FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION

AND INTELLIGENCE

WEEK TWO
Lesson Objective: At the end of this module, YOU are expected to;
1. Discuss the etymology of Criminal Investigation
2. Distinguish criminal investigation as an art, a science and a
process.
3. Identify the different phases, kinds, forms and categories of
criminal investigation;
4. State the importance of the six (6) cardinal points of criminal
investigation

On the previous module, we have defined Crime as an act of commission

or omission punishable by law. We further discuss that, in order for a crime to
exist – Motive, Opportunity and Instrumentality must be present at the same place
and at the same time.
By now, it is clear to YOU that Crime prevention is not only the
responsibility of the Law Enforcement pillar of our Criminal Justice system but
rather it is the responsibility of all five pillars. Each pillar plays an important role
in the fight against criminality.

POST-TEST: Define the following terms/terminologies.

1. INVESTIGATION
Answer: __________________________________________________
2. CRIME
Answer:___________________________________________________
3. INVESTIGATOR
Answer:___________________________________________________
4. SUSPECT
Answer:___________________________________________________
5. VICTIM
Answer:___________________________________________________
6. WITNESS
Answer:___________________________________________________

This Module is prepared by:

Phoebe A. Calupit, RCrim
Instructor
WEEK TWO Pg.02
7. EVIDENCE
Answer:___________________________________________________
8. CRIME SCENE
Answer:___________________________________________________
LESSON ONE: Introduction to Criminal Investigation

Criminal Investigation is usually conducted by law enforcement officers

who has the responsibility to identify, collect, and gather pieces of evidence at
the crime scene for specific purpose. When an alleged crime incident have been
committed the investigator shall establish the three aim folds of investigations.
The achievement of these objectives requires the investigator to have certain
knowledge, concepts and techniques as well as particular set of skills.

The Etymology of Investigation

Investigation refers to the process of carrying out a detailed examination
or inquiry usually in official manner, to discover something or somebody.
The word INVESTIGATION, was believed to be derived from the Latin
word INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some books) which means “to track or to look
into for traces”. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from VESTIGIUM,
another Latin word which means footprint. (MS Encarta Reference Library, 2009)

What do we mean by CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?

Criminal Investigation is an art which deals with the identity and location
of the offender and provides evidence of guilt through criminal proceedings. It is
the collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold aim:
A. To identify the guilty party;
B. To locate the guilty party; and
C. To provide evidence of his guilt.
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Criminal Investigator initially conduct investigation when one of the

following incident occurs:
1. Complaint was filed
2. When there is a crime committed or in progress
3. Drug related offense
4. Traffic accident
5. Operation of organized crime
6. Suspect is under arrest and detention
7. Suspect is at large and or fugitive from justice.

Please do take note that when we say, “AT LARGE” it means that the
suspect is not under arrest or detention and not being a wanted person in the
eyes of the law, and therefore cannot be lawfully arrested without a warrant.
While, the phrase, “FUGITIVE FROM JUSTICE” means an individual who,
after committing a criminal offense, leaves the jurisdiction of the court , where
such crime has taken place or hides within such jurisdiction to escape
prosecution.

Importance of Criminal Investigation

Below are the reason why there is a need to conduct criminal
investigation:
1. The problem on crimes and criminals should be carefully studied and provided
with solutions.
2. It helps the five pillars of the Criminal Justice system in recognizing and
identifying criminal and provides clues or information in promoting social justice.
3. An aid in enforcing the laws and the protection of lives and properties
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The Phases of Criminal Investigation

a) Preliminary Investigation - identify the criminal through confession;

eyewitness testimony; circumstantial evidence; and associate evidence
b) Follow Up Investigation - trace and locate the criminal; and
c) Final Investigation - proved by evidence the guilt of the suspect/s.

In proving the guilt of the accused in court, the fact of the existence of the
crime must be established; the defendant must be identified and associated with
the crime scene; competent and credible witnesses must be available; and the
physical evidence must be appropriately identified. The proof of guilt will depend
on the establishment of the essential elements of the crime. The investigator must
know by heart the elements of a specific crime.

KINDS OF INVESTIGATION. Generally speaking, there are only two kinds of

criminal investigation:

1. Investigation while the suspect is at under arrest and detention.

2. Investigation while the suspect is “At Large”.

Previously, we have discussed the difference between this two types of

Criminal investigation. When we say under arrest, the suspect is already arrested
and in the custody of the police, while, “at large” means what? (Right your answer
below)
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
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Forms of Investigation. Below are the different form of investigation:

1. Formal Investigation
● It refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency in an effort
to uncover facts and determine the truth.
● It is usually considered as some form of inquiry concerning of criminal
activity.
2. Inquest
● It is an effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the
commission of a crime.
3. Inquisition
● A more historical description than a current usage to describe any
penetrating investigation concerning a religious issue.
4. Probe
● Similar to formal investigation, is an extensive, searching inquiry
conducted by a government agency.
5. Research
● It is the most employed type of investigation refers to the careful, patient
investigation done by scientist or scholars in their efforts to identify original
sources of data or causes of problem.
6. Investigative Reporting
● Relatively speaking, is a recent type of investigation pursued by the
members of the press on their own initiative. It is designed to satisfy two
purposes.
✔ To attract readers/viewers
✔ To get to the roots of the problem

Categories of Criminal Investigation according to John Dempsey

1. Criminal Investigation vs Non-Criminal Investigation
● Criminal Investigation - carried out by the police.
● Non-Criminal Investigation - involves on non-criminal incidents or
events.
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2. Reactive Investigation vs Proactive Investigation

Reactive Investigation - initiated on the basis of a complaint.
Categories of Reactive Investigation
a. Walk-through - Suspect is easily determined and
located.
b. Where-are-they - Suspect has been tentatively identified
but has not been located.
c. Who-do-it - This is a case in which no suspects are
initially identified.
Proactive Investigation - these are designed to catch a criminal in the
act of committing a crime.
a. Decoy operations are of blending and decoy types to catch
criminals in flagrante delicto.
b. Undercover operations usually in the form of buy-bust and
entrapment.
● Buy-bust operation
● Entrapment
3. Overt Investigation vs Covert Investigation
a. Overt Investigation - openly.
b. Covert Investigation - in secret.

THE SIX (6) CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION

1. WHO QUESTIONS:
a. These are questions used to inquire on the identity of the victims
or offended party, name of suspect, accomplices, accessories and
witnesses of the crime.
2. WHAT QUESTIONS:
a. The purpose of these types of questions is to find out what
happened or what took place before, during and immediately after
the commission of the offense.
3. WHERE QUESTIONS:
a. These are questions that localize the place of the incident- the city
or town, the district or barangay, the street or road, the number of
the house or building. Where questions are necessary in
specifically pinpointing the particular location of the crime scene.
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4. WHEN QUESTIONS:
a. These are questions needed to determine and fix the time, day,
month and year when the crime was committed. When questions
should be specified and as accurate as possible.
5. WHY QUESTIONS:
a. These are questions that endeavor to ascertain the motives,
causes, antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts,
background occurrences that might help explain the commission
of the offense.
6. HOW QUESTIONS:
a. These are designed to help the investigator determine how the
crime was committed, the means/tools are employed, the crime
was discovered, and the culprit enters the building/room.

 Investigation refers to the process of carrying out a detailed examination or inquiry

usually in official manner, to discover something or somebody.
 Criminal Investigation is an art which deals with the identity and location of the
offender and provides evidence of guilt through criminal proceedings. It is the
collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold ai
 INVESTIGARE (vestigare in some books) which means “to track or to look into for
TERMS TO PONDER

traces”.
 Formal Investigation it refers to official inquiry conducted by a government agency
in an effort to uncover facts and determine the truth.
 Preliminary Investigation refers to the first part of Criminal Investigation which is
focused on the efforts to identify the criminal through confession; eyewitness
testimony; circumstantial evidence; and associate evidence
 Follow Up Investigation, the second phase of Criminal Investigation which refers to
the efforts to trace and locate the criminal; and
 Final Investigation, in this phase of Criminal Investigation the Investigator will have
to prove their allegations by means of presenting evidence of the guilt of the
suspect/s.
 Inquest refers to the effort to search the basic cause of an incident such as the
commission of a crime.
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LEARNER’S ACTIVITY TWO

INSTRUCTION:
Create a video presentation discoursing the topics
discussed in this module. Upload your output in our LMS site.
REQUIREMENT:
Minimum video length 8 mins – Maximum video length 10 mins
Language of Instruction/Presentation: English or Taglish
GRADING CRITERIA
70% Presentation
30% Creativity