ESO 205A (P)

Nature and Properties of Materials

Interaction session: 4:00 – 4:50 pm Thursdays

Nilesh Prakash Gurao

Associate Professor
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Co-ordinates: FB-408, 6688, 8756562710, npgurao@iitk.ac.in
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Course curricula and grading
 Simple experiments in materials science and engineering

 Basic +2 Physics level or even lower

 Total 8 experiments

 6 quizzes with best of 4 = 40%

 Attendance = 10% (from Analytics and attendance in Interaction sessions)

 Weekly report = 30% (group task) and

 Project = 20% (Microstructure generation, phase diagram visualization, device physics,

any other choice involving some coding or use of open source software) for a group of 4-
5 students
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List of learning sessions
 Introduction to instrumentation, data analysis, errors and design of experiments

 Crystal structure and x-ray diffraction

 Mechanical behaviour of materials: Tensile and 3-point bend test

 Microstructure evolution: identification, quantification and analysis (2 weeks)

 Physical property measurement: Heat of transformation and coefficient of thermal

expansion

 Functional properties: Dielectric constant and ionic conductivity

 Functional properties: Electronic and magnetic properties

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Paradigm of the course

What is it for me in the lab ?

 The Instructor gets to teach a large class and get a feeling of bossing around

 MSE and CHE UG: No choice bad luck

 Other UG: A chill course to finish my ESO credit requirement

 Five to seven students do one experiment

 Even a monkey could do this and I have cleared JEE!!!

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 Perform simple experiments in materials science

 Understand errors in measurement

 Significance of digits

 Design of experiment

 Weight of ant = (Weight of elephant + Weight of ant)

- Weight of elephant
is mathematically correct

 Do you have a balance for this?

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Measurement instrument

 Device used to measure a physical quantity

 Ruler to weighing scale

 Voltmeter, ammeter, multimeter

 Electronic or mechanical

 Sensitivity: smallest measurable value, least count

 Range: Ant and elephant analogy

 Weighing balance for gold and vegetables https://www.smlease.com/entries/mechanical-design-

basics/what-is-least-count-and-how-to-calculate-least-count/

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Resolution-Accuracy-Precision-Sensitivity

High precision-High accuracy Low precision-High accuracy

High precision-Low accuracy Low precision-Low accuracy

https://phidgets.wordpress.com/2014/05/20/accuracy-precision-and-resolution-theyre-not-the-same/

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Accuracy is a measure of “trueness”, while precision is a measure of variability

One way that the resolution and precision are always related is that resolution
determines the upper limit of precision. The precision in data cannot exceed
resolution

Resolution is the smallest unit of measurement that can be indicated by an

instrument

Sensitivity is the smallest amount of difference in quantity that will change an

instrument's reading

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 A measuring tape for example will have a resolution, but not sensitivity. An
analytical balance will have both issues. An oscilloscope will have sensitivity but
may not have resolution issues, depending on several variables

 Fidelity, reliability and error are also important

 Garbage in garbage out (GIGO)

 Calibrate with standards

 NIST and ISO (Times Higher Ranking)

 Bureau of Indian Standards (NIRF)

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Measurement instrument

 Output changes with input

 Linearity of instrument but not necessary, variation of electrical resistance with

temperature for metal

 Errors: Gross, systematic and random

 Gross errors due to callousness

 Systematic errors improper calibration

 Some random error will always be there change in temperature, pressure

 Cannot be eliminated but minimized

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Experiments in social sciences

 Hypothesis testing

 Type I error: false positive erroneous

 Type II error: false negative, disastrous

 Covid testing on a serious note

 Dating tips anyone on a lighter note

 Positivity helps

 Data Science

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Data analysis

 Significance of digits

 Tensile test: stress = Load/Area

 Load cell with range of kN and sensitivity of few N

 Area measured by determining length using Vernier Calipers

 Excel gives data of yield strength upto 4 decimal places

 Use only integer

 All of us have done such mistakes

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Distribution of data

 Number of experiments

 Normal distribution: mean and standard deviation

 Log normal

 Weibull distribution

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Design of experiments

 Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) curve for eutectoid steel

 Isothermal treatment at different temperatures for different holding times

 Find fraction of transformation using optical microscopy

 Hardness for recrystallization

 Get S shaped curve for individual temperature

 Error in measuring temperature, time and volume fraction transformed

 Salt bath, mechanized quenching, image processing

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Determining TTT curve

 Austenite to Pearlite

 Ferrite + Cementite

 Solid state transformation

 Rejection of carbon from austenite as ferrite

forms

 Solubility of carbon lower in ferrite as void size

is smaller

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Theory

 Nucleation and Growth

 Variation of nucleation and growth rate with

undercooling

 TTT has time on x-axis so it is mirror image

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Experiments
 Furnace: thermocouple, constant temperature zone

 Which salt?

 Manual or mechanical

 Optical or SEM: resolution

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Results

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 Easier said than done  Calibration of furnaces

 Extreme care and precautions are  Avoid errors and follow best practices
needed
 Trade skill important
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Experiment 0

Enough of Gyaan! Now let us do an experiment

 Weigh an object of approximate or known weight without using a weighing balance.

 I can think of Archimedes principle, if you have other ideas, go ahead

 The rich have a bathtub and poor folks like me a bucket

 Use water, a container and a scale

 Comment on the range and accuracy of your equipment

 You can make it a family fun activity if you wish and submit report in pdf by 20 June’21

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Stay safe and take care
Get vaccinated

Thank you

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