physics

Measurement Techniques
Grade 11 ( AS Level Chapter )
SPINS INTERACTIONAL SCHOOL
 2.1 Measurement
A process of comparing one
quality which is measured by
quantity of the same sign
and is determined as unit
Physics
Most of the experimets in physics need
measurement technique to get data for
interpreting some of condition in our life
 same of the equipments need calibration
process to avoid sources of systematic error
In a planning/design question, you might be
asked to suggest a method of the
calibration
 Systematic and random uncertainty ( error )
Physics

Systematic Error Random Error

 The result will be in all reading being either above
or below the accepted value
 Can’t be eliminated by repeating and averaging, but
only can be reduced by improving experimental
techniques
 The result in reading being scattered around
accepted value
 Can be reduced by repeating and averaging and by
plotting a graph and drawing a best fit line

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 Physics
Method of Measuring Length

Meter ruler
 Systematic error = zero Error
 Random Error = Parallax error

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Physics
Physics
Method of Measuring Mass

 Systematic error = zero Error

 Systematic error = zero Error

 Random Error = Parallax error

 Systematic error = zero Error

 Random Error = Parallax error
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Physics
Method of Measuring an Angle

 Random Error = Parallax error

 Put miror behind the protractor and read the line

in protractor that coincide with line image in the
mirror

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Physics
Method of Measuring Time

 Determine how many square for one wave then

multiply the square with the lenght of 1 square
 random error = time
 Look at the time base of the c.r.o
delay
 Put the number of the use this formula
 the way to prevent the
T=LxX
time delay use light
9 where L = amount of the square
gate
X = time base of c.r.o
 To find the frequency use this formula ( f = 1/T)
Physics
Exercise 1

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Physics
Exercise 2

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Physics
Method of Measuring Temperature

Thermometer
 There are two thermal Properties to fill the
bulb. It are mercury and alcohol
 There are 2 fixed points to calibrate ---
(melting point and boiling point )

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 Method of Measuring Current
Physics
and Potential Difference

 Check zero error

before it’s used
 Ammeter should be
connected in series
 Voltmeter should be
connected in parallel

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Physics
Exercise

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Physics
Method of Measuring Flux Density

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 ERROR AND UNCERTAINTIES
Physics

Accuracy :
The degree to which a measurement approaches the “ True value”
Accuracy depend on:
• Equipment used
• Skill of the experimenter
• Technique used

Precision :
Determined by the size of the random error in the measurement
Precision depend on:
• Skill of the experimenter
• Technique used

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Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Result 9.85 9.76 9.82 9.82 9.77 Result 9.78 9.76 9.80 9.79 9.78

Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 Experiment 1 2 3 4 5
Result 9.82 9.81 9.80 9.79 9.83 Result 9,81 9.90 10,0 9.83 9,85
 Homogeneity of Physical Equations & Powers
of Ten
 An important skill is to be able to check the homogeneity of physical equations using the SI base units
 The units on either side of the equation should be the same
 To check the homogeneity of physical equations:
• Check the units on both sides of an equation
• Determine if they are equal
• If they do not match, the equation will need to be adjusted
Powers of
Ten