQVLGHU  F  GH]YROWDUHD PDVVPHGLD VD SURGXV FX SUHF GHUH vQ XOWLPXO
VHFROGHVLJXUVWUkQVOHJDWGHHYROX LDJHQHUDO DVRFLHW LL7RWRGDW WUHEXLH
DG XJDWF IHQRPHQXOFXQRDúWHRGLQDPLF H[WUHPGHUDSLG vQFkWVDDMXQV
FD DSOLFD LLOH VDOH V  GHS úHDVF  vQWUR DQXPH P VXU  SUHYHGHUHD DVXSUD
FRQVHFLQ HORUSHFDUHOHDUSXWHDDYHDÌQ HOHVXULOHvQWkPSO ULLFXÄXFHQLFXO
YU MLWRU´XWLOL]DW vQDFHVWFD]QXPDLFDRVLPSO PHWDIRU VHSURILOHD] WRW
PDL SUHJQDQW SULQWUH FRQFOX]LLOH FHOH SHVLPLVWH GHVSUH PLMORDFHOH GH
FRPXQLFDUHvQPDV 

3DUDGLJPHOHGRPHQLXOXL
&HUFHW WRULL IHQRPHQXOXL PDVVPHGLD SURYHQL L GLQVSUH GRPHQLL
SUHFXP VRFLRORJLD SVLKRORJLD OLQJYLVWLFD úL MXUQDOLVPXO DX UHXúLW V 
individualizeze întrRPDUHP VXU QDWXUDúLLQIOXHQ HOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
3URFHVXO HYROX LHL FXOWXUDOH WHKQRORJLFH úL VRFLDOH QX Va încheiat. În plus,
GH]EDWHULOHRUJDQL]DWHSHPDUJLQHDXQRUDVWIHOGHVXELHFWHVDXWUDQVIRUPDW
DGHVHDvQFRQWURYHUVHL]YRUkWHvQWUHDOWHOHúLGLQLPSDFWXOPDVVPHGLDFX
SXEOLFXO ODUJ $FROR XQGH VH VWDELOHVF DYDQWDMHOH VH vQWUHY G WRWRGDW 
neajunsuri, încât sDUSXWHDVSXQHF UHSURúXULOHFDúLFDOLW LOHSRODUL]HD] vQ
MXUXODFHORUDúLFKHVWLXQLSHUYHUWLUHDYDORULORUFXOWXUDOHDOHSXEOLFXOXL
VWLPXODUHD FUHúWHULL UDWHL GHOLQFYHQ HL  FRQWULEX LD OD GHJUDGDUHD PRUDO 
JHQHUDO GLULMDUHDPDVHORUF WUHVXSHUILFLDOLWDWHDSROLWLF GHVFXUDMDUHD
FUHDWLYLW LL&HLFHYRUEHVFGHVSUHELQHIDFHULOHVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDDILUPD
F  GLPSRWULY  DFHVWHD  GHPDVF  S FDWXO úL FRUXS LD  DF LRQHD]  FD
JDUGLHQL DL SUH LRDVHL QRDVWUH OLEHUW L  FRQWULEXLH OD ULGLFDUHD QLYHOXOXL
 
FXOWXUDODPLOLRDQHGHRDPHQLIRDUWHSX LQLQVWUXL LDVLJXU RGLVWUDF LH
]LOQLF  QHG XQ WRDUH  QH LQIRUPHD]  GHVSUH HYHQLPHQWHOH FDUH DX ORF vQ
OXPHULGLF VWDQGDUGXOQRVWUXGHYLD VWLPXOkQGDVWIHOLQVWLWX LDHFRQRPLF 
$VWIHO GH FRQFOX]LL GHPRQVWUHD]  QHFHVLWDWHD DFXPXO ULL GH GDWH úWLLQ LILFH
SHQWUX FRUHFWD GHVFULHUH D GRPHQLXOXL úL VWXGLXO LPSDFWXOXL DYXW DVXSUD
SRSXOD LHL 5H]XOW  vQDLQWH GH WRDWH F  GLIHUHQ HOH DQWLQRPLFH DSDU GLQ FDX]D
HWHURJHQHL FRPSR]L LL VRFLDOH VWUDWLILFDW  DUELWUDU úL D PHQWDOLW LORU XQHOH
FRQVHUYDWRDUHúLPDLDSURSLDWHGHFXOWXOWUDGL LHLDOWHOHGHVFKLVHVSUHQRX
&RPSOH[LWDWHDIDSWHORUvQGLVFX LHSURYLQHúLGLQQDWXUDHOHPHQWDU D
SURFHVXOXL FRPXQLF ULL XPDQH FDUH WUHEXLH VSXV QX FRLQFLGH GHFkW vQWUR
PDUH SURSRU LH VLVWHPXOXL GH FRPXQLFDUH GH]YROWDW SULQ OLPEDM ILLQG vQ
DFHODúLWLPSPDLVLPSOXSHQWUXILHFDUHFRPSRQHQW PHGLDvQSDUWHGDUúLPDL
FRPSOH[ SULQ UDILQDUHD PHWRGHORU VSHFLILFH GH OXFUX FDUH DEDQGRQHD]  R
VHULH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH PRGHOXOXL XPDQ GH FRPXQLFDUH SULQ YRUELUH
&HUFHW WRUL DL XQRU GRPHQLL FXP VXQW VHPDQWLFD DQWURSRORJLD FXOWXUDO 
VRFLRORJLDúLVRFLRSVLKRORJLDDXGHVFULVFRPXQLFDUHDXPDQ YHUEDO GUHSW
XQSURFHVELVRFLDOFDUHGHSLQGHGHPHPRULDXPDQ GDUúLGHIDFWRULFXPDUIL
SHUFHS LD LQWHUDF LXQHD VLPEROLF  úL ÄVWLOXO´ OLPELL VSHFLILFXO HL ÌQF 
LQVXILFLHQW DGkQFLW  DFHDVW  SUREOHP  ODV  GHVFKLVHvQWUHE ULFXU VSXQVXUL
LQFRPSOHWHVDXQHVDWLVI F WRDUH6SUHH[HPSOXFRPXQLFDUHDXPDQ YHUEDO 
HVWHXQSURFHVQHGHVS U LWGHJkQGLUHúLVHPDQLIHVW FDXQFRQWLQXXDOYLH LL
ILHF UXL LQGLYLG 9RUELUHD úL JkQGLUHD Vau „împletit” atât GH VWUkQV úL DX
UHDF LRQDWSULQSHUFHS LHODIDFWRULH[WHUQLGLYHUúLvQFkWVSUHH[HPSOXIDSWXO
F QRLVSXQHPvQOLPEDURPkQ ÄP SDúWHXQJkQG´VDXÄPLVHvQFKHDJ R
LGHH´HGLUHFWQ VFXWGLQSUHRFXS ULOHGHS VWRULWDOHSRSRUXOXLURPkQFDúL
GLQWLSXULOHGHPHúWHúXJXULSUDFWLFDWH/DDOWHSRSRDUHH[SULPDUHDLGHLLGH
JkQGúLMXGHFDW FXQRDúWHDOWHFRQYHQ LLFXOWXUDOHLDUDUPRQL]DUHDDFHVWRUDvQ
FDGUXOXQXLVLVWHPGHHFKLYDODUHGHúLHSRVLELO VHPDQWLFúLDEVWUDFWQXDUH
DFHODúL FRQ LQXW GH H[SHULHQ  WUDQVSXV  YDORULF &kW SULYHúWH VLVWHPHOH GH
FRPXQLFDUHPDVVPHGLDDFHVWHDQXDXUHXúLWvQF V UHDOL]H]HFRQWLQXXPXO
GHYLD LDUPHVDMXOWUDQVPLVGHYLQHWRWPDLVSHFLDOL]DWSHGLYHUVHOHIXQF LL
DOHFRPXQLF ULLILLQGWRWRGDW GLIHULWGHPRGHOXOLQL LDO
6LVWHPXOPDVVPHGLDGHSLQGHSHGHDOW SDUWHGHWLSXOGHFLYLOL]D LHvQ
FDUH vúL GHVI úRDU  DF LXQHD FDUH GHWHUPLQ  OD UkQGXO HL DGPLQLVWUDUHD
SURSULHWDWHD úL FRQWUROXO DVXSUD DFHVWHLD $úDGDU VWUXFWXUD PDVVPHGLD LD
WXUQXUL GLIHULWH vQ IXQF LH VLVWHPXO SROLWLF HFRQRPLF FXOWXUDO FDUH
LQIOXHQ HD]  SURGXF LD GLVWULEX LD úL FRQVXPXO FRQ LQXWXOXL ORU (OH VXQW
 
consemnate în cele patru modele (autoritarist, comunist, liberal, al serviciului
SXEOLFGHVFULVHGH0LKDL&RPDQ 
În realitate, acestH PRGHOH QX VH UHJ VHVF vQ VWDUH SXU  XQHOH ILLQG
GHGXVHGLQHYROX LDLVWRULF DOWHOHGLQFHDSROLWLF GDUVXQWDVWIHOGHFHODELOH
GDF  VH LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH UROXO SUHVHL OLEHUW LOH úL FRQWUROXO H[HUFLWDW GH
VRFLHWDWHDVXSUDDFHVWHLD
&KHVWLXQHDFHDPDLLPSRUWDQW VHUHIHU ODLPSDFWXOSHFDUHvODUHSUHVD
vQVRFLHWDWHUH]XPDWGXS RSLQLDDXWRULORU'H)OHXU%DOO5RNHDFK ODWUHL
vQWUHE ULFUXFLDOHÄ&DUHHVWHLPSDFWXOXQHLVRFLHW LDVXSUDPDVVPHGLD"
&XPDUHORFFRPXQLFDUHDGHPDV "&DUHHVWHLPSDFWXOFRPXQLF ULL
GHPDV DVXSUDLQGLYLGXOXL"´
'XS FHHúDIRGHD] RWHRULHDÄSDUDGLJPHORU´FXYkQWSHFDUHDXWRULLvO
FRQVLGHU GHRULJLQHODWLQ GLQDFHDVW OLPE DIRVWSUHOXDWGDUvQUHDOLWDWHHO
SURYLQHGLQJUHFHVFXOSDUDGLJPD „model”,GHXQGHOau împrumutat latinii),
DFHHDúL DXWRUL OH FRQILJXUHD]  SH DFHVWHD vQ HWDSH FH FXSULQG VXSR]L LL
SRVWXODWHúLLSRWH]H&DGRPHQLXGHXWLOL]DUHQR LXQHDÄSDUDGLJP ´DSDU LQH
OLQJYLVWLFLLúLH[SULP WRWDOLWDWHDIRUPHORUGHPDQLIHVWDUHDXQXLFXYknt întrR
VWUXFWXU JUDPDWLFDO GDW FRQVWLWXLW WHRUHWLFSHED]DXQRUUHJXOL3DUDGLJPD
DUDW DúDGDUGLVSR]L LDDFHVWRUHOHPHQWHFXPDUILVSUHH[HPSOXWRWDOLWDWHD
IRUPHORU IOH[LRQDUH DOH XQXL YHUE UHVSHFWLY WRDWH IRUPHOH GH FRQMXJDUH OD
PRGXULOHWLPSXULOHSHUVRDQHOHúLQXPHUHOHDYXWH(DQXH[LVW FDDQVDPEOX
GHFkWWHRUHWLF3UHOXDWGHDOWHGRPHQLLWHUPHQXOvúLS VWUHD] DFFHS LXQHDGH
GLF LRQDU QX úL SH FHD D XWLOL] ULL FRQFUHWH vQFkW VH SRDWH VSXQH F 
SDUDGLJPHOHVRFLDOHGDXDOWHVHPQLILFD LLQR LXQLLPDLDOHVF DFHVWHDQXVXQW
VWXGLDWHFDDWDUHFLVOXMHVFXQRULSRWH]H3DUDGLJPHOHDVWIHOFRQVWLWXLWHLQFOXG
VHWXUL GH VXSR]L LL úL GH SRVWXODWH SH FDUH SVLKRORJLL VRFLRSVLKRORJLL úL
HWQRSVLKRORJLL OHDX H[WUDV úL UHIRUPXODW vQ XUPD VWXGLXOXL VRFLHW LL vQ
DQVDPEOX úL D QDWXULL XPDQH vQ LQGLYLGXDOL]DUHD HL 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
VRFLRORJLFSDWUXVXQWSRVWXODWHOHVHPQLILFDWLYHvQFHSULYHúWHVWXGLXOUHOD LLORU
GLQWUHPHGLDúLVRFLHWDWHvQSURFHVXOFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV SURFHVXOSULQ
FDUHVRFLHWDWHDPHQ LQHVWDELOLWDWHDVRFLDO SURFHVXOSULQFDUHVRFLHWDWHDVH
VFKLPE vQWLPSQDWXUDúLVHPQLILFD LDFRQIOLFWXOXLVRFLDOúLIRUPHOHGH
PDQLIHVWDUHLQWHUSHUVRQDO FXDMXWRUXOF URUDLQGLYL]LLWUDQVPLWVHPQLILFD LL


0LKDL&RPDQRSFLWS
0HOYLQ'H)OHXU 6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFKRSFLWS
 
 6WXGLXO FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL LQGLYLGXDO DVXSUD SHUFHS LHL VHOHF LHL úL
LQIOXHQ HORU GRPLQDQWH vQ FRQWDFW FX VLVWHPXO PDVVPHGLD HIHFWXDW GH
SVLKRORJLUHOHY RVHULHGHDWLWXGLQLFUH]XULSHUFHS LLQHFHVLW LúLJUDWLILF UL
FRQVWLWXLWHvQSDUDGLJPDSVLKRORJLF VDXFRJQLWLY 
2GDW  VWDELOLWH SDUDGLJPHOH DXWRULL OH DVRFLD]  WHUPHQLL WHKQLFL VXE
FDUH VXQW FRQFHSWXDOL]DWH úL FXQRVFXWH vQ FHUFHWDUHD PDVVPHGLD
IXQF LRQDOLVPXO VWUXFWXUDO HYROX LD VRFLDO  PRGHOXO GH FRQIOLFW VRFLDO úL
LQWHUDF LRQLVPXOVLPEROLF
$)XQF LRQDOLVPXOVWUXFWXUDOSURYLQHGHODLGHHDF RUJDQL]DUHDVDX
VWUXFWXUDXQHLVRFLHW LvLRIHU VXUVDGHVWDELOLWDWH,GHHDHVWHIRDUWHYHFKH
VRFLHWDWHD LGHDO  GLQ 5HSXEOLFD OXL 3ODWRQ ILLQG GHVFULV  SULQ SDUWLFLSDUHD
ILHF UHL FDWHJRULL VRFLDOH OD DUPRQLD VRFLDO  $XJXVWH &RPSWH +HUEHUW
6SHQFHU úL (PLOH 'XUNKHLP DX SUHOXDW ILHFDUH OD WLPSXO V X LGHHD
DWULEXLQGDQDORJLHLRUJDQLFHXQUROFHQWUDOvQFRQFHS LLOHORUGHVSUHVRFLHWDWH
7HUPLQL VWUXFWXU  úL IXQF LH VH UHIHU  OD PRGDOLWDWHD vQ FDUH DFWLYLW LOH
UHSHWLWLYHDOHXQHLVRFLHW LVXQWRUJDQL]DWHúLUHVSHFWLYODFRQWULEX LDSHFDUHR
DQXPH IRUP  GH DFWLYLWDWH UHSHWLWLY  R DUH vQ PHQ LQHUHD VWDELOLW LL
HFKLOLEUXOXLVRFLHW LL
&HD PDL FODU  UHSUH]HQWDUH D VXSR]L LLORU IXQF LRQDOLVPXOXLVWUXFWXUDO
HVWHFHDSURSXV GH5REHUW0HUWRQ6RFLDO7KHRU\DQG6RFLDO6WUXFWXUH
vQFDUHVXQWUH]XPDWHSRVWXODWHOHIXQF LRQDOLVPXOXLVWUXFWXUDOGHVSUH
QDWXUD VRFLHW LL GXS  FXP XUPHD]  Ä 2 VRFLHWDWH SRDWH IL FHO PDL ELQH
UHSUH]HQWDW FDXQVLVWHPGHHOHPHQWHLQWHUGHSHQGHQWHHVWHRRUJDQL]DUHGH
DFWLYLW LLQWHUFRQHFWDWHUHSHWLWLYHúLWUDQVIRUPDWHvQSDWWHUQXUL2DVWIHOGH
VRFLHWDWHWLQGHQDWXUDOF WUHXQHFKLOLEUXGLQDPLFGDF DSDUHXQGH]HFKLOLEUX
GLYHUVH IRU H VH YRU DFWLYD úL YRU WLQGH V  UHDGXF  VWDELOLWDWHD  7RDWH
DFWLYLW LOHUHSHWLWLYHGLQVRFLHWDWHFRQWULEXLHODVWDUHDHLGHHFKLOLEUXFXDOWH
FXYLQWH WRDWH IRUPHOH SHUVLVWHQWH GH DF LXQLOHSDWHUUQ MRDF  un rol în
PHQ LQHUHDVWDELOLW LLVLVWHPXOXL&HOSX LQXQHOHGLQIXQF LLOHUHSHWLWLYH
GHYHQLWHSDWHUUQXULGLQWURVRFLHWDWHVXQWLQGLVSHQVDELOHSHQWUXFRQWLQXDUHD
H[LVWHQ HL DFHVWHLD $GLF  H[LVW  SUHPLVH IXQF LRQDOH FDUH vQWkPSLQ 
QHFHVLW LOHHVHQ LDOHDOHVLVWHPXOXLI U GHFDUHDFHVWDQXDUVXSUDYLH XL´ 



,GHP

 
 0HGLDúLSURFHVXOFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV VHED]HD] SHDF LXQLUHSHWLWLYH
– GHYHQLWH SDWHUUQXUL LDU GHSHQGHQ HOH VWUXFWXUDOH H[LVWHQWH LQIOXHQ HD] 
inclusiv modul în care indivizii fRORVHVF PHGLD vQ YLD  GH ]L FX ]L
FRQWULEXLQGODHFKLOLEUXODFHOHLVRFLHW L0DVVPHGLDDUSXWHDILHQXPHUDW 
SULQWUHFRPSRQHQWHOHGHED] LQGLVSHQVDELOHDOHVWUXFWXULLVRFLDOH3HGHDOW 
SDUWHFRPXQLFDUHDGHPDV SRDWHILGLVIXQF LRQDO SURYRFkQGGH]HFKLOLEUX
PDL GHJUDE  GHFkW VWDELOLWDWH GDF  LQVWLJ  LQGLYL]LL OD GLIHULWH IRUPH GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWGHYLDQW
%3HUVSHFWLYDHYROXWLY IDFHSDUWHGHDVHPHQHDGLQWUHLQWHUSUHW ULOH
FODVLFHSULYLQGDVSHFWHOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHVRFLHW LLGDUFXDFFHQWXOSXVSH
HYROX LH3DUDGLJPDHYROXWLY VHPDLQXPHúWHúLGDUZLQLVPVRFLDOILLQGF 
FHOH PDL PXOWH LGHL DOH DFHVWHLD GHúL XQHOH DX IRVW IRUPXODWH vQDLQWH FD
'DUZLQV DYDQVH]HWHRULDDVXSUDHYROX LHLVSHFLLORUDXVLPLOLWXGLQLvQVHQVXO
F WHUPHQXOHYROX LHGHúLVHUHIHU ODVFKLPE ULOHVRFLDOHHVWHGHGXVDQDORJLF
GLQHYROX LRQLVPXOELRORJLFvQWUHDFHVWHDH[LVWkQGRDVHP QDUHSULQVWUXFWXUD
úLSURFHVHOHVFKLPE ULLÌQHVHQ SHUVSHFWLYDHYROX LRQLVW WLQGHV H[SOLFH
VFKLPEDUHDVRFLDO vQOLPLWHOHXQXLDQXPLWVHWGHOHJLQDWXUDOH0HFDQLVPHOH
VRFLDOH DOH VFKLPE ULL HYROXWLYH VXQW VHOHF LD QDWXUDO  VXSUDYLH XLUHD FHOXL
PDLSXWHUQLFúLPRúWHQLUHDFDOLW LORUGREkQGLWH5HSOLFDVRFLDO DDFHVWXLWLS
GHPHFDQLVPELRORJLFVHUHIHU ODvQFRUSRUDUHDXQRUIRUPHVWDQGDUGL]DWHGH
comportament întrRVRFLHWDWHúLGLVSDUL LDGLQFXOWXU DIRUPHORUSUHFHGHQWH
WUDQVPLVHGHODRJHQHUD LHODDOWD'XS DXWRULLFLWD LSDUDGLJPHOHHYROXWLYH
VXQW Ä 6RFLHWDWHD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW  FD XQ VHW GH HOHPHQWH
LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH HVWH XQ VLVWHP GH DFWLYLW L FRUHODWH UHSHWLWLYH VWHUHRWLSH
2DOWIHOGHVRFLHWDWHVHDIO vQWUXQSURFHVGHSHUPDQHQW VFKLPEDUHLDU
IRUPHOH HL VRFLDOH GHYLQ GLQ FH vQ FH PDL GLIHUHQ LDWH úL VSHFLDOL]DWH
)RUPHOHVRFLDOHQRLVXQWLQYHQWDWHVDXvPSUXPXWDWHGHODDOWHVRFLHW LGH
F WUHLQGLYL]LvQF XWDUHDXQRUPRGXULPDLHILFLHQWHGHDUHDOL]DVFRSXULSH
FDUHOHFRQVLGHU LPSRUWDQWH$FHOHIRUPHVRFLDOHFDUHDMXW RDPHQLLV úL
DWLQJ VFRSXULOHvQPRGPDLHILFLHQWúLFDUHQXLQWU vQFRQWUDGLF LHFXYDORULOH
H[LVWHQWHVXQWDGRSWDWHUH LQXWHúLGHYLQHOHPHQWHGHVWDELOLWDWHDOHVRFLHW LL
vQ GH]YROWDUH GLPSRWULY  IRUPHOH PDL SX LQ HILFLHQWH VXQW DEDQGRQDWH´ 
$XWRULL PDL FRQVLGHU  F  ÄGHD OXQJXO LVWRULHL RDPHQLL DX FRQúWLHQWL]DW
QHFHVLWDWHDXQRUVLVWHPHGHFRPXQLFDUHPDLUDSLGHúLFDUHV SRDW DFRSHULXQ
public mai larg”. 
,GHP
 
 'kQG FUHGLELOLWDWH SDUDGLJPHL HYROX LRQLVWH QRL DP VSXQH F  vQV úL
LVWRULDXPDQLW LLUHFODP FDVXSRUWHVHQ LDOHOHYROX LHLVDOHFRPXQLFDUHD
$FHDVWDHVWHPDUHDYLUWXWHVHQVXOH[LVWHQ LDOSHQWUXXPDQLWDWHúLLQGLIHUHQW
GHF LOHSHFDUHDUILXUPDWDFHVWDDUILIRVWYHFWRUXOFRPXQLFDUHDGHYHQLQG
DSURDSHLPHGLDWGXS FHRDPHQLLDXÄLQYHQWDW´YRUELUHDQXXQVFRSFLXQ
mijloc în sine.
&&RQIOLFWXOVRFLDO$FHDVWDSDUDGLJP FRQVLGHU FRQIOLFWXOGUHSWFHO
PDL LPSRUWDQW SURFHV VRFLDO PDL LPSRUWDQW GHFkW VWDELOLWDWHD VDX HYROX LD
0RGHOXOFRQIOLFWXOXLVRFLDOHGHILQLWGHVFKLPEDUHODUkQGXOHLGHWHUPLQDW GH
LQWHUDF LXQHDXQRUIRU HRSXVHFRQVWLWXLW GLQUD LRQDPHQWHGHWLSXOELQHU X
DGHY UDWIDOV ÌQ GLDORJXULOH GLQ 5HSXEOLFD 3ODWRQ QXPHúWH DFHVW WLS GH
UH]ROYDUHDXQXLFRQIOLFWSHQWUXDRE LQHFHYDQRXSURFHVGLDOHFWLF/RJLFLHQLL
H[DPLQHD]  úL GH]EDW FKHVWLXQL UHIHULWRDUH OD FXQRDúWHUH SRUQLQG GH OD
PRGHOXOGLDOHFWLF&RQIOLFWXOVRFLDOFDSURFHVXPDQDGHYHQLWWH]DFHQWUDO D
WHRUHWLFLHQLORU FRQWUDFWXOXL VRFLDO 1R LXQLOH GH FRQIOLFW VRFLDO úL SURFHV
GLDOHFWLFDSDUPDLvQWkLvQOXFU ULOHOXL*:+HJHO.DUO0DU[úL)UHGHULFK
(QJHOV FDHOHPHQWHDOHDQDOL]HLVFKLPE ULLVRFLDOHGHWHUPLQDWHODXOWLPLL
GRL GH XQ WLS GH FRQIOLFW FDUH VHSDU  VRFLHWDWHD vQ FODVH DYXWH úL FODVH
GHSRVHGDWHGHDYX LHÌQSOXVGLVWULEX LDDFHVWHLDYX LLVHIDFHGXS FULWHULL
bazate pe un contract în care seLJQRU RSDUWHGLQYDORULOHVRFLDOHFHHDFH
GXFHILQDOPHQWHODFRQIOLFW
0RGHOXO GH VRFLHWDWH FDUH vQFRUSRUHD]  FRQIOLFWXO VRFLDO vQ QDWXUD
VFKLPE ULORUVDOHDIRVWGHVFULVGH5DOI'DKUHQGRUI7RZDUGD7KHRU\RI
6RFLDO&RQIOLFW, în „Journal of Conflict5HVROXWLRQQUúLSRDWHIL
UH]XPDW SULQ XUP WRDUHOH LSRWH]H GH OXFUX Ä 6H SRDWH FRQVLGHUD F  R
VRFLHWDWHHVWHDOF WXLW GLQFDWHJRULLúLJUXSXULGHRDPHQLDOHF URULQWHUHVH
GLIHU FODUXQHOHID GHDOWHOH7R LDFHúWLPHPEULDLVRFLHW LLvQFHDUF V 
úL XUP UHDVF  SURSULLOH LQWHUHVH vQ FRPSHWL LH FX FHLODO L VDX V úL FRQVHUYH
LQWHUHVHOH RSXQkQG UH]LVWHQ  OD HIRUWXULOH FRPSHWLWLYH DOH FHORUODO L  2
VRFLHWDWH DVWIHO RUJDQL]DW  YD H[SHULPHQWD SHUPDQHQW FRQIOLFWH GHRDUHFH
PHPEULL V L vQFHDUF  V  RE LQ  QRL DYDQWDMH VDX V úL FRQVHUYH LQWHUHVHOH
FRQIOLFWXOFXDOWHFXYLQWHHVWHRPQLSUH]HQW'LQDFHVWSURFHVGLDOHFWLFDO
FRPSHWL LHL úL FRQIOLFWXOXL UH]XOW  XQ SURFHV SHUPDQHQW GH VFKLPEDUH
6RFLHW LOHQXVXQWFDUDFWHUL]DWHSULQWURVWDUHGHHFKLOLEUXFLSULQWUXQSURFHV
GHFRQWLQX VFKLPEDUH´ 

$SXG0HOYLQ'H)OHXURSFLWS
 
 ÌQFHSULYHúWHPDVVPHGLDIHQRPHQXOFRPSHWL LRQDOVHGHVI úRDU vQWUR
UH HD FRPSOH[  GH FRQVWUkQJHUL LPSXVH GH WULEXQDOH FRGXUL PRUDOH DOH
VRFLHW LLSURSULLOHVWUXFWXULGHWLSRUJDQL]D LRQDOúLQXvQXOWLPXOUkQGGHFHL
FDUHvOVXV LQILQDQFLDU$OWHVLWXD LLVHUHIHU ODÄFRQIOLFWHOH´PDLDWHQXDWVSXV
FRQWURYHUVHOHGLQWUHSXEOLFúLSUHV FXPVXQWFHOHFHSULYHVFOLEHUWDWHDSUHVHL
ID GHGUHSWXOFHW HDQXOXLODLQWLPLWDWHGUHSWXODFHVWXLDODMXVWL LHVDXODDIL
SURWHMDWGHPDQLSXODUHDGHSUHV RULSXEOLFLWDU (OHDXXQFDUDFWHULQGLYLGXDO
GDU vQ DFHHDúL FDWHJRULH SRDWH IL LQFOXV FD XQ WLS GH FRQIOLFW GH VRUJLQWH
DVHP Q WRDUHGUHSWXOJXYHUQXOXLGHDúLSURWHMDVHFUHWHOHvQVLWXD LLGHFUL] 
ODQLYHOQD LRQDO
',QWHUDF LRQLVPXOVLPEROLFVHUHIHU ODDERUGDUHDVRFLRSVLKRORJLF 
D DFWLYLW LORU PHQWDOH vQ UDSRUW FX SURFHVXO VRFLDO DO FRPXQLF ULL úL D
FRQVWLWXLWSUHRFXSDUHFRQVWDQW DILORVRILORU-RKQ/RFNH a descris în (VHXUL
GHVSUHvQ HOHJHUHDXPDQ UHOD LDGLQWUHFXYLQWHVHPQLILFD LLOHSHUFHSXWHGH
LQGLYL]L úL OHJ WXULOH GLQWUH PHPEULL VRFLHW LL FRQVLGHUkQG OLPEDMXO FD XQ
LPSRUWDQW LQVWUXPHQW úL OLDQW DO VRFLHW LL 0DL WkU]LX ILORVRIXO JHUPDQ
,PPDQXHO.DQWIDFHGLVWLQF LDvQWUHOXPHDUHDO úLFHDO XQWULF H[LVWHQW FD
UHSUH]HQWDUHDFHOHLUHDOHvQPLQWHDQRDVWU .DQWFRQVLGHUDF ILLQ HOHXPDQH
QXUHDF LRQHD] ID GHOXPHvQVHQVXOUHDOLW LLRELHFWLYHFLID GHOXPHDSH
FDUH R FRQVWUXLHVF vQ PLQWH 2 VHULH GH OLQJYLúWL vQWUHFDUHWUHEXLHDPLQWL L
%HQHGHWWR &URFH úL .DUO 9RVVOHU DX VWDWXDW SRUQLQG GH OD REVHUYD LL
DVHP Q WRDUHDúDQXPLWDOLQJYLVWLF LGHDOLVW FDUHSXQHXQPDUHDFFHQWSH
UHSUH]HQW ULOH OXPLL LQWHULRDUH GRPLQDW  GH DIHFW JXVW LQWXL LH 'LVWLQF LD
GLQWUHUHDOLWDWHDH[WHULRDU úLFRQVWUXF LLOHPHQWDOHDIRVWUHOXDW ODVIkUúLWXO
VHFROXOXL DO ;,;OHD úL vQFHSXWXO FHOXL XUP WRU vQ VFULHULOH SUDJPDWLúWLORU
DPHULFDQL-RKQ'HZH\:LOOLDP-DPHVúL&KDUOHV3LHUFHFDUHVXV LQHDXF 
VHPQLILFD LDRELHFWHORUVDXVLWXD LLORUUH]LG QXvQQDWXUDORURELHFWLY FLvQ
FRPSRUWDPHQWXO RDPHQLORU ID  GH DFHVWHD $úDGDU RDPHQLL PRGHOHD]  vQ
PRGFROHFWLYLGHLOHGHVSUHPHGLXOvQFRQMXU WRUvQFDUHWUHEXLHV VHDGDSWH]H
LDU PDVVmedia poate avea, în acest caz, un rol extrem de important.
,QWHUSUHWDUHDvQDFHVWPRGDIDSWHORUDGDWQDúWHUHLQWHUDF LRQLVPXOXLVLPEROLF
DL F UXL IRQGDWRUL VXQW FRQVLGHUD L VRFLRORJXO &KDUOHV +RUWRQ &RROH\ úL
ILORVRIXO*HRUJH+HUEHUW0HDG&RROH\DGHILQLWGLVSXWDÄQDWXU HGXFD LH´
SULQWUR WH]  SRWULYLW F UHLD QDWXUD XPDQ  HVWH GREkQGLW  úL QX WUDQVPLV 
JHQHWLF vQ WLPS FH 0HDG D HODERUDW WH]  QDWXULL HVHQ LDOH D VLPEROXULORU
OLQJYLVWLFHvQYLD XPDQ LQGLYLGXDO úLFROHFWLY ,SRWH]HOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOH
 
DFHVWHL SDUDGLJPH VXQWÄ  6RFLHWDWHD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW  XQ VLVWHP GH
VHPQLILFD LL3HQWUXLQGLYL]LDFWLYLWDWHDLQWHUSHUVRQDO UHSUH]LQW SDUWLFLSDUHD
OD VHPQLILFD LLOH FRPXQH OHJDWH GH VLPEROXULOH XQHL OLPEL GH DLFL VH QDVF
H[SHFWD LLOHVWDELOHvQ HOHVHvQFRPXQFDUHRULHQWHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXOF WUH
SDWWHUXUL SUHYL]LELOH  'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH FRPSRUWDPHQWDO UHDOLW LOH
SROLWLFH úL VRFLDOH VXQW FRQVWUXF LL FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH VHPQLILFD LLORU FD R
FRQVHFLQ  D SDUWLFLS ULL LQGLYLGXDOH úL FROHFWLYH OD LQWHUDF LXQHD VLPEROLF 
LQWHUSUHWDUHD UHDOLW LL HVWH FRQYHQ LRQDOL]DW  VRFLDO úL LQWHULRUL]DW 
LQGLYLGXDO /HJ WXULOH GLQWUH LQGLYL]L SHUFHS LD FHOXLODOW úL FRQYLQJHULOH
GHVSUHVLQHUHSUH]LQW FRQVWUXF LLLQGLYLGXDOHDOHVHPQLILFD LLORUUH]XOWDWHGLQ
LQWHUDF LXQHDVLPEROLF FRQYLQJHULOHVXELHFWLYHGHVSUHFHO ODOWúLVLQHFRQVWLWXLH
HVHQ D YLH LL VRFLDOH  &RPSRUWDPHQWXO LQGLYLGXDO vQWUR VLWXD LH GDW  HVWH
LQIOXHQ DW GH HWLFKHWHOH úL VHPQLILFD LLOH SH FDUH LQGLYLGXO OH DVRFLD]  DFHVWHL
UHOD LL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO QX HVWH XQ U VSXQV DXWRPDW OD VWLPXOL GH RULJLQH
H[WHUQ  FL XQ SURGXV DO FRQVWUXF LLORU VXELHFWLYH GHVSUH VLQH úL FHLODO L úL DO
LPSOLFD LLORUVRFLDOHDOHVLWXD LHL´ 
Conform acestei „paradigme”, massPHGLD PRGHOHD]  SULQ
LQWHUPHGLXO LQWHUSUHW ULORU HYHQLPHQWHORU VRFLDOH GDU PDL DOHV SHQWUX
SUREOHPHOH OD FDUH H[LVW  VXUVH PXOWLSOH GH LQIRUPD LH FRPSRUWDPHQWXO
LQGLYLGXDO úL VRFLDO &RQVWLWXLQGXse în element central al proceselor de
FRPXQLFDUH PDVVPHGLD RIHU  R LQWHUSUHWDUH D UHDOLW LL FDUH VH UHIOHFW  vQ
FRQúWLLQ DSXEOLFXOXL(DQXSRDWHGHS úLSUDJXOGLQWUHOXPHDUHDO H[WHUQ úL
FHD LQWHUQ  FD PRGDOLWDWH GH GHVFULHUH D DFHVWXL IHQRPHQ GDU FRQWULEXLH
VDOXWDUODvQ HOHJHUHDPHFDQLVPHORUGHIXQF LRQDUHDLQIOXHQ HORULQGLUHFWHúL
SURIXQGHDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV DVXSUDLQGLYL]LORUúLVRFLHW LL
( 3DUDGLJPD SVLKRORJLF este o abordare de tip neurobiologic, în
VHQVXOF DFHDVW SDUDGLJP LGHQWLILF FUHLHUXOúLDOWHVLVWHPHQHUYRDVHGUHSW
ED]D FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW  GH OD FDUH VH SRDte porni în explicarea
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLXPDQúLVHUHIHU ODVWLPXODUHDU VSXQVXULORULQGLYLGXDOH
FD XUPDUH D LPSDFWXOXL FX PDVVPHGLD $VLJXU  LSRWH]HOH GH OXFUX GHVSUH
QDWXUD SVLKRORJLF  D LQGLYLGXOXL IDFLOLWkQG vQ HOHJHUHD PHFDQLVPXOXL SULQ
FDUH XQ DQXPLW VWLPXO SURYRDF  XQ WLS VSHFLILF GH U VSXQV 6H FDXW  XQ
U VSXQV OD vQWUHEDUHD FH HIHFWH DUH H[SXQHUHD OD LPSDFWXO FRPXQLF ULL GH
PDV DVXSUDLQGLYLGXOXL"
$SXG0HOYLQ'H)OHXURSFLWS

 
 5 VSXQVXULOH RE LQXWH SULYHVF UHOD LD GLQWUH PDVVPHGLD úL DQXPLWH
IHQRPHQH VDX DWLWXGLQL PRGDOLW L FRQFHSWXDOL]DWH SDWWHUQXUL FXP VXQW
LPLWDUHD PRGHOHORU FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH OXDUHD GH GHFL]LL úL DGRSWDUHD XQRU
FRQGXLWHWUDQVSDUHQWHFDYRWXOúLDFKL]L LRQDUHDGHEXQXUL3VLKRORJLDVWLPXO
U VSXQVPDQLIHVWDW GHVFKLVREVHUYDELOWUDQVSDUHQWSHID VHvQFDGUHD] vQ
DWLWXGLQHD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  QXPLW  EHKDYLRULVP ÌQ FRQWUDVW FX DFHDVWD
SDUDGLJPD SVLKDQDOLWLF  GHILQHúWH VLVWHPXO SVLKRORJLF XPDQ FD DQVDPEOX GH
HOHPHQWHLGHJRVXSUDHXFRQIOLFWXDOHFDUHFRQWUROHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXOSULQ
DVSHFWHOH LQFRQúWLHQWH DOH SHUVRQDOLW LL 3ULYLWH FD DQVDPEOX DO SVLKRORJLHL
LQGLYLGXOXLQLFLEHKDYLRULVPXOúLQLFLSDUDGLJPHOHSVLKDQDOLWLFHQXVDXGRYHGLW
deosebit de utile în studiul massPHGLD'HDOWIHOHOHSRUQHVFGHODREVHUYD LL
I FXWHDVXSUDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUSVLKLFHSULPLWLYHRULGHYLDQWH
)3DUDGLJPDFRJQLWLY QXDFRUG RLPSRUWDQ SDUWLFXODU OLPEDMXOXL
úL VHPQLILFD LLORU FL XQHL YDULHW L GH FRQFHSWH úL SURFHVH FRQVLGHUDWH
FDUDFWHULVWLFHVWUXFWXULLSHUVRQDOLW LLLQGLYLGXOXL
3RVWXODWHOH GH ED]  DOH DFHVWHL SDUDGLJPH VXQW Ä 0HPEULL XQHL
VRFLHW LSRWILFRQVLGHUD LDFWLYLDLLQSXWXOXLVHQ]RULDOLDUU VSXQVXULOHORU
FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH OD DFHúWL VWLPXOL VXQW PRGHODWH GH SURFHVHOH SVLKLFH
LQGLYLGXDOHFRJQLWLYH3URFHVHOHFRJQLWLYHRIHU LQGLYL]LORUSRVLELOLWDWHD
V  SUHOXFUH]H LQSXWXULOH VHQ]RULDOH vQ GLIHULWH PRGXUL V  OH FRGLILFH V  OH
VWRFKH]HV OHLQWHUSUHWH]HVHOHFWLYV OHPRGLILFHúLV OHUHFXSHUH]HSHQWUXD
le folosi mai târziu în contextul XQRUGHFL]LLGHFRPSRUWDPHQW3URFHVHOH
FRJQLWLYHFDUHGH LQUROXULFKHLHvQPRGHODUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLXQXLLQGLYLG
LQFOXG SHUFHS LD UHSUH]HQW ULOH VLVWHPHOH GH JkQGLUH DWLWXGLQLOH YDORULOH
WHQGLQ H F WUH HFKLOLEUXO DFHVWRU IDFWRUL SUHFXP úL PHPRULD JkQGLUHD úL
QXPHURDVH DFWLYLW L SVLKLFH  &RPSRQHQWHOH FRJQLWLYH DOH RUJDQL] ULL
PHQWDOHLQGLYLGXDOHVSHFLILFHVXQWUH]XOWDWHOHSURSULHLH[SHULHQ HDQWHULRDUH
GHvQY DUHGHOLEHUDW IRUWXLW VRFLDO VDXVROLWDU ´ 
3DUDGLJPD FRJQLWLY  HVWH IUHFYHQW XWLOL]DW  vQ VWXGLXO HIHFWHORU
FRPXQLF ULLDVXSUDLQGLYL]LORUúLUHSUH]LQW RWHQWDWLY GHvQ HOHJHUHDIHOXOXL
FXP VXQW SHUFHSXWH PHVDMHOH FXP VXQW SUHOXDWH úL vQY DWH SDWWHUQXULOH GH
DF LXQHGLQUHSUH]HQW ULOHPHGLD'HDVHPHQHDDIHOXOXLFXPVHPRGLILF 
JUD LHSHUVXDVLXQLLGHFDUHG GRYDG PDVVPHGLDDWLWXGLQLOHFXQRúWLQ HOH
YDORULOHúLWHQGLQ HOHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH

,ELGHPS

 
 3OXUDOLWDWHD SDUDGLJPHORU WHRUHWLFH SXVH OD GLVSR]L LD FHUFHW WRUXOXL
FRPXQLF ULLvLRIHU DFHVWXLDPDUHOHDYDQWDMDOGLYHUVLILF ULLRS LRQDOHILHFDUH
DOHJHUHIXUQL]kQGLSRWH]HSDUWLFXODUHGHVSUHFRQGL LDXPDQ ILHODQLYHOGH
LQGLYLGILHODUDQJGHVRFLHWDWH$FHVWHDWLQGVSUHRGHVFULHUHFRPSUHKHQVLY 
DRUJDQL] ULLúLIXQF LRQ ULLSURFHVHORUFDUHVFKLPE VRFLHWDWHDSUHFXPúLD
IDFWRULORU SVLKRORJLFL GH PRGHODUH D FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XPDQ LQGLYLGXDO VDX
FROHFWLY 9DULHWDWHD SDUDGLJPHORU SUH]HQWDWH VH DIO  vQWUR DSDUHQW 
FRPSHWL LHDWXQFLFkQGYRUV H[SOLFHDFHODúLOXFUXGHH[HYROX LRQLVPXOYV
WHRULDFRQIOLFWXOXLSHQWUXDH[SOLFDVFKLPEDUHDVRFLDO VDXEHKDYLRULPXOYV
RULHQW ULOH FRJQLWLYH SHQWUX D VH H[SOLFD FRPSRUWDPHQWXO LQGLYLGXDO GDU
IDSWXO QX WUHEXLH SULYLW FD R VXUV  GH FRQIX]LH 1X GHYLQH LPSRUWDQW FDUH
GLQWUHDFHVWHDHFHDDGHY UDW VDXLQIDLOLELO  întrXQDQXPLWVHQVWRDWHILLQG
vQDXWRQRPLDORUDGHY UDWH
7UHEXLH DúDGDU DYXW vQ YHGHUH F  ÄOLYUDUHD´ XQHL VROX LL LGHDOH HVWH
JUHXGHDWLQV$XIRVWH[SULPDWHPHUHXVHULRDVHUH]HUYHF VDUSXWHDVWXGLD
H[KDXVWLY UROXO úL LPSDFWXO GH WRDWH QDWXULOH DO PDVVPHGLD FX LQGLYLGXO
$FHVWOXFUXHVWHGLQSRUQLUHLPSRVLELO'HúLDOF WXLUHDDQDWRPLF úLDVSHFWXO
IL]LFDOWXWXURULQGLYL]LORUVXQWDVHP Q WRDUHSkQ ODLGHQWLWDWHI U DYRUEL
GHVLJXUGHQXP UXOLQILPGHH[FHS LLFDUHQLFLQXLQWU vQYUHRGLVFX LHvQWUH
DFHVWHDSDUHQ HVHSRWIDFHQXPHURDVHGLVWLQF LLFHDUGXFHODFDWHJRULLFODVH
JUXSXULORWXULJUXSHGHLQGLYL]LFDQXDQ HDOHDFHOHLDúLHQWLW L$VHP QDUHD
SVLKLF  D LQGLYL]LORU HVWH úL PDL PXOW GLYL]DW  DWkW vQ FH SULYHúWH SVLKLFXO
FRQúWLHQW FkW úL FHO VXEFRQúWLHQW vQFkW D VH YRUEL GHVSUH SRVLELOLWDWHD
introducerii individului întrRHFXD LHDDWLWXGLQLORUVDOHvQID DPDVVPHGLD
SDUHSUDFWLFLPSRVLELO
&HHDFHLXQHúWHSHWR LLQGLYL]LLHVWHLGHHDGHHYROX LHFRPXQ FKLDU
GDF  úL vQ DFHDVW  SULYLQ  VH SRW IRUPXOD QXPHURDVH UH]HUYH )LHFDUH
SHUVRDQ DSDU LQHSULQWURHYROX LHFDUHVHGHUXOHD] QHvQWUHUXSWGHGH
DQLXQXLVSD LXFDUHYDGHYHQLFRPXQVRFLDOXO2EVHUYD LDDIRVWI FXW GH
WLPSXULXFXPXOWvQDLQWHGHDSDUL LDIHQRPHQXOXLPDVVmedia care, în opinia
QRDVWU QXDF LRQHD] DVXSUDLQGLYLGXOXLFLDVXSUDVRFLDOXOXLDFRPXQLW LL
$FHDVW WRWDOLWDWHDLQGLYL]LORUVDSXWXWFRQVWLWXLSULQLQWHUPHGLXOFRPXQLF ULL
YHUEDOHXOWHULRUvPEXQ W LW úLUDILQDW SULQQRLPLMORDFHFRQGL LDILLQGFDV 
DLE  FHYD vQ FRPXQ VSD LXO GH H[LVWHQ  FROHFWLY  vQ FDUH ILHFH LQGLYLG
DF LRQHD]  FD RP úL vQ DFHODúL WLPS FD PHPEUX DO VRFLHW LL 7HQGLQ D GH
DSURSLHUH D FHORU GRX  WLSXUL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW H[LVWHQ LDO G  XQRUD GLQWUH
FHUFHW WRUL VHQWLPHQWXO F  LQGLYL]LL SRW IL UHSUH]HQWD L SULQWUR LPDJLQH
 
ÄSDUDOHO ´FDRPXO LPHGHDXWRPRELOHGHDFHODúLWLSGDUFXPRWRUL] ULúL
caroserii diferite. Când $ULVWRWHO a definit, în lucrarea sa 3ROLWLFD , 
WHQGLQ DvQQ VFXW DRPXOXLGHDF XWDVRFLHWDWHDVHPHQLORUV LVRFLHWDWHDVH
UHVWUkQJHDODDJRUD$VW ]LDJRUDHVWHSODQHWD'DUWRWvQDQWLFKLWDWHXQDOW
ILORVRIJUHF'HPRFULWDIRUPXODWFHO ODOWPDUHDGHY UDOHFXD LHLSXVHDFXP
vQGLVFX LHÄRPXOHVWHXQPLFXQLYHUV´
În plus, teRULLOHSXVHvQGLVFX LHDXFXQRVFXWSURSULDORUHYROX LHXQHOH
GLQWUH DFHVWHD Q VFkQGXse nu ca idei, din tâmpla lui Zeus precum
$WKHQD0LQHUYD FL ILLQG FRQVHFLQ H DOH HYROX LHL JHQHUDOH 1X DU WUHEXL
FRQVLGHUDWHGLQDFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY VLPSOHPRGHWUHF WRDUHFXPSDUHDIL
PXOWSUHDXPIODWXOPRGHOLQWHUDF LRQLVW"
ÌQFHLGHPLLGHDQLGHFkQGRPXOYRUEHúWHFDSDFLW LOHVDOHGH
FRPXQLFDUHODXI FXWFDSDELOV FUHH]HV XWLOL]H]HúLV WUDQVPLW WHKQLFLGH
FRPXQLFDUH 3ULPHOH DX IRVW UXGLPHQWDUH DELOLW LOH RPXOXL SULPLWLY GH
FRQFHSWXOL]DUH DQDOL]  LQRYD LH úL FRPXQLFDUH D PHVDMHORU FRPSOH[H ILLQG
VHYHUOLPLWDWH'XS FHDGHYHQLWFDSDELOV JkQGHDVF DEVWUDFWV LQYHQWH]H
FRPXQLFDUHDVFULV ILLQ DXPDQ DvQFHSXWV SURJUHVH]HUDSLGvQWUXQULWP
DOHUW 7LSDUXO úL XOWHULRU WHOHJUDIXO úL WHOHIRQXO DX IDFLOLWDW UDSLGLWDWHD
FRPXQLF ULL WHOHYL]LXQHD úL IRDUWH UHFHQW FRPSXWHUXO UHSUH]LQW VFKLPE UL
VHPQLILFDWLYH
6H SRDWH WUDJH DVWIHO FRQFOX]LD F  JkQGLUHD LQGLYLGXDO  HVWH SXWHUQLF
LQIOXHQ DW GHSURFHVHOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 

&RQWUROXOILORVRILFDOPDVVPHGLDVWDWXWXOH[LVWHQ LDO
/DvQWUHEDUHDFHUROMRDF SUHVDvQVRFLHWDWHQXH[LVW XQVLQJXUU VSXQV
FLRSLQLLGLIHULWHvQIXQF LHGHSHUVSHFWLYHOHGLQFDUHHVWHDQDOL]DW FKHVWLXQHD
$FHVWHSHUVSHFWLYHVHUHIHU ODVWDWXWXOSUHVHLúLODFHODOMXUQDOLúWLORUvQVWUkQV 
OHJ WXUD FX VLVWHPXO SROLWLF FX HYROX LD LVWRULF  D UHOD LLORU VRFLDOH GLQ DUD
UHVSHFWLY  JUDGXO GH FXOWXU  SURIHVLRQDO  úL FRQúWLLQ  DO MXUQDOLúWLORU
deplasând fondul problemei în domeniul unei filosofii a profesiei, altfel spus
DO PLVLXQLL H[LVWHQ LDOH D PDVVPHGLD úL D GHWHUPLQ ULORU H[LVWHQWH vQWUH FHL
FDUHRSURIHVHD] úLPLVLXQHDORU1XPHURúLFHUFHW WRULVDXRFXSDWGHDFHVW
FRQ LQXW SURSXQkQG VROX LL OD IHO GH QXPHURDVH DVXSUD F URUD VDX Y ]XW
QHYRL L V  DGDXJH QRL REVHUYD LL vQWUXFkW SUHVD HVWH XQXO GLQWUH FHOH PDL
VHQVLELOHVLVWHPHODVFKLPE ULOHVRFLDOHúLvQDFHODúLWLPSXQILGHOVHLVPRJUDI
DOPLúF ULORUGLQLQWHULRUXOVRFLHW LL'LVWLQF LLOHFDUHVHLPSXQSRUQHVFGHOD
 
R UHDOLWDWH XQLF  GH]E WXW  GLQ UDSRUWXO vQWUH VWDW FD VLVWHP GH RUJDQL]DUH
SROLWLF  SUHV  FD PRG GH IXQF LRQDUH úL SXEOLF FD SULQFLSDO EHQHILFLDU DO
SURGXVXOXLPDVVPHGLDÌQIXQF LHGHLPSRUWDQ DDFRUGDW vQRUGLQHLHUDUKLF 
HOHPHQWHORUGLQDFHDVW WULDG VHSRWVWDELOLPDLPXOWHPRGHOHGHIXQF LRQDUH
DOHVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLD
8Q DOW DVSHFW HVWH FHO GLDFURQLF GH FDUH WUHEXLH V  VH LQ  FRQW
,QVWLWX LLOHPDVVPHGLDvúLGLVWULEXLHDF LXQLH[LVWHQ LDOHGLIHULWHÌQRULFHFD]
întrHDFHVWHHOHPHQWHH[LVW OHJ WXULDWkWGHSXWHUQLFHvQFkWDVHYRUELGHVSUH
rolul presei în societate, ignorândule sau diminuânduOH LPSRUWDQ D HVWH
SUDFWLFLPSRVLELO
În 2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW  VXQWH[SXVHVXFFLQWFHOH
SDWUXPRGHOHDOHSUHVHLDXWRULWDULVWFRPXQLVWOLEHUDODOVHUYLFLXOXLSXEOLF
$FHVWHDSRWILDVWIHOJUXSDWHGDF VHXUP UHVFFRQFRPLWHQWGRX SODQXULFHO
LVWRULFHYROX LRQLVWúLFHOVRFLDOÌQUHDOLWDWHFUHGHPF HVWHLOX]RULXV VH
YRUEHDVF  GHVSUH PRGHOXO DXWRULWDULVWînIXQF LXQH DFHVWD FRQVWLWXLQG R
IRUP  SULPDU  GH RUJDQL]DUH D SUHVHL GH OD vQFHSXWXULOH VDOH úL DOH F UHL
FRQ LQXWXULDXDF LRQDWDVHPHQHDXQXLRUJDQLVPYLXvQIXQF LHGHÄFOLPDWXO´
VRFLDOSROLWLFFXOWXUDOHFRQRPLFXOWHULRU&KLDUDXWRUXOHVWHGHDFRUGF GLQ
PRGHOXO DXWRULWDULVW VDX GH]YROWDW DOWH GRX  PRGHOH FHO FRPXQLVW úL FHO
OLEHUDOSUHOXkQGPXOWHGLQWUHFDOLW LOHVDXGHIHFWHOHDFHVWXLD
3ULQ XUPDUH PRGHOXO DXWRULWDULVW YD IL SULYLW FD XQ PRGHO LVWRULF
LPSRUWDQWGHDILFXQRVFXWGHRDUHFHFRQ LQHÄU G FLQLOH´FHORUODOWH
$FHVWHPRGHOHDXIRVWVWDELOLWHFXPXOWPDLWkU]LXvQWLPSFHXQHOHvúL
HSXL]DVHU GHMDIRUPHOHGHPDQLIHVWDUH
$0RGHOXODXWRULWDULVWHVWHGHWHUPLQDWGHPRPHQWXODSDUL LHLSUHVHL
vQ (XURSD GRPLQDW  SROLWLF GH PRQDUKLL FRQVWLWXLWH SH SULQFLSLXO
WHRFHQWULVPXOXL0RQDUKLLHXURSHQLFDUHSUH]HQWDQ LVDXXQúLDLGLYLQLW LLvúL
H[HUFLWDXXQUROSDWHUQDOLVWPDQLIHVWDWSULQVWDELOLUHDDFHHDFHHVWHIRORVLWRU
VDX QX SHQWUX LQGLYLG $SDUL LD SUHVHL SH R DVHPHQHD WUHDSW  GH HYROX LH
LVWRULF UHSUH]HQWDRQRXWDWHDOHF UHLFRQVHFLQ HQXSXWHDXILFXQRVFXWHGHOD
EXQvQFHSXW'HDFHHDvQF GHODDSDUL LHSUHVDDLQWUDWvQDWHQ LDXQRUDGLQWUH
LQVWLWX LLOH VWDWXOXL FDUH R SULYHDX FX GHVWXOH UH]HUYH 8Q FRQWURO DVXSUD
DFHVWHLD VD LQVWLWXLW SULQ UHVWULF LL úL SULYLOHJLL 5HVWULF LLOH GHOLPLWDX
UHVSHFWDUHDSULQFLSLLORUFDUHVW WHDXODIXQGDPHQWXOVRFLHW LLúLHUDXGHQDWXU 
PRQDUKLF UHOLJLRDV PRUDO vQWLPSFHSULYLOHJLLOHGHPRQVWUDXH[HUFLWDUHD
XQXLDQXPHWLSGHRSRUWXQLVPvQVHQVXORE LQHULLGHEHQHILFLLVDXIDFLOLW LÌQ
 
JHQHUDO FDWHJRULD GH SULYLOHJLL SUDFWLFDW  DWXQFL VH UHJ VHúWH GHVWXO GH
FRQVWDQWúLDVW ]L5HVWULF LLOHHUDXGHQDWXU HFRQRPLF úLSULYHDXSODWDXQRU
WD[HGHWLPEUXVDXMXULGLFHGHQDWXU LQVWLWX LRQDO vQVHQVXOQHFHVLW LLXQHL
DXWRUL] UL VSHFLDOH ÌQ FDGUXO OXSWHL SHQWUX UHFXQRDúWHUHD OLEHUW LL SUHVHL vQ
$QJOLD QRWDELOH VXQW /LFHQVLQJ $FW GLQ  SULQ FDUH HUDX DEROLWH DXWR
UL]D LLOHSUHDODELOHGHIXQF LRQDUHD]LDUHORUXUPDWWRFPDLîn 1793, de /LEHO$FW
FDUHUHGDSUHVHLDQXPLWHGUHSWXULÌQDFHHDúLSHULRDG UHJLPXOGHFHQ]XU DPH
QLQ DSUHVDIUDQFH] SULQWUXQFRQWUROVHYHUDVXSUDFRQ LQXWXOXLLQIRUPD LLORU
*X\ /RFKDUG úL +HQUL %R\HU DXWRULL F U LL /D FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
PHGLDWLTXH WUDGXFHUHD URPkQHDVF  vQ (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO (XURSHDQ ,DúL
FRQVLGHU F ÄLPSXQkQGXVHFXJUHXvQID DSXWHULORUFDUHvQFHDUF V 
LQWHU]LF V FRQWUROH]HVDXV RFRUXS FRPXQLFDUHDPHGLDWLF HVWHGHFLvQ
LQVSLUD LDVDIRQGDWRDUHIUXFWXOúLPDQLIHVWDUHDXQHLOLEHUW LIXQGDPHQWDOH
DFHHDGHDJkQGLúLGHDVHH[SULPDOLEHU´S
'LQ DFHDVW  IRUPXO  GH H[LVWHQ  D SUHVHL DX HYROXDW FRQIRUP FX
UHDOLW LOHH[LVWHQWHPRGHOXOOLEHUDOúLFHOFRPXQLVW
%0RGHOXOOLEHUDOSXQHDFFHQWXOSHDXWRQRPLDSUHVHLVWDELOHúWHF QX
H[LVW DXWRQRPLHDEVROXW GDUF HSUHIHUDELOFDvQWUHDXWRULWDULVPXOGHWLS
VWDWDOúLDOVRFLHW LLRDPHQLORUV IXQF LRQH]HFHOGHDOGRLOHD'UHSWXULOH
RPXOXL VXQW VDFUH úL VXE LQIOXHQ D XQRU JkQGLWRUL LOXPLQLúWL vQ FHQWUXO
XQLYHUVXOXLHVWHDúH]DW ILLQ DXPDQ $QWURSRFHQWULVPXOULGLF ODUDQJXOFHO
PDL vQDOW LGHHD GH OLEHUWDWH &RQIRUP FRQFHS LHL OLEHUDOH RPXO HVWH
GH LQ WRUXO XQRU GUHSWXUL QDWXUDOH IXQGDPHQWDOH úL LQDOLHQDELOH HO QXúL
SLHUGHDFHDVW DXWRULWDWHvQID QRLORULQVWLWX LLDOHVWDWXOXLFDUHVHVSULMLQ SH
GUHSWXO V X OLEHU GH DL DOHJH SH FRQGXF WRUL DOHJHUH GLQ FDUH GHFXUJH úL
GUHSWXOGHDi controla, sloganul „fraternitate, libertate, egalitate” eliminând,
GHVLJXUQXPDLDSDUHQWLHUDUKLLOH$FHVWHDHUDXvQ HOHVHLDU úLDSDUHQWFDILLQG
FRQWURODELOHGHLQGLYLG,GHHDULGLF WRWXúLVHPQHVHULRDVHGHvQWUHEDUHGDF 
întrR OXPH D LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HORU DXWRQRPLD IXQF LLORU PDVVPHGLD QX HVWH
FXPYDIRUPDO 1XPHURDVHGH]EDWHULSXUWDWHPDLDOHVvQSUHVDDPHULFDQ 
FDUH D FXOWLYDW vQF  GH OD DSDUL LD HL DFHVW WLS GH PRGHO DUDW  FD
ÄLQGHSHQGHQ D´SUHVHLHVWHPDLGHJUDE XWRSLF DVXSUDVLVWHPXOXLDF LRQkQG
QXPHURDVHIRU HGHSUHVLXQHVDXFKLDULQWHUHVHFDUHSRWSURGXFHGHUDSDMXO
DFHVWHLD GH OD RELHFWLYHOH SURSXVH 6H SXQH GH DVHPHQHD vQWUHEDUHD GDF 
SURSULHWDULLXQRUVWUXFWXULPDVVPHGLDQXH[HUFLW XQFRQWURODVXSUDDFHVWHLD
GLQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHVWDWXOQXPDLIDFHDúDFHYD7UXVWL]DUHDVLVWHPXOXLúL
 
DSDUL LD XQRU SURSULHWDUL LQWHUFRQWLQHQWDOL ODV  ORF GHVFKLV XQRU DVWIHO GH
LQWHUSUHW ULÌQWUHPRGHOXOOLEHUDOúLYDULDQWDFRPXQLVW DPDLYHFKLXOXLPRGHO
DXWRULWDULVWHGHSUHIHUDWFHOGLQWkL$FHVWDSXQHODWHPHOLDGH]YROW ULLVDOH
GH]EDWHUHDGHLGHLúLFRQIUXQWDUHDGHRSLQLLFXVFRSXODIO ULLDGHY UXOXLLDU
VLQJXUD LQVWDQ  FDSDELO  V úL DVXPH GXFHUHD OD EXQVIkUúLWDXQHLPLVLXQL
devine, în sens larg, massPHGLDSULQRUJDQLVPHOHHL
&RQIRUP FRQFHSWXOXL GH HJDOLWDULVP SURPRYDW GH GRFWULQD OLEHUDO 
SUHVD QX FRQWULEXLH QXPDL OD FLUFXOD LD LGHLORU úL D LQIRUPD LLORU FL úL OD
FRQWURODUHDLQVWDQ HORU3XWHULLFDDSDWUDSXWHUHVDXFDXQFkLQHGHSD] DO
VRFLHW LL$VWIHOGXS PRGHOXOOLEHUDOSUHVDQXDUHGRDUOLEHUWDWHGHH[SUHVLH
FL úL R PDUH UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH DVXSUD DFWXOXL MXUQDOLVWLF ùL VXE DFHVW DVSHFW
FKHVWLXQLOH VXQW GLVFXWDELOH vQ VHQVXO F  GHúL GHQXPLW XQ PLMORF GH
FRPXQLFDUH vQ PDV  SUHVD LHUDUKL]HD]  FRQWLQXX LQIRUPD LLOH SULYLOHJLLQG
QXPDL GH]EDWHULOH LPSRUWDQWH FkW úL FRQWUROXO DVXSUD XQRU HYHQLPHQWH GH
SULP  vQVHPQ WDWH 3UHVD G  FX DOWH FXYLQWH XQ GUHSW GH H[LVWHQ  vQ
VRFLHWDWHDOWXOGHFkWH[LVWHQ DSURSULX]LV $FHOFRJLWRHUJRVXPQXHVWH
FKLDUDWkWGHÄYDODELO´vQFHSULYHúWHOLEHUWDWHDGHRSLQLH
ÌQ PRGHOXO OLEHUDO OHJLOH SLH HL FRQFXUHQ  SURILW GHYLQ IDFWRUL
UHJXODWRULDLPDVVPHGLD3UHVLXQHDHFRQRPLF ILLQGvQGHDMXQVGHPDUHvQFkW
VRGXF ODGLVSDUL LHSUHVDVHYHGHQHYRLW V DGDXJHvQVIHUDWHPDWLFLLHLSH
OkQJ  LQIRUPD LH úL DOWH SUHRFXS UL FXP VXQW FHOH GH GLYHUWLVPHQW úL
SXEOLFLWDUH DFHVWHD GLQ XUP  GHYHQLWH SULQFLSDOXO VXSRUW HFRQRPLF SHQWUX
DSURDSHWRDWHVWUXFWXULOHVLVWHPXOXLÌQV JRDQDGXS XQSURILWIDFLOvLSRDWH
GHIRUPD VHULRV FRQ LQXWXO úL FKLDU vQI LúDUHD FD V  QX PDL YRUELP GHVSUH
SHUFHS LDHLvQUkQGXOSXEOLFXOXL
&0RGHOXOFRPXQLVWGHULY GLQH[DFHUEDUHDúDEORQXOXLDXWRULWDULVW
$UILSRDWHPDLQLPHULWV VHQXPHDVF PRGHOGLULMLVWvQWUXFkWQXQXPDLvQ
VWDWHOHFRPXQLVWHFLúLvQXQHOHGLFWDWXULHOSDUHDIXQF LRQDGXS DFHOHDúL
SULQFLSLL&RQVLGHUDWDVHILQ VFXWODvQFHSXWXOVHFROXOXLRGDW FX5HYROX LD
GLQ 2FWRPEULH úL DSURDSH HSXL]DW FD H[SHULHQ  LVWRULF  PRGHOXO DFHVWD D
UHSUH]HQWDWXQUHFXOFKLDUúLID GHVWUXFWXULOHGLQFDUHVHUHYHQGLF 'DF vQ
SULYLQ D PRGHOXOXL DXWRULWDULVW OHJLOH SLH HL OLEHUH DX DF LRQDW úL DX SURGXV
WUDQVIRUP ULHYROX LRQLVWHGLULMLVPXOPRGHOXOXLQXPLWFRPXQLVWDDFRSHULWúL
DFHOH FRPSRQHQWH GH SLD  DOH SURGXVXOXL PDVVmedia. Faptele sunt, în
JHQHUDO FXQRVFXWH GDU DU IL JUHúLW V  VH FRQVLGHUH F  IRUPXOD SH FDUH D
încercatRSUHVDvQVWDWXOÄGHPRFUD LLORUSRpulare” a fost de la bun început

 
JUHúLW  (D úLD SURSXV LQL LDO XQ OXFUX LPSRVLELO V  G UkPH XQ VLVWHP
FRQVLGHUDW LQMXVW GDU FRQVWLWXLW SH HYROX LD OHQW  D XQRU WUDGL LL vQ IUXQWHD
F UXLDVHDIODXWRWXúLHOLWHLQWHOHFWXDOHúLV FRQVROLGH]HRVWUXFWXU XWRSLF 
GXS  PRGHOXO HJDOLWDULVPXOXL IUDQFH] FDUH D DYXW GUHSW UH]XOWDW UHIDFHUHD
FDSLWDOLVPXOXL GDU QXPDL GXS  FH UHYROX LD úLD GHYRUDW OLGHULL  FX R
FRQGXFHUHIRUPDW GHXQJUXSUHVWUkQVGHLQWHOHFWXDOLDQDUKLúWLGXS XQHOH
RSLQLLLQWHOHFWXDOLLDXVWDWODRULJLQHDWXWXURUUHYROX LLORUúLODRULJLQHDWXWXURU
WU G ULORU FDUH DQXQ kQG SULQFLSLL HJDOLWDULVWH vúL FRQVROLGDX VLVWHPDWLF
statutul ierarhic elitist, prin înlocuirea termenului medieval de nobil ce cel de
QRPHQFODWXULVW$FHVWVLVWHPFDUH demolase toate structurile, nu punea în loc
QLPLFDOWFHYDGHFkWYLVHLUHDOL]DELOH0DúLQDSURSDJDQGLVWLF GHIDEULFDWYLVH
DVLVWHPXOXLFRPXQLVWDIRVWSUHVDúLvQWUXFkWOLGHULLSULPXOXLVWDWFRPXQLVWDX
vQ HOHVUHSHGHFHVHSHWUHFHDXSUHIHUDWV PLQW LDUPDVHOHLQFRQúWLHQWHDX
PHUVPDLGHSDUWH3UHVDGHYHQHDSULQFLSDODSkUJKLHLGHRORJLF DSXWHULLúL
VXESUHWH[WXOHGXF ULLPDVHORUDOPRELOL] ULLORUvQVFRSXOUHDOL] ULLPDULORU
GH]LGHUDWHFHOHDYHDXvQID VDRFROLWvQPRGVLVWHPDWLFDGHY UXO&XWRDWH
DFHVWHDSUHVDDFRQWLQXDWV IXQF LRQH]HGHúLQXvQGHSOLQHDWRFPDLPHQLUHD
VD,QIRUPD LLOHFXSULQVHvQ]LDUHOHúLUHYLVWHOHDFHORUYUHPXULHUDXQHHVHQ LDOH
LDU QLYHOXO GH UHDOL]DUH D DOWRU FRPSRQHQWH GLYHUWLVPHQW FXOWXU  PRUDO 
DWLQJHDFRWHGHLQWHUHVGLYHUVHGHODRVLWXD LHODDOWD0DLvQJOXP PDLvQ
VHULRVVLQJXUHOHLQIRUPD LLFXFDUDFWHUQHDúWHSWDWHUDXFHOHPHWHRVXUSUL]H
QHYHQLQGQLFLP FDUGLQSDUWHDSUHVHLVSRUWLYHúLDVSRUWXOXLUHJHIRWEDOXO
'HúLPRUDODúLHWLFDHUDX LQXWHGHDFHVWWLSGHSUHV ODPDUHFLQVWHHDvQV úL
SULQPXO LGLQWUHUHSUH]HQWDQ LLFHLPDLGHVHDP HUDGHRI UQLFLHI U HJDO
7RWXúLSUHVDvQFRPXQLVPDH[LVWDWúLUHIHULWRUOD DUDQRDVWU XQLLGLQWUHFHL
PDL FXQRVFX L GLQWUH ]LDULúWLL FRQWHPSRUDQi au ucenicit în cadrul ei. La
vQWUHEDUHDFXPDIRVWSRVLELODFHVWIDSWVLQJXUXOU VSXQVSODX]LELOHVWHSULPXO
GLQWUHDGHY UXULOHFXFDUDFWHUD[LRPDWLFHQXQ DWGH3DXO:DW]ODZLW]DQXPH
F QXH[LVW QRQFRPXQLFDUH&RQWUROXOWRWDODVXSUDVWUXFWXULORURUJDQL]DWRULFH
DOH SUHVHL IXQF LXQLORU HL HFRQRPLFH GHVI úXU ULL vQ WHULWRULX DVXSUD
FRPSRQHQ HL UHGDF LLORU SH ED]  GH GRVDU úL vQ FHOH GLQ XUP  DVXSUD
LQIRUPD LHL D GHYHQLW DWULEX LD DSDUDWXOXL GH SURSDJDQG  3URSDJDQGHL FD
LQVWLWX LHFRPXQLVW LVHVXERUGRQDXWRDWHPLMORDFHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV 
vQY PkQWXO FXOWXUD úDPG FHOH FX ÄGHVFKLGHUH´ VSUH XQLYHUVDOLWDWH
VSLULWXDO  VDX JHRJUDILF  ILLQG VWULFW FRQWURODWH SkQ  OD DWURILHUHD IXQF LLORU
PDLLPSRUWDQWHSHFDUHOHDYHD3UHVDGLULMLVW DYHDSUHFRQFHSXW SURSULDHL
imagine despre realitate, iar atunci când acestea nu se „potriveau” era cu atât
 
PDL U X SHQWUX UHDOLWDWH 'H DFHHD LQIRUPD LD vQFHWHD]  GH D PDL FRQ LQH
LPDJLQHD DGHY UXOXL FL FRQ LQH LGHL RILFLDOH IXUQL]DWH GUHSW LQIRUPD LL
3ROLWRORJXOIUDQFH]--:DOWHUÄFRQVLGHU F EORFDUHDDFFHVXOXLODLQIRUPD LL
QXH[SULP DWkWRREVHVLHDVSLRQDMXOXLVDXRWHDP ID GHLGHLOHDGYHUVHFkW
SUHRFXSDUHD GH D OLPLWD FLUFXOD LD ©LQIRUPD LHL FD DWDUH FD PDWHULDO
intelectual»; politologul IUDQFH] YRUEHúWH GHVSUH R ©SROL LH D LGHLORUª FDUH
DYHD FD VFRS HOLPLQDUHD GLQ FXQRúWLQ HOH LQGLYL]LORU D UHDOLW LL FRQFUHWH úL
LPSXQHUHDXQHLDOWHUHDOLW L©GRFWULQDU ªWRWDOGLIHULW GHOXPHDGH]LFX]LD
comunismului” (apud Coman, 7HRULL S  $FHDVW  IRUPXO  D ÄSROL LHL
LGHLORU´ QX QL VH SDUH FHD PDL SRWULYLW  DYkQG vQ YHGHUH F  VWDWXO GH WLS
WRWDOLWDULVW SRDWH FRQWUROD SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FHQ]XULL VRILVWLFDWH SkQ  OD
IHQRPHQXO LQGXV DO DXWRFHQ]XULL VFULVXO QX úL LGHLOH )DSWXO F  RDPHQLL
SXWHDXILvQFDUFHUD LGDUQXúLJkQGLUHDORUDúDGDULGHLOHDUHSUH]HQWDWRúDQV 
SHQWUX FLWLWRUXO SUHVHL GLULMLVWH FRQIUXQWDW SH GH R SDUWH FX VWUXFWXULOH
anchilozate ale unui limbaj de lemn, iar pe de alta cu îndeletnicirea cititului
printre rânduri. PriYLQGVWULFWODSUHVDURPkQHDVF GLULMDW SURSDJDQGLVWLFVH
SRDWHVSXQHF GLQFHQXúDDFHVWHLDDXDS UXW]LDULúWLGHSULP FODV FDUHúL
DWXQFL HUDX OD IHO GH ELQH FRWD L QXPHOH QRL GLQ vQ SHLVDMXO FRQWHPSRUDQ
YHQLQGGLQVSUHGRPHQLLFDUHSkQ vQDFHOPRPHQWQXDYXVHVHU WDQJHQ FX
SUHVDVDXGHODJHQHUD LLWLQHUHFDUHELRORJLFQXVHSXWHDXH[SULPD
' 0RGHOXO VHUYLFLXOXL SXEOLF HVWH OD PRG  DVW ]L GHúL SRDWH IL
FRQWHVWDWGLQPXOWHSXQFWHGHYHGHUH$FHVWDHVWHPDLGHJUDE WHRUHWLFGHFkW
SUDJPDWLF 1XPLW úL DO UHVSRQVDELOLW LL VRFLDOH DFHVW PRGHO DúHD]  vQWUR
UHOD LH LQWHUDFWLY  WUHL LQVWLWX LL VWDWXO VRFLHWDWHD úL SUHVD 6H ED]HD]  SH
SULQFLSLXOF OLEHUWDWHDSUHVHLHVWHRGDWRULHSXEOLF úLSRUQHúWHGHODSUHPLVHOH
WHRUHWLFHDOPRGHOXOXLOLEHUDOGDUúLGHODFRQVLGHUHQWXOF DFHVWDDDEGLFDWGH
OD SULQFLSLLOH VDOH IXQGDPHQWDOH 0RGHOXO VHUYLFLXOXL SXEOLF SRDWH IL
FRQVLGHUDW R WUHDSW  HYROXWLY  D WLSXOXL OLEHUDO FRQFHQWUDW  DVXSUD QRLORU
UDSRUWXUL VWDELOLWH vQ VRFLHWDWH GXS  UHYROX LD WHKQRORJLF  GLQ PDVVPHGLD
UDGLRWHOHYL]LXQHPXOWLPHGLD úL DYkQG SULQWUH GHWHUPLQD LL GH]YROWDUHD
FRQúWLLQ HL&RQIRUPDFHVWXLPRGHOORFXOFHQWUDOvQPDVVmedia îl constituie
GH]EDWHULOH GH SUHV  DVXSUD UROXOXL DFHVWHLD PDL DOHV vQ VHQVXO HOLPLQ ULL
SUDFWLFLORUH[FHVLYHRULHQWDWHFRPHUFLDOFDúLRH[LJHQ SURIHVLRQDO VSRULW 
vQGLUHF LDIDYRUL] ULLWHKQLFLORUGHLQIRUPDUHH[DFW úLFRUHFW DSXEOLFXOXL
3ULQFLSDOXORELHFWLYDODFHVWXLPRGHOvOFRQVWLWXLHLHúLUHDGHVXEWXWHOD
HFRQRPLFXOXLSULQSDUWLFLSDUHDQHLQWHUHVDW DGLVWULEXLWRULORUGHIRQGXUL$FHVW
 
OXFUXSRDWHILUHDOL]DWSULQLQWHUYHQ LDVWDWXOXLVDXDXQRUJUXSXULHFRQRPLFH
LQWHUHVDWH V  VSULMLQH XQHOH LQVWLWX LL PDVVPHGLD GDU I U  D LQWHUYHQL vQ
DFWLYLWDWHD ORU GH SUHV  SULQ SUHVLXQL VSUH D VH LPSXQH SXQFWH GH YHGHUH
SDUWL]DQH 5D LXQLOH XQHL SDUWLFLS UL QHLQWHUHVDWH SRW IL GH RUGLQ SROLWLF
VSULMLQLUHDGHPRFUD LHLVDXGHRUGLQILODQWURSLFVSULMLQLUHDFUHD LHLFXOWXUDOH
GDU GH IDSW DFHVWHD QX VH UHJ VHVF vQWRFPDL vQ UHDOLWDWH FHO SX LQ vQ FH
SULYHúWH DUDQRDVWU 0HFHQDWXOFXOWXUDOVHGRYHGHúWHLQVXILFLHQWúLDUDW F 
VLVWHPXO PDVVPHGLD D vQFHWDW GH D PDL IL XQXO GLQ IDFWRULL LPSRUWDQ L vQ
HYROX LD FXOWXULL FRQWHPSRUDQH 7ULVW GDU DGHY UDW GH]YROWDUHD FXOWXULL H
vQJOREDW  vQ IHQRPHQXO FLYLOL]D LHL FD XQ VXEDQVDPEOX FDUH vQVHDPQ 
SUHSRQGHUHQWFXOWXU GHWLSWHKQLFLVW([LVWHQ DSHGHDOW SDUWHDXQRUSRVWXUL
SULYDWHPDVVPHGLDúLDXQRUDVSULMLQLWHGHVWDWQDúWHGLOHPHGHWLSXOIRUPXOHL
IXQF LRQDOH 3RVWXULOH SULYDWH VXQW SRVWXUL FRPHUFLDOH FHOH GH VWDW VXQW
ILQDQ DWHDYkQGEXJHWHGDULQWU úLSHWHULWRULXOFRQFXUHQ HLSXEOLFLWDUHFDUH
HVWH úWLXW FRQVWLWXLH DSDQDMXO VWUXFWXULORU PDVVPHGLD SULYDWH (OH VH
GHRVHEHVFDWkWSULQSR]L LDDGPLQLVWUDWLY VWDWDOSULYDWPRGXOGHILQDQ DUH
VXEYHQ LLFkúWLJXULFkWúLSULQDFWLYLWDWHDSURSULHFRQ LQXWJHQHUDOLVWED]DW
SH LQIRUPDUH HGXFDUH úL GLYHUWLVPHQW HOHYDWVSHFLDOL]DW FX DFFHQW SH
GLYHUWLVPHQWXOGHFRQVXPSURILOXODXGLHQ HORUSXEOLFQD LRQDOSXEOLF LQW 
OLPLWDWGLVWLQF LLQXvQWRWGHDXQDúLQLFLLQWHJUDOUHDOL]DWH

0DVVPHGLDúLYLD DSROLWLF 
5ROXO GHWHUPLQDQW DO SROLWLFXOXL vQ DFWXDOD RUJDQL]DUH D VRFLHW LORU
OXPLL FLYLOL]DWH H LQFRQWHVWDELO 3ROLWLFXO HVWH QX GRDU SULQFLSDOXO PRWRU DO
IXQF LXQLL XQHL VRFLHW L FL FKLDU ÄLPDJLQHD´ DFHVWHLD ( GH DMXQV V  VH
DPLQWHDVF ]LFDODF ILHFDUHSRSRUDUHVRDUWDVLVWHPXOSROLWLFúLJXYHUQDUHD
SH FDUH úLR PHULW  SHQWUX D VH F GHD GH DFRUG DVXSUD DFHVWXL DGHY U
3ROLWLFXOXLLVHVXERUGRQHD] ÄSXWHULOH´JXYHUQDPHQWDO MXULGLF OHJLVODWLY 
úLUHSUH]LQW PRGXOvQFDUHDFHVWHDvúLUHJXODUL]HD] GLDOHFWLFIXQF LXQHD
Între sistemul massPHGLD úL SROLWLF H[LVW  QXPHURDVH SXQFWH GH
LQWHUIHUHQ GDWRUDWHvQSULPXOUkQGUROXOXLWRWPDLPDUHMXFDWGHPDVVmedia în
FRPXQLFDUHDVRFLDO úLvQWURP VXU DSUHFLDELO LQWHQ LLORUSROLWLFLHQLORUGHDúL
IDFH FXQRVFXWH GHFL]LLOH úL KRW UkULOH vQ ID  PDUHOXL SXEOLF 2FXSkQGXVH GH
LVWRULFXOSUREOHPHL0LKDL&RPDQ,QWURGXFHUHSSIRORVHúWHWHUPHQL
SUHFXP VSD LXO SXEOLF GXS  JürgeQ +DEHUPDV UHSUH]HQWDQW DO ùFROLL GH OD
)UDQNIXUWúLRSLQLDSXEOLF SHQWUXDGHVHPQDORFXOúLUROXOPDVVPHGLDID GH
 
YLD DSROLWLF Ä6SD LXOSXEOLFFDORFGHIRUPDUHDRSLQLHLúLYRLQ HLSXEOLFHvQ
mod liber” (Ladriere), a evoluat de la DJRUDDQWLF ODVDORDQHOHFDIHQHOHOH
OLWHUDUHFOXEXULOHúLDFDGHPLLOHVHFROXOXLDO;9,,OHDXQGHHUDXFRPHQWDWH
GHFL]LLOH SROLWLFH $ FXSULQV DSRL úL VSD LXO LQVWLWX LLORU GH VWDW FX FDUDFWHU
SXEOLFGDUVDPDQLIHVWDWFHOPDLHILFLHQWFDH[SUHVLHDOLEHUW LLLQGLYLGXDOH
SULQ SUHV  3H R WUHDSW  D HYROX LHL VDOH VSD LXO SXEOLF D FUHDW SUHPLVHOH
DSDUL LHLúLGH]YROW ULLFHOXLODOWFRQFHSWRSLQLDSXEOLF UHVLP LW vQVHFROHOHDO
;9,,OHD úL DO ;9,,,OHD FD LGHRORJLH SURIHVLRQDO  D XQXL JUXS UHVWUkQV GH
LQGLYL]L  R PLQRULWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO   FDUH ILOWUkQG SUREOHPDWLFLOH GLQ YLD D
VRFLDO RIHUHDRVHOHF LHDDFHVWRUDGUHSWLPDJLQLDOHXQHLYRLQ HSRSXODUH
$FHVWH HOLWH VH SODVDX FD PHGLDWRDUH vQWUH SXWHUH úL SRSRU H[SULPkQG
SROLWLFLHQLORU YRLQ D PXO LPLORU GDU H[HUFLWkQG vQ DFHODúL WLPS XQ URO
HGXFDWLYID GHFHLQHLQVWUXL LUHSUH]HQWDQ LLSRSRUXOXL6DUSXWHDVSXQHF 
DFHVW URO GH PHGLHUH vQWUH RSLQLD SXEOLF  úL SXWHUHD SROLWLF  UHYLQH DVW ]L
SUHVHLLDUIDSWXOF VDDMXQVDLFLVHGDWRUHD] vQFHOPDLvQDOWJUDGHYROX LHL
VRFLDOH'LQVHFROXODO;,;OHDLQGXVWULDOL]DUHDúLXUEDQL]DUHDGHWHUPLQ R
DOW FLUFXOD LHDLQIRUPD LHLFDúLO UJLUHDVIHUHLGHDF LXQHDSROLWLFXOXL$OWH
FRQVHFLQ HODIHOGHLPSRUWDQWHGHFXUJWRWGHDLFLPDVHOHDXXQDFFHVWRWPDL
PDUHODGHFL]LDSROLWLF SULQYRWXOXQLYHUVDOÌQFRQVHFLQ SROLWLFLHQLLVXQW
LQWHUHVD LV FRPXQLFHFXHOHFWRUDWXOV OFRQYLQJ DVXSUDJHVWLRQ ULLDFHOHL
S U L GLQ SXWHUHD úL GUHSWXULOH ORU QDWXUDOH FHGDWH LQVWLWX LLORU VWDWXOXL
JXYHUQDWH GH SROLWLF /HJDOL]DUHD XQRU IRUPH GH UH]LVWHQ  PDUúXUL JUHYH
SURWHVWH FD úL FUHúWHUHD QLYHOXOXL GH HGXFD LH JHQHUDO  DX GXV OD XWLOL]DUHD
SUHVHL FD ÄORF´ DO WUDQVPLWHULL PHVDMHORU 3XWHULL úL DO GH]EDWHULORU SROLWLFH
6SD LXO SXEOLF vQFHWHD]  GH D PDL IL DQFRUat în locuri bine determinate
GHYHQLQG PDVVPHGLD &HD PDL FXSULQ] WRDUH GHILQL LH D RSLQLHL SXEOLFH
UH]XPDW GH&RPDQ,QWURGXFHUHSDSDU LQHOXL-XGLWK/D]DUQX/D] U
FXPDSDUHvQFDUWHÄ2SLQLDSXEOLF VHUHIHU ODFRPSRUWDPHQWHOHXQXL
PDUHQXP UGHLQGLYL]LFRPSRUWDPHQWHH[SULPDWHYHUEDOHDVHUHIHU OD
FHYD FXQRVFXW GH WRDW  OXPHD  DFHVW ©FHYDª DUH FDUDFWHULVWLFD GH D IL
LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX WRDW  OXPHD  RSLQLD SXEOLF  LPSOLF  IUHFYHQW FRQúWLLQ D
GLIHUHQ HORUGHDWLWXGLQHID GHDFHst «ceva»; 5. Grupul devine activ în planul
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL DVWIHO vQFkW V úL VSRUHDVF  HILFDFLWDWHD vQ DWLQJHUHD
VFRSXOXL SURSXV  2SLQLD SXEOLF  VH H[SULP  SULQ GLIHULWH FDQDOH GH
FRPXQLFDUHVRFLDO ´
5H]XOWDWXO D IRVW DSDUL LD XQRU VLQWDJPH FDUH VLQWHWL]HD]  QRXO URO DO
SUHVHL YLVaYLV GH YLD D SROLWLF  SUHVD ILLQG SHUFHSXW  PDL vQWkL FD R IRU 
 
DOWHUQDWLY  GHYHQLW  SULQWUR VXEWLO  DOXQHFDUH VHPDQWLF  vQ LQVWDQ 
DGYHUVDWLY 3UHVDQXPDLUHSUH]LQW ORFXOGHGH]EDWHUHVDXGHH[SULPDUHD
RSLQLHL SXEOLFH FkW R LQVWLWX LH GH FULWLF  úL FRQWURO FDUH XUP UHúWH
FRPSRUWDPHQWXO3XWHULLFRQYLQV F DFHVWDHVWHLQFRUHFWVDXLQVXILFLHQWGH
UHVSRQVDELOID GHPDVH$VWIHOHDHVWHQXPLW DSDWUDSXWHUHVDXDYkQGvQ
YHGUHF GH LQHUROXOGHDDGXFHODFXQRúWLQ DRSLQLHLSXEOLFHúLGHDRDS UD
GHWRDWHWLSXULOHGHQHUHJXOLSHWUHFXWHvQVRFLHWDWHFkLQHOHGHSD] DODFHVWHLD
'DUSHQWUXDVHDMXQJHODDFHDVW VLWXD LHDXIRVWQHFHVDULFk LYDIRDUWH
LPSRUWDQ LSDúLvQHYROX LDVRFLHW LSHDQVDPEOX$FHúWLDSULYHVFQHFHVLWDWHD
LQGLYL]LORUGHDILLQIRUPD LDVXSUDH[LVWHQ HLFRWLGLHQHOXFUXFDUHQXSXWHDIL
UHDOL]DW QLFL SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO HGXFD LHL úFRODUH QLFL SULQ FXOWXU  QLFL SULQ
GLVFX LLOHGHFDIHQHDFLSULQPDVVPHGLD $FHDVW IXQF LHGHLQIRUPDUHD
SUHVHLDFUHDWODVIkUúLWXOVHFROXOXLDO;,;OHDúLGLVWLQF LDFDUHQXVHI FHD
SkQ DWXQFLvQWUHFHLFDUHÄWU LDX´GLQVFULVDUWLúWLLFXYkQWXOXLúLMXUQDOLúWLL
$FHDVW  GLVWLQF LH JHQHUDVH FRQIOLFWXO GDF  VH SRDWH VSXQH DVWIHO vQWUH
VFULLWRUL úL ]LDULúWL 6FULLWRULL FXP VXQW QXPL L vQ PRG JHQHUDOL]DW DUWLúWLL
FXYkQWXOXLDYHDXúLDXvQFHQWUXOSUHRFXS ULORUORUQXUHDOLWDWHDFRWLGLDQ FL
IRUPHOH GH UHSUH]HQWDUH DUWLVWLF  D VLPEROXULORU LQFXOFDWH ILORVRILHL
H[LVWHQ LDOHSHFDUHRVXUSULQGHDXvQIRUPXOHPDJLFHLQFDQWDWRULLDOHWH[WXOXL
FD SH XQ PHVDM GH IDFWXU  DUWLVWLF  úL GLUHF LRQDW F WUH HPR LH úL UHIOHF LH
plasat întrXQPHGLXYLUWXDOFKLDUGDF vQPRGFRQVWDQWVHIDFHvQWUHDFHVWDúL
UHDOLWDWHROHJ WXU 6FRSXOVFULLWRULORUHVWHvQ O LPHDVWLOLVWLF VWUDWHJLDXQHL
FRPXQLF ULGHWLSDUWLVWLFFDUHDSHOHD] ODVXEOLPDUHDvQOXPHDO XQWULF (L
VXQW FXOWLYDWRULL H[LVWHQ HL O XQWULFH SH FDUH R DQDWRPL]HD]  GDF  VH SRDWH
VSXQH DVWIHO SHQWUX DL FXQRDúWH IL]LRORJLD 3HQWUX DPX]DPHQW DPLQWLP FD
6WDOLQvLQXPHDSHVFULLWRULÄLQJLQHULLVXIOHWXOXLRPHQHVF´=LDULúWLLvQVFKLPE
WUEXLH V  UHIOHFWH vQ VFULVXO ORU UHDOLWDWHD VFKLPE WRDUH D DGHY UXOXL (L QX
FUHHD]  FL LQIRUPHD]  6WLOXO ORU D GHYHQLW IXQGDPHQWDO GHRVHELW GH FHO DO
OLWHUDWXULLGDUVHSXQHvQWUHEDUHDGDF H[LVW WRWXúLXQVWLOvQWURLQVWLWX LHFDUH
VHVWU GXLHúWHPHUHXV FRERDUHQLYHOXOvQ HOHJHULLÌQRSR]L LHVFULLWRULLYRU
V O vQDO H &X DOWH FXYLQWH vQFHSkQG FX VHFROXO UHVSHFWLY VD FRQWXUDW
GLVWLQF LDQHW GLQWUHFHOHGRX GRPHQLLDOHVFULVXOXLLDUSUHVDvúLGREkQGHúWH
VWDELOLWDWHD LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DW  úL LGHQWLWDWHD SURIHVLRQDO  SULQ IXQF LD GH
LQIRUPDUH SDUWLFLSkQG SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO HL OD FRQVWUXLUHD VSD LXOXL SXEOLF
/XFUXULOHSULYLWHDVWIHOVXQ VLPSOLVWvQUHDOLWDWHSUH]entânduVHFXPXOWPDL
FRPSOH[ 1XPHURúL VSHFLDOLúWL DL FKHVWLXQLL VXQW GH DFRUG F  QXDQ ULOH VH
impun. RezumânduOHYRPDU WDFDSUHVDVXSRUW PHUHXSUHVLXQLGLQSDUWHD
SROLWLFXOXLFDUHvQFHDUF V úLRVXERUGRQH]HXQHRULSHRULFHF L5ROXOGH
LQVWDQ  DO SUHVHL QX H UH]XOWDWXO XQRU DOHJHUL FDUH V L SHUPLW  XQ
FRPSRUWDPHQWGLVFUH LRQDUGDUDVWDQXvQVHDPQ F XQHOHRUJDQHGHSUHV 
 
GHODQRLQXVDXDXWRLQVWLWXLWvQLQVWDQ HGHODFHOHPRUDOHMXULGLFHSROLWLFH
economice) dând verdicte de pe pozL LL GH R LQIOH[LELOLWDWH PRUDO  úL HWLF 
vQFkWVHQDúWHILUHVFvQWUHEDUHDGDF ]LDULúWLLFDUHSURFHGHD] DVWIHODXYUHR
vQGUHSW LUHPDLDOHVF vQYLD DGH]LFX]LXQLLDXGDWHORFYHQWHH[HPSOHGH
FRPSRUWDPHQW DQWLVRFLDO úL LPRUDO 'H DVHPHQHD FUHDUHD XQHL HOLWH
MXUQDOLVWLFHFXPHVWHFHDSROLWLF QXVHOHJLWLPHD] FXYUHRDOHJHUHIXQF LLOH
GHPRFUD LHLILLQGHOXGDWHSULQQHUHVSHFWDUHDOHJLVOD LHLSURSULLÌQSOXVGDF 
YRPDFFHSWDUROXOGHSXWHUHDOSUHVHLDúDFXPHYRUEDúLGHVSUHSXWHUHDXQRU
SDUWLGHVHYDYHGHDF H[HUFLWDUHDSXWHULLGHF WUHPDVVPHGLDGLIHU PXOWGH
formele de manifestare ale puterii politice. În primul rând, presa, ca a patra
SXWHUHHVWHPXOWPDLVROLGDU SRDWHFKLDUH[DJHUDWGHPXOWFRPSDUDWLYFX
UHSUH]HQWDQ LL SDUWLGHORU politice în ansamblu. SDU SXWHD VSXQH F  VH
FRPSRUW  SUHFXP R SXWHUH DIODW  OD JXYHUQDUH 'HRVHELULOH FDUH DSDU vQWUH
SXEOLFD LL  LDU DUD QRDVWU  RIHU  XQ VSHFWDFRO GLQ FHOH PDL LOXVWUDWLYH FX
SULYLUH OD vPS U LUHD HL SH ]RQH SROLWLFH  GHPRQVWUHD]  R HYLGHQW 
VXERUGRQDUH D SUHVHL ID  GH SROLWLF PDQLHU  SULQ FDUH SUHVD FDXW  V úL
UH]ROYHGLILFXOW LOHHFRQRPLFH'DF UROXOSUHVHLHVWHDIODUHDDGHY UXOXLúL
LQIRUPDUHDRSLQLHLSXEOLFHGHVSUHDFHVWDHVLJXUF vQ5RPkQLDDGHY UXODUH
PDLPXOWHIH HGHFât este posibil.
2DOW UHOD LHDSUHVHLFX3XWHUHDHVWHIXQF LDGHSXEOLFUHODWLRQSHFDUHR
MRDF SUHVDSULQVLVWHPXOGHUHOD LLSXEOLFHúLSXEOLFLWDU3XWHUHDVHIRORVHúWH
GHSUHV SHQWUXDODQVDFDPSDQLLGHSUHV RIHU VSUHSXEOLFDUHFRPXQLFDWH
VDXFKLDUSO WHúWHUHFODP (VWHRWHQGLQ DSROLWLFLHQLORUGHDDSHODDOSUHV 
I U DVHIRORVLGH]LDULúWLFDLQWHUPHGLDULÌQDFHVWHFD]XULPHVDMXODSDU LQH
RPXOXLSROLWLFVDXSDUWLGXOXLúLHVWHFRQFHSXWFRQIRUPXQHLVWUDWHJLLGH35
ILLQGXQWH[WH[SOLFLWúLQXPHGLDWvQVHQVXOGHÄWUDGXV´'HDOWIHOSULYLWRUOD
imaginea omului politic în massPHGLDDFHVWDHVWHLQWHUHVDWGHRUHSUH]HQWDUH
WUDQVSDUHQW DDFWHORUVDOHILLQGF HOvQVXúLDSHOHD] ODXQPHGLXWUDQVSDUHQW
úLFKLDUV GH LQ FDSDFLWDWHGHXEicuitate, în sensul de fi prezent pe cât mai
PXOWHFDQDOHGHSUHV SHQWUXDDWLQJHVHJPHQWHWRWPDLPDULGHSXEOLFSHQWUX
D IDFH YL]LELO  SROLWLFD GH SDUWLG VDXDFWHOHGHJXYHUQDUH$VWIHOVHH[SOLF 
SUHRFXSDUHDFRQVWDQW DRDPHQLORUSROLWLFLGHDDVLJXUDYL]LELOLWDWHDDF LXQLORU
VDXGHFODUD LLORUI FXWHúLvQDFHHDúLPDQLHU SUHVLXQHDSHFDUHELURXULOHGH
SUHV RH[HUFLW DVXSUDMXUQDOLúWLORURGDW FXLQIOD LDGHSURGXVHFXILQDOLWDWH
FRPXQLFD LRQDO  DQXQ XUL FRQIHULQ H GH SUHV  GRVDUH EURúXUL SXEOLFD LL
VSHFLILFHVLWHXULSH,QWHUQHWVFULVRULSHUVRQDOL]DWHLQIRUPD LLVXSOLPHQWDUH
VHUHJ VHVFvQFDSLWROXOGHVSUHPDVVPHGLDúLUHOD LLOHSXEOLFH



 
 8QUROKRW UkWRUvODUHFDULVPDSHUVRQDO FDUHÄvQIORUHúWH´vQSHULRDGHOH
HOHFWRUDOHGHYHQLQGHIHUYHVFHQW UHJL]DW VWXGLDW vQPLFLGHWDOLL
0RGHODUHDOLPEDMXOXLSROLWLFFRQVLGHU 0LKDL&RPDQ WUHEXLHSXV 
SHVHDPDPDVVPHGLDFDUHLDREOLJDWSHSROLWLFLHQLV UHFXUJ ODPHVDMXOGH
WLSPHGLDWLFDGLF VFXUWFXIUD]HVLPSOLILFDWHIRDUWHSX LQUHWRUL]DWFXPQX
VHRELúQXLDvQGHFHQLLOHWUHFXWHOLSVLWGHVROHPQLWDWHDSURSLDWGHOLPEDMXO
SRSXODU vQ GHIDYRDUHD MDUJRQXOXL SROLWLF VH G  FD H[HPSOX IDSWXO F  XQ
SROLWLFLDQ IUDQFH] D vQORFXLW R SUHWHQ LRDV  H[SOLFD LH GHVSUH QLYHOXO GH WUDL
SULQWURH[SUHVLHSODVWLF úLSULQDFHDVWDPHPRUDELO /LPEDMXORDPHQLORU
SROLWLFLVHDSURSLHPDLQRXGHVSRQWDQHLWDWHDRUDOLW LLGDUQXFRQVLGHU PF 
DFHVW OXFUX D IRVW LQIOXHQ DW GH PDVVPHGLD FL GHWHUPLQDW GH VFKLPE ULOH
VRFLDOH JHQHUDOL]DWH 0RGXO GH H[LVWHQ  VD VFKLPEDW GH OD PX]LF  úL
VSHFWDFROGHODDUW úLVSRUWXULGHODPRGXOGHDFRPXQLFDvQFkWDUILIRVW
GHVLJXU DQDFURQLF FD RDPHQLL SROLWLFL V  U PkQ  IL[D L vQUHOD LLOHULJLGHúL
FRQVHUYDWRUWUDGL LRQDOLVWH GLQ YLD D SDUODPHQWDU  ILLQGF  DU Uisca întrR
DQXPH P VXU  V  YRUEHDVF  XQXL SXEOLF FDUH QX LDU vQ HOHJH PDL DOHV
JHQHUD LLOH WLQHUH $FHDVW  ÄDGHFYDUH´ OD UHDOLWDWH SULYHúWH vQ vQWUHJLPH YLD D
QRDVW  VRFLDO  úL QX HVWH R GHWHUPLQDW  D PDVVmedia, canalul în schimb
favorizând o apropiereGHQRLOHPHQWDOLW LFDUHDOWIHODUILvQJUHXLDWPHVDMXO
7U LP vQWUR OXPH GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ H úL vQ FRQWLQX  VFKLPEDUH vQ FDUH WRDWH
LQVWLWX LLOHVHDS U úLVHVWU GXLHVFV SULQG VHQVXOVFKLPE ULLSHQWUXDU PkQH
vQFRPSHWL LH7RWXúLDFHDVWDVHDQXQ DWkWGHDFHUE úLFXPRGLILF ULDúDGH
HVHQ LDOHvQFkWH[LVW SULQWUHXQLLGLQWUHVSHFLDOLúWLRSLQLDF SROLWLFXODUSXWHDIL
GHWURQDWGHXQDOWVLVWHPGHRUJDQL]DUHGDWRUDWLQL LDWLYHLFRPHUFLDOHúLQRLORU
PHGLDFDUHSHUPLWSHED]DXQRUUHJOHPHQW ULIHUPHVFRDWHUHDGLQFRPSHWL LHD
UROXOXLGHHFKLOLEUXSHFDUHvOMRDF DFWXDOPHQWHSROLWLFXOvQVRFLHWDWH

&RQWUROXOMXULGLFDOPDVVPHGLD
'HRDUHFHSULQFLSDODPLVLXQHDSUHVHLHVWHIXUQL]DUHDLQIRUPD LLORUGH
LQWHUHVJHQHUDOGHVSUHOXPHDvQFDUHWU LPVHLPSXQHGHODVLQHFDUDFWHUXO
RELHFWLYDODFHVWRUUHODW ULDVXSUDOXPLLFRQFUHWH'HúLUHDOLWDWHDQXSUHVXSXQH
DILXQXOúLDFHODúLOXFUXFXDGHY UXOUHDOLWDWHDILLQGXQHOHPHQWSURFHVXDOVH
SRDWHDGPLWHHFKLYDOHQ DFHORUGRLWHUPHQLvQIRUPXODUHDGHVWXOGHU VSkQGLW 
F  SUHVD DUH GUHSW RELHFWLY úL UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH SUH]HQWDUHD vQ ID D RSLQLHL
SXEOLFHDDGHY UXOXLGHVSUHVXELHFWXOSHFDUHvLGH]EDWH

0LKDL&RPDQRSFLWS

 
 'DUF LOHDGHY UXOXLQXVXQWQLFLSHGHSDUWHDWkWGHGUHSWHFXPúLOH
vQFKLSXLHWRDW OXPHDÄ&ODUFDOXPLQ DGHY UXOXL´HXQSRQFLIYDODELOvQID D
QHW J GXLWHORU HYHQLPHQWH QX vQV  úL vQ ]RQD GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D ORU $VWIHO
GDF HOLPSHGHFDOXPLQDDGHY UXOXLF ]LDULVWXOQXHGLVSXVV PLQW   în
SULYLQ DFHORUPDLPXOWHGLQWUHDFWLYLW LOHVDOHSHQWUXF DVWIHOúLDUGLVWUXJH
FUHGLWXOSURIHVLRQDOOXFUXULOHVWDXFXWRWXODOWIHODWXQFLFkQGUHDOLWDWHDVXSXV 
FRPHQWDULLORUHVWHÄSVLKLF ´(YRUEDGHDFHOHFKHVWLXQLvQFDUHQXVHGH]EDWH
SURSULX]LV DGHY UXO FL SRUQLQGXVH GH OD VLWXD LL FRQVLGHUDWH YHULWDELOH
DFHVWHDVXQWMXVWLILFDWHVDXLQWHUSUHWDWHvQPRGS UWLQLWRUVXELHFWLYGLQPRWLYH
LQGHSHQGHQWH GH FHO vQ FDX]  'LVFX LD VHSRDUW vQGRLWHUPHQLSULPXOVH
UHIHU  OD GRULQ D FHORU PDL PXOWRU MXUQDOLúWL GH D UHVSHFWD GHRQWRORJLD
SURIHVLHL$FHúWLDQXLQWHQ LRQHD] V GHIRUPH]HUHDOLWDWHDvQV ULVF V LQWUH
întrXQ FRQIOLFW GH RSLQLL JHQHUDW GH GLYHUVLWDWHD SXQFWHORU GH YHGHUH
H[SULPDWHGHODRSHUVRDQ ODDOWDFDUHVHSRDWHVIkUúLSULQDUELWUDMXOMXVWL LHL
$OGRLOHDDVSHFWQXSRUQHúWHQLFLHOGHODLQWHQ LDGHDHOXGDSULQPLQFLXQ 
DGHY UXOFLVHUHIHU ODVLWXD LLDIODWHODVDXGLQFRORGHOLPLWDLPSXV GHOHJLOH
PRUDOHDOHVRFLHW LLVFKLPE WRDUHvQWLPSúLDFHVWHD)DSWHOHLQWU DLFLVXE
LQFLGHQ D LQWHUSUHW ULORU (OH DU WUHEXLPDLGHJUDE vQ HOHVHFDUHJOHPHQW UL
vQWUH GRPHQLL PHUHX VFKLPE WRDUH 1X VXQW OXDWH vQ GLVFX LH SHQWUX FHOH
DILUPDWHvQDLQWHH[FOXVLYSXEOLFD LLOHFDUHWU LHVFGLQIXUQL]DUHDLQIRUPD LLORU
VFDQGDORDVHDúDQXPLWXO\HORZMRXUQDOLVPúLQLFLXOWLPDPRG GHSHUH HOHOH
Internet, integrabile în ceea ce sDU QXPL ÄOXPLQD IDOV  úL ILF LRQDOL]DUHD´
'HúLÄSDOSDELO ´]RQDGHVWLPXODUHDLQWHUHVXOXLFRQVXPDWRUXOXLVHLYHúWHGLQ
FOLPDWXO YLH LL VRFLDOH úL SROLWLFH H[FHVLY GH SRODUL]DW FD úL GLQ LQGLIHUHQ D
DXWRULW LORUID GHFD]XULOHGHFRUXS LHLQYHVWLJDWHúLGH]Y OXLWHGHSUHV 
&HOH PDL VHQVLELOH DVSHFWH DOH HWLFLL VDX GHRQWRORJLHL MXUQDOLVWLFH
VLWXDWHODJUDQL HOHGLQWUHOHJDOLWDWHúLGHS úLUHDHLVHRSUHVFODYLD DSULYDW 
XQXOGLQWUHGRPHQLLOHFRQVLGHUDWHÄWLQHUH´DOHOHJLVOD LHLLQWUDW vQFRQIOLFWFX
GUHSWXOIXQGDPHQWDODORPXOXLÄGHDILO VDWvQSDFH´
3ULQFLSLLOHOHJLVOD LHLYLH LLSULYDWHVau generalizat în ultimii cincizeci
GHDQLSHP VXU FHOLPLW ULOHSHQDOHDOHSUHVHLFHQ]XUDGHOLFWXOGHRSLQLH
SULYDUHDGUHSWXOXLGHVHPQ WXU LQWHUGLF LLGHQDWXU LGHRORJLF DXFXQRVFXW
R UHGXFHUH D IRU HL OHJLVODWLYH 6H IDFH DVWIHO GLVWLQF LD vQWUH RILFLDOLWDWH úL
LQGLYLG 2ILFLDOLWDWHD DUH WHQGLQ D GH D OLPLWD FRQWUROXO DFWLYLW LORU GH
LQIRUPDUHúLGH]Y OXLULOHDVXSUDXQRUDGLQWUHDFWLYLW LOHDWLWXGLQLOHUHDF LLOHHL
în massPHGLD(DWUHEXLHSULYLW FDRQR LXQHDEVWUDFW LQVWLWX LHED]DW SH

 
UHJXOLGHIXQF LXQHúLQXSHRDPHQLÌQVFKLPEUHOD LLOHLQGLYLGXDOHFXSUHVD
ILLQGLQWHUSHUVRQDOHVXQWGHGRPHQLXFLYLO
3 ULQ LLOHJLVOD LHLSULYDWHVXQWGRLMXULúWLDPHULFDQL6DPXHO':DUHQ
úL/RXLV'%UDQGHLV. Ei au publicat în „Harward Law Rewiew” un articol în
FDUH VXV LQHDX QHFHVLWDWHD DSDUL LHL XQXL QRX GUHSW FDUH V  IDYRUL]H]H
SURWHMDUHDXQLYHUVXOXLLQWLPDOIDPLOLHLDWkWSHFDOHDMXULVSUXGHQ HLFkWúLD
OHJLORUSURSULXzise. Domeniul va fi restructurat coerent în 1960 de :LOOLDP
/3RVVHUDSXG0LUXQD5XQFDQ6WUDQLXOFRQVHQVDOW FHULL, în 0DQXDOGH
MXUQDOLVPWHKQLFLIXQGDPHQWDOHGHUHGDFWDUH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
,QGHSHQGHQWHVDXFRPELQDWHvQWUHHOHYLRO ULOHGUHSWXOXLODYLD SRWIL
clasificate în patru domenii:
D LQWUX]LXQHD E GH]Y OXLUHD GH IDSWH MHQDQWH F SXQHUHD vQWUR
OXPLQ IDOV GSXEOLFDUHDQXPHOXLúLLPDJLQLLI U DFRUGXOSHUVRDQHL
$SDUL LD DFHVWRU VLWXD LL HVWH OHJDW  vQ PDMRULWDWHD FRYkUúLWRDUH D
FD]XULORUGHSURWDJRQLúWLGLQGRPHQLLDOHYLH LLSROLWLFHDUWLVWLFHVSRUWLYHVDX
OXPLLLQWHUORSH6HREVHUY DúDGDUF DFHVWHSHUVRDQHUHSUH]LQW GLQSXQFWXO
GHYHGHUHDOPDVVPHGLDVXELHFWHSRWHQ LDOHILLQGF DVXSUDORUSUHVDGHWRDWH
WLSXULOH DUXQF  XQ SHUPDQHQW IDVFLFXO GH LQIRUPD LL FUHkQG DGHY UDWH
RUL]RQWXUL GH DúWHSWDUH Q VFkQG LQIRUPD LD FX XQ JUDG IRDUWH ULGLFDW GH
HQWURSLH 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY GDU PDL DOHV SULYLWRU OD YLD D SROLWLF  VH SRDWH
DGPLWH REVHUYD LD F  DFHVWH SHUVRDQH WUHEXLH V  DFFHSWH R RDUHFDUH
WUDQVSDUHQ DXQLYHUVXOXLLQWLPVSUHDGHMXFDSRVLELOHOHLPSUHVLLF vQÄYLD D
SHUVRQDO ´ VDX vQ DFWLYLWDWHD ORU H[LVW  FHYD QHFODU $FHVWH SHUVRDQH DX
UHQXQ DW VH SRDWH VSXQH OD YLD D SULYDW  ÌQYHVWLW FX vQFUHGHUH GH F WUH
FHW HDQFHLFHVHUHJ VHVFvQFDWHJRULDUHVWUkQV GHSROLWLFLHQLvúLRIHU FDXQ
capital de încredere, imaginea lor.
,QWUX]LXQHDvQYLD DSULYDW FXSULQGHXQQXP UPDUHGHIDSWHDYkQGFD
SXQFW FRPXQ VSD LXO SULYDW ORFXLQ D SURSULHWDWHD LQWHULRUXO XQHL LQVWLWX LL
SULYDWHDF LXQLOHúLUHOD LLOHLQWLPHGHIDPLOLHSULHWHQLYLD DPRURDV FDúL
GRFXPHQWHOH DIODWH vQ SRVHVLD SHUVRDQHL úL FDUH R SULYHVF QXPDL SH HD
,QWUX]LXQHDSUHVXSXQHÄYLRODUHDGHGRPLFLOLX´ODRULFHWLSGHS WUXQGHUHúL
SURFXUDUHGHLQIRUPD LLGLQXQLYHUVXOSHUVRQDOI U DFRUGXOSHUVRDQHLVDXDO
XQXLRUJDQLVPDELOLWDWSURFXUDWXUDFDUHPDQGDWHD] MXVWL LDúLSROL LD
ùL XQHOH GDWH SULYLQG V Q WDWHD SHUVRDQHL VH UHIHU  WRW OD vQF OFDUHD
GUHSWXOXL OD LQWLPLWDWH SULQ IDSWXO F  vQWUH PHGLF úL SDFLHQW VH VWDELOHúWH XQ
UDSRUWGHFRQILGHQ LDOLWDWHFRQVLGHUDWGRPHQLXSULYDW

 
 'H]Y OXLUHDGHIDSWHMHQDQWHVHSRDWHSURGXFHúLDúDzicând retroactiv,
vQVHQVXOF SUHVDDSHOHD] XQHRULODSDVDMHGHH[LVWHQ SULYDW GHUXODWHFX
PXOWWLPSvQDLQWHGDUQHFXQRVFXWHRSLQLHLSXEOLFH&KLDUGDF UHIHULULOHVHIDF
OD SHUVRDQHOH SXEOLFH VDX OD SHUVRQDOLW LOH GLQ OXPHD VSRUWXOXL PX]LFLL
ILOPXOXL HWF HVWH GLVFXWDELO GDF  VH SRDWH LQYRFD úL WUHFXWXO DFHVWRUD
$S U WRULLFDX]HLVSXQF SHQWUXDFHOHIDSWHSHUVRDQHOHUHVSHFWLYHDXÄSO WLW´
GHPXOWúLGHILQLWLYvQFkWQXHVWHHWLFFDV VHUHYLQ DVXSUDORU1XH[LVW 
GXS  RSLQLD QRDVWU  QLFL R MXVWLILFDUH SHQWUX DVHPHQHD SURFHGXUL FDUH DU
trebui reglementate eventual doar pentru un spectru extrem de îngust din
SRSXOD LH UHGXV OD DFHL LQGLYL]L FDUH GRUHVF V  DFFHDG  vQ vQYHVWLWXUL vQ
YLUWXWHD F URUD HVWH QHFHVDU  R FRQGXLW  LUHSURúDELO  SH SDrcursul întregii
H[LVWHQ H 'DU úL DFHDVW  LGHH HVWH DPHQGDELO  SHQWUX F  PHQWDOLW LOH GLQ
societate schimbânduVH IRDUWH GHV SRW GHWHUPLQD FDGXFLWDWHD XQRUD GLQWUH
FHOHPDLLQIOH[LELOHUHJXOLHWLFHúLPRUDOH'DF vQXUP FXSDWUXGHFHQLLR
GH]Y OXLUHGHVSUHYLD DSULYDW DXQXLFDQGLGDWODSUHúHGLQ LD68$DWU JHD
GXS VLQHLHúLUHDVDGLQFXUV ILHSULQDEDQGRQILHSULQUHWUDJHUHDVSULMLQXOXL
SDUWLGXOXLUHVSHFWLYUHODWLYUHFHQWXOVFDQGDO%LO&OLQWRQ0RQLFD/HZLQVNLD
DU WDWFkWGHPDULVXQWGHRVHELULOHGHPHQWDOLWDWHODRGLIHUHQ GHQXPDLGRX 
JHQHUD LL ( DGHY UDW vQV  F  GHRFDPGDW  SHQWUX RDPHQLL SROLWLFL VROX LD
LHúLULLGLQWUXQDVWIHOGHLPSDVRUHSUH]LQW ÄWXUQDUHDFHQXúLLvQFDS´vQWLPS
FH SHQWUX DOWH GRPHQLL DOH YLH LL SULYDWH DFHODúL WLS GH LQIRUPD LH D DGXV
SHUVRDQHLGHFHOHPDLPXOWHRULXQSOXVGHFHOHEULWDWH'HDLFLVHSRDWHWUDJH
FRQFOX]LDF PHVDMXOHVWHFRQGL LRQDWGHPHGLXOF UXLDLVHDGUHVHD] úLGH
RELFHLU VSXQVXOVROX LDHVWHFXSULQVGHMDvQRUL]RQWXOGHDúWHSWDUHDOPDVHLGH
RDPHQLFDUHUHSUH]LQW DFHOVHJPHQWDORSLQLHLSXEOLFH
&kWSULYHúWHLQIRUPD LLOHÄOD]L´GHVSUHRSHUVRQDOLWDWHHOHPHQWHOHGH
YLD  SHUVRQDO  WUHEXLH V  U PkQ  SURSULHWDWHD SHUVRDQHL vPSULFLQDWH FkW 
YUHPHHOHQXFRQWUDYLQFDGHOLFWHOHJLORU ULLÌQDVWIHOGHVLWXD LLMXUQDOLVWXO
VDXRUJDQXOGHSUHV SHFDUHDFHVWDvOUHSUH]LQW VHMXVWLILF SULQGHPRQVWUDUHD
RSRUWXQLW LLúLLQWHUHVXOXLSXEOLFDOUHODW ULL&KHVWLXQHDHVWHGLVFXWDELO PDL
DOHV DWXQFL FkQG LQIRUPD LLOH DX IRVW RE LQXWH SH F L QHOHJDOH VDX GRDU
LOHJLWLPH GLQ FDX]  FD VH LQWHUVHFWHD]  GRX  SODQXUL GLIHULWH LQWUX]LXQHD úL
SUH]HQWDUHDIDSWHORUMHQDQWH,QWUX]LXQHDVHUHIHU ODPLMORDFHOHSULQFDUHVD
RE LQXW R LQIRUPD LH vQ WLPS FH IDSWHOH MHQDQWH VH UHIHU  OD FRQ LQXWXO
LQIRUPD LHL
'H]Y OXLUHDGHIDSWHMHQDQWH DWUDJHGXS VLQHREOLJD LDFDMXUQDOLVWXO
V SUREH]HH[LVWHQ DXQXLLQWHUHVSXEOLF
 
 1XPHOHúLLPDJLQHDGHOLQFYHQWXOXLPLQRUVXQWGHRELFHLSURWHMDWHSH
FRQVLGHUHQWXOHWLFF PLQRUXOWUHEXLHV VHvQGUHSWHLDUúDQVHOHVDOHGHDIL
HGXFDELOVXQWPDLPDULGHFkWDOHDGXOWXOXL$WkWHWLFDSURIHVLHLFkWúLOHJHDvO
REOLJ SH]LDULVWODXQFRPSRUWDPHQWGLVFUHW
9LFWLPHOHXQRUFDWDVWURIHVDXSHUVRDQHOHVXSXVHPDOWUDW ULORUPDLFX
VHDP VLWXD LLOHGHYLROVXVFLW XQPDUHLQWHUHVSHQWUXSUHV LDUSUH]HQWDUHD
SXEOLFXOXLODUJGHF WUHPDVVPHGLDDILJXULORUYLFWLPHORUDJUHVLXQLLGHYLRO
VDXDWUXSXULORUPXWLODWHYLFWLPHOHXQRUDFFLGHQWHORUGHFLUFXOD LHIHURYLDUH
DXWRVDXDYLDWLFH–UHSUH]LQW RvQF OFDUHDSULQFLSLLORU deontologice. În cazul
DFHVWDLQIRUPD LDGHYLQHRVXIHULQ vQSOXVODFkWHDXVXSRUWDWGHMDYLFWLPHOH
VDXUXGHOHORU8QLLVSHFLDOLúWLVHDUDW QHSXWLQFLRúLvQDGDXQYHUGLFWvQDVWIHO
GHFD]XULGHRDUHFHOHJLVOD LDVHDUDW PDLSHUPLVLY RULLQWHUSUHWDELO 
/XPLQD IDOV  úL ILF LRQDUHD UHSUH]LQW  LQWHUSUHWDUHD LQFRUHFW  D XQRU
IDSWHUHDOHSULQLQGXFHUHDvQDFHODúLVXELHFWDXQRULQIRUPD LLLPDJLQDWH6H
RE LQHXQFRQWH[WUH]XOWDWGLQvQO Q XLUHDGLQWUHFUHGLELOúLLPDJLQDUDF UXL
reprezentare este în aSDUHQ  ORJLF  1RXO DGHY U QXPDL vQ SDUWH ED]DW SH
UHDOLWDWH HVWH PHQLW V  SURYRDFH GDXQH RQRDUHL úL UHVSHFWDELOLW LL XQRU
SHUVRDQH $VWIHO GH HúDIRGDMH VH ED]HD]  GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL SH XQ
SULYLOHJLXDOSUHVHLDFHODGHDQXúLGH]Y OXLVXUVDH[SOLFDELOSHQWUXVLWXD LL
DGHY UDWHGDULQYRFDWFDXQIHOGHSDUDYDQSHQWUXREVWDFXODUHDGLUHF LRQ ULL
GLVFX LHLF WUHHOHPHQWHOHSUREDQWHÄ2FROLUHD´EDULHUHORUOHJLLGHYLQHYL]LELO 
FkQG MXUQDOLúWLL XWLOL]HD]  H[SUHVLL SUHFXP ÄVH SDUH´ ÄDP SXWHD
FRQFOX]LRQD´ÄVH ]LFH´ ÄVH DXGH´ ÄH SRVLELO´ )UHFYHQ D XWLOL] ULL ORU vQ
DVHPHQHDVLWXD LLUHSUH]LQW XQLQGLFLXF QHDIO PvQID DLQWHQ LHLGHDSXQH
vQIDOV OXPLQ XQHYHQLPHQWVDXRSHUVRDQ ([SUHVLLvQDLQWHDPLQWLWHGDUúL
DOWHOHVLPLODUHOLPLWHD] GUDVWLFúDQVHOHXQXLSURFHV
&HOHPDLJUDYHDFX]D LLGHSXQHUHvQWUROXPLQ IDOV DSDUvQV DWXQFL
FkQGSULQGH]DFRUGXOI LúGLQWUHWLWOXúLFRQ LQXWXODUWLFROXOXLRULSULQvQV úL
VXEVWDQ DUHODW ULLVHRE LQHFXVDXI U YRLHXQQHDGHY U$FHDVW SUDFWLF VH
QXPHúWH ILF LRQDOL]DUH úL VH PDQLIHVW  SULQ WLWOXULERPE  DFRSHULQG UHODW UL
DPELJXH VDX GHD GUHSWXO GLVWRUVLRQDWH DVXSUD YLH LL SHUVRQDOH úL DIDFHULORU
XQRURDPHQL
&kWSULYHúWHVLWXD LDGLQ DUDQRDVWU QHUDOLHPRSLQLHL0LUXQHL5XQFDQ
„ZvonuOFRQILGHQ LDOLWDWHDQHYHULILFDELO YkQGXW FDLQIRUPD LHVLJXU WURFXO
LQIRUPD LRQDO UHODW ULOH úL LPDJLQLOH GLQ VSD LXO LQWLP RE LQXWH úL SXEOLFDWH
I U DFRUGXOSHUVRDQHLDIODWHvQRELHFWLYLQWHUYLXULOHúLLPDJLQLOHGHVFKLVHFX
YLFWLPHVDXFXGHOLQFYHQ LPLQRULWUDWDUHDVXVSHF LORUvQID]DGHDQFKHW GUHSW
 
FULPLQDOL MXGHFD L úL FRQGDPQD L VXQW vQ FRQWLQXDUH PRQHG  FXUHQW  vQ
5RPkQLD´ 1X SXWHP IL vQV  GH DFRUG FX YLFWLPL]DUHD FROHFWLY  SH FDUH
0LUXQD 5XQFDQ R IRUPXOHD]  vQWUR DOHDV  úL FDP DYkQWDW  UHWRULF IUD] 
Ä/XFUXOFXDGHY UDWJUDYHVWHvQV DFHODF vQWXPXOWXODPH LWRUúLIHUWLOFUHDW
GHQRXDMXF ULHFROHFWLY DXQHLSUHVHOLEHUHSXEOLFXOIRUPDWGLQFHW HQLFX
JUDGHGLYHUVHGHFXOWXU QXDFRQúWLHQWL]DWvQF IDSWXOF LQWLPLWDWHDHVWHXQXO
GLQGUHSWXULOHHVHQ LDOHDOHILLQ HLXPDQH)LHFDUHGLQWUHQRLIDYRUL] PúLFD
VXELHF L SRWHQ LDOL úL FD EHQHILFLDUL  FRQVXPDWRUL GH LQIRUPD LH  R DQXPH
SURPLVFXLWDWHDPHGLXOXLLQIRUPD LRQDOILHGLQLJQRUDQ ILHGLQGH]LQWHUHV
ILHFKLDUGLQYDQLWDWHGHPRPHQW´&RQYLQúLF vQDFHDVW LPDJLQHGHPQ GH
FXWLD 3DQGRUHL DFFHQWXO WUHEXLH SXV SH SURWDJRQLúWL úL QX SH FROHFWLYLWDWH
LPS UW úLPvQWRWDOLWDWHWXOEXU WRDUHDREVHUYD LHGkPERYL HDQ FDúLFXPDP
ILVSXVKDPOHWLDQ Ä/DXUPDXUPHORUVRFLHWDWHDGHDVW ]LDUHSUHVDSHFDUH
úLD FRQVWUXLWR úL FDUH R RJOLQGHúWH DSURDSH ILGHO´ $OWIHO VSXV PDL GLUHFW
DYHPSUHVDSHFDUHRPHULW P'DUvQQLFLXQFD]FHLFDUHGDXOHF LLRSLQLHL
SXEOLFHDGLF XQLLGLQWUHMXUQDOLúWLLFRQVLGHUD LDILÄPDQGDULQLi” acesteia, nu
VHSRWVLWXDGHDVXSUDUHDOLW LORUÄREVHUYDWH´GHHLXQHRULFXILQHVWUkPE WXUL
GHQDVILLQGF DFHúWLDVXQWGLQS FDWHSULQFLSDOLDFWRUL

1RWH
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLFRRUGRQDWRU&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQG9H]LúL0
&RPDQRSFLWS
ÌQF GLQSURSDJDQGDGHYHQLVHXQUHGXWDELOLQVWUXPHQWGHPDQLSXODUHD
PDVHORU-DTXHV(OOXO/HV3URSDJDQGHVFRQVLGHU F úLvQ]LOHOHQRDVWUHXQHOH
PHGLLUDGLRXOWHOHYL]LXQHDúLPDLDOHVSXEOLFLWDWHDSRWILSXVHvQVHUYLFLXOXQRUIRUPH
GHÄYLROSVLKLF´DVXSUDLQGLYL]LORUFHHDFHQXHIRDUWHGHSDUWHGHDF LXQHDSUHVHLGLQ
VLVWHPXOFRPXQLVW
 &kW SULYHúWH QR LXQHD GH RSLQLH SXEOLF  YH]L úL $XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD
6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5RPkQLD de Mâine,
%XFXUHúWLSSVDX6XOWDQD&UDLD7HRULDFRPXQL ULL(GLWXUD)XQGD LHL
5RPkQLDGH0kLQH%XFXUHúWLSS
Ä3URFHVXOvQFHSHvQF GLQVHFROXODO;9,,OHDVXESDQDDQXPLWRUVFULLWRULFD
/D )RQWDLQH FDUH FRQVLGHU  F  ©RULFH I F WRU GH ]LDUH SO WHúWH WULEXW 9LFOHDQXOXLª
/HWWUH 6LPRQ GH 7UR\HV (O VH LQWHQVLILF  vQ VHFROXO ;,; FkQG PHUFDQWLOLVPXO
SDWURQLORU SUHVHL HVWH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL GHQXQ DW FD úL LUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD ]LDULúWLORU
pentru care, ascultânduO SH +RQRUp GH %DO]DF ©WRW FHHD FH HVWH SUREDELO HVWH úL
DGHY UDWª 0RQRJUDSKLH GH OD SUHVVH SDULVLHQQH, 1843).”, în Guy Lochard, Henri
%R\HU &RPXQLFDUHD PHGLDWLF  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO (XURSHDQ ,DúL  S  /D
 
DFHODúL WLS GH DWLWXGLQH VDU PDL SXWHD DG XJD úL FXQRVFXWD DYHUVLXQH D OXL &KDUOHV
%DXGHODLUHID GH]LDULVWXO(PLOHGH*LUDUGLQWUDQVSXV vQQXPHURDVHDUWLFROHúLFKLDU
„panseuri”.
&kQGMXUQDOLVWXOIXUQL]HD] FXEXQ úWLLQ DVDXGLQFUDV LQFRPSHWHQ GDWH
IDOVHHVWHYRUEDGHFDORPQLH/DDFX]D LDDGXV GHUHFODPDQWF ]LDULVWXODIXUQL]DW
GDWHIDOVHVHSRDWHDS UDDGXFkQGSUREHDOHDGHY UXOXLV X
/RXLV'%UDQGHLVFRQVLGHUDWXQXOGLQWUHS ULQ LLYLH LLSULYDWHDPHULFDQHD
folosit expresia întrXQFD]FDUHLQWUDVXELQFLGHQ DOHJLORUSURKLEL LHL%UDQGHLVVSUH
VXUSULQGHUHD PXOWRUD LD DFX]DW SH SROL LúWL GH LQWUX]LXQH PRWLYkQG F  OHJLOH
DPHULFDQHWUHEXLHV FRQVILQ HDVF vQVIkUúLWXQGUHSWDORPXOXLGHDILO VDWvQSDFH 
ÌQDUWLFROXODPLQWLW0LUXQD5XQFDQG H[HPSOXO*LOOYV+HDUVW&RUSRUDWLRQ
úL*LOYV&XUWLV3XEOÄÌQXUPDXQHLIRWRJUDILLI FXWHGHUHQXPLWXOIRWRJUDI+HQUL
&DUWLHU%UHVVRQUHSUH]HQWkQGGRLVR LVXUSULQúLvQID DFDVHLGHPDUFDWDXQXLPDJD]LQ
DPEXODQWGHvQJKH DW GLQWURVWD LXQHPDULQ FHLGRL©VXELHF LªDXDFX]DWGHSXQHUH
întrROXPLQ IDOV GRX UHYLVWHFDUHDXUHSURGXVLPDJLQHD&XPHDHUDVXUSULQV vQWU
XQORFSXEOLFGXS RSLQLDQRDVWU SULYDWIRWRJUDIXOQXDIRVWvQFULPLQDWvQVFKLPE
SXEOLFD LLOH ©+DUSHU¶V %D]DUª GD SHQWUX FRPHQWDULL LPDJLQHD QHILLQG FRQVLGHUDW 
RIHQVDWRDUHVDXQHDGHY UDW ´S


%LEOLRJUDILH
&KULVWLDQ%D\ORQ;DYLHU0LJQRW&RPXQLFDUHD(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLW LLÄ$O,
&X]D´,DúLSS
&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQGFRRUGRQDWRU2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS
$XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD
)XQGD LHL5RPkQLDGH0kLQH%XFXUHúWLSS
6XOWDQD &UDLD 7HRULD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5RPkQLD GH 0kLQH
%XFXUHúWLSS
*X\ /RFKDUG +HQUL %R\HU &RPXQLFDUHD PHGLDWLF  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLSS
.RQUDG /RUHQ] &HOH  S FDWH DOH RPHQLULL FLYLOL]DWH (GLWXUD +XPDQLWDV
%XFXUHúWLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
-DPHV /XOO 0DVVPHGLD&RPXQLFDUH PDQLSXODUHD SULQ LQIRUPD LH
WUDGXFHUHD 0LKQHD &ROXPEHDQX 3ROLW\ 3UHVV VDPL]GDW 2UDGHD ID VSUH
FRQVXOWDUH
Bernard Miege, *kQGLUHD FRPXQLFD LRQDO  (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWLSS
(PPDQXHO 3HGOHU 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWLSS
 
 'XPLWUX 7LWXV 3RSD 'UHSWXO FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD 1RUPD %XFXUHúWL 
VSUHFRQVXOWDUH
0LUXQD5XQFDQ,QWURGXFHUHvQHWLFDúLOHJLVOD LDSUHVHL(GLWXUD$OO%XFXUHúWL
VSUHFRQVXOWDUH
-RKQ % 7KRPSVRQ 0HGLD úL PRGHUQLWDWHD WUDGXFHUHD 0LUXQD 7 WDUX
&D]DEDQ(GLWXUD$QWHW%XFXUHúWLIDVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
9ODGLPLU9RONRII7UDWDWGHGH]LQIRUPDUHWUDGXFHUHD0LKQHD&ROXPEHDQX
(GLWXUD$QWHW%XFXUHúWLIDVSUHFRQVXOWDUH






























 
 
9,,)81& ,,/(62&,2&8/785$/(
$/(0$660(',$





5HOD LD GLQWUH PDVVPHGLD úL VRFLHWDWH SRDWH IL GHILQLW  FD XQD
LQWHUDFWLY 0DVVPHGLDÄUHG ´WU LULOHUHDF LLOHVRFLDOHHYHQLPHQWHOHFDUHDX
FDSWDWDWHQ LDJHQHUDO ILLQGRLVWRULHDGLXUQXOXLÌQWLPSFHH[HUFLW LQIOXHQ H
DVXSUDYLH LLVRFLDOHPRGLILFkQGDF LXQLOHXPDQHLQGLYLGXDOHVDXGHJUXS
PDVVPHGLDVHODV PRGHODW GHVROLFLW ULOHúLDúWHSW ULOHFHORUFHIRUPHD] 
SXEOLFXO&RPSOH[LWDWHDOHJ WXULORUPDVVPHGLDFXFHOHODOWHLQVWLWX LLGHVWDW
RULSULYDWHGLQWUHDFHDVWDúLJUXSXULOHVDXSHUVRDQHOHFDUHFRPSXQVRFLHWDWHD
VDDIODWvQDWHQ LDXQXLQXP UPDUHGHVSHFLDOLúWLSURYHQL LGLQWRDWHVIHUHOH
GHLQWHUHVDOHGRPHQLXOXLGHODMXUQDOLVWLF SVLKRORJLHVRFLRORJLHúLILORVRILH
ODSROLWLF úLGUHSW$FHúWLDDXGHVFULVIXQF LXQHDPDVVPHGLDGLQXQJKLXOORU
GH DERUGDUH SURIHVLRQDO  VWDELOLQG SHQWUX ILHFDUHGLQWUHVHJPHQWHOHvQDLQWH
DPLQWLWHXQDQXPHWLSGHLQWHUDF LXQHFXFRQVHFLQ HIDYRUDELOHFUHDWRDUHGH
IXQF LLúLQHIDYRUDELOHDXWRDUHGHGLVIXQF LL'HRDUHFHVLVWHPXOPDVVPHGLD
QXHXQXOVWDWLFFLGLQFRQWU VHDIO vQWURFRQWLQX PRGLILFDUHLOXVWUkQGvQ
HVHQ  vQV úL HYROX LD VRFLHW LL YRU IL SUH]HQWDWH FkWHYD GLQWUH IXQF LLOH
FRQVLGHUDWH FDWHJRULDOH SHQWUX PDVVmedia, precizânduVH LDU úL F  vQWUH
WHRULHúLSUDFWLF H[LVW RGLIHUHQ OHVQHYL]LELO vQVHQVXOF WHRULDDSHOHD] OD
RUJDQL]DUHD VWUXFWXUDO  D GLVFXUVXOXL vQ SDUadigme, în timp ce practica (în
FD]XOGHID DVHFLWLÄUHDOLWDWHD´vúLVFKLPE PHUHXIRUPDúLFRQ LQXWXOFD
UH]XOWDWDOXQRUSUHVLXQLLQWHUDFWLYHGHVI úXUDWHvQVSD LXOUHOD LLORUHFRQRPLFH
úLVRFLDOHGDUPDLDOHVDFXPXODWHvQWLPS
Înainte de a prezenWD ÄIXQF LLOH´ PDVVPHGLD PDL HVWH QHFHVDU  R
SDUDQWH]  3ULQ vQV úL UD LXQHD HL GH D IL PDVVPHGLD DUH FD SULP  IXQF LH
FRPXQLFDUHDOLQJYLVWLF YDOHQ SHFDUHRVDWLVIDFHvQFHOPDLvQDOWGDUúLFHO
PDLJHQHUDOJUDGÌQWUXFkWDFHDVWDSDUHDVHVXEvQ HOHJHFHUFHW WRULLQXRPDL
SXQ vQ GLVFX LH 'DF  vQV  IDFHP GLVWLQF LH vQWUH HD úL FHOHODOWH WLSXUL GH
FRPXQLFDUHH[LVWHQWHVHFRQVWDW F OLPEDMXOXPDQDDYXWXQUROIXQGDPHQWDO
vQGH]YROWDUHDVRFLHW LLSHFDUHvOYRPQXPLVLPSOXQHYRLDGHFRPXQLFDUH

 
DOWIHOVSXVD[LRPDSULP DOXL:DW]ODZLW]6SUHGHRVHELUHGHWRDWHFHOHODOWH
WLSXULGHFRPXQLFDUHFHDOLQJYLVWLF SUH]LQW DYDQWDMXOGHDILÄRSHUDWRUXO´
VDX ÄPLMORFLWRUXO´ FHORUODOWRU DúDGDU XQ IHQRPHQ VDX XQ IDFWRU
VXSUDRUGRQDWRU 0XOWH DOWH ILLQ H FRPXQLF  vQWUH HOH GDU QX YRUEHVF
IRORVLQGXVHGHXQFRGOLQJYLVWLFDWkWGHFRPSOH[úLUDILQDWFXPHVWHOLPED
'LQS FDWHGLVWLQF LLOHDWkWGHQHFHVDUHvQFD]XODFHVWDQXVXQWRSHUDWHvQFkW
VHYRUEHúWHIUHFYHQWGHÄOLPEDMH´DOHQHFXYkQW WRDUHORUFHHDFHVSRUHúWHúL
PDL PXOW FRQIX]LD 1X H IRDUWH FRQYLQJ WRU F  RPXO D VLP LW FKLDU GH OD
vQFHSXWQHFHVLWDWHDGHDWUDQVPLWHLQIRUPD LLFLPDLGHJUDE F vQVWUXFWXUD
JHQHWLF DRPHQLULLFRPXQLFDUHDHVWHXQGDWSHFDUHILLQ HOHXPDQHúLODX
GHVFRSHULWúLDSRLIRORVLWSHQWUXDúLWUDQVPLWHXQHOHDOWRUDJDPDODUJ GHWU LUL
GHODVW ULIL]LFHúLSVLKLFHH[SHULHQ HSHUVRQDOHYL]LXQLúDPGúLSkQ OD
vPS UW úLUHD DFHVWRUD DOWRU VHPHQL 1X WRDWH FHOH HQXPHUDWH UHSUH]LQW 
LQIRUPD LLQHYRLDGHDFRPXQLFDIiind cu mult mai mare decât aceea de a afla
QRXW L'HDOWIHORPXO LPHGLQWUHIDSWHOHúLOXFUXULOHGHFDUHOX PDFWSRWIL
GHMDFXQRVFXWHúLQXPDLDXFDUDFWHUXOXQRULQIRUPD LL&XWRDWHDFHVWHDOH
DFFHSW PI U QLFLRUH]HUY 'LQWUHFHOHÄH[WHULRDUH´RUJDQLVPXOXLDQDWRPLF
FRPXQLFDUHDHVWHVLQJXUXOOXFUXSHFDUHRDPHQLLvODXvQFRPXQRIXQF LH
XQLF &HHDFHQHVFDS vQDQDOL]DIHQRPHQXOXLHVWHFXRVLQWDJP SUHOXDW 
GLQ OLQJYLVWLF  FRQFHSWXO GH IRUP  LQWHUQ  DO FRPXQLF ULL WHQGLQ 
PDQLIHVWDW QXvQVFRSXOGHDVDWLVIDFHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOLQIRUPD LHLúLGXS 
modelul consacrat al acesteia ca mesaj, „transmiterea”, ci realizarea unei
FRPXQLF ULFkWPDLDPSOHWRWDOHGDF DUILSRVLELOvQWUHLQGLYL]LLSODQHWHL
2DUHQXVSUHDúDFHYDVHRULHQWHD] FHOHPDLUHFHQWHVWUXFWXULPHGLD")DFHP
SULQ XUPDUH DFHDVW  GLVWLQF LH SHQWUX D VXEOLQLD GHVWLQXO VDX YRFD LD
FRPXQLFD LRQDO  D RDPHQLORU H[SULPDW  PHPRUDELO GH ILORVRIXO DQWLF
Aristotel („Omul este un animal social”, 3ROLWLFD,
'XS FXP*DOLOHR*DOLOHLDVSXVF PDWHPDWLFDHVWHOLPEDMXOvQFDUHH
VFULV XQLYHUVXO IL]LF  VDU SXWHD VSXQH F  VFULVXO úL FXYkQWXO DUWLFXODW
FRPXQLFDUHD OLQJYLVWLF  UHSUH]LQW  VLQJXUXO PRG GH DXWRFXQRDúWHUH úL
FHUFHWDUHDOXQLYHUVXOXLVSLULWXDO
Între timp, datorit DPSORULLSHFDUHDYHDVRFXQRDVF PDVVPHGLDúL
GHRSRWULY JUD LHGLYHUVLILF ULLDFHVWRUPLMORDFHGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV QRL
IXQF LL GHWHUPLQDWH GH QHFHVLW LOH FRQVXPDWRULORU úL GH LQWHUDF LXQLOH FX
GRPHQLLSUHFXPFHOHHFRQRPLFHFXOWXUDOHSROLWLFHVHGHWDúHD] 'LQERJDWD
OLWHUDWXU GHVSHFLDOLWDWHUH LQHPF PDVVPHGLDDUHFDUDFWHULVWLFHvQWUHúL
IXQF LLVLQWHWL]DWHGH'HQQLV0F4XDLOvQGRX FRPSRQHQWHDIXQF LLSHQWUX
 
societate în ansamblul ei (informare, corelare, organizare a continuit LL
GLYHUWLVPHQWPRELOL]DUHúLEIXQF LLSHQWUXLQGLYL]LFXSULQ]kQGLQIRUPDUHD
VWDELOLUHDSURSULHLLGHQWLW LLQWHJUDUHDvQVRFLHWDWHGLYHUWLVPHQWXO

)XQF LDGHLQIRUPDUH
,VWRULFXOúLHYROX LDIHQRPHQXOXLPDVVPHGLDVLWXHD] SHORFXOFHOPDL
SULYLOHJLDWvQWUHIXQF LLOHVDOHLQIRUPDUHDÌQF GHODSULPHOHPDQLIHVW ULDOH
presei, cu mult înainte de constituirea sistemului massPHGLDLQIRUPD LDúL
FRPXQLFDUHDOLQJYLVWLF vQVHQVXOFHOPDLODUJDLFLFDOXFUXSHFDUHRDPHQLLvO
au în comun) consWLWXLHSULQFLSLXOGLQDPLFDOHLRSkUJKLHLPSRUWDQW ILLQG
LQIRUPD LD FDUH VH DIOD SH GLUHF LD EXQ  vQ WHQWDWLYD GH DúL J VL XQ PHGLX
RSWLPGHGLIX]LXQHÌQFDGUXOIXQF LHLGHLQIRUPDUHDPDVVPHGLDRUL]RQWXO
GH DúWHSWDUH VH O UJHD GLUHFW SURSRU LRQDO FX DSDUL LD QRLORU PLMORDFH GH
FRPXQLFDUH QHUHXúLQG QLFLRGDW  V  DWLQJ  VDWXUD LD (O DUH R FDSDFLWDWH GH
DEVRUE LH QHOLPLWDW  FHHD FH D FUHDW LOX]LD F  ÄPDVVmedia au devenit în
OXPHD PRGHUQ  XQ IHO GH FHQWUX JUDYLWD LRQDO vQ UDSRUW FX FDUH VH
SR]L LRQHD]  WRDWH FHOHODOWH VLVWHPH DOH VRFLHW LL  VLVWHPXO HFRQRPLF
VLVWHPXO SROLWLF VLVWHPXO LGHRORJLF VLVWHPXO FXOWXUDO VLVWHPXO WHKQRORJLF
VLVWHPHOH úL VXEVLVWHPHOH VRFLDOH´  ÌQ SRILGD VHGXF LHL SH FDUH R SRDWH
H[HUFLWDRDVWIHOGHDILUPD LHDFFHSWDUHDHLULVF V FRQWUD]LF GDF QXFXPYD
FKLDU V  QHJH vQ HOHVXO WHUPHQXOXL GH PDVVPHGLD FDUH SHQWUX QRL U PkQH
FHHDFHVXJHUHD] VHPDQWLFFRQ LQXWXOVLQWDJPHL
3ULQ IRUPHOH VDOH WUDGL LRQDOH GH PDQLIHVWDUH VLVWHPXO PDVVPHGLD
YHKLFXOHD] LQIRUPD LLFDUHSRWILVWUXFWXUDWHGLYHUVvQIXQF LHGHXWLOLWDWHDORU
LPHGLDW GHDULDU VSkQGLULLVDXFKLDUGHVHPQLILFD LLOHSHFDUHOHSRWDYHDvQ
ÄFRPSOH[XO´ LQIRUPD LRQDO DO VRFLHW LL FRQWHPSRUDQH $OWH WLSXUL GH
LQIRUPD LL VXQW FRUHODWH FX QHFHVLW LOH FRQVXP Worilor, în timp ce ultimele
XWLOLW LPDVVPHGLDDWUDJDWHQ LDDVXSUDVSHFWUXOXLLQIRUPD LRQDOLQWHUDFWLY
Ä7RDWH DFHVWH LQIRUPD LL  REVHUY  0LKDL &RPDQ   IRUPHD]  XQ
UHSHUWRULX JHQHUDO VSHFLILF FDUH VH DGDXJ  UHSUH]HQW ULORU VLPEROLFH úL
VLVWHPHORU GH YDORUL GREkQGLWH SULQ DOWH FDQDOH úL GH DOWH H[SHULHQ H DFHVW
DQVDPEOX GH FXQRúWLQ H úLFRQYLQJHULFRQWULEXLHODFUHDUHDDFHOHLFRQFHS LL
GHVSUHOXPHSHFDUHVHvQWHPHLD] WRDWHGHFL]LLOHFRWLGLHQHDOHLQGLYL]LORU´

0LKDL&RPDQRSFLWS
,ELGHPS

 
 $O WXULGHLQIRUPD LLOHFXXWLOLWDWHLPHGLDW UHIHULWRDUHODSURJUDPHOH
FLQHPDWRJUDIHORU úL WHDWUHORU WUDQVSRUWXO vQ FRPXQ VWDUHD YUHPLL YDORULOH
EXUVLHUHúLYDOXWDUHDQXQ XULOHGHPLF SXEOLFLWDWHGHVSUHFDUHQXHFD]XOV 
VHPDLDUJXPHQWH]HIXQF LDGHLQIRUPDUHPDLFXSULQGH
$ ,QIRUPD LL JHQHUDOH $FHVWHD VXQW DSDQDMXO HPL WRUXOXL FDUH OH
RUJDQL]HD]  úL FHQWUHD]  GXS  R DJHQG  SURSULH (OH VH FRQHFWHD]  OD
FRPSOH[LWDWHDIHQRPHQHORUGLQVRFLHWDWHDPRGHUQ úLVHUHIHU ODXQWLSGH
DJHQG LQWUDW vQFRQúWLLQ DRSLQLHLSXEOLFH) U DVHFRQVWLWXLúLvQFURQLFD
XQRU IDSWH GLQDLQWH DQXQ DWH ]LDUXO WUDQVIRUP  QXPHURDVH DVWIHO GH
ÄHYHQLPHQWH´FXQRVFXWHWRFPDLSHQWUXF DSDU LQXQHLDJHQGH$OWIHOVSXVOD
LQIRUPD LLOHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWHGHúLVWHUHRWLSHGLQYLD DGH]LFX]LWUHEXLHV 
DLE  DFFHV XQ QXP U FkW PDL PDUH GH UHFHSWRUL $FFHQWXO HVWH SXV SH
JHQHUDOLWDWHDFHDLQIRUPD LHQHVSHFWDFXORDV GHFDUHRDPHQLLDXQHYRLHvQ
FRPXQLFDUHD ORU FX LQVWLWX LLOH YLWDOH GLQ VRFLHWDWHD FRQWHPSRUDQ  ILH HOH
SROLWLFHHFRQRPLFHMXULGLFHDGPLQLVWUDWLYH$FHVWHLQVWLWX LLDOHGHPRFUD LHL
PRGHUQH IXQF LRQHD]  FRQIRUP XQRU ÄSURJUDPH´ GH OXQJ  GXUDW  0DVV
PHGLD FD PLMORFLWRU vQWUH HOH úL SXEOLFXO ODUJ VHOHFWHD]  WUDQVIRUP  úL
GLIX]HD] LQIRUPD LLFXFDUDFWHUJHQHUDOXWLO6DFUHDWFKLDURGHSHQGHQ GH
PLMORDFHOHGHLQIRUPDUHvQPDV vQVHQVXOH[LVWHQ HLXQXLIOX[FRQWLQXXFX
PXOW PDL ERJDW GHFkW HVWH QHFHVDU 5ROXO LQGLYLGXOXL ULVF  D VH WUDQVIRUPD
întrXQXOGHSDUWLFLSDQWSDVLYODIOX[XOGHLQIRUPD LLGLVSXVV SUHLDQHFULWLF
IDSWHHYHQLPHQWHvQWkPSO ULDOHF URUVHPQLILFD LLQXVHPDLRERVHúWHV OH
LQWHUSUHWH]H $XWRULWDWHD ÄFXYkQWXOXL VFULV´ úL FDUDFWHUXO GH SURGXV ILQLW
LQWHUSUHWDWúLFDWDORJDWDOLQIRUPD LHLGDXVHQWLPHQWXOF QLPLFQXPDLWUHEXLH
DG XJDW 3HULFROXO FRQVW  vQ IDSWXO PDVVPHGLD SRDWH XWLOL]D IXQF LD GH
LQIRUPDUHvQPRGGLVWRUVLRQDW(DDUHFRQWUROXODVXSUDXQHLFDQWLW LGH]HFL
poate sute de ori mai mari decât ceea ce apare în massPHGLDúLHSRVLELOFDvQ
DFHVW LPHQV FRQJORPHUDW GLQ FDUH DX IRVW VHOHFWDWH V  RIHUH LQIRUPD LL
S UWLQLWRDUH LQWHUHVDWH GHVSUH UHDOLWDWHD XQRU HYHQLPHQWH úL FRQMXQFWXUL
VRFLDOSROLWLFH 6SUH H[HPSOX IDSWXO F  vQ PDVVPHGLD DSDU LQWHUSUHW UL
GLDPHWUDO RSXVH GHVSUH DFHODúL HYHQLPHQW GHQRW  PRGXO GLVWRUVLRQDW úLVDX
GLVWRUVLRQDQWDOIXQF LHLGHLQIRUPDUH%RPEDUGDPHQWXOLQIRUPD LRQDOPDVV
PHGLDQXPDLODV WLPSGHUHIOHF LHGHYHULILFDUHRULGHDQDOL] FULWLF DVXSUD
versiunilor oferite. În plus, massPHGLDSRDWHOXDXQHOHGHFL]LLvQFHSULYHúWH
VXSUDOLFLWDUHD LQIRUPD LLORU GLQWUXQ DQXPH GRPHQLX GH DFWLYLWDWH 6SUH
exemplu în deceniile al VIIOHDúLDO9,,,OHDPDVVmedia din întreaga lume a
SUH]HQWDW vQ PRG LQVLVWHQW DYHQWXUD XPDQ  D FXFHULULL VSD LXOXL FRVPLF
 
culminând cu aselenizarea, acel „pas mic pentru om, dar mare pentru
RPHQLUH´ÌQDQLLXUP WRULVF GHUHDEUXVF DLQWHUHVXOXLPDVVPHGLDSHQWUX
domeniul astronauticii (cu numai câteva scurte reveniri în actualitate) a dat
PXOWRUD LPSUHVLD F  vQ GRPHQLXO UHVSHFWLY QX VH PDL SHWUHFH QLPLF
VSHFWDFXORVPDLJUDYFKLDUF QXVHvQDLQWHD] DVWURQDXWLFDVLWXkQGXVHSHR
VSLUDO  DVFHQGHQW  PDL OHQW  ÌQ UHDOLWDWH vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX FD úL vQ PXOWH
altele care au ocupat pentru o vreme „pagina întâi” a massPHGLDFHUFHW ULOH
au continuat în aceODúLULWP6DUSXWHDVSXQHF DVWIHOVHFUHHD] SULYLOHJLLvQ
H[LVWHQ DVRFLDO úLQXHGHORFGHPLUDUHFDSHUVRDQHOHFDUHOXFUHD] vQ]RQHOH
YL]LELOHVDXLQYL]LELOHGLQPDVVPHGLDV VHEXFXUHGHRFHOHEULWDWHFRQIHULW 
vQWUHDOWHOHúLGHFRPSHWL LDSHntru întâietate în domeniu.
% ,QIRUPD LL GH SUHYHQLUH ÌQ OXFUDUHD FLWDW  úL OXkQGXVH GXS 
LPSUHVLRQDQWDVXUVRORJLHIRORVLW GDUSHSULQFLSLXOMRFXOXLGHSX]OOH&RPDQ 
YRUEHúWH úL GHVSUH LQIRUPD LLOH GH SUHYHQLUH LQFOX]kQGXle în viziunea
SURVSHFWLY  D PDVVPHGLD 'H DOWIHO DXWRUXO VXEVWLWXLH PDVVmedia presei (în
VSHFLDO FHOHL VFULVH úL DúHD]  DLFL XUP WRDUHOH ÄvQWUH DFHVWHD GHRVHELW GH
IDPLOLDUH úL XWLOH SXEOLFXOXL ODUJ VXQW GDWHOH UHIHULWRDUH OD VWDUHD YUHPLL
SURJQR]HOH HFRQRPLFRILQDQFLDUH LQIRUPD LLOH YL]kQG SUHYHQLUHD XQRU EROL
LQFHQGLL VDX D XQRU DFFLGHQWH UXWLHUH SUHFXP úL PHVDMHOH SULQ FDUH GLIHULWHOH
RILFLDOLW LDQXQ VFKLPE ULRULSHUWXUE ULvQIXQF LXQHDVLVWHPHORUVRFLDOHQRL
QXPHUHGHWHOHIRQVDXQRLDGUHVHDOHLQVWLWX LLORUGHLQWHUHVSXEOLFQRLOHJLQRL
UHJOHPHQW ULVDXSURFHGXULOHJDOHQRLWUDVHHúLRUDUHDOHWUDQVSRUWXOXLvQFRPXQ
HWF´ ÌQ UHDOLWDWH QXPDL XQ VHJPHQW H[WUHP GH UHGXV úL DYkQG vQ vQWUHJLPH
IXQF LDGHFRPXQLFDWRILFLDOSRDWHLQWUDvQDFHVWÄWLS´WRDWHFHOHODOWHH[HPSOH
DGXVH vQ GLVFX LH ILLQG GH IDSW QLúWH SUHOXQJLUL DOH LQIRUPD LHL GH VHUYLFLX
(JDOLWDULVPXO GHVSUH FDUH VH YRUEHúWH vQ FDGUXO DFHVWXL WLS GH LQIRUPD LH GH
SUHYHQLUH DU FRQILUPD VWDWXWXO GH LQVWUXPHQW DO GHPRFUDWL] ULL YLH LL VRFLDOH
1RLVXQWHPGHS UHUHF VLQJXUDUD LXQHDPDVVPHGLDHVWHHJDOLWDULVPXOúLSDUH
GH QHvQ HOHV GH FH vQ LQWHULRUXO DFHVWXL HJDOLWDULVP DU PDL IL QHYRLH GH vQF 
XQXO([HPSOHOHRIHULWHvQDFHODúLPDQXDOvQQXPHOHF URUDVHGHSOkQJHIDSWXO
F ÄvQFRQWDFWFXLQIRUPD LLOHGHSUHYHQLUHRIHULWHGHPDVVPHGLDFROHFWLYLW LOH
úL LQGLYL]LL QX DGRSW  vQWRWGHDXQD FRPSRUWDPHQWXO UD LRQDO VFRQWDW´ HVWH R
GRYDG vQSOXVF PHVDMHOHUHVSHFWLYHDXIRVWSULPLWHúLLQWHUSUHWDWHvQDPEHOH
VHQVXULILHFXSDVLYLWDWHILHSULQFUHDUHDXQHLSVLKR]HFDPHVDMHGHLQIRUPDUH
úLQXFDLQIRUPD LLGHSUHYHQLUH

0LKDL&RPDQRSFLWS
 
 )XQF LDGHLQWHUSUHWDUH
&DUDFWHULVWLF SUHVHLGHRSLQLHDFHDVW IXQF LHSDUHDILJUDQL DGLQWUH
GRX PDULWLSXULGHSUHV FHDDQJORDPHULFDQ úLFHDHXURSHDQ vQVSHFLDO
IUDQFH] 3HQWUXHQJOH]LúLDPHULFDQLFXPVSXQH]LDULVWXOHQJOH]*36FRWW
editor la „The Guardian”, faptele sunt sacre, comentariile sunt libere.
'HVLJXUIDSWHOHVHGHVI úRDU SHUHOLHIXOvQúHO WRUDODSDUHQ HORU/DULJRDUH
VH SRDWH VWDELOL F  RULFH WLS GH DFWLYLWDWH PDVVmedia include în ea o mare
GR]  LQWHUSUHWDWLY  SHQWUX F  LQFOXVLY VHOHF LD vQ PDVVPHGLD GH LQIRUPDUH
FD]XO FHOHL DQJORDPHULFDQH SUHVXSXQH R DOHJHUH DúDGDU R LQWHUSUHWDUH
YDORULF  GLQ PXO LPHD LQIRUPD LLORU H[LVWHQWH 7RWXúL SULQ IXQF LD GH
LQWHUSUHWDUH VH vQ HOHJH QHFHVLWDWHD GH D SUH]HQWD UHDOLW LOH vQFRQMXU WRDUH
GXS RDQXPLW LHUDUKLHúLDGHFYkQGRJHQXULORUSXEOLFLVWLFHGDF QHYRP
UHIHULODSUHV $FHVWDVHPDQLIHVW FRQFUHWL]DWvQIRUPHSURSULLGHH[SULPDUH
în genuri jurnalistice bine determinate, cum sunt: editorialul, comentariul,
FURQLFLOH SDPIOHWHOH ÌQ PHGLD HOHFWURQLFH UDGLR WY LQWHUQHW IXQF LD GH
LQWHUSUHWDUHVHPDQLIHVW SULQHPLVLXQLGRFXPHQWDUHúLGH]EDWHULGHLGHL
'LQFDUWHDDXWRUXOXLvQDLQWHFLWDWH[WUDJHPúLLQIRUPD LDF ÄJHQXULOH
GHRSLQLHDXIRVWPDUJLQDOL]DWHLDUvQ68$FKLDULQWHU]LVHGHF WUH&RPLVLD
)HGHUDO  GH &RPXQLFD LL´ S  'DF  UHVSHFWDUHD FX VWULFWH H D DFHVWHL
UHJXOL FDUDFWHUL]HD]  MXUQDOLVPXO HQJOH] úL DPHULFDQ FHO HXURSHDQ vúL
S VWUHD] SULQWUDGL LHRELFHLXOGHDIXUQL]DLQIRUPD LDvQVR LQGRGHRSLQLLúL
FRPHQWDULLFDUHLPSOLF SHUVRQDOLWDWHDMXUQDOLVWXOXLI U vQV DGHQDWXUDSULQ
DFHVWHDUHDOLWDWHDSUH]HQWDW 

)XQF LDGHOHJ WXU 
)XQF LD GH OHJ WXU  VH UHIHU  OD RSRUWXQLWDWHD FUHDW  SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
FDQDOHORUPHGLDFDPXO LPLGHRDPHQLV ILHFRQHFWDWHvQDFHODúLWLPSODXQ
HYHQLPHQWFDUHOHGHVSDUWHvQWLPSúLVSD LX)XQF LDGHOHJ WXU FUHHD] R
ELRVIHU  LQIRUPD LRQDO  GH FRQWDFWH GLUHFWH UHI FkQG XQ GLDORJ DOWIHO
LPSRVLELO 2GDW  RE LQXW  YDORDUHD LQWHUDFWLY  D FRPXQLF ULL UH]XOW  F 
IXQF LDGHOHJ WXU SRDWHILPHQ LQXW QXPDLSULQVWLPXOLVSHFLILFLGLDORJXOXL
GLQWUH HPL WRU úL UHFHSWRU SH XQ VXELHFW FRPXQ IXUQL]DW GH PDVVPHGLD
)HQRPHQXOSULYHúWHSUHVDVXEWRDWHFHOHWUHLDVSHFWHPDLLPSRUWDQWHDOHHL
&kW SULYHúWH FHOHODOWH VLVWHPH PDL FRQFUHW PXOWLPHGLD FHOH ED]DWH SH
FDOFXODWRUGLDORJXOHVWHUHDOL]DWvQYDULDQWHGLIHULWHvQWUHXQHPL WRUúLPDL
PXO LUHFHSWRULvQWUHPDLPXO LHPL WRULúLXQVLQJXUUHFHSWRUVDXvQWUHPDL
 
PXO LHPL WRULúLPDLPXO LUHFHSWRULFRQFRPLWHQW7R LvQFHOHWUHLYDULDQWH
posibile refac dialogul interpersonal, individual sau de grup, în cazul lor
IXQF LDGHOHJ WXU ILLQGLQFOXV GLUHFWvQFHDGHFRPXQLFDUH

)XQF LDGHFXOWXUDOL]DUH
)XQF LDGHFXOWXUDOL]DUHHVWHSULYLW GHRSDUWHDVSHFLDOLúWLORUFXPXOW 
FLUFXPVSHF LH$GUHVkQGXVHWXWXURUFHORUFRQHFWD LvQWUXQWLSGHUH HDPDVV
PHGLDGLVSXQHWHRUHWLFGHWRWDOLWDWHDSHUVRDQHORUGHSHJOREúLvQFRQVHFLQ 
WUHEXLHV DSHOH]HODXQPHVDMH[SULPDWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQXLOLPEDMSRVLELO
GHDILvQ HOHVGHWRDW OXPHDIRUPXOkQGXVHLGHLFXIRU SHUVXDVLY SULQ
DFHD PHGLHUH vQWUH HPL WRU úL UHFHSWRULL SRVLELOL 6H VSXQH vQ PRG
YXOJDUL]DWRU F  H EXQ DFHO ]LDU FDUH SRDWH IL FLWLW úL GH DFDGHPLFLDQ úL GH
JXQRLHU GH RDPHQL FX vQ]HVWU UL LQWHOHFWXDOH JHQLDOH úL GH F WUH RDPHQL
RELúQXL L FX QLYHO LQWHOHFWXDO PRGHVW GDU F  úL XQLL úL FHLODO L SRW J VL
LQIRUPD LL GHPQH GH LQWHUHV H[SULPDWH vQWUXQ OLPEDM FODU úL SHUIHFW
LQWHOLJLELO&kQGVHYRUEHúWHGHVSUHIXQF LDGHFXOWXUDOL]DUHHVWHHYLGHQWF XQ
VHJPHQW UHODWLY UHVWUkQV GH SRSXOD LH IRUPDW GLQ RDPHQL GH FXOWXU  FDGUH
GLGDFWLFHGLQPHGLLDFDGHPLFHDUWLúWLFDUHDXFXPVSXQHFLQHYDSURIHVLXQHD
ORUFXOWXUDQXYDDFFHSWDRDVWIHOGHLGHH$OWIHOVSXVWHOHYL]LXQHDUDGLRXO
SUHVDFXH[FHS LDFHOHLGHVWULFW VSHFLDOLWDWHQXVXQWLQVWUXPHQWHGHFXOWXU 
SHQWUXRUHVWUkQV FDWHJRULHXPDQ $FHúWLDUHSUH]LQW HOLWDFXOWXUDO úLQXORU
OLVHDGUHVHD] HPLVLXQLOHILOPHOHLQIRUPD LLOHFKLDUGH]EDWHULOHFXVXELHFWH
FXOWXUDOH7RDWHFHOHvQDLQWHPHQ LRQDWHVXQWFXOWXUDOHSHQWUXSXEOLFXOODUJ
H[WUHP GH QXPHURV OD DFHVWD VH IDFH DSHO SULQ WHUPHQXO ÄGH PDV ´ GLQ
VLQWDJPDPDVVPHGLDF UXLDLVHIDFHSHGHRSDUWHHGXFD LHFXOWXUDO SH
GH DOWD L VH IXUQL]HD]  LQIRUPD LH FXOWXUDO  7HUPHQXO FXOWXU  DUH vQ DFHVW
VHQVGRX DFFHS LXQLúLPDLFRUHFWDUILV VHDGPLW F QR LXQHDFRQVDFUDW 
SDWULPRQLXOXL FXOWXUDO UHSUH]LQW  FHHD FH VD vQ HOHV LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DW SULQ
FXOWXU úLFXOWXUDGHPDV VDXVXEFXOWXU IHQRPHQXOU VSkQGLULLDFHVWHLDSULQ
PDVVPHGLD
(VWH vQWUX WRWXO DGHY UDW F  ÄR GDW  FX DSDUL LD úL FUHúWHUHD SRQGHULL
PDVVPHGLD R PDUH SDUWH D DFWLYLW LORU GH WUDQVPLWHUH D YDORULORU úL
PRGHOHORU FXOWXUDOH GH IRUPDUH D JkQGLULL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL DX IRVW
SUHOXDWHGHPHVDMHOHSUHVHLÌQSUH]HQWSULQFRQ LQXWXULOHGLVWULEXLWHGHPDVV
PHGLD FLUFXO  úL VH IL[HD]  QRUPHOH GH FRPSRUWDPHQW JHQHUDO DFFHSWDWH
DOWIHOVSXVFRQYHQ LLOHWDFLWHDOHXQHLVRFLHW L3UHVDU VSXQGHDVWIHOQHYRLL
 
LQGLYL]LORUúLFRPXQLW LLGHSHUSHWXDUHDYDORULORUFRPXQHúLGHLGHQWLILFDUH
FX DFHOH PRGHOH SH FDUH R FRPXQLWDWH OH FRQVLGHU  D IL UHSHUH GH
DF LXQH´&RPDQ ,QWURGXFHUH în massPHGLD S )DSWXO HVWH I U 
HFKLYRFGDUIXQF LLOHHGXFDWLYHH[LVWHQWHvQPDVVPHGLDILLQGOLSVLWHFHOPDL
DGHVHDGHVXSRUWXOSHGDJRJLFFDUHQXHVWHSULRULWDUvQHGXFD LDGHWLSPDVV
PHGLDOHWUDQVIRUP SHFHOHPDLPXOWHvQWUXQWHUHQGHGLVSXW ÌQXOWLPD
YUHPHVHIDFHVLP LW WHQGLQ DPDVVPHGLDGHDVHSOLDDJUHVLYSHLQGXFHUHD
XQRU IHQRPHQH GH JUXS VXE GHQXPLUHD GH HYHQLPHQWH FXOWXUDOH VDX
PHGLDWLFH

)XQF LDGHGLYHUWLVPHQW
)XQF LDGHGLYHUWLVPHQWDUHWHQGLQ DGHDRFXSDSULPSODQXOPXOWRUD
GLQWUH RIHUWHOH PDVVPHGLD (D SRUQHúWH GH OD SRVLELOLWDWHD RDPHQLORU GH D
DYHDWRWPDLPXOWWLPSOLEHUSHGHRSDUWHLDUSHGHDOWDGLQDYDQWDMXOVF GHULL
GUDVWLFHDSUH XULORUEXQXULORUFXOWXUDOHGLIX]DWHSULQPDVVPHGLD&XWRDWHF 
SRQGHUHD PHVDMHORU GH GLYHUWLVPHQW HVWH GLIHULW  GH OD XQ FDQDO OD DOWXO
QXPHURúL VSHFLDOLúWL YRUEHVF GHVSUH QDúWHUHD XQHL VRFLHW L QXPLW  ILH D
„spectacolului” (M. de Certeau, G. Auclair), fie a „divertismentului”
(N. Postman), fie a „efemerului” (G. Lipovetski), fie a „hedonismului” 
* 0DIIHVVROL ÌQ OXFUDUHD PDL VXV FLWDW  S VH VSXQH ÄvQ SXEOLFD LLOH
FRWLGLHQHVDXvQSRVWXULOHFRQVDFUDWHGLVWULEXLULLGHúWLULGLYHUWLVPHQWXORFXS 
RSR]L LHPDUJLQDO 7RWXúLHOQXGLVSDUHFXWRWXOFRQIRUPXQRUVWDWLVWLFLvQ
]LDUHOH GLQ 68$  GLQ FRQ LQXW YL]HD]  GLYHUWLVPHQWXO MRFXUL
KRURVFRDSHFDULFDWXULXPRUHWFGDF LQWHJU PDLFLúLVSRUWXODWXQFLDFHVW
SURFHQW XUF  OD ´ VLF ÌQ UHDOLWDWH LGHHD GH VSHFWDFRO HVWH PXOW PDL
FRQWDPLQDQW DVW ]LSXWkQGXVHYRUELúLvQSULYLQ DPDVVPHGLDURPkQHúWLGH
DVHPHQHDPDQLIHVW ULFXPVXQWVSUHH[HPSOXHPLVLXQLOHGHúWLULDOHXQRU
SRVWXUL WY SULYDWH vQ VWXGLRXULOH F URUD GH OD DPELHQW OD YHVWLPHQWD LD
UHGDFWRULORUGHODIRQGXOúLSkQ ODFRUWLQHOHPX]LFDOHGHODGLDORJXULSkQ OD
DSDUWHXUL VH SRDWH REVHUYD R WHQGLQ  VSHFWDFXODU  (OH DX GHYHQLW WRW PDL
SURQXQ DWWDONVKRZXULGHúLJHQXOH[LVW LQGHSHQGHQW

1RWH
Ä'HILQLWFDXQDQLPDOVRFLDORPXOúLDPDQLIHVWDWvQWRDWHYUHPXULOHYRLQ D
GH D VH vQ HOHJH FX VHPHQLL V L´ ùHUEDQ &LRFXOHVFX vQ DUWLFROXO &RPXQLFDUHD 
FRQGL LHIXQGDPHQWDO DDUWHL
 
  6XSUDYHJKHUHD PHGLXOXL vQFRQMXU WRU FRUHODUHD GLIHULWHORU VHJPHQWH DOH
VRFLHW LLWUDQVPLWHUHDWUDGL LLORUvQWUHJHQHUD LL+/DVVZHOOVRFLDOL]DUHLGHQWLWDWH
PLWRORJL]DUHFRPSHQVDUHLQIRUPDUHGLYHUWLVPHQWHGXFD LH/HR7KD\HUGHLQVHU LH
UHFUHHUH SXULILFDUH VXIOHWHDVF  )U %DOOH IXUQL]RDUH GH LQIRUPD LL DQDOL]  D
LQIRUPD LHL FDGUX GH UHIHULQ  SHQWUX FXQRDúWHUH GLYHUWLVPHQW FXQRDúWHUH
HQFLFORSHGLF 0DUVKDO:LOOH\
$FHVWHDVXQWQXPLWHGHSUHVDHQJOH] LQVWUXPHQWDOHLDUGHFHDIUDQFH] GH
VHUYLFLX

%LEOLRJUDILH
&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQGFRRUGRQDWRU2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLSS
$XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD
)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine%XFXUHúWLSS
0LKDL &RPDQ Introducere în sistemul massPHGLD (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL
SS
6XOWDQD &UDLD 7HRULD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL România de Mâine
%XFXUHúWLSS
(PLOLDQ 'REUHVFX 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD 9LFWRU %XFXUHúWL 
SS
*X\ /RFKDUG +HQUL %R\HU &RPXQLFDUHD PHGLDWLF  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúLVSUHFRQVXOWDUH
%HUQDUG 0Lege, *kQGLUHD FRPXQLFD LRQDO  (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWLSS















 
 
9,,,&216,'(5$ ,,),1$/(







 3UHVWLJLRVXO MXUQDO Ä/H 0RQGH´ vúL vQFKHLH DSDUL LLOH GLQ PLOHQLXO
al doilea, în realitate neterminat, cu GRX  QXPHUH VSHFLDOH VXELQWLWXODWH
Ä6HFROXO´ úL Ä9LLWRUXO´ GLQ  GHFHPEULH  ÌQ FHO GLQWkL ]LDULúWLL
FRWLGLDQXOXLIUDQFH]HIHFWXHD] XQWXUGHRUL]RQWVSUHDVHOHFWDHYHQLPHQWHOH
FHOHPDLQRWDELOHGLQXOWLPDVXW GHDQL$FHúWLDFRQVWDW F ÄvQWUHSURJUHVúL
UHJUHVPRGHUQLWDWHúLEDUEDULHVSHUDQ úLQHOLQLúWHGUDPHúLSO FHULERJD LúL
V UDFLLVWRULHPDUHúLPLF ´ELODQ XOQXRIHU SUHDPXOWHPRWLYHGHRSWLPLVP
ÌQUHWURVSHFWLYDDPLQWLW DWUDJHGHDVHPHQHDDWHQ LDÄFD]XO´2UVRQ:HOOHV
 &LWizen Kane, care a dinamitat, în mai 1941, ecranele americane,
FXQRVFXWXO UHJL]RU GRULQG V  SUH]LQWH vQ FHOHEUXO V X ILOP SULQWUH DOWHOH
„ascensiunea celei deDSDWUDSXWHULúLFRQWUROXOLQGXVWULLORULQIRUPDWLFHFXR
tot mai mare pondere în modificarea jRFXOXL SROLWLF úL D UHJXOLORU VDOH´ 
5HIHULWRUODXOWLPLLDQLDLVHFROXOXLWUHFXWSDJLQLOHQXP UXOXLVSHFLDOFRQ LQúL
DOWHLQIRUPD LLGHVSUHPDVVPHGLDFXPVXQWFHOHSULYLWRDUHODUHSHUWRDUXOGH
VLWHXULZHEZZZ\DKRRFRPFUHDWvQúLGHYHQLWSULQH[SDQVLXQHDVD
SODQHWDU PXOWLQD LRQDOVDXGHVSUHVLWHXOFDOLIRUQLDQ$PD]RQFRQVLGHUDWFHO
PDLPDUHVXFFHVPRQGLDOvQPDWHULHGHFRPHU HOHFWURQLFÄOLEU ULDYLUWXDO ´
FXDFHODúLQXPHILLQGSDUWHQHU GHDIDFHULFXPLOLRDQHGHFOLHQ LF URUD
OHDIXUQL]DWFDWDORJXOFRPSOHWDOOXFU ULORUGLVSRQLELOHvQOLPEDHQJOH] 
2 SULYLUH UHWURVSHFWLY  DVXSUD VLVWHPXOXL PDVVPHGLD úL D IXQF LXQLORU
VDOHVHDP Q vQPXOWHSULYLQ HFXXQH[FXUVvQLVWRULDFLYLOL]D LHL&KLDUGDF 
GHVSUHPDVVPHGLDVHSRDWHYRUELQXPDLvQXOWLPLLRVXW FLQFL]HFLGHDQLQDU
ILJUHúLWV VHDILUPHF SULQFLSDOXOVXSRUWDOHYROX LHLXPDQLW LLODUHSUH]HQWDW
comunicarea, mai întâi sub forma limbajului interpersonal, ulterior prin
FDSDFLWDWHD DFHVWHLD GH D FRQYHUWL vQ LQIRUPD LH SDWULPRQLXO QRVWUX VSLULWXDO
$VW ]L PHVDMHOH DX vQYLQV REVWDFROH FRQVLGHUDWH RGLQLRDU  GH QHWUHFXW DOH
VSD LXOXL úL WLPSXOXL FHD PDL UHFHQW  GLQWUH WHQGLQ HOH PDVVPHGLD ILLQG
UHIDFHUHDFRPXQLF ULLLQGLYLGXDOHVDXGHJUXSI U QLFLXQIHOGHOLPLW UL
 
 ÌQLQWURGXFHUHDF U LL*DOD[LD*XWHQEHUJ(GLWXUD3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWL
0DUVKDOO0F/XKDQDILUP F ÄVRFLHW LOHDXIRVWWRWGHDXQDUHPRGHODWH
PDLPXOWGHQDWXUDPHGLXPurilor („mijloacelor de comunicare”, n.n.) prin
FDUH RDPHQLL FRPXQLF  GHFkW SULQ FRQ LQXWXO FRPXQLF ULL´ ([LVW  SULQ
XUPDUHRIRDUWHSXWHUQLF LQWHUGHSHQGHQ vQWUHWHKQRORJLLOHFRPXQLFD LRQDOH
úLÄWUHDSWD´GH]YROW ULLVRFLDOHvQFDUHDFHVWHDDXIRVWSXVHvQDFW6FRDVHGLQ
FRQWH[WHOHDUSXWHDILFRQVLGHUDWHXQHOWHLGHDOHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDFRPXQLF ULL
7RWXúL vQ ID]D DFXPXO ULORU GH WLS FDSLWDOLVW FDUH FRLQFLGH FX SHULRDGD
DSDUL LHLPDVVPHGLDGDF QXFXPYDLVHúLGDWRUHD] QXPHURDVHLQL LDWLYH
SDUWLFXODUHDXFRQWULEXLWSHOkQJ GH]YROWDUHDWHKQRORJLF úLODUHDOL]DUHDGH
SURILWXUL $SURDSH PDL WRDWH WHKQRORJLLOH DX FXQRVFXW OD SX LQ WLPS GH OD
LQYHQWDUHD ORU R UHRULHQWDUH VSUH DOWH GRPHQLL QXPLWH SULQWUR IRUPXO 
FODVLFL]DW DOHFHUHULLúLRIHUWHLPRWLYSHQWUXFDUHúLDXVFKLPEDWVHPQLILFDWLY
FRQ LQXWXO úL VFRSXO ÌQ XOWLPXO VHFRO úL MXP WDWH FD XUPDUH D SUHVLXQLORU
IDFWRULORUHFRQRPLFLVDSXWXWFRQVWDWDF RGDW FXPDULOHDYDQWDMHSURGXVH
GHVLVWHPXOPHGLDvúLI FHDXVLP LW SUH]HQ DODIHOGHPDULúLGHQXPHURDVH
QHDMXQVXUL )D  GH YDULDQWD LGHDO  D vQWUHEXLQ ULL VDOH FD XQ EXQ DO
XPDQLW LL DúD FXP HVWH OXPLQD VRDUHOXL FXP DU WUHEXL V  ILH DHUXO úL DSD
SHQWUXF vQDEVHQ DORUQXHSRVLELO YLD DPDVVmedia a devenit în zilele
QRDVWUHQXGRDUXQIHQRPHQGHRPDUHFRPSOH[LWDWHFLúLXQLQVWUXPHQWvQ
Pâinile celor ce îl au în proprietate. 
ÌQFDGUXOHIRUWXULORUGHSXVHGHLQVWLWX LLOHFDUHFRQVLGHU LQIRUPD LDXQ
drept natural, al tuturor locuitorilor Planetei, trebuie amintit, pentru început,
$UWLFROXOGLQ'HFODUD LD8QLYHUVDO D'UHSWXULORU2PXOXL1949), în care
VHSURFODP GUHSWXORDPHQLORUODLQIRUPDUHúLFRPXQLFDUH8QÄPRPHQW´GH
UHIHULQ  vO FRQVWLWXLH FUHDUHD vQ -DSRQLD  D SULPXOXL ,QVWLWXW SHQWUX
6RFLHWDWHD,QIRUPD LRQDO RELHFWLYVWUDWHJLFMDSRQH]SHQWUXDQXO
1HFHVLWDWHDXQHLQRLRUGLQLPRQGLDOHDLQIRUPD LHLúLPDLDOHVDDFFHVXOXL
ODIOX[XOOLEHUDOLQIRUPD LHLDIRVWGH]E WXW vQ&RQJUHVXOGHOD1DLUREL
8UPHD]  vQ  UDSRUWXO LUODQGH]XOXL 6HDQ 0F %ULGH QXPLW Ä2 VLQJXU 
lume, mai multe voci”, întocmit de acesta în FDOLWDWHGHSUHúHGLQWHDOFRPLVLHL
vQV UFLQDWHGH81(6&2V DQDOL]H]HFKHVWLXQHDIOX[XOXLOLEHUDOLQIRUPD LLORU
ÌQ  81(6&2 D YRWDW XQ GRFXPHQW SULQ FDUH VH DQJDMD V 
ÄvQFXUDMH]HOLEHUDFLUFXOD LHDLQIRUPD LLORUI U OLPLW ULDOHOLEHUW LLH[SUHVLHLúL
V GH]YROWHPLMORDFHSURSULLSULQFDUHV SURPRYH]HGLVWULEX LDPDLODUJ úLPDL
HFKLOLEUDW DLQIRUPD LLORUI U OLPLW ULDOHOLEHUW LLGHH[SUHVLHúLV GH]YROWH

 
PLMORDFHSURSULLSULQFDUHV VSULMLQHFDSDFLWDWHDGHFRPXQLFDUHD ULORUvQFXUV
de dezvoltare” (apud Mihai Coman, ,QWURGXFHUHîn massPHGLDS
În 1981apare 'HFODUD LD GH OD 7DOORLUHV GXS  QXPHOH ORFDOLW LL
IUDQFH]HXQGHOLGHULDLRUJDQLVPHORUPDVVPHGLDGLQGH ULLDXDWLWXGLQH
GH]Y OXLQG SUDFWLFL SUHFXP FRQWUROXO LQIRUPD LHL EORFDUHD MXUQDOLúWLORU OD
LQIRUPD LHúLFRQWURODUHDMXUQDOLúWLORUSULQOHJLUHVWULFWLYH
ÌQ VFRSXO GHPRFUDWL] ULL DFFHVXOXL OD LQIRUPD LH &RPXQLWDWHD
HXURSHDQ  D PDL DSUREDW úL DOWH SURJUDPH (VSULW SHQWUX FRRUGRQDUHD úL
SURPRYDUHDFHUFHW ULLvQGRPHQLXOWHKQRORJLLORULQIRUPD LHL,PSDFWSHQWUX
VWLPXODUHDFHUHULLGHVHUYLFLLHOHFWURQLFH0HGLDSHQWUXvQFXUDMDUHDFUH ULLGH
UH HOHDXGLRYL]XDOHWUDQVIURQWDOLHUH7HQGLVSHQWUXSURPRYDUHDVFKLPEXOXL
GHGDWHLQIRUPDWLYH
3ULPDFRQIHULQ PRQGLDO SHQWUXGH]YROWDUHD8QLXQLL,QWHUQD LRQDOH
GH 7HOHFRPXQLFD LL a avut loc în 1994 la Buenos Aires, unde sD OXDW
KRW UkUHDGHDVHUHDOL]DVHUYLFLLXQLYHUVDOHSHQWUXWR LPHPEULLVRFLHW LLOD
VFDU  JOREDO  úL GH D VH FRQVWLWXL LQIUDVWUXFWXUL LQIRUPD LRQDOH JOREDOH &X
RFD]LD UHXQLXQLL GLQ LQVXOD &RUIX vQ LXQLH DFHODúL DQ XQ JUXS GH H[SHU L
FRQGXV GH FRPLVDUXO 8( SH SUREOHPH GH FRPXQLFD LL úL WHKQRORJLD
LQIRUPD LHL 0 %DJHPDQQ D SUH]HQWDW GRFXPHQWXO LQWLWXODW (XURSD úL
VRFLHWDWHD LQIRUPDWLF  SODQHWDU  VWUXFWXUDW SH XUP WRDUHOH FDSLWROH D
6RFLHWDWHD LQIRUPDWLF   QRL PRGDOLW L GH D OXFUD úL WU L vPSUHXQ  E 2
UHYROX LHLQGXVWULDO LPSXV GHSLD F3XQHUHDvQDSOLFDUHDSURJUDPXOXL
vQOXFUXG%D]HOHWHKQRORJLFHDOHVRFLHW LLLQIRUPD LRQDOHVDUFLQLSHQWUX
VHFWRUXO SULYDW &OXEXO GH OD 5RPD D VWXGLDW vQ FDGUXO OXFU ULORU VDOH GLQ
VRFLHWDWHDúLPXOWLPHGLDLDUODUHXQLXQHDFHORUúDSWH ULLQGXVWULDOL]DWH
%UX[HOOHV IHEU  VD GH]E WXW XQ SURJUDP GH FUHDUH D DúDQXPLWHORU
DXWRVWU ]LDOHLQIRUPD LHLFDVXSRUWDOVRFLHW LLLQIRUPD LRQDOH
ÌQFHSkQGFXGHFHQLLOHúLDOHVHFROXOXLFDUHDWUHFXWVDYRUELWIRDUWH
PXOW GHVSUH VRFLHWDWHD LQIRUPD LHL úL QRXD RUGLQH PRQGLDO  vQ GRPHQLXO
LQIRUPD LHL úL FRPXQLFD LLORU GHVSUH DúDQXPLWD VRFLHWDWH JOREDO 
LQIRUPD LRQDO  QXPLW  QRXD VRFLHWDWH LQIRUPDWLF  KRORQLF  GH OD FXYLQWHOH
JUHFHúWLKRORVÄvQWUHJ´úLRQÄSDUWH´&RURODUXODUJXPHQWHORUFHVLQWHWL]HD] 
GRX GHFHQLLGHF XW ULHVWHH[SULPDWvQWHUPHQLLXUP WRULÄLQIRUPD LDHVWHXQ
SXWHUQLFFDWDOL]DWRUDOSURJUHVXOXL(VWHQHFHVDU RFRRSHUDUHLQWHUQD LRQDO úL
LQWHUJXYHUQDPHQWDO  vQWUH VWDWHOH GH]YROWDWH úL FHOH QHGH]YROWDWH SHQWUX FD
LQIRUPD LDúLFRPXQLFDUHDSR]LWLY V FRQWULEXLHODvQW ULUHDS FLLúLvQ HOHJHULL
LQWHUQD LRnale, la promovarea drepturilor omului” (Francis Dessart).
 
 ,QL LDWLYHOHvQDLQWHDPLQWLWHUHSUH]LQW RFRQWUDSRQGHUHORJLF úLMXVW 
FXXQFDUDFWHUPDLGHJUDE GHLQL LDWLY MXULGLF ID GHWHQGLQ HOHVHPQDODWH
SH SLD D FHUHULL úL RIHUWHL 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY GLVFX LLOH GHVSUH PDVVPHGLD OD
VIkUúLWGHVHFROúLPLOHQLXLDXWXUQXUDXQRUGH]EDWHULSROHPLFHLDUFkWSULYHúWH
viitorul, atât pentru massPHGLD FkW úL SHQWUX FLYLOL]D LD SODQHWDU  HOH
VHDP Q FXRF O WRULHSHRPDUHDJLWDW XQGHYDvQWUH6F\OODúL&KDU\EGD
1LPHQL QX VH vQGRLHúWH GH UROXO SR]LWLY MXFDW GH PDVVPHGLD FD
LQVWUXPHQWLGHDOSHQWUXWRDWHDVSHFWHOHOHJDWHGHIHQRPHQXOFRPXQLF ULL(VWH
QHvQGRLRVFKLDUúLF WHQGLQ DJOREDOL] ULLLQIRUPD LHLHvQVLQHSDYDMXOFHORU
PDLEXQHLQWHQ LLGLQFDUHVHVPXOJWRWXúLSRU LXQLVHJPHQWHIkúLLSHQWUXDVH
UHDOL]DúLDOWHF LGHDFFHVGXFkQGVSUHSURILW(FODUSHQWUXWRDW OXPHDF 
ÄLQIRUPD LD vQVHDPQ  SXWHUH UHSUH]LQW  LQVWUXPHQWXO HVHQ LDO DO SXWHULL´
0LFKHO&UR]LHUSXWHUHDGH LQkQGRFHOFHXWLOL]HD] LQIRUPD LD&HUFHW WRULL
GLQ GRPHQLLOH FRQH[H PDVVPHGLD  DP QXPLW WRDWH DFHOH GLVFLSOLQH GH
JUDQL  vQ LQWHUIHUHQ D F URUD D OXDW QDúWHUH R GDW  FX DSDUL LD VRFLHW LL
LQIRUPD LRQDOHPDVVPHGLDGH]EDWDFHOHDúLFKHVWLXQL
&kWSULYHúWHLQWHUHVXODU WDWLQIRUPD LHLDFHVWDVHH[SOLF SULQDOHJD LL
SUHFXPÄ$ILLQIRUPDWvQVHDPQ DúWLQXQXPDLFHVHSHWUHFHFLúLDFXQRDúWH
UD LXQLOHúLPHWRGHOHGHGHFL]LH´$ODLQ7RXUDLQH2DOW ÄYRFH´QXQXPDL
FRPSHWHQW  FkW PDL DOHV RILFLDO  ODP QXPLW SH 5REHUW ( &DKQ GH OD
$JHQ LDSHQWUXSURLHFWHGHFHUFHWDUHDYDQVDW vQGRPHQLXODS U ULLGLQ68$
VSXQHÄ1D LXQHDFDUHVW SkQHúWHGRPHQLXOSUHOXFU ULLLQIRUPD LHLYDSRVHGD
cheile la conducerea lumii în secolul XXI”
'XS FHOHSUH]HQWDWHPDLvQDLQWHWRWPDLVWUkQVDOHJ WXU GLQWUHSROLWLF
úLHFRQRPLFvQÄYLD D´VLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDGHYLQHH[SOLFDELO úLVFRDWHvQ
HYLGHQ  FD SH R WHQGLQ  GH XOWLP  RU  FRQFHQWUDUHD DFHVWRU IRU H SH
principiul centrului de interese, în care dominant va fi, la fiece pDOLHU
HFRQRPLFXO &RPXQLWDWHD HXURSHDQ  VSUH H[HPSOX FDUH YD DYHD vQ VFXUW
WLPSRPRQHG FRPXQ SRDWHILFRQVLGHUDW RDVWIHOGHFRQFHQWUDUHGHIRU H
HFRQRPLFH VRFLDOH SROLWLFH FXOWXUDOH FRQVWLWXLWH GUHSW FRQWUDSRQGHUH
SHQWUXDVW YLOLRFXSDUHDSLH HLSURSULLGHF WUHFDSLWDOXODPHULFDQVDXDVLDWLF
DIODWH vQ H[SDQVLXQH 3H GH DOW  SDUWH LQWHQVLILFDUHD UHOD LLORU PRQGLDOH
QHFHVLW RFLUFXOD LHUDSLG úLWRWDO DLGHLORUODRUDDFWXDO SXWkQGXVHYRUEL
GHVSUHRELRVIHU LQIRUPDWLF (YHQLPHQWHSHWUHFXWHODPDULGLVWDQ HÄDWLQJ´
LQVWDQWDQHXRULFH]RQ DJOREXOXLWHUHVWUXODIHOFDúLFXPVar fi petrecut în
DFHO ORF &X DOWH FXYLQWH DFHVW WLS GH HYHQLPHQWH VDU SXWHD VSXQH F  DX
GHYHQLWGHúLSHWUHFXWHODGLVWDQ HGHPLLGHNLORPHWULORFDOH$GHY UXOHVWH
 
QXPDLSHMXP WDWHH[DFW1XWRDWHHYHQLPHQWHOHDSWHGHDGHYHQLúWLULYRUIL
ÄORFDOH´ GHRDUHFH ILOWUDUHD úL LHUDUKL]DUHD DFHVWXL WLS GH LQIRUPD LL VH
HIHFWXHD] GXS FULWHULLFDUHvPELQ DVSHFWHVXELHFWLYHFXDVSHFWHRELHFWLYH
VIHUHGHLQWHUHVúDPG
'HúL VH SRDWH DILUPD F  VLVWHPXO PDVVPHGLD IXQF LRQHD]  LGHDO
LQWULQVHFFDSkUJKLHGHLQIOXHQ DUHúLFRPXQLFDUHLQIRUPD LRQDO HOYDDYHD
WRDWHFDOLW LOHúLWRDWHGHIHFWHFHORUFHOPDQHYUHD] $QDOLúWLLLDXGHVHRULvQ
FDOFXO DFHVWH SHUVSHFWLYH VWXGLLOH úL FHUFHW ULOH HIHFWXDWH LOXVWUkQG H[DFW F 
XQJKLXO GH DERUGDUH GHWHUPLQ  UH]XOWDWXO DFHVWD FD HIHFW SURVSHFWLY ILLQG
FXQRVFXWGLQDLQWH
'LQ DVWIHO GH PRWLYH vúL IDFH WRW PDL VLP LW  SUH]HQ D XQ IHO GH
LPSHULDOLVP FXOWXUDO U VSkQGLW SH FDOH PHGLDWLF  úL FRQVWkQG vQ WLSXUL GH
DJUHVLXQH SH FDUH XQHOH FXOWXUL FX UH HOH PHGLDWLFH GH]YROWDWH OD QLYHO
SODQHWDU vO H[HUFLW  DVXSUD FXOWXULORU GLQ ULOH OXPLL D WUHLD úL QX QXPDL
,PSHULDOLVPXOFXOWXUDOGHVILGHFRQFXUHQ DDQXOkQGRFXXúXULQ SHQWUXF vúL
YLQGHLHIWLQSURGXVHOHFXOWXUDOHúLOHLPSXQHvQORFXODFHORUDFHUHSUH]LQW DOWH
culturi. În acest mod, printrXQ HIHFW PDVVPHGLD FDUH SULYHúWH H[FOXVLY
HFRQRPLFXOúLOHJLOHVDOHGHGH]YROWDUHHVWHDPHQLQ DW LGHQWLWDWHDFXOWXUDO D
]RQHORU vQ FXUV GH GH]YROWDUH ÌQ UHDOLWDWH IDSWHOH VH SUH]LQW  FX PXOW PDL
FRPSOH[XQXOGLQWUHDVSHFWHOHGHORFQHJOLMDELOHILLQGLPSXQHUHDXQHLOLPEL
GH FLUFXOD LH XQLYHUVDO  $FHUED GLVSXW  SHQWUX vQWkLHWDWH D IRVW vQ FHD PDL
PDUH SURSRU LH FkúWLJDW  GH OLPED HQJOH]  FDUH VD LPSXV FD OLPE 
FRPHUFLDO  &XOWXUD GXS  RSLQLD OXL 0LFKHO GH &HUWHDX GHYLQH WHUHQXO
SURSLFHDOXQXLWLSGHQHRFRORQLDOLVPXQIHOGHRFXSDUHGHVSD LLJHRJUDILFH
SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO IRU HL HFRQRPLFH FDUH D vQORFXLW IRU HOH PLOLWDUH
FRQVHFLQ HOH ILLQG XUP WRDUHOH PDULOH FRPSDQLL FRQWUROHD]  LQGXVWULLOH
LQIRUPD LLORUúLGLYHUWLVPHQWXOXLDFHVWHDVXQWFRQVWLWXLWHvQUH HOHGH]YROWDWH
SH RUL]RQWDO  FD GLIX]LXQH úL SH YHUWLFDO  FD VWUXFWXU  RUJDQL]DWRULF 
DXWRQRP GLVSXQGHSURSULHWDWHDVXSUDWXWXURUPLMORDFHORUúLWHKQLFLORUGH
UHDOL]DUHDSURGXVXOXLGHODPDWHULDSULPDSkQ ODWHKQRORJLLOHFDUHQLOUHGDX
vQIRUPDVDILQLW VFRSXODFHVWRUJUXSXULWUDQVQD LRQDOHHVWHSURILWXOORJLFD
GXS FDUHDF LRQHD] HVWHDGHFYDW DFHVWXLPRELOúLLQWU GHVHRULvQFRQIOLFWFX
SROLWLFDGLQDFHODúLGRPHQLXDJXYHUQHORUUHVSHFWLYHVDXFXKRW UkULOHXQRU
RUJDQLVPHLQWHUQD LRQDOH
ÌQWUHFRQVHFLQ HOHPDMRUHSHFDUHOHDUHGLVWULEX LDODVFDU SODQHWDU D
LQIRUPD LHL SURGXV  GH PDULOH FRQFHUQXUL RFFLGHntale, Mihai Coman, în
,QWURGXFHUH HQXPHU   WULXPIXO úL JHQHUDOL]DUHD MXUQDOLVPXOXL GH WLS
 
RFFLGHQWDOLPSXQHUHDODGLPHQVLXQHDvQWUHJLLSODQHWHDFXOWXULLGHPDV 
 FUHDUHD XQHL DXGLHQ H GH WLS SODQHWDU vQ VSHFLDO SHQWUX HYHQLPHQWH GH
LPSDFW JOREDO´DFFHOHUDUHDLVWRULF SULQFUHúWHUHDULWPXOXLGHVXFFHVLXQH
D HYHQLPHQWHORU VFKLPEDUHD SROLWLFLORU LQWHUQD LRQDOH úL D WHKQLFLORU
GLSORPDWLFH  LJQRUDUHD XQRU ]RQH úL HYHQLPHQWH úL VXSUDOLFLWDUHD DOWRUD
JOREDOL]DUHDSXEOLFLW LLúLDUHOD LLORUSXEOLFH
 &kW SULYHúWH UHDOLW LOH URPkQHúWL GH]YROWDUHD UDSLG  úL KDRWLF  D
FRPSRQHQWHORUVLVWHPXOXLPDVVPHGLDGLQ DUDQRDVWU UHOHY F QHDIO PúL
în acest domeniu întrRID] GHWUDQ]L LH'LQFRORGHDGHY UXULOHHYLGHQWHúL
GHDYDQWDMHOHYL]LELOHSHFDUHOHDDGXVH[SDQVLXQHDDFHVWXLDDUWUHEXLV VH
SXQ PDLPXOWDFFHQWXOSHOLPLWHOHúLQHDMXQVXULOHSURYRFDWHGHOLSVDSHQWUX
vQFHSXWúLLJQRUDUHDXOWHULRUDOHJLVOD LHLvQGRPHQLX(GHDMXQVV DPLQWLP
PDQLSXODUHDSULQSUHV úLVXELHFWHOHGHÄVFDQGDO´FDUHLQYDGHD] SDJLQLOHGH
]LDUúLMXUQDOHOHGHDFWXDOLW LF XWDUHDFXREVWLQD LHDúWLULORUHPR LRQDOHGLQ
]RQD JURWHVFLQIUDF LRQDO  D WUDJHGLLORU SHUVRQDOH D HYHQLPHQWHORU FDUH
ÄH[SORGHD] ´XQHRULvQDLQWHGHDVHSURGXFH&kWSULYHúWHPXOWLPHGLDDO WXUL
GHDOWH ULvQYHFLQDWH5RPkQLDGH LQHUHFRUGXOSLUDW ULLGHVRIWúL&'520
DWkWvQVIHUDHOHFWURQLFLLFkWúLDGUHSWXULORUGHDXWRUSHQWUXILOPHPX]LF 
HQFLFORSHGLL
$WLWXGLQHD GH UH]LVWHQ  FHD PDL I Lú  vQ SULYLQ D JOREDOL] ULL PDVV
PHGLD VH PDQLIHVW  FD SHVWH WRW vQ OXPH úL vQ DUD QRDVWU  SULQ HOLWHOH
FXOWXUDOH &HL LQWHUHVD L GH HYROX LD IHQRPHQXOXL VXQW PDUWRULL D GRX 
WHQGLQ H XQD GH VLPSOLILFDUH úL RSWLPL]DUH VSHFLILF  VRFLDOL] ULL
LQVWUXPHQWHORUFHORUPDLPRGHUQHFXFDUHRSHUHD] LQGXVWULLOHLQIRUPDWLFHD
GRXDFXDFFHQWXOSXVSHFRPSOH[LWDWHDYLH LLvQVHúLDILLQ HLXPDQHvQQXPHOH
F UHLD VH IRUPXOHD]  UHSURúXO DQXO ULL vQ PDQLHUD DFHDVWD D SHUVRQDOLW LL
$OWIHOVSXVFRQWUDGLF LDVHUHIHU ODFRPSHWHQ úLSHUIRUPDQ GRLWHUPHQL
SHFDUHFHUFHW WRULLOLPEDMXOXLvLVLWXHD] vQOHJ WXU XQXOFXDOWXO&HOPDL
HORFYHQWH[HPSOXFRQVWLWXLQGXOLPSDFWXOPDVVPHGLDFXIHQRPHQXOFXOWXUDO
UHSUH]HQWDQ L DL HOLWHL LQWHOHFWXDOH GLQ 5RPkQLD DX DWUDV DWHQ LD DVXSUD
FRQVHFLQ HORULYLWHSULQGHSUHFLHUHDYDORULF VXEWRDWHDVSHFWHOHDDFWXOXLGH
FXOWXU 7UHEXLHI FXW GHVLJXUGLVWLQF LDvQWUHDGHY UDWDFXOWXU úLFXOWXUDGH
PDV  DU WkQG F  vQ FRPXQLVP FHO SX LQ GRX  FRPSRQHQWH FXOWXUD úL
SURWHF LD VRFLDO  DPEHle adresânduVH SRSXOD LHL GH]DYDQWDMDWH HUDX PDL
ELQHJkQGLWH'HDFHHDQLYHOXOFXOWXUDODVF ]XWEUXVFOLSVDRULF UHLIRUPHGH
FRQWURODOYDORULLHVWHWLFVDXP FDUDOEXQXOXLVLP SHUPL kQGDSDUL LDSH
SLD  FX ODUJXO FRQFXUV GH PDQLSXODUH DO PDVVPHGLD D SURGXVHORU
 
VXEFXOWXUDOH7HRUHWLFLHQLLYRUEHVFGHVSUHJHQHUDOL]DUHDVXEFXOWXULLFRQFHSW
XWLOL]DWGLQVRFLRORJLHúLvQGRPHQLXOMXUQDOLVPXOXLGDUFDUHQXWUHEXLHV VH
UHJ VHDVF vQSDJLQLOHGH]LDUvQORFXODXWHQWLFHLFXOWXUL3HQWUXGHVFULHUHDúL
vQ HOHJHUHDIHQRPHQXOXLVDXSXUWDWGLVFX LLFDUHDXVFRVODVXSUDID RSLQLL
GLQWUHFHOHPDLLQFLWDQWHGHODLGHHDFDvQ5RPkQLDSUHGHFHPEULVW DH[LVWDW
XQIDOVLQWHUHVSHQWUXFXOWXU vQWUH LQXWDUWLILFLDOúLFDUHGLQDFHVWPRWLYQXH
FD]XOV VWkUQHDVF QRVWDOJLLúLUHVHQWLPHQWHFXOWXUDYDILDSDQDMXOXQHLHOLWH
UHVWUkQVHQXPHULFvQWLPSFHRSLQLDSXEOLF VHYDUH]XPDODFHHDFHLVHRIHU 
GLQ SURGXVXO FXOWXUDO PDVVmedia, posibil de a fi utilizat în scopul
PDQLSXO ULL RULFXP GH XQ QLYHO LQWHOHFWXDO IRDUWH SX LQ SHUIRUPDQW vQV 
H[WUHP GH GLYHUVLILFDW 1HSLHU]kQG GLQ YHGHUH F  vQ IRQG FXOWXUD HVWH
singurul nostru bun patrimonial întrRYLLWRDUHFLYLOL]D LHPRQGLDO DOWHYRFL
DX IRVW úL PDL UDGLFDOH DQXQ kQG ÄPRDUWHD FXOWXULL´ VSUH D DWUDJH DWHQ LD
DVXSUDUHOD LHLPDLSX LQVWXGLDWHGLQWUHHFRQRPLHúLFXOWXU SULQVLORJLVPXO
F  GHPRFUD LH úL V U FLH QHILLQG WHUPHQL FRPSDWLELOL FXOWXU  úL V U FLH QX
VXQWQLFLDWkW&HOHPDLYHKHPHQWHRSLQLLVHUHIHU ODWHQGLQ DXQRUPHGLDGHD
VHPDQLIHVWDFDXQWLSGHFXOWXU QXPLWH[SUHVLYÄFXOWXU &RFDCola”
3URLHFWDUHDFRQ LQXWXULORUPDVVmedia în avanscena interesului general
DUHORFúLSHIRQGXOXQRUPXWD LLSHFDUHVSHFLDOLúWLLvQDLQWHDPLQWL LOHSXQvQ
OHJ WXU  FX VRFLHWDWHD SRVWPRGHUQ  )LLQG SULn urmare un fenomen în
SHUPDQHQW  WUDQVIRUPDUH VH VXEvQ HOHJH F  DFHVWXLD QXL SRW IL DQDOL]DWH
FRQVHFLQ HOHXOWLPH6LWXDW vQEXFODIOXLG DXQHLHYROX LLQHvQFHWDWHHSRVLELO
FDPDVVPHGLDV FXPXOH]HFRQWUDGLF LLvQUDSRUWFXSURSULLOHVWUXFWXULVWDELOH
PDL YHFKL LVWRULFL]DWH úL SULQ DFHDVWD FRQVHUYDWRDUH ([SOLFDUHD ORU SULQ
DSDUL LDVRFLHW LLSRVWPRGHUQHGHVSUHFDUHQXVHSRDWHDILUPDF VDLQVWDODW
în România QXVDWLVIDFHWRDWHH[LJHQ HOHU VSXQVXOXL0DLRSRUWXQDUILV VH
SRUQHDVF  QX de la postmodernism, ci cu mult înainte, mai exact de la
PRPHQWHOH LQL LDOH DOH UHYROX LHL WHKQLFH DWXQFL FkQG GRX  WLSXUL
IXQGDPHQWDOHGHFXOWXU VDXFRQIUXQWDWSHQWUXvQWkLHWDWHXQXOGHIRUPD LH
XPDQLVWLF  úL FRQVHUYDWRDUH vQ VHQVXO VHOHF LHL ULJXURDVH D WXWXURU YDORULORU
FUHDWH GH RPHQLUH úL FRQVWLWXLQG XQ SDWULPRQLX XQLYHUVDO VWDELOLW GXS 
FRRUGRQDWHOHúLOHJLW LPHQLWHDLDVLJXUDFRQWLQXLWDWHDSULQWUDGL LHvQYLLWRU
LDUFHO ODOWFO GLWGLQQRLOHGHVFRSHULULGLQGRPHQLXOúWLLQ HORUH[DFWHFXPXOW
PDLGLQDPLFLQWHUHVDWGHRSWLPL]DUHDúLFUHDUHDXQXLSDWULPRQLXLQGXVWULDO
de folosire a tuturor resurselor, a progresului rapid, eficient, dar neînglobând,
FX H[FHS LD UHJOHPHQW ULORU MXULGLFH QHFHVDUH YDORUL GH H[LVWHQ  SUHFXP
PRUDODHWLFDúDPG6DWUHFXWFXDOWHFXYLQWHGHODXPDQLVPODWHKQLFLVP
 
ILLQGVFKLPEDWHGHDOXQJXOXQXLVHFROúLMXP WDWHDSURDSHWRDWHÄFRGXULOH´
IXQF LRQDOHvQVRFLHWDWHvQVXPDWHGHFXOWXUDJHQHUDO FXFDUHU PkQSHQWUX
UHVWXO YLH LL DEVROYHQ LL GH úFROL JLPQD]LL OLFHH FROHJLL úL IDFXOW L 1X
vQWRWGHDXQDDFHVWHPXWD LLDXIRVWUHVLP LWHvQPRGGLUHFWILLQGF HYROX LDvQ
WLPSDIRVWODvQFHSXWUHODWLYOXQJ GHYHQLQGFHLGUHSWWRWPDLDFFHOHUDW vQ
XOWLPDSHULRDG 
&HUFHWDUHDFRQWHPSRUDQ DVFKLPEDWH[WUHPGHSX LQPDQLHUDGHOXFUX
FRQFHVLLOHGHODULJRDUHDDSURDSHULJLG DWH[WXOXLúWLLQ LILFILLQGvQORFXLWHGH
FHOHSULYLWRDUHODIOXHQ DOHFWXULLùLDFHVWHHOHPHQWHVHDIO vQGLVROX LHSHQWUX
F SHSODQPRQGLDOVWXGLLOHGHDFHVWWLSSHQWUXDVHEXFXUDGHRFLUFXOD LH
LQWHUQD LRQDO  WLQG V  VH XQLILFH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD FkWRUYD OLPEL GH FLUFXOD LH
HQJOH]D IUDQFH]  JHUPDQD úL SULQ SURPRYDUHD VLVWHPHORU GH FHUFHWDUH úL
HGLWDUH úWLLQ LILF  GLQ FXOWXULOH UHVSHFWLYH $FHDVWD LPSXQH LPSHULDOLVPXO
PDULORUFXOWXULDVXSUDFHORUFRQVLGHUDWHFXXQWHUPHQQHSRWULYLWPLQRUHGH
PLF  U VSkQGLUH JHRJUDILF  ILLQG úWLXW F  DXGLHQ D H GDW  GH XQ OLPEDM
LQWHUQD LRQDOL]DW
$SDUL LD vQ DUDQRDVWU DFkWRUYDPLLGHHGLWXULFXWLUDMHOHDIHUHQWH
FXPXOHD]  úL DOWH VHPQLILFD LL 'LQFROR GH HFOHFWLVPXO GH]DUPDQW RIHULW GH
QRXDSLD GHGHVIDFHUHFDUWHDVHYLQGHSHWURWXDUGLQFRORGHJXVWXOFHO
SX LQGXELRVFRPSDUDWLYFXFHHDFHVHvQ HOHJHDvQDLQWHSULQFDUWHVDXFXOWXU 
GH EXQ  FDOLWDWH FD SULP UH]XOWDW VH REVHUY  VF GHUHD DODUPDQW  D
VWDQGDUGHORUGHHGLWDUHILORORJLF VXEQLYHOXOHOHPHQWDU'HODWLUDMHSLUDWúL
SkQ ODWUDGXFHULGHDFXPFkWHYDGHFHQLLUHFLFODWHvQIRQGXOSULQFLSDOOH[LFDO
GHDWXQFLGHODHQRUPHJUHúHOLGHFRUHFWXU úLSkQ ODJUDYHHURULGHOHF LXQH
PDMRULWDWHD WLS ULWXULORU FDUH DEXQG  vQ DVWIHO GH DQRUPDOLW L D UHXúLW
vPSRWULYDVHPQDOHORUGHDODUP WUDVHV DFDSDUH]HSLD DFLWLWRULORUGLVWUXJkQG
VDXVFKLPRQRVLQGFULWHULXOGHYDORULSULQLJQRUDUHDFYDVLWRWDO DSULQFLSLLORU
RSHUD LRQDOH úL vQ FXOWXUD GH PDV  6D DFUHGLWDW LGHHD F  I U  VSULMLQXO úL
FRPSHWHQ DILORORJLORUHGLWDUHDGHFDUWHHVWHSRVLELO LDUGLQDFHVWPRWLYQH
DIO PDVW ]LvQWURVLWXD LHSDUDGR[DO DOHF UHLFRQVHFLQ HYRUILYL]LELOHvQ
XUP WRDUHOHGHFHQLLFHOHPDLPXOWHGL LLFULWLFHWUHEXLHUHI FXWHGLQFDX] F 
vQDQLLGLFWDWXULLGLQFRQVLGHUHQWHGHFHQ]XU SROLWLF HGLWRULLDFHVWRUDDXIRVW
REOLJD LV DSHOH]HODFURúHWH1XVHJ VHVFODRUDDFWXDO EDQLúLHGLWRULQLFL
P FDUSHQWUXDFHDVW UHSDUD LHXUJHQW úLQHFHVDU ÌúLDúWHDSW GHDVHPHQHD
WLS ULUHDGXS QRUPHILORORJLFHRSHUHOHVFULLWRULORUFODVLFL]D L0DLPXOWGXS 
PDVVPHGLDURPkQHDVF QHVRFRWHúWHDSDUL LDQRLLVHULLGHUHJOHPHQW UL
DFDGHPLFH F U LOH úL SXEOLFD LLOH GH SUHV  FKLDU XQHOH UHYLVWH GH FXOWXU 
 
vQWUHEXLQ kQG YDULDQWH JUDILFH DOH DOIDEHWXOXL vQFkW GHYLQH VXSHUIOXX V  VH
discute despre mai multe tipuri de filologie în editologia ]LOHORUQRDVWUH
1RXOSXQFWGHYHGHUHQXLDvQFRQVLGHUDUHUHOHYDQ DFRGXOXLXWLOL]DWSH
FRQVLGHUHQWH LQkQGGHLVWRULDSRSRUXOXLWUDGL LDVDOLQJYLVWLF DSDUWHQHQ DOD
RDQXPHUDV QD LXQHLQWHUSUHWDWHvQVHQVXOXQHLUHSDUD LLPRUDOHRULSXUúL
simplu artistice, considerânduVH F  DFHVWH VHPQLILFD LL VXQW ÄSUHGDWH´
suportului, în cazul mai vecKLKkUWLDvQVLWXD LDPDLQRX GHXOWLP RU FHO
HOHFWURQLFÌQVLWXD LDVXSRUWXOXLHOHFWURQLFFRGXOHVWHúLPDLPXOWVLPSOLILFDW
creânduVHQHFHVLWDWHDQHIDVW SHQWUXIRVWHOHWH[WHHGLWDWHILORORJLFUHQXQ ULL
OD RULFH DOWH LQIRUPD LL vQ DIDUD DFHOHLD GH FRG GH FRPXQLFDUH 8WLOL]DUHD
GLVWLQFW GXS UHJXOLSUHFLVHDJUDIHPHORUFDUHFRQ LQVHPQHGLDFULWLFH k
QXPDLHSRVLELO SULQPHGLLOHGHXOWLP JHQHUD LHGXS FXPQLFLFHOHODOWH
JUDIHPHvQVR LWHGHVLPEROXULGLDFULWLFHú QXúLYRUPDLJ VLXWLOL]DUHD6H
SXQHSULQXUPDUHvQWUHEDUHDFXPYRUDU WDSULPHOHWH[WHOLWHUDUHSH,QWHUQHWúL
FXPYRUILXWLOL]DWHFGXULOHvQELEOLRWHFLDWkWWLPSFkWRWDVWDWXU XQLYHUVDO QX
DIRVWSXV ODSXQFWLDUGHRVHELULOHGHQDWXU DXWLOL] ULLILORORJLFHGLIHULQGGH
ODXQSRSRUODDOWXOGHODRFXOWXU ODDOWDDUQHFHVLWDLQYHQWDUHDXQXLOLPEDM
artificial de genul volapük, argument desigur nerealist. 'DF  vQWUHEDUHD
SURVSHFWHD]  XQ YLLWRU LQFHUW XQ DOW DP QXQW HVWH FHO SX LQ SUHYL]LELO
LQVLQXDUHD FRPSHWL LHL SXEOLFLWDUH IDOV úWLLQ LILFH FD HWDORQ YDORULF 9LQD
WUDJLF  SXUWDW  DLFL GH PDVVPHGLD R FRQVWLWXLH H[DFHUEDUHD IHQRPHQXOXL
SXEOLFLWDUUHVLP LWFDX]XUSDWRUDOVLVWHPXOXLGHYDORULvQWUXFkWQXRLQVWLWX LH
VDX SHUVRDQH FX vQYHVWLWXU  úWLLQ LILF  SURPRYHD]  WH[WXO GHVSUH SURGXVXO
UHVSHFWLY FL R HFKLS  GH VSHFLDOLúWL FRQFHQWUDW  vQ SULPXO UkQG DVXSUD
PHWRGHORU SHUVXDVLYH GH FRQYLQJHUH úL GH DELD GXS  DFHHD DVXSUD YDORULL
LQWULQVHFL 3XEOLFLWDWHD SURILW  GLQ SOLQ GH DXWRULWDWHD FO GLW  GHD OXQJXO
LVWRULHLXPDQLW LLvQFXYkQWXOVFULVúLSULQH[WUDSRODUHvQPLMORDFHOHDXGLRúL
video care au preluat „mitul”), folosinduO GDF  VH DGPLWH FRPSDUD LD FD
GURJVDXP FDUHXIRUL]DQW
3UHID kQGFXDFHVWHSUHYL]LXQLPLOHQLXOFDUHvQFHSHWUHEXLHDU WDWF 
QRLOHWHKQRORJLLPDVVPHGLDVHGHILQHVFSULQWURDFFHOHUDUHI U SUHFHGHQWD
IXQF LLORU PDVVPHGLD úL UHIDF ÄWDEORXO´ FRPXQLF ULL XPDQH OD SDUDPHWULL
RSWLPLDLIXQF LRQ ULLVDOHFDUHVXQWRSULP VLPELR] vQWUHLQGLYLGXDOLWDWHúL
VRFLHWDWHSULQGLVSDUL LDGLVWDQ HORUúLLPSOLFLWDWLPSXOXL3UDFWLFPHVDMHOH
FLUFXO  vQWUH HPL WRU úL UHFHSWRU I U  UHVWULF LL HPL WRUXO vúL SRDWH
individualiza sau personaliza în orice moment mesajul social, la cererea
UHFHSWRUXOXLIDSWSRVLELOQXPDLGDWRULW RSWLPL] ULLFRPXQLF ULLúLvQDFHODúL
 
WLPSSULQODUJXODFFHVSHFDUHvODXFHLLQWHUHVD LODUH HD5H HDXDQRXOFDQDO
GH WUDQVPLWHUH D FRPXQLF ULL DUH SXWHUH GH DFRSHULUH PDL PDUH GHFkW
QHFHVLW LOHLDUPHGLXOXWLOL]DWSHUPLWHWLSXOGHFRPXQLFDUHLQWHUDFWLY I FkQG
SRVLELO GLDORJXO PDL QRX FKLDU úL vQWUH SHUVRDQH FDUH QX GH LQ DFHHDúL
FRPSHWHQ OLQJYLVWLF vQVHQVXOF VXQWYRUELWRULGHOLPELGLIHULWH
În cel deDOGRLOHDQXP UVSHFLDOGLQÄ/H0RQGH´LQWLWXODWÄ9LLWRUXO”
VXQW UHGDWH R VHULH GH GH]EDWHUL SH DFHDVW  WHP  'LQ VXPDUXO H[WUHP GH
LQFLWDQWDOSXEOLFD LHLVHGHWDúHD] VXELHFWHSUHFXPÄLQFLGHQ DLQWHUQHWXOXL
DVXSUD YDORULORU GHPRFUD LHL QDúWHUHD XQHL KLSHUHOLWH IRQGDW  SH SXWHUHD
QRLORUXWLOLW LDOHFRPXQLF ULLEXOYHUVDUHDOXPLLDUWLVWLFHSULQDSDUL LDOXPLL
YLUWXDOH VFKLPEDUHD IXQGDPHQWDO  D QR LXQLL GH PXQF  RPRJHQL]DUHD
FXOWXULORU úL RSR]L LD vQWkPSLQDW  GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD UHIOH[HORU LGHQWLWDUH
úWHUJHUHDÄJUDQL HL´GLQWUHPDVFXOLQúLIHPLQLQúLvQF DOWHOHQHQRPLQDOL]DWH
aici, înVR LWH ILHFDUH vQ SDUWH GH FLIUHFKHLH úL GH XQ PLQL OH[LF DO
SUREOHPDWLFLORU DERUGDWH &kW SULYHúWH YLLWRUXO PDVVPHGLD U VSXQVXULOH OD
vQWUHE ULOHSXVHVDXFRQFUHWL]DWvQGRX YDULDQWHSUHGLFWLYHXQDSHVLPLVW 
FHDODOW RSWLPLVW 3RUQLQGGHODDFHVWHD]LDULúWLLIUDQFH]LDXODQVDWFHOHGRX 
LSRWH]HFDUHWUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDWHVLPSOHVFHQDULLFXRULGLFDW FRW GHVFLQFH
fiction. „Scenariile” propuse de Sylvain Cypel (ziarist la cotidianul
Ä/H 0RQGH´ VH ED]HD]  SH RSLQLLOH XQRU IRDUWH FXQRVFX L VSHFLDOLúWL
3'UXFNHU(&RPPHUFHD7RWDOO\8QH[SHFWHG'HYHORSPHQW+RW:LUHG
RFW0DQXHO&DVWHOOVL’Ére de l’information. La societé en réseaux
)D\DUG-DFTXHV$WWDOLDictionnaire du XXe siécle)D\DUGúL
GXS  FXP VH REVHUY  DFRUG  R LPSRUWDQ  FRYkUúLWRDUH PDVVPHGLD PDL
H[DFWvQXUPDLQWU ULLvQIXQF LXQHDQRLORUHLVLVWHPH
0DVVmedia se înscrie întrRVSLUDO HYROXWLY I U SUHFHGHQWÄPRWRUXO´
VHFROXOXL XUP WRU DIOkQGXVH vQ VWUkQV  GHWHUPLQDUH FX OHJLW LOHFRPXQLF ULL
'H DFHHD H GH SUHVXSXV F  R VHULH GH WHUPHQL DL HSRFLORU GH vQFHSXW DOH
GRPHQLLORU FRPXQLF ULL XWLOL]D L vQF  DVW ]L FX R DGHY UDW  IHUYRDUH vúL YRU
VWLQJH OXPLQD VHPQLILFD LLORU SUHFXP DúWULL PRU L YLWH]D WUDQVIRUP ULL
VFKLPE ULLúLHYROX LHLPDVVPHGLDDSURSLLQGXVHGHWUHSWHOHVXSHULRDUH
ÌQ SODQ JHQHUDO SURJUHVXO FLYLOL]D LHL PRQGLDOH FRQVW  vQ HYROX LH
XPDQ  úL DFXPXODUH FXOWXUDO  DFHVWHD ILLQG FRQWLQXH úL QX GH SX LQH RUL
FRQWUDGLFWRULL ,QWUD L UHFHQW vQ HSRFD PLMORDFHORU GH FRPXQLFDUH
FRPSXWHUL]DWHúLI U DOHFXQRDúWHFXH[FHS LDFkWRUYDVFHQDULLvQWUHFDUHúL
FHOHDPLQWLWHFRQVHFLQ HOHQXVHSRWVWDELOLúLFXDWkWPDLPXOWQLFLQDWXUDúL
QLFL LPSOLFD LLOH DFHVWRU WUDQVIRUP UL IRDUWH UHFHQWH &HUW HVWH F  ID  GH
 
QXPHURDVHOH VFKLPE UL LQWHUYHQLWH QX vQWRWGHDXQD úL QX SHQWUX WRDWH
LQYRFDUHD SURJUHVXOXL UHSUH]LQW  VROX LD MXVW  7ULXPIDOLVPXO FDUH vQVR HúWH
SXEOLFLWDUúLILQDQFLDUDFWLYLWDWHDVLVWHPHORUPDVVPHGLDLJQRU VDUSXWHD
VSXQHFXGHOLEHUDUHFRQWUDGLF LLOHLQWHUQHúLUHDF LLOHGHRVWLOLWDWHHDGHY UDW
SX LQHWRWXúLUHDOH
3HQWUX FHL PDL PXO L FUHúWHUHD SXWHULL UH HOHORU úL D PDúLQLORU
LQWHOLJHQWH GHVWDELOL]HD]  HOLWHOH úL PRGLILF  PRGXO GH LGHQWLILFDUH D
individului presând inexorabil la o treceUHDSXWHULLRUJDQL]D LLORUVWDWDOHGH
SDUWLGVLQGLFDOHF WUHLQGLYL]LúLPLFLJUXSXULYHFWRULDLLQRYD LLORU2SULP 
WHQGLQ  SR]LWLY  GDU DFFHQWXkQG LHúLUHD VSUH SRVWSROLWLF HPDQD LH D
VXSHUFHW HDQXOXLHVWHGDW GHDSDUL LDQHWL]HQXOXLQHWL]Hn, cuvânt contras
GLQQHWFLWL]HQDGLF ÄUH HD´úLFHW HDQ´OLEHUúLI U IURQWLHUH$FHVWDYD
GXFH OD R WHULILDQW  VIkQW  DOLDQ  vQWUH VWDW DQWUHSUL]  úL QRXO H[SHUW SULQ
UHGXFHUHDODQHDQWDFXQRúWLQ HORUSROLWLFHFROHFWLYH3HWHU'UXFNHUFRQVLGHUDW
GH &\SHO XQ JXUX DO PDQDJHPHQWXOXL DQXQ  EXOYHUVDUHD SROLWLFXOXL GH
SURFUHDUHD YLLWRDUH D FRPHU XOXL HOHFWURQLF (FRPPHUFH YD WUDQVIRUPD
JHRJUDILD PHQWDO  D RDPHQLORU 0XO L vúL LPDJLQHD]  GHMD R VRFLHWDWH XQGH
WUDYDOLXOúLDFKL]L LDFRQVWDQW GHFXQRúWLQ HQXIRUPHD] GHFkWXQDúLDFHHDúL
DFWLYLWDWHHGXFD LDúLWHKQRORJLLOHLQWHOLJHQ HL&RPHU XOHOHFWURQLFYDFUHDR
QRX FODV GRPLQDQW GH LQ WRULLGHFXQRDúWHUHRKLSHUFODV GHDQWUHSHQRUL
VXSHUHGXFD L úL GHVFKLúL OD LQRYD LL 8Q DOW FHUFHW WRU $QGUHZ 6KDSLUR
LQYHQWDWRUXO WHUPHQLORU &\EHUELD úL &\EHUNHOH\ FRQVLGHU  FD YLLWRUXO VH
GHVFKLGHFXRFRQIUXQWDUHvQWUHDFHúWLD'HRSDUWH&\EHUELDRKLSHUVRFLHWDWH
FRQWURODW VXSUDYHJKHDW GHSROL LLOHGHUH HDXQGHVSD LXOSXEOLFHVWHH[FOXV
GHDOW SDUWH&\EHUNHOH\XQWLSGH(GHQXQGHVHvQWkOQHVFVHUYLFLLFRPXQHúL
FRQYLH XLUH SDúQLF  În SULPXO UkQG VH IDFH VLP LW  SH SODQ PRQGLDO R
VHSDUD LH WRW PDL QHW  vQWUH YHFKLOH úL DFWXDOHOH vQ HOHVXUL DOH QR LXQLORU
SHUHFKHERJDWV UDF$VW ]LHVWHLPSURSULXV VHYRUEHDVF vQWURVRFLHWDWH
JOREDOL]DW  GHVSUH UL ERJDWH úL UL V UDFH *UDQL HOH QD LRQDOH VDU SXWHD
úWHUJHORFXODFHVWRUDILLQGOXDWGHJUDQL HVDXFRUWLQHLQYL]LELOHHFRQRPLFH
ajungânduVH OD GHOLPLWDUHD JOREXOXL vQ ]RQH ERJDWH úL ]RQH V UDFH 8QHOH
SURIHVLL FXP VXQW FHOH GLQ GRPHQLXO ILQDQFLDUEDQFDU RIHU  LQGLIHUHQW GH
EXQD VDX JUHúLWD IXQF LRQDUH D VLVWHPXOXL ERJ LH 6DU SXWHD YRUEL DúDGDU
GHVSUH SURIHVLL IDYRUL]DQWH XQGH FRPSHWHQ D QX H QHDS UDW XQ FULWHULX DO
EXQ VW ULL 6H SRDWH YRUEL GH DVHPHQHD GHVSUH VHSDUD LD LQGLYL]LORU vQ
persoane foarte bogate (acestea întrXQQXP UH[WUHPGHUHVWUkQVúLÄFHLODO L´
VSHFWUXOWHRULLORUOXL0DU[UHYHQLQGSUHFXPIDQWRPDGLQ+DPOHW([LVW vQ
 
DFHVWPRPHQWvQXQHOHS U LDOHOXPLLRUDúHDOHERJD LORURUJDQL]DWHGXS 
YHFKLXOSULQFLSLXGHDS UDUHDOFHW LORUFXGHRVHELUHDF vQORFXOSRGXULORU
FDUH VH ULGLFDX úL D FDQDOHORU FX DS  vPSUHMPXLWRDUH VH DIO  GH DVW  GDW 
VLVWHPH VRILVWLFDWH GH DODUPDUH úL DS UDUH ERG\JXDU]L vQDUPD L în fine un
VLVWHPGHSURWHF LHPHQLWV LDSHUHSHXQLLGLQWUHVHPHQLLQRúWULGHFHLODO LùL
vQ%XFXUHúWLFDUWLHUXOIUDQFH]HVWHSURWHMDWGHYL]LWDWRUL ÎntrebânduVHFDUH
PRGHO YD IL DGRSWDW úL FH úDQV  PDL DX IXQGDPHQWHOH GHPRFUD LHL V 
VXSUDYLH XLDVF  'RPLQLTXH :ROWRQ DILUP  Ä(XIRUL]DQWH VDX FDWDVWURILFH
DFHVWHYL]LXQLWHKQLFLVWHDOHYLLWRUXOXLVXQWWRDWHIRQGDWHSHLGHHDGRPLQDQW 
vQ68$DSULPDWXOXLWHKQRORJLHLDVXSUDVRFLHW LL&HOPDLPDUHQHDMXQVDO
ORUHVWHQHFXQRDúWHUHD,VWRULHLùLHQRUPDOSRSRUI U LVWRULHDPHULFDQLLDX
zece lungimi de avans pe Internet, ceea ce corespunde în plus profundei lor
FXOWXUL LQGLYLGXDOLVWH 2EQXELOD L GH WHKQRORJLH DFHúWLD QX vQ HOHJ F 
VRFLHW LOH XPDQH DX IRVW WRWGHDXQD FX PXOW PDL FRPSOLFDWH FX FkW
WHKQRORJLLOH VXQW PDL VRILVWLFDWH´ 'RPLQLTXH :ROWRQ DGPLWH LPSRUWDQ D
FRPHU XOXLHOHFWURQLFFDUHYDFRQVWLWXLRHQRUP PL] úLHGHDFRUGFXWRDWH
DYDQWDMHOHSHFDUH,QWHUQHWXOOHRIHU FHORUvQWUHSULQ] WRULGDUFUHGHvQILQDO
F  GXS  FLQFLVSUH]HFH DQL GH „folie” Internet, vom asista la o mare
reîntoarcere la Om. 

1RWH
 În DUD QRDVWU  IXQF LRQHD]  5HQDF UH HDXD QD LRQDO  GH FDOFXODWRDUH
5HQRG5HQDF UH HD QRGDO  SHQWUX 5HQDF &HGLQI FHUFHWDUH úL GH]YROWDUH
LQIRUPDWLF ,65LQIURPDWL]DUHDVRFLHW LLURPkQHúWL
Ä,QIRUPD LDHVWHSDUWHDFHDPDLFRPXQLFDELO DUHDOLW LLSRDWHWUHFHIRDUWH
XúRUGHSHRVXEVWDQ SHDOWDFHHDFHIDFHSRVLELOFDVXEVWDQ HGLIHULWHV SRDW GXFH
DFHHDúLLQIRUPD LHúLVXEVWDQ HDVHP Q WRDUHV SRDW GXFHLQIRUPD LLGLIHULWH'HúL
HVWH LQGLVROXELO OHJDW  GH VXEVWDQ D úL HQHUJLD FDUH R JHQHUHD]  úL R WUDQVSRUW 
LQIRUPD LDUHSUH]LQW XQDOWDVSHFWDOPDWHULHLFDUHDUHFDSDFLWDWHDGHWUDQVIRUPDUHúL
de conservare” (A. Restian, 5ROXOLQIRUPD LHL, în 8QLWDWHDOXPLLúLLQWHJUDUHDúWLLQ HORU
VDX,QWHJURQLFD(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWL
 8Q H[HPSOX vO FRQVWLWXLH FKLDU UHYROX LD URPkQ  GLQ GHFHPEULH µ ODUJ
PHGLDWL]DW vQ(XURSDGDUPDLSX LQFXQRVFXW SHFHOHODOWHFRQWLQHQWH8Q]LDUORFDO
DPHULFDQ VSUH H[HPSOX FRQ LQHD SH SULPD VD SDJLQ  úWLUL GH PDUH LQWHUHV SHQWUX
FRPXQLWDWHD XUEDQ  XQGH DS UHD LQIRUPD LD GHVSUH UHYROX LD GLQ DUD QRDVWU  ILLQG
LQVHUDW SHRSDJLQ GHILQDODSXEOLFD LHLVXEIRUPDXQHLVLPSOHQRWH
 În 0LKDL &RPDQ ,QWURGXFHUH în massPHGLD S  FRQIRUP XQRU
VWDWLVWLFL úL VWXGLL GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VXQW GDWH PDL PXOWH H[HPSOH GLQ FDUH H[WUDJHP
 
Ä&HOHPDLPDULDJHQ LLGHSUHV GLQOXPHVXQWORFDOL]DWHvQVWDWHOHFDUHUHSUH]LQW 
PDULOHSXWHULSROLWLFRPLOLWDUHDOHHSRFLLDFWXDOHGHúLvQOXPHH[LVW GHDJHQ LLGH
SUHV DFHVWHPDULDJHQ LLDWLQJFXLQIRUPD LLOHORUGLQSRSXOD LDSODQHWHLGLQ
FHOHGHPDULILUPHFDUHRSHUHD] vQVIHUDFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV LGHQWLILFDWHGHR
cercetare UNESCO în 1989, nici una nX HUD RULJLQDU  VDX ED]DW  vQWUR ]RQ  GLQ
OXPHDDWUHLDMXP WDWHGLQDFHVWHDVXQWDPHULFDQHLDURS WULPHVXQWHXURSHQHÌQ
OXPHVXQWSURGXVHDQXDOGHILOPHGHúLQXPDLGLQDFHVWHDVXQWUHDOL]DWHvQ
68$ILOPHOHDPHULFDQHRFXS GLQWLPSXOUHDOGHYL]LRQDUHSHSODQHW úL
GLQ WRWDOXO GH YHQLWXUL DGXVH GH LQGXVWULD FLQHPDWRJUDILF   GLQ IUHFYHQ HOH GH
UDGLRGLVSRQLELOHVXQWXWLOL]DWHvQ ULOHGH]YROWDWHGLQSURGXF LDPRQGLDO GH
FDUWHHVWHSODVDW WRWDLFL6LVWHPXOLQGXVWULLORUFXOWXUDOHHVWHFRQWURODWGHWHLPDUL
WUXVWXUL PXOWLQD LRQDOH JUXSXO 7LPH:HUQHU FHD PDL PDUH FRUSRUD LH PDVVPHGLD
GH LQHXQFDSLWDOXULDúIRORVHúWHGHDQJDMD LDUHILOLDOHvQ68$(XURSD$VLD
$XVWUDOLD$PHULFD/DWLQ úLDUHDOL]DWvQYHQLWXULGHPLOLDUGHGHGRODULÎn
UDSRUWXO V X GLQ  JUXSXO VH GHILQHD FD R HQWLWDWH SODQHWDU  úL ODQVD ORJRXO
ÄÌQWUHDJDSODQHW HVWHSXEOLFXOQRVWUX´SSDVVLP
În2LVWRULHDPLMORDFHORUGHFRPXQLFDUH,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúL-HDQ
1|HO-HDQQHQH\YRUELQGGHVSUHLGHQWLWDWHDQD LRQDO DUDW F IDFWRUXOGHvQJULMRUDUH
HVWH DPHQLQ DUHD SH FDUH DU SXWHDR FRQVWLWXL ÄWRFLUHD´ SURJUHVLY  D DFHORU
SDUWLFXODULW LYHQLWHGLQQHJXUDWLPSXOXLSHFDUHVHHGLILF RULJLQDOLWDWHDXQXLSRSRUúL
GRULQ DVDGHDWU LXQLW´úLFRQFOXGHúWLPDVW ]LGLQH[SHULHQ HOHWUHFXWHF QXSXWHP
DFFHGHODXQLYHUVDOFXXQDQXPLWJUDGGHDPEL LHGHFkWSULQSURWHMDUHDVSHFLILFD LORU
QD LRQDOH´S
 În GRX  QXPHUH VXFFHVLYH UHYLVWD Ä&DLHWH FULWLFH´ UHSURGXFH OXFU ULOH
&RORFYLLORU 81(6&2 GLQ DQLL  Culturile estului în totalitarism úL 
'LDORJXOFXOWXUDO(VW9HVWvQID DPLOHQLXOXL,,,vQFDUHVXQWLQVHUDWHQXPHURDVHOX UL
GHSR]L LHDVXSUDWUHFHULLGHODVLVWHPXOFXOWXUDOGLULMLVWODFHOOLEHUDOúLDGHFDODMHORU
survenite prin implementarea noilor media, foarte bine reprezentate în perioada de
WUDQ]L LHVSUHHFRQRPLDGHSLD 6DDMXQVODFRQFOX]LDF QRXOXLPRGHOPHGLDWLFvQ
VSH GHSURYHQLHQ DPHULFDQ QXLDIRVWRSXV QLFLRUH]LVWHQ GLQFDX]DSU EXúLULL
HFRQRPLFHDFHOXLWUDGL LRQDOUHSUH]HQWkQGYDORULHXURSHQHúLvQVSHFLDODOHFXOWXULL
IUDQFH]H $VSHFWHOH FHOH PDL FRQWUDGLFWRULL VH PDQLIHVW  vQ GRPHQLXO SUHVHL VFULVH
FRQVWLWXLW  vQ DUD QRDVWU  vQF  GH OD vQFHSXWXULOH HL FD SUHV  GH RSLQLH PXO XPLW 
FRQWULEX LHLPDULORUVFULLWRULFDUHDXGDWVWLOXOXLSXEOLFLVWLFRRPRJHQLWDWHúLRHOHYD LH
pierdute azi, când se scrie tern, sec, lipsit de relief. 
(GLWRORJLDDGXFHSHQWUXSULPDGDW vQSULPSODQFKHVWLXQHDVXSRUWXOXLGH
FRQVHUYDUHDLQIRUPD LHLDFHVWDSUHYDOkQGPRGXOXLúWLLQ LILFGHUHSURGXFHUHDHL
3HQWUXDLQILUPDRDVWIHOGHLSRWH] WULPLWHPODVWXGLXO(FDWHULQHL0LK LO 
1LYHOXO FHO PDL GH VXSUDID  DO WH[WXOXL VDX úRFXO JUDILF úL RUWRJUDILF vQ SRH]LD
SRVWPRGHUQLVW ), în SCL, nr. 1;/9,

 
  )ORULFD 'LPLWUHVFX 'LF LRQDU GH FXYLQWH UHFHQWH (GLWXUD $OEDWURV
%XFXUHúWLHGL LD,úL(GLWXUD&OXVLXPHGL LDD,,DÎnDUWLFROXO7HQGLQ H
DFWXDOHDOHIRUP ULLFXYLQWHORUvQOLPEDURPkQ DFWXDO DS UXWvQSXEOLFD LDÄ/LPE 
úL OLWHUDWXU ´ FX SHVWH WUHL GHFHQLL vQ XUP  DU WD F  ÄOLPED SUHVHL RJOLQGHúWH úL vQ
DFHODúLWLPSLQIOXHQ HD] vQFHOPDLvQDOWJUDGOLPEDYLHDFWXDO ´
 0RGHOXO HYROX LRQLVW DO RULJLQLL RPXOXL HVWH XQ PRGHO DO HYROX LHL vQ
DFFHOHUD LHSURJUHVLY 5HG PvQDFHVWVHQVVSUHH[HPSOLILFDUHXQIUDJPHQWGHODS
DFXUVXOXLGHID 6LPSODHQXPHUDUHDERUQHORUWHPSRUDOHLPSRUWDQWHDPLQWLWH
    PLOLRDQH GH DQL     DQL DUDW  R V JHDW  vQ
DFFHOHUD LHH[SRQHQ LDO $ELDDFXPGHDQLvQFHSHUHYROX LDLQGXVWULDO úLDELDGH
FFDGHDQLGHYLQHGRPLQDQW WHKQRORJLDPRGHUQ DXWRPDWL]DW FRPSXWHUL]DW úL
LQIRUPD LRQDO &kWSULYHúWHHWDSHOHGH]YROW ULLFRPXQLF ULLXPDQHHOHLOXVWUHD] vQWUX
WRWXODFHODúLWLSGHDFFHOHUD LHSURJUHVLY 'HODSHULRDGDDSDUL LHLSUHVHLGHPDV OD
FHD D SUHVHL DXGLR úL DSRL YLGHR úL SkQ  OD QRLOH VLVWHPH PDVVPHGLD WHOHIRQLH úL
WHOHYL]LXQH SULQ VDWHOLW LQWURGXFHUHD FRPSXWHUHORU vQ VLVWHPXO LQWHUQHW úL HPDLO
YLGHRWH[WXOWLPSXOVFXUVGHODRDSOLFD LHODDOWDVa „contras” permanent.
9H]LvQDFHVWVHQV0HOYLQ/'H)OHXUúL6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK7HRULLDOH
FRPXQLF ULLGHPDV (GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúLS




















 
 




































 
 %LEOLRJUDILHJHQHUDO 







 Almanahul graficei române  (GLWXUD *UDILF  &UDLRYD 7LSDUXO
Scrisul Românesc.
 Almanahul graficei române  (GLWXUD *UDILF  &UDLRYD 7LSDUXO
Scrisul Românesc
 Dictionnaire des Médias VXE GLUHF LD OXL )UDQFLV %DOOH (GLWLRQV
/DURXVVH%RUGDV3DULV
6HFROXO;;QU>@LQWLWXODW*XWHQEHUJFRPSXWHU
,QWHUQHW
&KULVWLDQ %D\ORQ ;DYLHU 0LJQRW &RPXQLFDUHD (GLWXUD 8QLYHUVLW LL
Ä$O,&X]D´,DúL
&ODXGH-HDQ%HUWUDQGFRRUGRQDWRU2LQWURGXFHUHvQSUHVDVFULV úLYRUELW 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
6KLUOH\%LDJL0HGLD5HDGHU3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ0DVV0HGLD,QGXVWULHV(IIHFWV
DQG,VVXHVVHFRQGHGLWLRQ:DGVZRUWK3XEOLVKLQJ%HOPRQW
$XUHOLDQ %RQGUHD 6RFLRORJLD RSLQLHL SXEOLFH úL D PDVVPHGLD (GLWXUD
)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine%XFXUHúWL
&ODXGH %RQQDQJH &KDQWDO 7KRPDV 'RQ -XDQ VDX 3DYORY" (VHX GHVSUH
FRPXQLFDUHDSXEOLFLWDU (GLWXUD7UHL%XFXUHúWL
3KLOLSSH%UHWRQ6HUJH3URXOX[L’explosiRQGHODFRPPXQLFDWLRQ(GLWLRQ
La Déouverte, Paris, 1996.
,RQ %XFKHUX )HQRPHQXO WHOHYL]LXQH OLPEDMXO LPDJLQLL SXEOLFLVWLF 
SURGXF LH SURJUDPDUH (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5omânia de Mâine
%XFXUHúWL
&ULVWLQD &RPDQ 5HOD LL SXEOLFH WHKQLFL GH FRPXQLFDUH FX SUHVD (GLWXUD
$//%XFXUHúWL
&ULVWLQD&RPDQ5HOD LLOHSXEOLFHúLPDVVPHGLD(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
HGD,,DUHY ]XW úLDG XJLW 
0LKDL &RPDQ Introducere în sistemul massPHGLD (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL

 
0LKDL&RPDQFRRUGRQDWRU0DQXDOGHMXUQDOLVP7HKQLFLIXQGDPHQWDOHGH
UHGDFWDUH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
6XOWDQD&UDLD,QWURGXFHUHvQWHRULDFRPXQLF ULL(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia
de Mâine%XFXUHúWL
0HOYLQ/'H)OHXU 6DQGUD%DOO5RNHDFK7HRULLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGHPDV 
(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
0LKDL'LQX&RPXQLFDUHD(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWL
Vasile Sebastian Dâncu, &RPXQLFDUHD VLPEROLF  DUKLWHFWXUD GLVFXUVXOXL
SXEOLFLWDU(GLWXUD'DFLD&OXM
(PLOLDQ'REUHVFX6RFLRORJLDFRPXQLF ULL(GLWXUD9LFWRU%XFXUHúWL
5REHUW (VFDUSLW 'H OD VRFLRORJLD OLWHUDWXULL OD WHRULD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD
ùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWL
'RQDOG / )HUJXVRQ -LP 3DWWHQ -RXUQDOLVP 7RGD\ DQ LQWURGXFWLRQ
1DWLRQDO7H[WERRN&RPSDQ\6NRNLH68$
3DWULFH)OLFK\2LVWRULHDFRPXQLF ULLPRGHUQH(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
'DQLHOD5RYHQ D)UXPXúDQL6HPLRWLF VRFLHWDWHFXOWXU (GLWXUD,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúL
,RQHO )XQHULX (GLWRULDOLúWL URPkQL 1RHO %HUQDUG ,RQ &ULVWRLX0LUFHD
'LQHVFX ,RDQ ,HUFDQ 2FWDYLDQ 3DOHU &RUQHOLX 9DGLP 7XGRU
(GLWXUD$XJXVWD7LPLúRDUD
,RQ+DLQHú6LVWHPXOPDVVPHGLD(GLWXUD(UD%XFXUHúWL
1LFRODH,RUJD,VWRULDSUHVHLURPkQHúWL, Editura Muzeul Literaturii Române,
%XFXUHúWL
-HDQNöel Janneney, 2LVWRULHDPLMORDFHORUGHFRPXQLFDUH(GLWXUD,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúL
-RKQ .HDQH 0DVVPHGLD úL GHPRFUD LD (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO (XURSHDQ ,DúL

0LUHOD /D] U 'LF LRQDU GH WHUPLQRORJLH GH PDVVPHGLD úL FRPXQLFDUH
IUDQFH]român(GLWXUD8QLYHUVLW LL%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWL
*X\ /RFKDUG +HQUL %R\HU &RPXQLFDUHD PHGLDWLF  (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúL
-DPHV/XOO0DVVPHGLDFRPXQLFDUHFXOWXU RDERUGDUHJOREDO (GLWXUD
6DPL]GDW%XFXUHúWL
0LUFHD 0DOL D  GH FXOWXUL R VLQJXU  FLYLOL]D LH (GLWXUD 1HPLUD
%XFXUHúWL
$UPDQG 0DWWHODUW L’Inventation de la communication (GLWLRQ /D
Découverte, Paris, 1996.
 
3DXO 0DULQHVFX FRRUGRQDWRU 0DQDJHPHQWXO LQVWLWX LLORU GH SUHV  GLQ
România 7HRULH SUDFWLF  VWXGLL GH FD] (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL

'HQLV0F4XDLO&RPXQLFDUHD,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúL
0DUVKDOO0F/XKDQ*DOD[LD*XWHQEHUJ(GLWXUD3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWL
0DUVKDOO 0F/XKDQ 0DVVPHGLD VDX PHGLXO LQYL]LELO (GLWXUD 1HPLUD
%XFXUHúWL
Bernard Miege, 6RFLHWDWHD FXFHULW  GH FRPXQLFDUH (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL

Bernard Miege, *kQGLUHD FRPXQLFD LRQDO  (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWL
0DULD 0ROGRYHDQX 'RULQD 0LURQ 3VLKRORJLD UHFODPHL publicitatea în
DIDFHUL(GLWXUD/LEUD%XFXUHúWL
1LFKRODV1HJURSRQWH(UDGLJLWDO (GLWXUD$//%XFXUHúWL
9LUJLO2OWHDQX'LQLVWRULDúLDUWDF U LL(GLWXUD(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWL

0DULDQ2GDQJLX'DQLHOD&LREDQX9LROHWD)LFDUG3XEOLFLWDWHDDXGLRFXUV
SUDFWLFGHVWUDWHJLLFUHDWLYH(GLWXUD+HVWLD7LPLúRDUD
(PPDQXHO 3HGOHU 6RFLRORJLD FRPXQLF ULL (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF 
%XFXUHúWL
0DULDQ3HWFX7LSRORJLDSUHVHLURPkQHúWL(GLWXUD,QVWLWXWXO(XURSHDQ,DúL

%U\DQ3IDIIHQEHUJHU'DYLG:DOO'LF LRQDUFDOFXODWRDUH LQWHUQHW(GLWXUD
7HRUD%XFXUHúWL
Cristian Florin Popescu, Radu Bâlbâie,0LFGLF LRQDUGHMXUQDOLVP)XQGD LD
5RPSUHV%XFXUHúWL
Petre Pânzaru, 0DVVPHGLD vQ WUDQ]L LH (GLWXUD )XQGD LHL 5RPSUHV
%XFXUHúWL
'XPLWUX7LWXV3RSD'UHSWXOFRPXQLF ULL(GLWXUD1RUPD%XFXUHúWL
,OLH 5DG 6WLOLVWLF  úL PDVVPHGLD $VSHFWH DOH H[SHULHQ HL MXUQDOLVWLFH
(GLWXUD([FHOVLRU&OXM1DSRFD
/XPLQL D 5RúFD )RUPDUHD LGHQWLW LL SURIHVLRQDOH D MXUQDOLúWLORU (GLWXUD
3ROLURP,DúL
'DQLHOD 5RYHQ D)UXPXúDQL 6HPLRWLF  VRFLHWDWH FXOWXU  ,QVWLWXWXO
(XURSHDQ,DúL
0LUXQD 5XQFDQ ,QWURGXFHUH vQ HWLFD úL OHJLVOD LD SUHVHL (GLWXUD $//
%XFXUHúWL
 
7DWLDQD6ODPD&D]DFX6WUDWDJHPHFRPXQLFD LRQDOHúLPDQLSXODUHD(GLWXUD
3ROLURP,DúL
,RQ6PHXUHDQX*HRUJHWD'UXO 0XOWLPHGLDFRQFHSWHúLSUDFWLF (GLWXUD
&LVRQ
9DOHQWLQ6WDQFX0DUFHOD06WRLFD$GULDQ6WRLFD5HOD LLSXEOLFHVXFFHVúL
FUHGLELOLWDWH(GLWXUD&RQFHSW3XEOLVKLQJ%XFXUHúWL
6WDQFXùHUE5HOD LLSXEOLFHúLFRPXQLFDUH(GLWXUD7HRUD%XFXUHúWL
/DXUHQ LX ùRLWX $F LXQH úL FRPXQLFDUH (GLWXUD ,QVWLWXWXO (XURSHDQ ,DúL

$QJHOD 7HúLOHDQX 'RULQD &KLUL HVFX 0DVVPHGLD úL HGXFD LD FLYLF  JKLG
PHWRGLF(GLWXUD6LJPD%XFXUHúWL
-RKQ%7KRPSVRQ0HGLDúLPRGHUQLWDWHD2WHRULHVRFLDO DPDVVPHGLD
(GLWXUD$QWHW%XFXUHúWLID
9DVLOH 7UDFLXF ,QWURGXFHUH vQ SUHVD UDGLRIRQLF (în regia autorului),
%XFXUHúWL
,PPDQXHO9DVLOLX,Qtroducere în teoria limbii(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF %XFXUHúWL

9ODGLPLU9RONRII7UDWDWGHGH]LQIRUPDUH'HODFDOXOWURLDQOD,QWHUQHW
(GLWXUD$QWHW%XFXUHúWLID
+HQUL:DOG([SUHVLYLWDWHDLGHLORU(GLWXUD&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF %XFXUHúWL

+HQUL :DOG ,GHHD YLQH YRUELQG (GLWXUD &DUWHD 5RPkQHDVF  %XFXUHúWL

'HQQLV / :LOFR[ 3KLOLS + $XOW :DUUHQ . $JHO 3XEOLF 5HODWLRQV
6WUDWHJLHVDQG7DFWLFV+DUSHU&RROLQV3XEOLVKHU1HZ<RUNID
6WDQ/H5R\:LOVRQ0DVVPHGLD0DVVFXOWXUHDQLQWURGXFWLRQ0F*UDZ
+LOO,QFUGHGLWLRQ