8th,ICSE

COMPOUND

It is pure substance , but it made up two or more different

particles(elements), these particles combine chemically in fixed
proportion

Properties of a compound are entirely different from those its

constituent elements
COMPOUND
 COMPOUND
Characteristics of compound:-

 It is homogeneous in nature. All pure compound have identical

definite physical and chemical properties
 COMPOUND

• Compounds can be separated by chemicals method only

Ex:Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to split water into

hydrogen and oxygen

2H2O(l) electricity 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)

 COMPOUND

• During formation of a compound, energy is either absorbed or

liberated

ex: carbon dioxide formed from carbon and oxygen with the
liberation of heat .

C + O2 CO2 + Heat
(heat is liberated)
 COMPOUND

• Ex- Nitric oxide is formed from nitrogen and oxygen with the
absorption of heat energy

N2 + O2 3000℃ 2NO

(heat energy is absorbed)

 COMPOUND

• The properties of a compound are entirely different from those of

its constituent elements

Ex: Water (𝐇𝟐 O) : Water is a compound made up of two elements

hydrogen and oxygen combined chemically in 1 : 8 ratio by mass.
 COMPOUND
• The properties of water are completely different From those of its
constituent elements .Both hydrogen and oxygen are gases but
water at ordinary temperature is a liquid.

2𝑯𝟐 (g) + 𝐎𝟐 (g) = 2𝐇𝟐 O(l) + Energy.

 compound
Compounds have definite melting and boiling points because
their chemical proportions are fixed

water is compound but if add salt

into water , its boiling point increase
because now, its chemical proportions
are not fixed(water + salt)
 compound

• Compound have definite chemical formula representing their

molecules

Ex- A molecule of sodium oxide is 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶

A molecule of nitric acid is HN𝐎𝟑

 COMPOUND
• Some examples to understand the characteristics of compound

1.Iron (II) sulphide (FeS) : Iron (II) sulphide is a compound formed when
iron and sulphur combine chemically, on heating, in 7 : 4 ratio by mass.

Iron sulphide is a black solid while iron is a grey black metal and sulphur
is a yellow amorphous non-metallic solid.
 COMPOUND

Iron is attracted by a magnet and sulphur is soluble in carbon disulphide.

Iron sulphide is neither attracted by a magnet nor it is soluble in
carbon disulphide.
Names and formula of some common compounds
Name compound Name compound

1.water 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 11. Magnesium oxide Mgo

2. Carbon dioxide C𝑶𝟐
12. Potassium hydroxide KOH
3. Sodium chloride Nacl
13. Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
4. Glucose 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔
5.Sodium bicarbonate NaHC𝑶𝟑 14.Hydrochloric Acid Hcl
(Baking soda)
6.Sodium bicarbonate NaC𝑶𝟑 15.Sulphuric acid 𝑯𝟐 S𝑶𝟒

16. Nitric acid HN𝑶𝟑

7. Calcium carbonate CaC𝑶𝟑
(Marble and chalk) 17. Silver nitrate AgN𝑶𝟑
8.Silicon dioxide(sand) Si𝑶𝟐
18. Barium chloride Ba𝑪𝒍𝟐
9. Acetic acid (Vinegar) C𝑯𝟑 COOH
19. Calcium oxide CaO
10.CuS𝑶𝟒 (Coppersulphate) CUS𝑶𝟒 20. Ammonia N𝑯
 COMPOUND
Q)Define the term compound‘ In the compound carbon dioxide - the
elements carbon & oxygen are combined in a fixed ratio. Explain?

Q)
 COMPOUND
Q) State five different characteristics of compounds. Give three
differences between elements's compounds with relevant
examples.
 COMPOUND
Q) How does sodium chloride differ from its constituent elements? explain
 COMPOUND
Q) Why is iron sulphide a compound?

Q) Difference between pure and impure substance?

 COMPOUND
Q)One of the following substances is not an element. Which one is it?

a)Nitrogen
b) Hydrogen
c) Mercury
d)Water

Q) A compound is a substance that

a)is made up of two or more elements chemically joined together.

b)contains only metallic elements chemically joined together.
c)contains two or more elements physically combined together in a fixed ratio
d)is made up of only element.
 COMPOUND

Q) Natural gas is mainly methane (CH4).What two elements are found

in methane?

a)Magnesium and hydrogen

b) Magnesium and oxygen
c) Carbon and hydrogen
d) Carbon and oxygen
 MIXTURE
Mixtures can be defined as a kind of matter which is formed by
Mixing two or more pure substances(elements
and compounds) in any proportion.

They do not undergo any chemical change and

retain their individual properties

They are impure substance

 MIXTURE
,
 MIXTURE
Characteristics of mixture:

• A mixture consists of two or more pure substances that exist

together without any chemical combination between them

• A mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous

• The components of mixtures vary in their

proportions.
 MIXTURE
• Mixture do not have fixed melting and boiling point ,they
depend on the proportions of the components present in them

• Components of mixtures can be separated by physical method

• No energy change takes place during the formation of mixtures

 DIFFERENCE
COMPOUND
1) A compound is a pure substance.
2) Compounds are always homogeneous.
3) A compound has a fixed composition, i.e. it is
formed when two or more pure substances
chemically combine in a definite ratio by mass.
4) Formation of a compound involves a change in
energy.
5) Compounds have a specific set of properties.
6) Components of compounds can be separated
only by complex chemical processes.
MIXTURE
1) A mixture is an impure substance.
2) Mixtures may be homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
3) A mixture has no fixed composition, i.e. it is
formed by mixing two or more substances in any
ratio without any chemical reaction.
4) Formation of a mixture does not involve any
change in energy.
5) Mixtures do not have any specific set of
properties.
6) Components of mixtures can be separated by
simple physical methods of separation.
MIXTURE
 in this type of a mixture,
The components are uniformly distributed throughout its
volume

Uniformly distributed: you can’t see the particles of

homogeneous mixture
Example: A salt solution is a homogeneous mixture of salt
and water in which you cannot see salt particles separately

Some more examples

Of homogeneous mixture:
 :

In this type of a mixture, the components are not

uniformly distributed throughout its volume

you can be easily seen separately.

Example: Soil is a mixture of many elements and
compounds. Its composition varies from place to place,
that is why different substances are found in the soil at
different places.

Oil and water

Some more examples

Of heterogeneous mixture:
SAND AND STONE SALAD PIZZA
FORMATION OF MIXTURES AND TYPES OF MIXTURES ON THE
BASIS OF STATES OF COMPONENTS

Mixtures exist in any three states of matter i.e. solid,

liquid or gas depending upon the physical state of its
components.
Different types of mixtures on the basis of their physical states
Types of mixtures Homogeneous Heterogeneous
1. Solid + solid Alloys of metals Sugar and salt,
sand and stone, sodium chloride and calcium
e.g. brass, bronze, stainless carbonate (common salt and chalk).
steel, etc.

2 Solid + liquid Sugar and water, Sand and water

salt and water, mud and water
sulphur and carbon disulphide sugar and oil
iodine and alcohol

3. Liquid + liquid Water and alcohol, acetone Oil and water

and water
4. Liquid + gas Tap water, Soap lather
Ammonia and water
Carbon dioxide and water.
5. Gas + gas Air All gases are miscible
 SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF S MIXTURES

We need many substances to make our life convenient and

comfortable but most of these substances are available in the form of
mixtures.

These mixtures contain unwanted substances which may be harmful

and may degrade the properties of mixtures.
 SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF S MIXTURES

Ex - Sea water is rich in common salt which is an important ingredient

of our food to add taste and nutrients.

But sea water cannot be directly used. It is necessary to separate salt

from sea water.
The purpose of separating the components of a
mixture are:

(i) to remove unwanted and harmful substances.

(ii) to obtain pure and useful substances.

The purpose of separating the components of a
mixture are:

The Principle Of Separation Depends Upon

 types of mixtures and their physical states.

 size, shape and colour of the mixtures.
 their characteristic properties such as boiling point, melting point,
density, volatility, solubility, magnetic properties, ability to sublime,
etc.

Thus for different types of mixtures different methods are used.

 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures
1.Mechanical removal/hand picking:This method of separation is used only
when the quantity of the mixture is small and the substance to be
separated is in less amount in the mixture.

The size of particles to be separated should be large and of different

colours and shapes so that they could be easily recognised.

For example-tiny stones and chaff can be separated from rice and pulses by
this method.
 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures
2.Magnetic separation: This method is used when one of the components
is magnetic in nature.

Example, iron, cobalt, nickel, etc.

Mixtures of iron and sulphur,

iron and sand can be easily separated
by this method as
 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures
3.Gravitational method: This method is used only when one of the
components is much heavier than water and the other component is much
lighter than water.

Example: If a mixture of sand and saw-dust is put in water, saw dust being
lighter floats while sand settles down. Decant the water to separate the
sand and filter to remove the saw-dust
 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures

(4)Sublimation: The process in which a solid changes directly into its

vapours on heating and on cooling, the vapour formed again turns into a
solid is called sublimation.

e.g. camphor, naphthalene, iodine, and ammonium chloride undergo

sublimation.
 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures
This method is used for solid mixtures in which one of the
components can sublime on heating.
The solid which sublimes
escapes as vapours,
while the other one is left behind.

Mixture of sand and iodine, common salt

and ammonium chloride, etc.
are separated by sublimation.
 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures

5)Solvent extraction method : This method is used when one of the

components of a mixture is soluble in a particular liquid,
either water or any other solvent, and the other component,
which is insoluble, is separated as a residue by filtration or is
decanted.
 Solvent extraction method
Example: A mixture of sodium chloride and calcium carbonate can be
separated by this method.

Salt gets dissolved in water while calcium carbonate being insoluble

settles down in the container.

The salt solution is then poured out (decanted),

leaving behind calcium carbonate. Salt is obtained from the solution

by evaporation as water evoporates leaving behind salt.
 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures

6)By fractional crystallisation : This method is used when the solubility

of solid components of a mixture is different in the same solvent.
 FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLISATION
• For example: In a mixture of common salt and potassium nitrate,
both are soluble in water but solubility of potassium nitrate is more
than that of sodium chloride in water.

• When the hot solution containing the mixture is cooled, potassium

nitrate crystallises out first leaving behind sodium chloride. The
solution left behind is boiled again and cooled to separate more
potassium nitrate.

• The process is repeated for complete separation.

 Separation Of Solid-solid Mixtures
• For example: In a mixture of common salt and potassium nitrate,
both are soluble in water but solubility of potassium nitrate is more
than that of sodium chloride in water

• When the hot solution containing the mixture is cooled,

• potassium nitrate crystallises out first leaving behind sodium
chloride.
• The solution left behind is boiled again and cooled to separate more
potassium nitrate.
• The process is repeated for complete separation.
 Separation Of Solid-liquid Mixtures

Such mixtures can be

homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Different methods are used to
separate them depending upon
the type of mixture.
 Sedimentation and decantation process

It is a process in which suspension of insoluble

solid particle are allowed to stand for some time,
then the insoluble solid particle suspension

(liquid
containing
insoluble
solid
particles)
Settle at the bottom leaving a clear liquid on top
 The solid which settles at the bottom is called sediment

 while the clear liquid above is called supernatant liquid

The process of pouring out the clear liquid,without disturbing the

Sediment,is called decantation
 Sedimentation and decantation process

This method is used for a heterogeneous mixture of a solid and a

liquid, where the solid component is insoluble and heavier than the
liquid component.

Example: A mixture of sand and water

 Filtration

The process of separating insoluble solid particles from a liquid-

solid mixture by allowing it to pass through a filter is called
filtration.

The insoluble solid left on the filter is called residue

while the liquid which passes through the filter is called filtrate.
 Filtration

This method is used for separating the components of solid-liquid

mixtures in which solids are insoluble in the liquid.

Example: Chalk and water, clay and water, sawdust and water, etc.

The common filters used are filter paper, charcoal, glass wool,

layer of sand, etc.

 Filtration

Suspended solid particles are removed from natural water by

filtering it through a bed of sand or gravel.

 Evaporation
Evaporation is the process of converting a liquid into its vapour
state, either by exposing it to air or by heating

This method is used to separate the components of a homogeneous

solid-liquid mixture, in which only the solid is recovered while the
liquid escapes in the form of vapour
 Evaporation

Example: From a mixture of common salt and water, salt is obtained

easily by evaporating the solution. Salt from sea water is separated
out by this method
 CRYSTALLISATION
Crystallisation : It is a process in which a solution containing more
solute than it can hold at room temperature is heated in order to
evaporate the solvent.

When very little solvent is left,

the solution is cooled down and
the solute starts separating out
from the solution in the form of
crystals.
 Distillation

Distillation is the process of converting a liquid into vapour by heating and the
subsequent condensation of the vapour back into liquid.
 Distillation

This method is used to separate the components of a solid-liquid

mixture in which both solid and liquid are recovered.

When the solution is heated, the liquid evaporates in the form of

vapours, which pass through the easily by condenser,

and get condensed into pure liquid again which is called as distillate
while the solid is left behind in the distilling flask.
 Distillation

Tap water, mixture containing a dissolved salt is purified by this

method.

The pure water so obtained is called distilled water.

Separation of iodine and alcohol is also done by distillation

 Centrifugation

when a liquid containing suspended materials is allowed to stand for

sometime the heavier particles will settle down through a process
called sedimentation

this can be used to separate the material from the liquid

but what will be do the suspended material is very light

it will take days to settle in such cases we use centrifugation

 Centrifugation

Centrifugation is the method of separating solids from liquids

where the mixture is homogeneous . This is also called churning

An apparatus called centrifuge is used for
this purpose.

The mixture is placed in the centrifuge tube and rotated at a high speed,

due to which the heavier solid particles (high density particles) move

towards the bottom and the light solid particles (low density particles)

float on the liquid.

This results in the separation of substances of different densities

 Centrifugation

EXAMPLES:
Separation of liquid-liquid mixtures
• Homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures are called miscible liquids.

• Liquids which dissolve in each other completely in all proportions

are called miscible liquids. Example - alcohol is miscible with water.
Separation of liquid-liquid mixtures
• Liquids which do not dissolve in each other are called immiscible
liquids. They are heterogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures.
Example - oils are immiscible with water.
By separating funnel
• It is a simple device used to separate the components of a
liquid-liquid immiscible mixture, in which liquids have different
densities.

Mixture of carbon tetrachloride and water can also

be separated by this method in which
water forms the upper layer.
 separating funnel
• Example: The mixture of kerosene oil and water is placed in a separating
funnel and allowed to stand for sometime.

• The components form two clear layers.

• Water being heavier forms the lower layer and kerosene oil being lighter
forms the upper layer.

• When the stopper of the funnel is opened, the heavier liquid trickles out
slowly and is collected in a vessel.

• The stopper is closed when the lower layer is entirely removed from the
funnel. In this way, the two liquids kerosene and water are separated.
 Fractional distillation

• This process of distillation is used for separating the liquid - liquid

homogeneous (miscible) mixtures, in which the liquids have
different boiling points.
 Fractional distillation

• On heating the mixture in a distilling flask, the liquid with the lower
boiling point converts into vapour first and then gets condensed and
collected in a receiver.

• The temperature remains stationary till whole of that liquid distils

over. The heating is now continued, the temperature rises and the
second liquid starts vaporising at its boiling point,

• the vapours then get condensed d and collected in another receiver.

Complete separation is possible only B when the difference in boiling points of liquids is 30°C
or more. If the difference is less than 30°C,

a fractionating column is fitted over the distilling flask. This process is called fractional
distillation.

Water and alcohol are separated by this method,

boiling point of alcohol is 78°C and that of water is 100°C. 95-5% pure alcohol is obtained by
this method.
• In a mixture of liquids having boiling point difference less than
25K we get vapours of both the liquids at the same temp

• As a result, both the liquids of the mixture will distil together and the separations cannot be
achieved.

• The separation of such a liquid mixture into individual

components can, however, be achieved by fractional distillation,
which involves repeated distillations and condensation.

• Fractional distillation is carried out using a fractional column.

• It usually consists of a long glass tube with a wide bore packed

with glass beads or small stones or porcelain pieces.

• The actual purpose of the fractionating column is to increase the

cooling surface area to provide hurdles or obstructions to the
ascending vapours and descending liquid.
Procedure

• The apparatus used for fractional distillation is shown in figure.

• We have a mixture of two liquids ethanol and water of which ethanol is more volatile (b.p.
351K) than water (b.p. 373 K)

• When such a liquid mixture is heated, the temperature rises slowly and the mixture starts
boiling

• The vapours formed mainly consist of the more volatile liquid,

i.e., ethanol with little of the less volatile liquid, i.e., water.

• As these vapours travel up the fractionating column, the vapour:

of the less volatile liquid (i.e., water) condense more readily thai
those of the more volatile liquid, i.e., ethanol.
Therefore,

• the vapours rising above become richer in ethanol and the liquid flowing down becomes richer in water.

• This process of distillation and condensation is repeated at every

point in the fractionating column.

• As a result of series of successive distillations, by the time the component, i.e., ethanol.

• It is collected in a flask.

• When the more volatile component has completely distilled over, the temperature will again start rising and
when the boiling point of the less volatile component is reached, water starts distilling which is collected in
another flask.

• In this way, separation of two miscible liquids whose boiling

points differ by less than 25K can be achieved.
Applications of fractional distillation

• The process of fractional distillation has been used to separate crude oil in
petroleum industry into various useful fractions such as gasoline, kerosene oil,
diesel oil, lubricating oil, etc.

• Fractional distillation of liquid air is used to separate

gases of air.
 CHROMATOGRAPHY

• Chromatography: This is one of the latest techniques to separate the components of a

mixture when all the components are very similar in their properties.

Example: Components of ink are separated by this method. Ink is a mixture of different dyes,
which are separated by chromatography because some of the dyes are less soluble and some
are more soluble in a solvent.

• The name "chromatography" means colour writing.

• The process of separating different dissolved constituents of a mixture by their adsorption

on an appropriate material is called chromatography.
 CHROMATOGRAPHY

This method is based on the differences in the rates of adsorption of different components on
the surface of a suitable adsorbent.

Common adsorbents used are filter paper, silica gel, etc.

Common solvents used are water, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, etc
Principle involved in chromatography

Chromatography separates the components of a mixture on the basis of differences between

two phases, one of which is stationary while the other is mobile.

The simplest type of chromatography is "Paper chromatography".

In this method, a special type of paper called chromatographic paper or Whatman filter paper
is taken.

A line is drawn with the pencil near the bottom edge of the paper.

A drop of the mixture is placed on the filter paper above this line.

The paper is then dipped in a solvent, taken in a beaker, such that the line drawn on the paper
is above the level of the solvent.
The filter paper acts as "stationary phase" while the solvent acts as "mobile
phase".

As the solvent rises on the paper, it takes along with it the constituent
substances of the mixture.

The component of the mixture which is more soluble rises faster.

We see various spots on the filter paper each indicating a component of the
mixture.
The paper is then removed from the solvent and dried.
Advantages of chromatography

A very small quantity of the substance canbe separated.

Components with very similar physical and chemical properties can be separated.

It identifies the different constituents of a mixture.

It also helps in quantitative estimation of components of a mixture.

Applications of chromatography

Chromatography can be used

1. to separate,(a) colours in a dye (b) drugs from blood(c) pigments from natural colours.

2. 2. to purify many industrial products.

 Separation of liquid-gas mixtures
Diffusion: This method depends upon the differences in the
densities of the gases present in the mixture.

• The lighter gas diffuses more rapidly compared to the

heavier one.
• A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen can be separated by
diffusion as hydrogen is lighter than oxygen and diffuses
first.

• The spreading out and intermixing of one substance with

another substance due to the motion of its particles is
called diffusion.
 Solvent extraction

• Solvent extraction: This method depends upon the fact that some
gases dissolve in water or in some other solvent, while some gases
do not or are less soluble.

• Example: a mixture of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide can be

separated by this method as carbon dioxide is highly soluble in
water while carbon monoxide is sparingly soluble.
 Liquefaction
• Liquefaction: This method is based upon the fact that some gases like
ammonia, carbon dioxide, etc. liquify easily at high pressure and low
temperature while others are not easily liquefied.

• Example: A mixture of ammonia and nitrogen can be separated by

this method as ammonia is liquefied easily, leaving behind nitrogen
gas.