English

Syntax
Nama Mahasiswa
NPM
: Umar Mukhtar Kusumanegara
: 201912579022 02
Kelas : 4YC
Tanggal : 12 Juni 2021
_______________________________________________________
Exercise 1. The following sentences exemplify the criteria of transposi8on, subs8tu8on,
coordina8on and ellipsis applied to one type of phrase. What type of phrase is it and which
criteria apply to which examples?

1. I put the le+er into the top drawer of the bureau.

The phrase men8oned is ‘into the top drawer of the bureau’ and the type of phrase is
preposi8onal phrase. You can iden8fy it by the word into

2. I put the le+er there.

The criteria being used is subs8tu8on

3. Where I put the le+er was into the top drawer of the bureau.
The criteria being used is transposi8on

4. Into the top drawer of the bureau I put the le+er.

The criteria being used is tranposi8on

5. It was into the top drawer of the bureau that I put the le+er.
The criteria being used is transposi8on

6. I put the le+er either there or into the top drawer of the bureau.
The criteria being used is coordina8on

7. I put into the top drawer of the bureau the le+er, my wallet and an old watch.
The criteria being used is transposi8on
Exercise 2. Analyse the following examples into phrases. Label each phrase, for example as
noun phrase, adverbial phrase and so on, as appropriate. If in doubt about whether words
that are next to each other in an example cons8tute a phrase, apply the tests as
demonstrated in Exercise 1 above. For example, in (1) they can be subs8tuted for the
pedestrians offended by the dangerously selfish ac8on of the driver; him can be replaced by
the selfish driver; into the harbour can be replace by off, and so on. The sequence into the
harbour occurs in the different construc8on Into the harbour they threatened to throw him.
That is, the tests of subs8tu8on and transposi8on indicate that into the harbour is a phrase, a
single cons8tuent.

1. The pedestrians offended by the dangerously selfish ac8on of the driver threatened to throw
him into the harbour.

phrase 1:
a noun phrase: The pedestrians offended by the by the dangerously selfish ac8on of the
driver

phrase 2:
a verbal phrase: threatened to throw him into the harbour

2. To throw him into the harbour was illegal but an understandable reac8on by the visitors on
the quayside.

phrase 1:
a noun phrase: To throw him into the harbour

phrase 2:
a verbal phrase: was illegal but understandable reac8on by the visitors on the quayside

3. Brazil’s tropical forests are amazingly rich in fauna and flora.

phrase 1:
a noun phrase: Brazil’s tropical forests

phrase 2:
a verbal phrase: are amazingly rich in fauna and flora
4. The person siOng at the window is my wife.

phrase 1:
a noun phrase: The person siOng at the window

phrase 2:
a verbal phrase: is my wife

5. SiOng at the window my wife no8ced that our neighbour’s dog was outside.

phrase 1:
a verbal phrase: SiOng at the window

phrase 2:
a noun phrase: my wife

phrase 3:
a verbal phrase: no8ced

phrase 4:
a noun phrase: that our neighbour’s dog was outside

6. Susan always drinks black coffee.

phrase 1:
a noun phrase: Susan

phrase 2:
an verbal phrase: always drinks

phrase 3:
black coffee

7. Susan always drinks her coffee black.

phrase 1:
a noun phrase: Susan

phrase 2:
an verbal phrase: always drinks

phrase 3:
a noun phrase: her coffee

phrase 4:
a adjec8ve phrase: black
8. In his usual carefree fashion John ran up an enormous bill.

phrase 1:
a preposi8onal phrase: In his usual carefree fashion

phrase 2:
a noun phrase: John

phrase 3:
a verbal phrase: ran up an enormous bill

9. In his exuberance John ran up an enormous hill.

phrase 1:

a preposi8onal phrase: In his exuberance

phrase 2:
a noun phrase: John

phrase 3:
a verbal phrase: ran up an enormous hill