English Language Teaching Institute of Symbiosis

A conjunction joins…
Examples:
He builds miniature models of cars and trains.
(two words)

 He likes building car models and trading toy trains.

(two phrases)

 He started building car models and he now has hundreds of

miniature cars on display.
(two clauses)
 Conjunctions, Connectors and Linkers

USAGE EXAMPLES

Cause / reason Because , As, Since, Because of, For

Order of events First, Next, After, Whenever,

As soon as, Before, Finally

Choice Or, Either…or, Neither…nor, Whether…or

Result So, Therefore, Hence

Contrast But, Yet, However, Inspite of, despite,

Although, Though

Addition And, Not only…But also, Both…and,

Not…but

Condition If, Unless, Until, Or, In case, Just in case,

In case of
 REASON / CAUSE
[BECAUSE , AS, SINCE, BECAUSE OF, FOR]

• Because , As, Since, Because of and For are used to

combine two sentences to show reason or why
something occurred.
Ex- I ordered a pizza, for I was hungry.
Ex- I was late to class because of the rain.
Ex - Because I was stuck in traffic, I missed the
meeting.
Ex- Since I love eating, I tend to eat a lot.
Ex- He doesn’t watch many horror movies as he gets
scared very easily.
 Because of / because
Ex- I was late to class because of the rain. (followed by a
noun)
Ex - Because I was stuck in traffic, I missed the meeting.
(followed by subject and verb)
 Addition
[And, Not only…But also, Both…and, Not…but]

“And” connects things that are alike or joined together.

Ex- I want popcorn and pizza.
Ex- I wanted to pack my bags and leave the
city.
Ex- I saw both the Statue of Liberty and the
Empire State Building.
• Ex- Not only do I play the flute, but I also play the clarinet.
 CONDITION
[IF, UNLESS, UNTIL, OR, IN CASE, JUST IN CASE,
IN CASE OF]

Used for indicating something that occurs on the fulfilment of a

situation or condition.

Ex- Unless you've purchased tickets, you won't be able to attend the
show. ( if not done, the next situation will not take place)
Ex- They won't talk to me until I talk to them. (till the first action is
completed, the next action will not take place)
Ex - If you brush and floss every day, you probably won't get cavities.
Ex- You’d better work hard or you won’t be able to get into college.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DESPITE, INSPITE OF

• Despite- Used with a noun or pronoun

- Used with a verb ‘ing’
Ex- Despite the rain, I came for class.
Ex- Ying was busy, despite this, she met me.
Ex- Mohammed couldn’t sleep all night despite being exhausted from the previous day.

• Inspite of- Used with a verb ‘ing’

-Used with a noun or pronoun
Ex- Inspite of the rain, he made it in time.
Ex- Inspite of him not knowing the answers, he still tried.
Ex- Inspite of shouting at him, he refused to listen.
 ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN
THOUGH

• Although – Used with a subject and a verb

Ex- Although I came to the class, I didn’t meet Koi.
Ex- I didn’t buy the bag although I had enough money.

• Though- can be used instead of although. However, unlike

although, though can be used at the beginning, middle or
end of a statement. When used at the end, though can only
be used in spoken form and the not written

• Even though- stronger form of although

 WHO IS BETTER?
• Imagine you are the following items and debate with each other on who is
better or more useful than the other and why.
• Use as many conjunctions as possible (and/ but / so/because/ yet..)

Eg: I am a pen, people like me better because I make them feel confident.
People always look for me and need me for their work.
I am a pencil. I think people like me more than you because I can last longer
than you, although I am not as expensive as you are…

• Pen VS Pencil
• Staircase VS Escalator
• Wadapav VS Burger
• Brain VS Heart
• Dog VS Cat
• Paper book VS E-book
 Collaborative Task 1
Training for environmentally friendly measures

In order to show its allegiance to the environment, your institute

has decided to devote a day for training its staff. The objective
of this training is to showcase environmentally friendly measures
your institute and staff can adopt.

You have been asked to come up with some general ideas to

promote on the training day.
iscuss and decide together:
• What kinds of actions the staff and institute could take
• How you would promote the training event
 Collaborative Task 2

Organising a Soft Skills training program

You have been asked to organise a soft skills

training for the staff.

Discuss and decide together:

• Probable topics to be covered
• Whether training should take place during or after
working hours
• The number of training sessions
 Collaborative Task 3
Cost cutting measures
Your Institute has asked your to reduce the expenses being made
on a daily basis. You and your colleague(s) have been tasked
with finding ways to cut costs in your department.

Discuss and come up with:

•Three or four measures to cut costs in your department
•Mention how you will implement the methods in the quickest
and most convenient way possible without compromising too
much on the quality and necessary costs.
 Collaborative Task 4
Planning for a Conference/seminar

Your Institute is hosting a conference/seminar. Several

participants from across the country will be attending the
conference/seminar. You have been asked to help with
some of the preparations for the same.

Discuss the situation together and decide:

• What travel and accommodation arrangements you will

need to make before the conference/seminar for the
participants arriving from outside the city.
• Plan and decide the costs and requirements for the
catering
and decoration for the event.
 Collaborative Task 5

Motivation at the workplace

You work for an Institute. Staff motivation is a major
problem. You and your colleague(s) have been asked to
come up with some ideas to help the staff become more
motivated.

Brainstorm on the following:

• The significance of Motivation and its effects on
employee performance.
• Ideas to re-motivate the employees and decide which you
would like to implement.
 TIPS
• Keep a paper and pencil ready with you at all times.
• Sit in a quiet place, no disturbance of noise in the vicinity.
• Brainstorm/ Mindmap ideas and vocabulary and then develop content
• Read topic carefully and develop content relevant to topic
• Don’t stray from topic at hand and beat around the bush
• Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, content and discourse are key. Make sure it is
relevant and related to the context
• State your opinion and always justify why you agree or disagree
• Give relevant examples to prove your point
• Utilize the full time given to you. Repeat the point in different ways if nothing else.
• Use relevant phrases and vocabulary (preferably new vocab each time)
• Remember the common errors and be vary of saying them while speaking