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Unit 8: Mechanical Principles: Deadlines: Assignment One: 24
Unit 8: Mechanical Principles: Deadlines: Assignment One: 24
Principles
DEADLINES:
Assignment One: 24st November 2020
Assignment Two :
Contact details: Mr. Omal Mumuni-Timtey (o.mumuni-
timtey@eastcoast.ac.uk)
Lecture 5: Energy
Energy and Work
• Session Aim:
• Be able to illustrate the effects of energy
transfer mechanical systems
• Learning Objectives:
• define mass moment of inertia and radius of
gyration
• solve problems involving moment of inertia
and radius of gyration
• analyse problems to determine work done
and power developed in an angular motion
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Quick Quiz
• Name the types of energy that you know
• Give an example of something that uses
that type of energy or produces that type
of energy
• Define what is Energy
KE = ½ mv2
Units: Joules (J)
m = mass (kg)
v = velocity (m/s)
Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential
Energy is energy due to
an objects height above
the ground
PE = mgh
m = mass (kg)
g = acceleration due to
gravity (m/s2)
h = height (m)
Example 1
What is the kinetic energy of
this car when it is traveling
38.0 m/s?
What other information do
you need?
KE = ½ m v2
= ½ (1550)(38.0)2
= 1119100 J Car’s mass = 1550kg
= 1.11 x 106 J
Example 2
1 2 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
𝑣 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑊. 𝐷. = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2
Example 3
A rock has a mass of 8.40 x 104 kg.
The center of mass is 29 m above
the ground. How much energy
does it have?
PE = mgh
Identify the variables
m= 8.40 x 104 kg
g= 9.81 m/s2
h= 29 m
PE = (8.4X104)(9.81)(29)
= 2.39 x 107 J http://gaaf.com/pictures/200406_utah/image009.htm
What’s so important about PE and KE?
We call the sum of PE and KE mechanical
energy.
ME = KE + PE
Mechanical energy is important because it is
conserved (as long as there are no non
conservative forces, like friction)
Therefore, if one goes down, the other goes up by
the same amount.
Conceptual understanding
A penny is dropped off the Eiffel
tower (ignore air resistance). As it
falls, what happens to it’s
potential energy? What happens
to it’s kinetic energy?
As it falls, its velocity increases, so its
kinetic energy increases. It also
looses height so its potential
energy decreases.
However, mechanical energy stays
the same ME = KE + PE
Example 4
A drop forge has a drop mass of
500 kg and its initial position is 3m
from the component.
a) What was its energy before the
drop mass was released?
b) What was its energy when it
reached the component?
c) When the drop mass has fallen
0.5m from its initial position,
what was its potential and
kinetic energy?
d) What was its speed just before
impacting the component?
Exercise Q5
A 0.9 ton vehicle accelerates from point A at 1.5m/s to point B at
3.5m/s in 15 s. Calculate
a) The acceleration
b) The distance travelled
c) The force to accelerate vehicle
d) The work done by the vehicle.
e) The power required
f) The kinetic energy at A and B
Q5
𝑚 = 900𝑘𝑔 𝑢 = 1.5 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 = 3.5 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡 = 15𝑠
𝑣 − 𝑢 3.5 − 1.5
a) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 → 𝑎= = = 0.1333𝑚/𝑠 3
𝑡 15
1 2 1
b) 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 = 1.5 15 + 0.1333 152 = 22.5 + 15 = 37.5𝑚
2 2
c) 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 900 0.1333 = 120𝑁
d) 𝑊. 𝐷. = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 120 × 37.5 = 4500𝐽
𝑊. 𝐷. 4500
e) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 300𝑊
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 15
1
f) 𝐾𝐸𝐴 = 900 1.52 = 1012.5𝐽
2
1
𝐾𝐸𝐵 = 900 3.52 = 5512𝐽
2
Exercise Q6
In Exercise Q5, if point B is 3.5m higher than A, calculate
a) The force to overcome gravitational pull on the vehicle
b) The total workdone assuming there is no frictional force
and wind drag
c) The power required to move the vehicle from point A to B
d) The potential energy at B
3.5m
A
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵 = 37.5𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑄3
−1
3.5
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 sin = 5.36𝑜 𝜃
37.5
B 𝑚𝑔
3.5m
A 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
= 900 9.81 sin 5.36𝑜 = 824.75𝑁
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 120𝑁 → 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑄3
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
= 120 + 824.75 = 944.75𝑁
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 944.75 × 37.5 = 35428.125𝐽
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 35428.125
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = 2362𝑊
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 15
𝑃𝐸𝐵 = 900 × 9.81 × 3.5 = 30901.5𝐽
Exercise 8
v
The linear velocity at a point is 90o to the line from the centre to
the point
𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
Rotational Kinetic Energy : Energy due to circular
motion
r
R
𝑑𝐼 = 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑚 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
dr
2
න 𝑑𝐼 = න 𝑟 𝑑𝑚 r
R M
r
𝑅
𝐼 = න 𝑟 2 × 2𝜋𝜎𝑟𝑑𝑟
0
𝑅4
𝐼 = 2𝜋𝜎
𝑅 4
= 2𝜋𝜎 න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑀
0 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜎 =
𝑅
𝜋𝑅2
𝑟4 𝑀 𝑅4
= 2𝜋𝜎 อ 𝐼 = 2𝜋
4 𝜋𝑅2 4
0
1
𝑅 4 04 = 𝑀𝑅2
= 2𝜋𝜎 − 2
4 4
1 2 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑀𝑅2 𝜔2
2 4
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐼 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑘
If it is a ring with an internal radius 𝑅1 and external radius
𝑅2 , then the limits of integration is from 𝑅1 to 𝑅2
𝑀
dr 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜎 =
𝑅1 r 𝜋(𝑅22 − 𝑅12 )
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝐼 = 2𝜋𝜎 න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 𝑀 𝑅24 − 𝑅14
𝑅1 𝐼 = 2𝜋
𝑅2 𝜋(𝑅22 − 𝑅12 ) 4
4
𝑟
= 2𝜋𝜎 อ
4 𝑀 (𝑅22 −𝑅12 )(𝑅22 +𝑅12 )
𝑅1
𝐼 = 2𝜋
𝜋(𝑅22 − 𝑅12 ) 4
𝑅24 𝑅14
= 2𝜋𝜎 −
4 4 1
𝐼 = 𝑀(𝑅22 +𝑅12 )
2
𝑅24 − 𝑅14
𝐼 = 2𝜋𝜎 1 2 1
4 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑀(𝑅22 +𝑅12 )
2 4
Inertia Rods
Two batons have equal mass and length.
Which will be “easier” to spin?
A) Mass on ends
B) Same
C) Mass in center
Equivalent
k1
Equivalent k2
Nose to the Grindstone
A grindstone of radius r = 0.610 m is
being used to sharpen an axe.
If the linear speed of the stone is 1.50
m/s and the stone’s kinetic energy is
13.0 J, what is its moment of inertia I ?
𝑣
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝜔 =
𝑅
1 1 𝑣 2
29.43 = 2 𝑣 2 + 0.7
2 2 𝑅
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 𝐾𝐸𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 1 1 0.7
29.43 = 2 + 𝑣 2
1 2
1 2 2 2 0.42
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑣 + 𝐼𝜔
2 2
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 2 9.81 1.5 = 29.43 𝐽 29.43 = 3.1875𝑣 2
1 1 𝑣 = 3.04𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 29.43 = 2 𝑣 + 0.7 𝜔2
2
3.04
2 2 𝜔= = 7.6𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
0.4
A wheel of mass 3 kg and outer radius 0.5 m has an axle 40 mm
diameter. A cord is wrapped around the axle and attached to a
frame. The cord makes it spin as it falls. Treat the wheel as a solid
disk. Calculate the linear and angular velocity when if falls 4 m.
The inertia of the axle may be ignored.
𝑃𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 + 𝐾𝐸𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 3 × 9.81 × 4 = 117.72 𝐽
1
𝐾𝐸𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 3 𝑣 2 = 1.5𝑣 2
2
𝑣 1 1
𝜔= 𝐼 = 𝑀𝑟 = 3 0.52 = 0.375
2
0.02 2 2
1 2 1 𝑣 2
𝐾𝐸𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝐼𝜔 = 0.375 = 468.75𝑣 2
2 2 0.02
1/2
117.72
𝑣= = 0.5𝑚/𝑠
117.72 = 1.5𝑣 2 + 468.75𝑣 2 468.75 + 1.5
0.5
𝜔= = 25𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
0.02
Work done and power developed
for angular motion
When a tangential force is applied
to a body, causing it to rotate, work
is done.
Work done is the product of the
force and the distance around the
circular path through which it moves
• Power = Tω (W)
• This is used to calculate for power that is being
developed at the instant in time when the
angular velocity is ω rad s -1
•
Work Example
The drum of a mixer is accelerated
uniformly from rest by a driving
torque of 12 Nm and rotates
through 50 revolutions in the first
30 seconds . The acceleration
continues for further 20 seconds to
reach the steady operating speed
of the mixer.
Determine :
a) The angular acceleration
b) The final speed attained
c) Work done
d) The average power developed
by the driving motor