Wind Velocity and Pressure Calculations

Wind Velocity and Velocity Pressure(SS EN1991-1-4: Section 4)
Formulas/References:
Vb = cdircseason cprobVb,0 (4.1)
1 𝐾ln ln 1 𝑝
cprob = (4.2)
1 𝐾ln ln 0.98
vm(ze) = cr(ze)c0(ze)Vb (4.3)
ze
cr(ze) = krln (4.4)
z0
z0 .
kr = 0.19 (4.5)
z0, II
kl
Iv(ze) = (4.7)
c0 ze ln ze⁄z0
1
qp(ze) = 1 7Iv ze  ρvm ze 2 (4.8)
2
Table 4.1:
Site and Building Data

Terrain Category 0 table 4.1
Type of structure Vertical wall clause 7.2.2
Reference height of structure 'ze' (m) 38.60 clause 4.3.1
Calculations:
Mean wind velocity 'Vb,0' (m/s) 20.00 from local specs
Directional factor 'cdir' 1.00 clause 4.2 note 2
Season factor 'cseason ' 1.00 clause 4.2 note 3
Probability of exceedence 'p' 0.02 clause 3.2
Shape parameter 'K' 0.20 clause 4.2 note 5
Exponent 'n' 0.50 clause 4.2 note 5
Probability factor 'cprob' 1.00 clause 4.2 (4.2)
Basic wind velocity 'Vb' (m/s) 20.00 clause 4.2 (4.1)
Maximum height 'zmax' (m) 200.00 clause 4.3.2
Maximum height 'zmin' (m) 1.00 table 4.1
Roughness length 'z0' (m) 0.00 table 4.1
From terrain category 'z0,II' (m) 0.05 clause 4.3.2
Terrain factor 'k r' 0.16 clause 4.3.2 (4.5)
Roughness factor 'cr(ze)' 1.48 clause 4.3.2 (4.4)
Orography factor 'c0(ze)' 1.00 clause 4.3.1
Mean wind velocity 'vm(ze)' (m/s) 29.53 clause 4.3.1 (4.3)
Turbulence factor 'k l' 1.00 clause 4.4
Turbulence intensity 'Iv(ze)' 0.11 clause 4.4 (4.7)
3
Density of air 'ρ' (kg/m ) 1.19 from local specs
Peak velocity pressure 'qp(ze)' (kPa) 0.906 clause 4.5 (4.8)
Page 1
Design Wind Pressure on Façade (SS EN1991-1-4: Section 7)
Formulas/References:
we = qp(ze)cpe clause 5.2 (5.1)
wi = qp(ze)cpi clause 5.2 (5.2)
cp,net = cpe-cpi clause 7.2.10
Building/Structure Data
Peak velocity pressure 'qp(ze)' (kPa) 0.906 clause 4.5 (4.8)
Building width 'b' (m) 40.70 clause 7.2.2
Building depth 'd' (m) 39.46 clause 7.2.2
Building height 'h' (m) 38.60 clause 7.2.2
Height of wall above ground 'z' (m) 38.60 clause 7.2.2
Reference height 'ze' (m) 38.60 figure 7.4
Ratio 'h/d' 0.98 clause 7.2.2
Distance 'e' (m) 40.70 figure 7.5
External Wind Pressures for Vertical Walls

Zone A B C D E
cpe -1.200 -0.800 - 0.797 -0.494 table 7.1
we -1.087 -0.725 - 0.722 -0.448 clause 5.2 (5.1)
Net Wind Pressures for Vertical Walls Int. Press. Coeff
w1 -1.268 -0.906 - 0.541 -0.629 case 1 cpi1 0.200
w2 -0.815 -0.453 - 0.994 -0.176 case 2 cpi2 -0.300
Diagram: Zones of Vertical Walls
40.70m 40.70m 8.14m 31.32m
Zone D Zone E wind Zone A Zone B

0.994 -0.629 -1.268 -0.906
.
Windward Leeward Side
Summary of Results
Zone A B C D E
w -1.268 -0.906 - 0.994 -0.629
Note: wind pressure 'w' in kN/m2
Therefore use wind load, WL = 1.3kPa
Page 2
2.0 Glass Design (ASTM E1300-4)
2.1 Glass (26.52mmt DGU glass: 11.52mmt Heat strengthened (HS) + 9mmt air gap + 6mmt Heat strengthened (HS))
Composition/Properties:
Panel length (long dimension) a = 2100.0 mm
Panel width (short dimension) b = 1900.0 mm
Glass types:
Lite no. 1 - inner Heat strengthened (HS)
Lite no. 2 - outer Heat strengthened (HS)
Glass thickness:
Lite no. 1 - inner t1 = 10 mm 9.02 mm (min)
Lite no. 2 - outer t2 = 6 mm 5.56 mm (min)
Air gap thickness tg = 9 mm
Glass modulus of elasticity Eg = 71700 MPa
2.1.1 Non-factored load resistance, NFL
Fig.A1.8 Fig.A1.6
NFL (lite no. 1) NFL1 = 2.30 kPa
2.1.2 Glass type factor (table 2)
GTF (lite no. 1) GTF1 = 1.80

2.1.3 Load sharing factors (table 5)
LS (lite no. 1) LS1 = (t1(min)^3+t2(min)^3)/t1(min)^3 = 1.23

Page 3
2.1.4 Check strength of the glass panel
Wind load WL = 1.30 kPa
Load resistance (lite no. 1) LR1 = NFL1ꞏGTF1ꞏLS1 = 5.11 kPa
Ratio of glass strength R1 = 1.5WL/LR1 = 0.38 < 1.0 O.K!
R2 = 1.5WL/LR2 = 0.15 < 1.0 O.K!
2.1.5 Check glass deflection
Fig_A1.8 Fig_A1.6
Wind load:
Lite no. 1 - inner q1 = WLꞏ(LS2/(LS1+LS2)) = 1.05 kPa
Lite no. 2 - outer q2 = WLꞏ(LS1/(LS1+LS2)) = 0.25 kPa
Glass aspect ratio AR = a/b = 1.11
Product of Load x Area2:
Lite no. 1 - inner K1 = q1ꞏ(aꞏb)^2 = 16.77 kNm^2
Lite no. 2 - outer K2 = q2ꞏ(aꞏb)^2 = 3.93 kNm^2
From figures above:
Deflection (lite no. 1) Δ1 = 11.37 mm
Maximum allowable deflection Δal = min(b/60,25mm) = 25.00 mm
Ratio of glass deflections R1 = Δ1/Δal = 0.45 < 1.0 O.K!
R2 = Δ2/Δal = 0.38 < 1.0 O.K!
2.1.7 Check strength of the glass panel - Live loads
2.1.7.1 Check strength of the glass panel - Line loads
Live load, line load LL = 0.74 kN/m
For the inner glass (lite no. 1 - 10mmt Heat strengthened (HS) glass):
Maximum panel stress σ1max = 13.53 MPa
Allowable panel stress (Sec. X6.2) σ1allow = 46.60 MPa
Ratio of glass strength R1 = σ1max/σ1allow = 0.29 < 1.0 O.K!
For the outer glass (lite no. 2 - 6mmt Heat strengthened (HS) glass):
Page 4
Check glass deflections
Deflection (lite no. 1 - inner) Δ1 = 5.14 mm
Deflection (lite no. 2 - outer) Δ2 = 4.62 mm
R2 = Δ2/Δal = 0.18 < 1.0 O.K!
2.1.7.2 Check strength of the glass panel - Point loads
Live load, point load PL = 0.50 kN
R2 = Δ2/Δal = 0.10 < 1.0 O.K!
Page 5
2.0 Glass Design (ASTM E1300-4)
2.1 Glass (26mmt DGU glass: 8mmt Heat strengthened (HS) + 12mmt air gap + 6mmt Heat strengthened (HS))
Composition/Properties:
Glass types:
Lite no. 1 - inner Heat strengthened (HS)
Lite no. 2 - outer Heat strengthened (HS)
Glass thickness:
Lite no. 1 - inner t1 = 8 mm 7.42 mm (min)
Lite no. 2 - outer t2 = 6 mm 5.56 mm (min)
Air gap thickness tg = 12 mm
Glass modulus of elasticity Eg = 71700 MPa
2.1.1 Non-factored load resistance, NFL
Fig.A1.7 Fig.A1.6
2.1.2 Glass type factor (table 2)

2.1.3 Load sharing factors (table 5)

Page 6
2.1.4 Check strength of the glass panel
Wind load WL = 1.30 kPa
Ratio of glass strength R1 = 1.5WL/LR1 = 0.36 < 1.0 O.K!
R2 = 1.5WL/LR2 = 0.21 < 1.0 O.K!
2.1.5 Check glass deflection
Fig_A1.7 Fig_A1.6
Wind load:
Lite no. 1 - inner q1 = WLꞏ(LS2/(LS1+LS2)) = 0.92 kPa
Lite no. 2 - outer q2 = WLꞏ(LS1/(LS1+LS2)) = 0.38 kPa
Glass aspect ratio AR = a/b = 1.00
Product of Load x Area2:
Lite no. 1 - inner K1 = q1ꞏ(aꞏb)^2 = 11.92 kNm^2
Lite no. 2 - outer K2 = q2ꞏ(aꞏb)^2 = 5.02 kNm^2
From figures above:
R2 = Δ2/Δal = 0.44 < 1.0 O.K!
2.1.7 Check strength of the glass panel - Live loads
2.1.7.1 Check strength of the glass panel - Line loads
Live load, line load LL = 0.74 kN/m
Page 7
R2 = Δ2/Δal = 0.28 < 1.0 O.K!
2.1.7.2 Check strength of the glass panel - Point loads
Live load, point load PL = 0.50 kN
R2 = Δ2/Δal = 0.15 < 1.0 O.K!
Page 8
Glass Check (AS1288-2006) Date: 8/Oct/2020
Properties of Glass Geometry/Support
Glass type Laminated Heat Strengthened 1.90m
Surface type Untreated .
short edge
Load duration WL Short-term
1.90m
(table 3.3) LL Medium-term
. Glass Panel .
Design Code AS1288-2006
Thickness of glass t 12.00mm
Reduction factor ɸ 0.67 .
Glass type factor C1 1.60 long edge
Surface type factor C2 1.00 Support type I
Load dur. factor C3 WL 1.00 Note: All edges are supported
LL 1.00
Summary of Results
Material Properties Deflection Check
Design capacity ɸRu WL 40.40N/mm2 Def. limit (from specs) δ lim2 25.00mm
LL 40.40N/mm2 Def. limit δlim1 span/60
Density ρ 2500kg/m3 Allowable deflection δallow 25.00mm
Young's modulus E 70000N/mm2 Utilization ratio (deflection) 0.249
Shear modulus G 28700N/mm2 Bending Stress Check
Poisson's ratio μ 0.22 Utilization ratio WL 0.348
(bending) LL 0.266
Loadings Conlusion
Wind load WL (pressure) 1.30kN/m2 The 13.52mmt Laminated Heat Strengthened glass
with a maximum deflection of 6.22mm and
maximum utilization ratio of 0.348 is adequate.
Live load LL (point load) 0.50kN
@100.00mmØ at glass Plate Stresses/Displacement Contour
center Wind Load
Plate Analysis
From Roark's Formulas - 8th Edition
For Plate Analysis - Table 11.4
WL α 0.0444
β 0.2874
LL α 0.1267
β 0.4350
Live Load
Ultimate Bending Stress
Due to WL σ maxWL 14.05N/mm2
Due to LL σmaxLL 10.75N/mm2
Glass Deflection
Due to WL δ maxWL 6.22mm
Due to LL δmaxLL 1.89mm
Page 9

Wind Velocity and Pressure Calculations

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Wind Velocity and Pressure Calculations

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Wind Velocity and Velocity Pressure(SS EN1991-1-4: Section 4)

Site and Building Data

External Wind Pressures for Vertical Walls

Zone D Zone E wind Zone A Zone B

Therefore use wind load, WL = 1.3kPa

GTF (lite no. 1) GTF1 = 1.80

LS (lite no. 1) LS1 = (t1(min)^3+t2(min)^3)/t1(min)^3 = 1.23

GTF (lite no. 1) GTF1 = 1.80

LS (lite no. 1) LS1 = (t1(min)^3+t2(min)^3)/t1(min)^3 = 1.42

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